American Museum of Natural History explained

American Museum of Natural History
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Established:[1]
Location:200 Central Park West
New York, N.Y. 10024
United States
Type:
Natural history museum
Visitors:5 million (2018)[2]
President:Sean M. Decatur
Director:Lisa Gugenheim
Publictransit:New York City Bus



New York City Subway


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Website:
Embed:yes
Added:June 24, 1976
Refnum:76001235[3]
Designated Other2 Name:New York City Landmark
Designated Other2 Date:August 24, 1967
Designated Other2 Abbr:NYCL
Designated Other2 Link:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
Designated Other2 Color:
  1. FFE978

The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) is a natural history museum on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. Located in Theodore Roosevelt Park, across the street from Central Park, the museum complex comprises 21 interconnected buildings housing 45 permanent exhibition halls, in addition to a planetarium and a library. The museum collections contain about 32 million specimens[4] of plants, animals, fungi, fossils, minerals, rocks, meteorites, human remains, and human cultural artifacts, as well as specialized collections for frozen tissue and genomic and astrophysical data, of which only a small fraction can be displayed at any given time. The museum occupies more than . AMNH has a full-time scientific staff of 225, sponsors over 120 special field expeditions each year,[5] and averages about five million visits annually.[6]

The AMNH is a private 501(c)(3) organization.[7] The naturalist Albert S. Bickmore devised the idea for the American Museum of Natural History in 1861, and, after several years of advocacy, the museum opened within Central Park's Arsenal on May 22, 1871. The museum's first purpose-built structure in Theodore Roosevelt Park was designed by Calvert Vaux and J. Wrey Mould and opened on December 22, 1877. Numerous wings have been added over the years, including the main entrance pavilion (named for Theodore Roosevelt) in 1936 and the Rose Center for Earth and Space in 2000.

History

See also: List of castles in the United States.

Founding

Early efforts

The naturalist Albert S. Bickmore devised the idea for the American Museum of Natural History in 1861. At the time, he was studying in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at Louis Agassiz's Museum of Comparative Zoology. Observing that many European natural history museums were in populous cities, Bickmore wrote in a biography: "Now New York is our city of greatest wealth and therefore probably the best location for the future museum of natural history for our whole land." For several years, Bickmore lobbied for the establishment of a natural history museum in New York.[8] Upon the end of the American Civil War, Bickmore asked numerous prominent New Yorkers, such as William E. Dodge Jr., to sponsor his museum. Although Dodge himself could not fund the museum at the time, he introduced the naturalist to Theodore Roosevelt Sr., the father of future U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt.

Calls for a natural history museum increased after Barnum's American Museum burned down in 1868. Eighteen prominent New Yorkers wrote a letter to the Central Park Commission that December, requesting the creation of a natural history museum in Central Park. Central Park commissioner Andrew Haswell Green indicated his support for the project in January 1869. A board of trustees was created for the museum. The next month, Bickmore and Joseph Hodges Choate drafted a charter for the museum, which the board of trustees approved without any changes. It was in this charter that the "American Museum of Natural History" name was first used. Bickmore said he wanted the museum's name to reflect his "expectation that our museum will ultimately become the leading institution of its kind in our country", similar to the British Museum. Before the museum was established, Bickmore needed to secure approval from Boss Tweed, leader of the powerful and corrupt Tammany Hall political organization. The legislation to establish the American Museum of Natural History had to be signed by John Thompson Hoffman, the governor of New York, who was associated with Tweed.

Creation and new building

Hoffman signed the legislation creating the museum on April 6, 1869,[9] with John David Wolfe as its first president. Subsequently, the chairman of the AMNH's executive committee asked Green if the museum could use the top two stories of Central Park's Arsenal, and Green approved the request in January 1870. Insect specimens were placed on the lower level of the Arsenal,[10] while stones, fossils, mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles were placed on the upper level.[11] The museum opened within the Arsenal on May 22, 1871.[12] The AMNH became popular in the following years. The Arsenal location had 856,773 visitors in the first nine months of 1876 alone, more than the British Museum had recorded for all of 1874.

Meanwhile, the AMNH's directors had identified Manhattan Square (bounded by Eighth Avenue/Central Park West, 81st Street, Ninth Avenue/Columbus Avenue, and 77th Street) as a site for a permanent structure.[13] Several prominent New Yorkers had raised $500,000 to fund the construction of the new building. The city's park commissioners then reserved Manhattan Square as the site of the permanent museum, and another $200,000 was raised for the building fund.[14] Numerous dignitaries and officials, including U.S. president Ulysses S. Grant, attended the museum's groundbreaking ceremony on June 3, 1874.[15] [16]

The museum opened on December 22, 1877, with a ceremony attended by U.S. president Rutherford B. Hayes.[17] The old exhibits were removed from the Arsenal in 1878, and the AMNH was debt-free by the next year.[18]

19th century

Originally, the AMNH was accessed by a temporary bridge that crossed a ditch, and it was closed during Sundays. The museum's trustees voted in May 1881 to complete the approaches from Central Park,[19] and work began later that year.[20] The landscape changes were nearly complete by mid-1882,[21] and a bridge over Central Park West opened that November.[22] [23] At this point, the AMNH's Manhattan Square building and the Arsenal could not physically fit any more objects, and the existing facilities, such as the 100-seat lecture hall, were insufficient to accommodate demand.[24] The trustees began discussing the possibility of opening the museum on Sundays in May 1885,[25] and the state legislature approved a bill permitting Sunday operations the next year.[26] [27] Despite advocacy from the working class,[28] the trustees opposed Sunday operations because it would be expensive to do so.[29] At the time, the museum was open to the general public on Wednesdays through Saturdays, and it was open exclusively to members on Mondays and Tuesdays.[30] The museum's collections continued to grow during the 1880s, and it hosted various lectures through the 19th century.[31]

With several departments having been crowded out of the original building, New York state legislators introduced bills to expand the AMNH in early 1887;[32] thousands of teachers endorsed the legislation.[33] City parks engineer Montgomery A. Kellogg was directed to prepare plans for landscaping the site.[34] In March 1888, the trustees approved an entrance pavilion at the center of the 77th Street elevation.[35] [36] The New York City Board of Estimate began soliciting bids from general contractors in late 1889.[37] [38] Many of the objects and specimens in the museum's collection could not be displayed until the annex was opened.[39] The original building was refurbished during 1890,[40] and the museum's library was transferred to the west wing that year.[41] The AMNH's trustees considered opening the museum on Sundays by February 1892[42] and stopped charging admission that July.[43] [44] The museum began Sunday operations in August,[45] and the southern entrance pavilion opened that November.[46] [47] Even with the new wing, there was still not enough space for the museum's collection. The city's Park Board approved a new lecture hall in January 1893,[48] [49] but the hall was postponed that May in favor of a wing extending east on 77th Street.[50] [51] A contract to furnish the east wing was awarded in June 1894.[52]

