AMY2A explained

Pancreatic alpha-amylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AMY2A gene.^{[1] [2]}

Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and thus catalyze the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. The human genome has a cluster of several amylase genes that are expressed at high levels in either salivary gland or pancreas. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the pancreas.

Further reading

• Kaczmarek MJ, Rosenmund H . The action of human pancreatic and salivary isoamylases on starch and glycogen . Clin. Chim. Acta . 79 . 1 . 69–73 . 1977 . 890964 . 10.1016/0009-8981(77)90462-4 .
• Jacob M, Lainé J, LeBel D . Specific interactions of pancreatic amylase at acidic pH. Amylase and the major protein of the zymogen granule membrane (GP-2) bind to immobilized or polymerized amylase . Biochem. Cell Biol. . 70 . 10–11 . 1105–14 . 1993 . 1284286 . 10.1139/o92-156 .
• Groot PC, Mager WH, Henriquez NV . Evolution of the human alpha-amylase multigene family through unequal, homologous, and inter- and intrachromosomal crossovers . Genomics . 8 . 1 . 97–105 . 1991 . 2081604 . 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90230-R . etal.
• Nishide T, Nakamura Y, Emi M . Primary structure of human salivary alpha-amylase gene . Gene . 41 . 2–3 . 299–304 . 1986 . 2423416 . 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90110-1 . etal.
• Horii A, Emi M, Tomita N . Primary structure of human pancreatic alpha-amylase gene: its comparison with human salivary alpha-amylase gene . Gene . 60 . 1 . 57–64 . 1988 . 2450054 . 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90213-7 . 11094/36665 . 85098215 . etal. free .
• Gumucio DL, Wiebauer K, Caldwell RM . Concerted evolution of human amylase genes . Mol. Cell. Biol. . 8 . 3 . 1197–205 . 1988 . 2452973 . 10.1128/mcb.8.3.1197. 363264 . etal.
• Samuelson LC, Wiebauer K, Gumucio DL, Meisler MH . Expression of the human amylase genes: recent origin of a salivary amylase promoter from an actin pseudogene . Nucleic Acids Res. . 16 . 17 . 8261–76 . 1988 . 2458567 . 10.1093/nar/16.17.8261 . 338557 .
• Groot PC, Bleeker MJ, Pronk JC . The human alpha-amylase multigene family consists of haplotypes with variable numbers of genes . Genomics . 5 . 1 . 29–42 . 1989 . 2788608 . 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90083-9 . etal.
• Wise RJ, Karn RC, Larsen SH . A complementary DNA sequence that predicts a human pancreatic amylase primary structure consistent with the electrophoretic mobility of the common isozyme, Amy2 A . Mol. Biol. Med. . 2 . 5 . 307–22 . 1986 . 6336237 . etal.
• Tricoli JV, Shows TB . Regional assignment of human amylase (AMY) to p22----p21 of chromosome 1 . Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. . 10 . 2 . 205–10 . 1984 . 6608795 . 10.1007/BF01534909 . 21230969 .
• Nishide T, Emi M, Nakamura Y, Matsubara K . Corrected sequences of cDNAs for human salivary and pancreatic alpha-amylases [corrected] . Gene . 28 . 2 . 263–70 . 1984 . 6610603 . 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90265-8 .
• Maruyama K, Sugano S . Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides . Gene . 138 . 1–2 . 171–4 . 1994 . 8125298 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 .
• Qian M, Haser R, Buisson G . The active center of a mammalian alpha-amylase. Structure of the complex of a pancreatic alpha-amylase with a carbohydrate inhibitor refined to 2.2-A resolution . Biochemistry . 33 . 20 . 6284–94 . 1994 . 8193143 . 10.1021/bi00186a031 . etal.
• Brayer GD, Luo Y, Withers SG . The structure of human pancreatic alpha-amylase at 1.8 A resolution and comparisons with related enzymes . Protein Sci. . 4 . 9 . 1730–42 . 1996 . 8528071 . 10.1002/pro.5560040908 . 2143216 .
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 . etal.
• Rydberg EH, Sidhu G, Vo HC . Cloning, mutagenesis, and structural analysis of human pancreatic alpha-amylase expressed in Pichia pastoris . Protein Sci. . 8 . 3 . 635–43 . 1999 . 10091666 . 10.1110/ps.8.3.635 . 2144294 . etal.
• Brayer GD, Sidhu G, Maurus R . Subsite mapping of the human pancreatic alpha-amylase active site through structural, kinetic, and mutagenesis techniques . Biochemistry . 39 . 16 . 4778–91 . 2000 . 10769135 . 10.1021/bi9921182 . etal.
• Aughsteen AA . A comparative immunohistochemical study on amylase localization in the rat and human exocrine pancreas . Saudi Medical Journal . 22 . 5 . 410–5 . 2001 . 11376382 .
• Numao S, Maurus R, Sidhu G . Probing the role of the chloride ion in the mechanism of human pancreatic alpha-amylase . Biochemistry . 41 . 1 . 215–25 . 2002 . 11772019 . 10.1021/bi0115636 . etal.

Notes and References

1. Groot PC, Bleeker MJ, Pronk JC, Arwert F, Mager WH, Planta RJ, Eriksson AW, Frants RR . Human pancreatic amylase is encoded by two different genes . Nucleic Acids Res . 16 . 10 . 4724 . Jul 1988 . 3260028 . 336663 . 10.1093/nar/16.10.4724 .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: AMY2A amylase, alpha 2A; pancreatic.