When the east wing was nearly completed in February 1895, the AMNH's trustees asked state legislators for $200,000 to build a wing extending west on 77th Street.[53] [54] The east wing was still being furnished by August;[55] its ground floor opened that December.[56] The museum's funds and collections continued to grow during this time.[57] A hall of mammals opened within the museum in November 1896.[58] [59] That year, the AMNH received approval to extend the east wing northward along Central Park West, creating an L-shaped structure.[60] Plans for an expanded east wing were approved in June 1897,[61] and a contract was awarded two months later.[62] [63] The museum's director Morris K. Jesup also sponsored worldwide expeditions to obtain objects for the collection.[64] By mid-1898, the west wing, the expanded east wing, and a lecture hall at the center of the museum were underway;[65] however, the project encountered delays due to a lack of city funding.[66] The west and east wings, with several exhibit halls, were nearly complete by late 1899, but the lecture hall had been delayed.[67] A hall dedicated to ancient Mexican art opened that December.[68] [69]

20th century

1900s to 1940s

The museum's 1,350-seat lecture hall opened in October 1900, as did the Native American and Mexican halls in the west wing.[70] [71] During the 1900s, the AMNH sponsored several expeditions to grow its collection, including a trip to Mexico,[72] a trip to collect fauna from the Pacific Northwest,[73] a trip to collect art in China,[74] and an expedition to collect rocks in local caves.[75] One such exhibition yielded a brontosaurus skeleton, which was the centerpiece of the dinosaur hall that opened in February 1905.[76] [77]

In the early 1920s, museum president Henry Fairfield Osborn planned a new entrance for the AMNH, which was to contain a memorial to Theodore Roosevelt. Also around that time, the New York state government formed a commission to study the feasibility of a Roosevelt memorial.[78] After a dispute over whether to put the memorial in Albany or in New York City,[79] the government of New York City offered a site next to the AMNH for consideration.[80] The commission rejected a "conventional Greek mausoleum" design, instead opting to design a triumphal arch and hall in a Roman style. In 1925, the AMNH's trustees hosted an architectural design competition, selecting John Russell Pope to design the memorial hall.[81] [82] Construction began in 1929,[83] and the trustees approved final plans the next year.[84] J. Harry McNally was the general contractor.[85] Roosevelt's cousin, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt, dedicated the memorial on January 19, 1936.[86] [87]

1950s to 1990s

The original building was later known as "Wing A". During the 1950s, the top floor was renovated into a library, being redecorated with what Christopher Gray of The New York Times described as "dropped ceilings and the other usual insults".[88] The ten-story Childs Frick Building, which contained the AMNH's fossil collection, was added to the museum in the 1970s.[89]

The architect Kevin Roche and his firm Roche-Dinkeloo have been responsible for the master planning of the museum since the 1990s. Various renovations to both the interior and exterior have been carried out. Renovations to the Dinosaur Hall were undertaken beginning in 1991,[90] and Roche-Dinkeloo designed the eight-story AMNH Library in 1992.[91] The museum's Rose Center for Earth and Space was completed in 2000.[92]

21st century

The museum's lecture hall was renamed the Samuel J. and Ethel LeFrak Theater in 2001 after Samuel J. LeFrak donated $8 million to the AMNH.[93] The museum's south facade, spanning 77th Street from Central Park West to Columbus Avenue, was cleaned, repaired, and re-emerged in 2009. Steven Reichl, a spokesman for the museum, said that work would include restoring 650 black-cherry window frames and stone repairs. The museum's consultant on the latest renovation was Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., an architectural and engineering firm with headquarters in Northbrook, Illinois.[94] The museum also restored the mural in Roosevelt Memorial Hall in 2010.[95]

In 2014, the museum published plans for a $325 million, annex, the Richard Gilder Center for Science, Education, and Innovation, on the Columbus Avenue side.[96] On October 11, 2016, the Landmarks Preservation Commission unanimously approved the expansion. Construction of the Gilder Center, which was expected to break ground the next year following design development and Environmental Impact Statement stages, would entail demolition of three museum buildings built between 1874 and 1935.[97] The museum filed plans for the expansion in August 2017,[98] but due to community opposition, construction did not start until June 2019.[99] [100]

The Gilder Center opened on May 4, 2023,[101] [102] and the museum saw 1.5 million visitors over the next three months.[103] In late 2023, the museum announced that it would stop displaying human remains from its collection.[104] [105] Despite the 1990 passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), as late as 2023, the AMNH held an estimated 1,900 Native American remains that had not been repatriated.[106] After the act was revised in January 2024, the AMNH's Eastern Woodlands and Great Plains halls were closed because the museum would have needed permission to display all of the artifacts in the halls.[107] [108] The museum agreed to repatriate the remains that July.[109]

Original structure

The original Victorian Gothic building was designed by Calvert Vaux and J. Wrey Mould, both already closely identified with the architecture of Central Park. Vaux and Mould's original plan was intended to complement the Metropolitan Museum of Art on the opposite side of Central Park. The original building, as constructed, was at the center of the 77th Street frontage and measured 199by across;[110] it featured a gallery measuring long tall. This gallery contained a raised basement, three stories of exhibits, Venetian Gothic arches, and an attic with dormers and a slate roof. The rear of the gallery included two towers: one containing a stairwell and the other containing curators' rooms. The original structure still exists but is hidden from view by the many buildings in the complex that today occupy most of Manhattan Square. The museum remains accessible through its 77th Street foyer, which has since been renamed the Grand Gallery.[111]

The full plan called for twelve pavilions similar in design to the original building. Eight pavilions would have been arranged as the sides of a square, while the remaining four would be perpendicular to each other in the interior of the square. There were to be eight towers along the perimeter of the square, as well as a dome in the center, at the intersection of the four interior pavilions.[112] [113] In each pavilion, there was to be a ground floor; the second floor was to contain a gallery; the third floor was to exhibit specimens; and the fourth floor was to be used for research. Upon the intended completion of the master plan, the museum would measure from north to south and from west to east, including projections from the square. The finished structure, with a ground area of over, would have been the largest building in North America, as well as the largest museum building in the world. The master plan was never fully realized;[114] by 2015, the museum consisted of 25 separate buildings that were poorly connected.[115]

The original building was soon eclipsed by the west and east wings of the southern frontage, designed by J. Cleaveland Cady as a brownstone neo-Romanesque structure. It extends along West 77th Street,[116] with corner towers tall. Its pink brownstone and granite, similar to that found at Grindstone Island in the St. Lawrence River, came from quarries at Picton Island, New York.[117] The southern wing contains several halls ranging in size from 60x to . At the ends of either wings are rounded turret-like towers.

New York State Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt

The main entrance hall on Central Park West is formally known as the New York State Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt. Completed by John Russell Pope in 1936, it is an over-scaled Beaux-Arts monument to former U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt. The hall was originally supposed to have formed one end of an "Intermuseum Promenade" through Central Park, connecting with the Metropolitan Museum of Art to the east,[118] but the promenade was never completed.[119]

The memorial hall has a pink-granite facade, which is modeled after Roman arches. In front of the hall on Central Park West is a terrace measuring long, as well as a series of steps. The main entrance consists of an arch measuring high. The underside of the arch is a coffered granite vestibule, which leads to a bronze, glass, and marble screen. On either side of the arch are niches that contain sculptures of a bison and a bear. It is flanked by two pairs of columns, which are topped by figures of American explorers John James Audubon, Daniel Boone, Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark. These figures were sculpted by James Earle Fraser and are about high. In the attic above the main archway, there is an inscription describing Roosevelt's accomplishments. The words "Truth", "Knowledge", and "Vision" are carved into the entablature under this inscription.

Fraser also designed an equestrian statue of Theodore Roosevelt, flanked by a Native American and an African American, which originally stood outside the memorial hall. In the 21st century, the statue generated controversy due to its subordinate depiction of these figures behind Roosevelt.[120] This prompted AMNH officials to announce in 2020 that they would remove the statue.[121] [122] The statue was removed in January 2022 and will be on a long-term loan to the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library in North Dakota.[123] [124] The interior of the Memorial Hall measures across, with a barrel-vaulted ceiling measuring tall. The ceiling contains octagonal coffers, while the floors are made of mosaic marble tiles. The lowest of the walls are wainscoted in marble, above which the walls of the memorial hall are made of limestone. The top of each wall contains a marble band and a Corinthian entablature. Each of the Memorial Hall's four sides contains two red-marble columns, each measuring tall and rising from a Botticino marble pedestal. There are rounded windows at clerestory level on the north and south walls. William Andrew MacKay designed three murals depicting important events in Roosevelt's life: the construction of the Panama Canal on the north wall, African exploration on the west wall, and the Treaty of Portsmouth on the south wall.[125] [126] The east and west walls, contain four quotes from Roosevelt under the headings "Nature", "Manhood", "Youth", and "The State".

The Memorial Hall originally connected to various classrooms, exhibition rooms, and a 600-person auditorium. Directly underneath the Memorial Hall is an entrance to the 81st Street–Museum of Natural History station. Today, the hall connects to the Akeley Hall of African Mammals and the Hall of Asian Mammals. The Memorial Hall contains four exhibits that describe Theodore Roosevelt's conservation activities in his youth, early adulthood, U.S. presidency, and post-presidency.[127]

Mammal halls

Old World mammals

Akeley Hall of African Mammals

Named after taxidermist Carl Akeley, the Akeley Hall of African Mammals is a two-story hall on the second floor, directly west of the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Hall. It connects to the Hall of African Peoples to the west.[128] The Hall of African Mammals' 28 dioramas depict in meticulous detail the great range of ecosystems found in Africa and the mammals endemic to them. The centerpiece of the hall is a herd of eight African elephants in a characteristic 'alarmed' formation.[129] Though the mammals are typically the main feature in the dioramas, birds and flora of the regions are occasionally featured as well.[130] The hall in its current form was completed in 1936.[131] [132]

The Hall of African Mammals was first proposed to the museum by Carl Akeley around 1909; he proposed 40 dioramas featuring the rapidly vanishing landscapes and animals of Africa. Daniel Pomeroy, a trustee of the museum and partner at J.P. Morgan & Co., offered investors the opportunity to accompany the museum's expeditions in Africa in exchange for funding.[133] Akeley began collecting specimens for the hall as early as 1909, famously encountering Theodore Roosevelt in the midst of the Smithsonian-Roosevelt African expedition.[134] On these early expeditions, Akeley was accompanied by his former apprentice in taxidermy, James L. Clark, and artist, William R. Leigh. When Akeley returned to Africa to collect gorillas for the hall's first diorama, Clark remained behind and began scouring the country for artists to create the backgrounds. The eventual appearance of the first habitat groups impacted the design of other diorama halls, including Birds of the World, the Hall of North American Mammals, the Vernay Hall of Southeast Asian Mammals, and the Hall of Oceanic Life.[133] After Akeley's unexpected death during the Eastman-Pommeroy expedition in 1926, responsibility of the hall's completion fell to James L. Clark, who hired architectural artist James Perry Wilson in 1933 to assist Leigh in the painting of backgrounds. Wilson made many improvements on Leigh's techniques, including a range of methods to minimize the distortion caused by the dioramas' curved walls.[133] In 1936, William Durant Campbell, a wealthy board member with a desire to see Africa, offered to fund several dioramas if allowed to obtain the specimens himself. Clark agreed to this arrangement, resulting in the acquisition of numerous large specimens.[135] Kane joined Leigh, Wilson, and several other artists in completing the hall's remaining dioramas. Though construction of the hall was completed in 1936, the dioramas gradually opened between the mid-1920s and early 1940s.[136]

Hall of Asian Mammals

The Hall of Asian Mammals, sometimes referred to as the Vernay-Faunthorpe Hall of Asian Mammals, is directly south of the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Hall. It contains 8 complete dioramas, 4 partial dioramas, and 6 habitat groups of mammals and locations from India, Nepal, Burma, and Malaysia. The hall opened in 1930 and, similar to the Akeley Hall of African Mammals, is centered around 2 Asian elephants. At one point, a giant panda and Siberian tiger were also part of the Hall's collection, originally intended to be part of an adjoining Hall of North Asian Mammals (planned in the current location of Stout Hall of Asian Peoples). These specimens can currently be seen in the Hall of Biodiversity.[138]

Specimens for the Hall of Asian Mammals were collected over six expeditions led by British-born antiques dealer Arthur S. Vernay and Col. John Faunthorpe (as noted by stylized plaques at both entrances). The expeditions were funded entirely by Vernay, who characterized the expense as a British tribute to American involvement in World War I.[139] The first Vernay-Faunthorpe expedition took place in 1922, when many of the animals Vernay was seeking, such as the Sumatran rhinoceros and Asiatic lion, were facing the possibility of extinction. Vernay made many appeals to regional authorities to obtain hunting permits;[140] in later museum-related expeditions headed by Vernay, these appeals helped the museum gain access to areas previously restricted to foreign visitors.[141] Artist Clarence C. Rosenkranz accompanied the Vernay-Faunthorpe expeditions as field artist and painted the majority of the diorama backgrounds in the hall.[142] These expeditions were also well documented in both photo and video, with enough footage of the first expedition to create a feature-length film, Hunting Tigers in India (1929).[143]

New World mammals

Bernard Family Hall of North American Mammals

The Bernard Family Hall of North American Mammals is on the first floor, directly west of the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Hall. features 43 dioramas of various mammals of the American continent, north of tropical Mexico. Each diorama places focus on a particular species, ranging from the largest megafauna to the smaller rodents and carnivorans. Notable dioramas include the Alaskan brown bears looking at a salmon after they scared off an otter, a pair of wolves, a pair of Sonoran jaguars, and dueling bull Alaska moose.

The Hall of North American Mammals opened in 1942 with only ten dioramas.[144] Another 16 dioramas were added in 1963.[145] A massive restoration project began in late 2011 following a large donation from Jill and Lewis Bernard.[146] [147] In October 2012 the hall was reopened as the Bernard Hall of North American Mammals.[148]

Hall of Small Mammals

The Hall of Small Mammals is an offshoot of the Bernard Family Hall of North American Mammals, directly to the west of the latter. There are several small dioramas featuring small mammals found throughout North America, including collared peccaries, Abert's squirrel, and a wolverine.

Birds, reptiles, and amphibian halls

Sanford Hall of North American Birds

The Sanford Hall of North American birds is a one-story hall on the third floor, between the Hall of Primates and Akeley Hall's second level. There are over 20 dioramas depicting birds from across North America in their native habitats.[149] At the far end of the hall are two large murals by ornithologist and artist Louis Agassiz Fuertes.[150] The hall also has display cases devoted to large collections of warblers, owls, and raptors.

Conceived by museum ornithologist Frank Chapman, the Hall is named for Chapman's friend and amateur ornithologist Leonard C. Sanford, who partially funded the hall and also donated the entirety of his own bird specimen collection to the museum. Construction began on the hall's dioramas as early as 1902, and the dioramas opened in 1909. They were the first to be exhibited in the museum and are the oldest still on display.[151] The hall was refurbished in 1962.[152]

Although Chapman was not the first to create museum dioramas, he was the first to bring artists into the field with him in the hopes of capturing a specific location at a specific time. In contrast to the dramatic scenes that Akeley created for the African Hall, Chapman wanted his dioramas to evoke a scientific realism, ultimately serving as a historical record of habitats and species facing a high probability of extinction.[151] Each of Chapman's dioramas depicted a species, their nests, and of the surrounding habitat in each direction.[153]

Hall of Birds of the World

The Hall of Birds of the World is on the south side of the second floor. The global diversity of bird species is exhibited in this hall. 12 dioramas showcase various ecosystems around the world and provide a sample of the varieties of birds that live there. Example dioramas include South Georgia featuring king penguins and skuas, the East African plains featuring secretarybirds and bustards, and the Australian outback featuring honeyeaters, cockatoos, and kookaburras.[154]

Whitney Memorial Hall of Oceanic Birds

The Whitney Memorial Wing, originally named after Harry Payne Whitney and comprising 750,000 birds, opened in 1939.[155] Later known as the Hall of Oceanic Birds, it was completed and dedicated in 1953.[156] [157] It was founded by Frank Chapman and Leonard C. Sanford, originally museum volunteers, who had gone forward with creation of a hall to feature birds of the Pacific islands. The hall was designed as a completely immersive collection of dioramas, including a circular display featuring birds-of-paradise.[158] In 1998, the Butterfly Conservatory was installed inside the hall.[159]

Hall of Reptiles and Amphibians

The Hall of Reptiles and Amphibians is near the southeast corner of the third floor. It serves as an introduction to herpetology, with many exhibits detailing reptile evolution, anatomy, diversity, reproduction, and behavior. Notable exhibits include a Komodo dragon group, an American alligator, Lonesome George, the last Pinta Island tortoise, and poison dart frogs.[160]

In 1926, W. Douglas Burden, F.J. Defosse, and Emmett Reid Dunn collected specimens of the Komodo Dragon for the museum. Burden's chapter "The Komodo Dragon", in Look to the Wilderness, describes the expedition, the habitat, and the behavior of the dragon.[161] The hall opened in 1927[162] and was rebuilt from 1969 to 1977 at a cost of $1.3 million.[163]

Biodiversity and environmental halls

Hall of Biodiversity

The Hall of Biodiversity is underneath the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Hall. It opened in May 1998. The hall primarily contains exhibits and objects highlighting the concept of biodiversity, the interactions between living organisms, and the negative impacts of extinction on biodiversity.[164] [165] The hall includes a diorama depicting the Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve rainforest with over 160 animal and plant species.[166] The diorama shows the rainforest in three states: pristine, altered by human activity, and destroyed by human activity. Another attraction in the hall is "The Spectrum of Habitats", a video wall displaying footage of nine ecosystems. There is a "Transformation Wall", containing information and stories detailing changes to biodiversity, and a "Solutions Wall", containing suggestions on how to increase biodiversity.

Hall of North American Forests

The Hall of North American Forests is a one-story hall on the museum's first floor in between the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Hall and the Warburg Hall of New York State Environments. It contains ten dioramas depicting a range of forest types from across North America as well as several displays on forest conservation and tree health. The hall was constructed under the guidance of botanist Henry K. Svenson and opened in 1958.[167] Each diorama specifically lists both the location and exact time of year depicted.[168] Trees and plants featured in the dioramas are constructed of a combination of art supplies and actual bark and other specimens collected in the field. The entrance to the hall features a cross section from the Mark Twain Tree, 1,400-year-old sequoia taken from the King's River grove on the west flank of the Sierra Mountains in 1891.[169]

Warburg Hall of New York State Environments

Warburg Hall of New York State Environments is a one-story hall on the museum's ground floor in between the Hall of North American Forests and the Grand Hall. Based on the town of Pine Plains in Dutchess County, New York, the hall gives a multi-faceted presentation of the eco-systems typical of New York.[170] Aspects covered include soil types, seasonal changes, and the impact of both humans and nonhuman animals on the environment. It is named for the German-American philanthropist Felix M. Warburg and opened on May 14, 1951,[171] as the Warburg Memorial Hall of General Ecology.[172] It has changed little since and is now frequently regarded for its retro-modern styling.[173]

Milstein Hall of Ocean Life

The Milstein Hall of Ocean Life is in the southeastern quadrant of the first floor, west of the Hall of Biodiversity. It focuses on marine biology, botany and marine conservation. The center of the hall contains a -long blue whale model.[174] The upper level of the hall exhibits the vast array of ecosystems present in the ocean. Dioramas compare and contrast the life in these different settings including kelp forests, mangroves, coral reefs, the bathypelagic, among others. It attempts to show how vast and varied the oceans are while encouraging common themes throughout. The lower half of the hall consists of 15 large dioramas of larger marine organisms. It is on this level that the famous "Squid and the Whale" diorama sits, depicting a hypothetical fight between the two creatures.[175] Other notable exhibits in this hall include the two-level Andros Coral Reef Diorama.[176] [177]

In 1910, museum president Henry F. Osborn proposed the construction of a large building in the museum's southeast courtyard to house a new Hall of Ocean Life in which "models and skeletons of whales" would be exhibited. The hall opened in 1924[176] and was renovated in 1962. In 1969, a renovation gave the hall a more explicit focus on oceanic megafauna, including the addition of a lifelike blue whale model to replace a popular steel and papier-mâché whale model that had hung in the Biology of Mammals hall. Richard Van Gelder oversaw the creation of the hall in its current incarnation.[178] The hall was renovated once again in 2003, this time with environmentalism and conservation being the main focal points, and was renamed after developer Paul Milstein and AMNH board member Irma Milstein. The 2003 renovation included refurbishment of the famous blue whale, suspended high above the exhibit floor; updates to the 1930s and 1960s dioramas; and electronic displays.[153]

Human origins and cultural halls

Cultural halls

Stout Hall of Asian Peoples

The Stout Hall of Asian Peoples is a one-story hall on the museum's second floor in between the Hall of Asian Mammals and Birds of the World. It is named for Gardner D. Stout, a former president of the museum, and was primarily organized by Walter A. Fairservis, a longtime museum archaeologist. Opened in 1980, Stout Hall is the museum's largest anthropological hall and contains artifacts acquired by the museum between 1869 and the mid-1970s.[179] Many famous expeditions sponsored by the museum are associated with the artifacts in the hall, including the Roy Chapman Andrews expeditions in Central Asia and the Vernay-Hopwood Chindwin expedition.[180]

Stout Hall has two sections: Ancient Eurasia, a small section devoted to the evolution of human civilization in Eurasia, and Traditional Asia, a much larger section containing cultural artifacts from across the Asian continent. The latter section is organized to geographically correspond with two major trade routes of the Silk Road. Like many of the museum's exhibition halls, the artifacts in Stout Hall are presented in a variety of ways including exhibits, miniature dioramas, and five full-scale dioramas. Notable exhibits in the Ancient Eurasian section include reproductions from the archaeological sites of Teshik-Tash and Çatalhöyük, as well as a full size replica of a Hammurabi Stele. The Traditional Asia section contains areas devoted to major Asian countries, such as Japan, China, Tibet, and India, while also including a vast array of smaller Asian tribes including the Ainu, Semai, and Yakut.[181]

Hall of African Peoples

The Hall of African Peoples is behind Akeley Hall of African Mammals and underneath Sanford Hall of North American Birds. It is organized by the four major ecosystems found in Africa: River Valley, Grasslands, Forest-Woodland, and Desert. Each section presents artifacts and exhibits of the peoples native to the ecosystems throughout Africa. The hall contains three dioramas and notable exhibits include a large collection of spiritual costumes on display in the Forest-Woodland section. Uniting the sections of the hall is a multi-faceted comparison of African societies based on hunting and gathering, cultivation, and animal domestication. Each type of society is presented in a historical, political, spiritual, and ecological context. A small section of African diaspora spread by the slave trade is also included.[182] Tribes and civilizations featured include:

Hall of Mexico and Central America

The Hall of Mexico and Central America is a one-story hall on the museum's second floor behind Birds of the World and before the Hall of South American Peoples. It presents archaeological artifacts from a broad range of pre-Columbian civilizations that once existed across Mesoamerica, including the Maya, Olmec, Zapotec, and Aztec. Because the great majority of the written records of these civilizations did not survive the Spanish conquest, the overarching aim of the hall is to piece together what it is possible to know about them from the artifacts alone.

The museum has displayed pre-Columbian artifacts since its opening, only a short time after the discovery of the civilizations by archaeologists, with its first hall dedicated to the subject opening in 1899.[183] As the museum's collection grew, the hall underwent major renovations in 1944 and again in 1970 when it re-opened in its current form.[184] [185] Notable artifacts on display include the Kunz Axe and a full-scale replica of Tomb 104 from the Monte Albán archaeological site, originally displayed at the 1939 World's Fair.

South American Peoples

The Hall of South American Peoples is a one-story hall on the northwestern corner of the second floor, next to the Hall of Mexico and Central America. The hall was first opened on the third floor in 1904, and exhibited archaeological objects, including mummies, from Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, and the West Indies. In 1931, the hall was expanded and relocated to the second floor under the direction of curators Ronald Olson and W.C. Bennett. The new hall included a recreation of a Chilean copper mine, and later, a temporary hall titled the Men of the Montaña, which featured Peruvian cultural artifacts from the Cashibo, and Panoan peoples.[186] In 1989, the Hall was renovated and reopened as a permanent exhibition, focusing on the technology and artistry of the ancient Andean and traditional Amazonian cultures, led by curators Craig Morris, Junius Bird, and Robert Carneiro.[187] [188] The Hall contains roughly 2,300 objects from various ancient South American cultures, including the Moche, Chávin, Chancay, Paracas, Nazca, and Inca.[189] [190] A number of the artifacts on display come from the Roosevelt Collections, which were collected by Theodore Roosevelt on expeditions to South America in the early 20th century and donated to the museum.

Margaret Mead Hall of Pacific Peoples

The Hall of Pacific Peoples is on the southwestern corner of the third floor, accessed through the Hall of Plains Indians. The cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead had founded the Hall of Pacific Peoples in 1971.[191] From the time Mead began curatorial work on the hall in 1945, she conceived an exhibit environment that would emulate sights and sounds from the Pacific regions on display.[192] After Mead's death in 1978, the hall reopened in December 1984 as the Margaret Mead Hall of Pacific Peoples.[193] [194] The new hall, designed by Eugene Burgmann, maintained the blue-themed ocean and sky ambiance of the original hall. The hall was once again closed in 1997 and reopened in 2001 with an updated design that retained the geocultural "alcoves" first installed with the 1984 remodel.The Margaret Mead Hall of Pacific Peoples contains artifacts from New Zealand, Australia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Micronesia, Melanesia and other Pacific islands.[195] [196] [197] Mead had collected 250 of the 1,500 items in the hall. Some of these were probably selected from the 3,284 items she collected for the American Museum of Natural History during fieldwork in New Guinea and other Pacific island locations, 1928-1939.[198] Others, such as the theatrical set from a puppet play in Bali, were chosen from among the approximately 600 items that Mead and her anthropologist husband Gregory Bateson had sent to the American Museum of Natural History while they were conducting fieldwork in Bali, 1936-1938. The exhibits in the Margaret Mead Hall of Pacific Peoples also include a fiberglass cast of an Easter Island moai statue and capes made of honeycreeper feathers.

Native American halls

Northwest Coast Hall

The Northwest Coast Hall is a one-story hall on the museum's ground floor behind the Grand Gallery and in between Warburg and Spitzer Halls. it is the museum's oldest hall, having been established in 1899 by anthropologist Franz Boas as the Jesup North Pacific Hall.[199] [200] The hall now contains artifacts and exhibits of the tribes of the North Pacific Coast cultural region (Southern Alaska, Northern Washington, and a portion of British Columbia). Featured prominently in the hall are four "House Posts" from the Kwakwaka'wakw nation and murals by William S. Taylor depicting native life.[201], there are 9,000 items in total, including 78 totem poles, as well as a Haida canoe suspended from the ceiling (relocated from the Grand Gallery in 2020).[202] [203] The artifacts are accompanied by text in numerous Native American languages.[200]

Artifacts in the hall originated from three main sources. The earliest of these was a gift of Haida artifacts collected by John Wesley Powell and donated by future trustee Heber R. Bishop in 1882. This was followed by the museum's purchase of two collections of Tlingit artifacts collected by Lt. George T. Emmons in 1888 and 1894.[204] The remainder of the hall's artifacts were collected during the famed Jesup North Pacific Expedition between 1897 and 1902.[205] Led by Boas and financed by museum president Morris Ketchum Jesup, the expedition was the first for the museum's Division of Anthropology and is now considered the "foremost expedition in American anthropology".[206] Many famous ethnologists took part, including George Hunt, who secured the Kwakwaka'wakw House Posts in the hall.[207] Other tribes featured in the hall include Coastal Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth, Tsimshian, and Nuxalk.[208]

At the time of its opening, the Northwest Coast Hall was one of four halls dedicated to the native peoples of United States and Canada. It was originally organized in two sections, the first being a general area pertaining to all peoples of the region and the second a specialized area divided by tribe. This was a point of contention for Boas who wanted all artifacts in the hall to be associated with the proper tribe (much like it is currently organized), eventually leading to the dissolution of Boas's relationship with the museum.[204] [209] In May 2022, the hall reopened after a five-year, $19 million renovation, with more than 1,000 artifacts on view. The new display includes work from contemporary artists such as Greg Colfax KlaWayHee and Robert Davidson.[210] [211]

Hall of Plains Indians

The Hall of Plains Indians is on the south side of the third floor, near the western end of the museum. This hall opened in February 1967.[212] [213] The primary focus of this hall is the North American Great Plains peoples as they were at the middle of the 19th century, including depictions of Blackfeet (see also: Blackfoot Confederacy), Hidatsa, and Dakota cultures. Of particular interest is a Folsom point discovered in 1926 New Mexico, providing evidence of early American colonization of the Americas.[214]

Hall of Eastern Woodlands Indians

The Hall of Eastern Woodlands Indians is next to the Hall of Plains Indians, on the south side of the third floor. This hall opened in May 1966.[215] It details the lives and technology of traditional Native American peoples in the woodland environments of eastern North America. These include Cree, Mohegan, Ojibwe, and Iroquois cultures. The exhibit features examples of indigenous basketry, pottery, farming techniques, food preparation, metal jewelry, musical instruments, and textiles. Other highlights include a model of a Menominee birchbark canoe and various traditional lodgings such as an Ojibwa domed wigwam, an Iroquois longhouse, a Creek council house, and other eastern woodland dwelling styles.[216]

Human origins halls

Anne and Bernard Spitzer Hall of Human Origins

See main article: Anne and Bernard Spitzer Hall of Human Origins. The Anne and Bernard Spitzer Hall of Human Origins, formerly The Hall of Human Biology and Evolution, is on the south side of the first floor, near the western end of the museum. It opened under its current name on February 10, 2007.[217] When it first opened in 1921, the hall was known as the "Hall of the Age of Man", the only major exhibition in the United States to present an in-depth investigation of human evolution.[218] The displays traced the story of Homo sapiens, illuminated the path of human evolution and examined the origins of human creativity.

Many of the displays from the original hall can still be viewed in the present expanded format. These include life-size dioramas of our human predecessors Australopithecus afarensis, Homo ergaster, Neanderthal, and Cro-Magnon, showing each species demonstrating the behaviors and capabilities that scientists believe they were capable of. Also displayed are full-sized casts of important fossils, including the 3.2-million-year-old Lucy skeleton and the 1.7-million-year-old Turkana Boy, and Homo erectus specimens including a cast of Peking Man.[219] The hall also features replicas of ice age art found in the Dordogne region of southwestern France. The limestone carvings of horses were made nearly 26,000 years ago and are considered to represent some of the earliest artistic expression of humans.[220]

Earth and planetary science halls

Arthur Ross Hall of Meteorites

The Arthur Ross Hall of Meteorites is on the southwest corner of the first floor. It contains some of the finest specimens in the world including Ahnighito, a section of the 200-ton Cape York meteorite which was first made known to non-Inuit cultures on their investigation of Meteorite Island, Greenland. Its great weight, 34 tons, makes it the largest displayed in the Northern Hemisphere.[221] It has support by columns that extend through the floor and into the bedrock below the museum.[222]

The hall also contains extra-solar nanodiamonds (diamonds with dimensions on the nanometer level) more than 5 billion years old. These were extracted from a meteorite sample through chemical means, and they are so small that a quadrillion of these fit into a volume smaller than a cubic centimeter.[223]

Allison and Roberto Mignone Halls of Gems and Minerals

See main article: Allison and Roberto Mignone Halls of Gems and Minerals. The Allison and Roberto Mignone Halls of Gems and Minerals (formerly the Harry Frank Guggenheim Hall of Gems and Minerals) is on the first floor, north of the Ross Hall of Meteorites. It houses thousands of rare gems, minerals specimens and pieces of jewelry. The halls closed in 2017 to undergo a $32 million redesign by Ralph Appelbaum Associates and reopened to the general public in June 2021.[224] [225] The redesigned exhibits adopt newer philosophies in exhibit design, including a focus on storytelling, interactivity, and connecting ideas across disciplines. The halls explore a range of topics, including the diversification of mineral species over the course of Earth's history, plate tectonics, and the stories of specific gems.[226]

The halls display rare samples chosen from among the more than 100,000 pieces in the museum's collection including the Star of India, the Patricia Emerald, and the DeLong Star Ruby.[227]

David S. and Ruth L. Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth

The David S. and Ruth L. Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth is on the first floor at the northeast corner of the museum. Opened in 1999, it is a permanent hall devoted to the history of Earth, from accretion to the origin of life and contemporary human impacts on the planet. The hall was designed to answer five key questions: "How has earth evolved? Why are there ocean basins, continents and mountains? How do scientists read rocks? What causes climate and climate change? Why is earth habitable?"[228] [229] The hall features rocks and other objects collected over 28 expeditions; the oldest rock is 4.3 billion years old, while the youngest was collected from a volcano on the day that it solidified. There is also a 30-seat granite amphitheater, with a globe, at the center of the hall.

Several sections also discuss the studies of Earth systems, including geology, glaciology, atmospheric sciences, and volcanology. The exhibit has several large, touchable rock specimens. The hall features striking samples of banded iron and deformed conglomerate rocks, as well as granites, sandstones, lavas, and three black smokers. The north section of the hall, which deals primarily with plate tectonics, is arranged to mimic the Earth's structure, with the core and mantle at the center and crustal features on the perimeter.[230]

Fossil halls

Storage facilities

Most of the museum's collections of mammalian and dinosaur fossils remain hidden from public view and are kept in many repositories deep within the museum complex.[231] The most significant storage facility among these is the ten-story Childs Frick Building, which started construction in 1969[232] and was completed in 1973. When the Frick Building was completed, the museum's collection of fossilized mammals and dinosaurs was the world's largest such collection, weighing . The Frick Building's top three floors contain laboratories and offices.[233]

Other areas of the museum contain repositories of life from the past. The Whale Bone Storage Room is a cavernous space in which powerful winches come down from the ceiling to move the giant fossil bones about. The museum attic upstairs includes even more storage facilities, such as the Elephant Room, while the tusk vault and boar vault are downstairs from the attic.

Public displays

The great fossil collections that are open to public view occupy the entire fourth floor of the museum. The fourth floor exhibits are accessed by the Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Orientation Center, which opened in 1996. On the 77th Street side of the museum the visitor begins in the Orientation Center and follows a carefully marked path, which takes the visitor along an evolutionary tree of life. As the tree "branches" the visitor is presented with the familial relationships among vertebrates, called cladograms. A video projection on the museum's fourth floor introduces visitors to the concept of the cladogram.[234]

Many of the fossils on display represent unique and historic pieces that were collected during the museum's golden era of worldwide expeditions (1880s–1930s).[9] On a smaller scale, expeditions continue into the present and have resulted in additions to the collections from Vietnam, Madagascar, South America, and central and eastern Africa.

Halls

The first dinosaur hall in the museum opened in 1905. The 4th floor includes the following halls:[235]

The dinosaur halls were temporarily closed for renovation starting in 1990.[237] The first halls to reopen were the primitive-mammal and advanced-mammal halls, part of the Lila Acheson Wallace Wing of Mammals and Their Extinct Relatives, which opened in 1994.[238] [239] The Halls of Saurischian Dinosaurs and Ornithischian Dinosaurs reopened in 1995 as part of a $12 million expansion.[240] [241] The Hall of Vertebrate Origins opened in 1996.[242]

Fossils on display

The fossils on display include:

Larger than its relative the woolly mammoth, these fossils are from an animal that lived 11,000 years ago in Indiana.[244]

Extinct mammal distantly related to the horse and rhinoceros. It lived 35 million years ago in what is now South Dakota. It is noted for its magnificent and unusual pair of horns.[248]

A Triceratops and a Stegosaurus are also both on display, among many other specimens.

Besides the fossils in museum display, many specimens are stored in the collections available for scientists. Those include important specimens such as complete diplodocid skull,[255] tyrannosaurid teeth, sauropod vertebrae, and many holotypes.

Rose Center for Earth and Space

See main article: Rose Center for Earth and Space. The Hayden Planetarium, connected to the museum, is now part of the Rose Center for Earth and Space on the north side of the museum. The original Hayden Planetarium was founded in 1933 with a donation by philanthropist Charles Hayden, and it opened in 1935.[256] The AMNH announced the modern Rose Center for Earth and Space in early 1995, and demolition began the same year.[257]

The Frederick Phineas and Sandra Priest Rose Center for Earth and Space was completed in 2000 at a cost of $210 million. Designed by James Stewart Polshek, the new building consists of a six-story high glass cube enclosing an illuminated sphere that appears to float, although it is actually supported by truss work. Polshek has referred to his work as a "cosmic cathedral".[258] The sphere is known as the Space Theater.[259]

The facility encloses of research, education, and exhibition space as well as the Hayden planetarium. Also in the facility is the Department of Astrophysics, the newest academic research department in the museum. Neil DeGrasse Tyson is the director of the Hayden Planetarium. In addition, Polshek designed the Weston Pavilion, a high transparent structure of "water white" glass along the museum's west facade. This structure, a small companion piece to the Rose Center, offers a new entry way to the museum as well as opening further exhibition space for astronomically related objects.[260] The Heilbrun Cosmic Pathway is one of the most popular exhibits in the Rose Center.

Richard Gilder Center for Science, Education and Innovation

Designed by Studio Gang and landscape architects Reed Hilderbrand, the Richard Gilder Center for Science, Education and Innovation opened in May 2023. The 230,000-square-foot addition includes six floors above ground, and one below. The Gilder Center welcomes visitors with a new, accessible entrance on Columbus Avenue that connects to central five-story atrium and creates more than 30 connections to the existing museum.[261] The atrium's architecture is informed by natural processes like the movement of wind and water that shape geological landscapes.[262] To achieve the continuous visual form, the atrium is constructed with shotcrete. The curvilinear façade contrasts with the earlier High Victorian Gothic, Richardson Romanesque, and Beaux Arts structures, but its Milford Pink granite cladding is the same stone used on the Museum's west side.[263] [264]

The Richard Gilder Center houses new exhibition and display areas devoted to insects, including an insectarium and butterfly vivarium, where visitors can walk among hundreds of live specimens as they flutter about in a lush tropical setting. It also includes a visible storage structure that houses and displays scientific specimens; an expanded research library; classrooms and education areas, and laboratories.[265] Another permanent fixture is an immersive and interactive video experience called “Invisible Worlds” that focuses on the vital, often hard-to-see connections that support life, such as the firing of brain neurons, the exchange of nutrients and water between tree roots, and the microscopic world of plankton in ocean ecosystems.[266] This expansion was originally supposed to be north of the existing museum, occupying parts of Theodore Roosevelt Park. The expansion was relocated to the west side of the existing museum, and its footprint was reduced in size, due to opposition to construction in the park. The annex replaced three existing buildings along Columbus Avenue's east side.

Exhibitions Lab

See main article: AMNH Exhibitions Lab. Founded in 1869, the AMNH Exhibitions Lab has since produced thousands of installations. The department is notable for its integration of new scientific research into immersive art and multimedia presentations. In addition to the famous dioramas at its home museum and the Rose Center for Earth and Space, the lab has also produced international exhibitions and software such as the Digital Universe Atlas.[267]

The exhibitions team currently consists of over sixty artists, writers, preparators, designers and programmers. The department is responsible for the creation of two to three exhibits per year. These extensive shows typically travel nationally to sister natural history museums. They have produced, among others, the first exhibits to discuss Darwinian evolution,[218] human-induced climate change[268] and the mesozoic mass extinction via asteroid.

Research Library

The Research Library is open to staff and public visitors, and is on the fourth floor of the museum.[269] The Library collects materials covering such subjects as mammalogy, earth and planetary science, astronomy and astrophysics, anthropology, entomology, herpetology, ichthyology, paleontology, ethology, ornithology, mineralogy, invertebrates, systematics, ecology, oceanography, conchology, exploration and travel, history of science, museology, bibliography, genomics, and peripheral biological sciences. The collection has many retrospective materials, some going back to the 15th century, that are difficult to find elsewhere.[270]

In its early years, the Library expanded its collection mostly through such gifts as John Clarkson Jay's conchological library,[271] Carson Brevoort's library on fishes and general zoology,[272] Daniel Giraud Elliot's ornithological library, S. Lowell Elliot's collection of books and pamphlets on various subjects, Harry Edwards's entomological library, the Hugh Jewett collection of voyages and travel, and Jules Marcou's geology collection.[273] In the 1900s, the library continued to grow with donations from figures and organizations such as Egbert Viele, the American Ethnological Society, Joel Asaph Allen, Hermon Carey Bumpus, and Henry Fairfield Osborn.

The new Library was designed by the firm Roche-Dinkeloo in 1992. The space is and includes five different "conservation zones", including the 50-person reading room, public offices, and temperature- and humidity-controlled rooms.[274] Today, the Library's collections contain over 550,000 volumes of monographs, serials, pamphlets, reprints, microforms, and original illustrations, as well as film, photographic, archives and manuscripts, fine art, memorabilia and rare book collections.

Special collections include:

Activities

Research activities

The museum has a scientific staff of more than 225, and sponsors over 120 special field expeditions each year. Many of the fossils on display represent unique and historic pieces that were collected during the museum's golden era of worldwide expeditions (1880s–1930s). Examples of some of these expeditions, financed in whole or part by the AMNH are: Jesup North Pacific Expedition, the Whitney South Seas Expedition, the Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition, the Crocker Land Expedition, and the expeditions to Madagascar and New Guinea by Richard Archbold. On a smaller scale, expeditions continue into the present. The museum also publishes several peer-reviewed journals, including the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.[279]

Southwestern Research Station

The AMNH operates a biological field station in Portal, Arizona, among the Chiricahua Mountains. The Southwestern Research Station was established in 1955, purchased with a grant from philanthropist David Rockefeller, and with entomologist Mont Cazier as its first director.[280] The station, in a "biodiversity hotspot", is used by researchers and students, and offers occasional seminars to the public.[281]

Educational outreach

AMNH's education programs include outreach to schools in New York City by the Moveable Museum.[282] The AMNH offers a wide variety of educational programs, camps, and classes for students from pre-K to post-graduate levels. The AMNH sponsors the Lang Science Program, a comprehensive 5th–12th grade research and science education program, and the Science Research Mentorship Program (SRMP), in which pairs of students conduct a full year of intensive original research with an AMNH scientist.[283], about 400,000 schoolchildren annually take field trips to the AMNH. Although most students visit for a day or less, since late 2023 the museum has also provided a weeklong educational program called Beyond Elementary Explorations in Science.[284]

Richard Gilder Graduate School

On October 23, 2006, the museum launched the Richard Gilder Graduate School, becoming the first American museum in the United States to award doctoral degrees in its own name.[285] [286] The school is named for businessman Richard Gilder, who contributed $50 million toward the school.[287] Accredited in 2009,[288] the school had 11 students enrolled in 2011, who work closely with curators and have access to the collections.[289] The first seven graduates were awarded their degrees in 2013.[290] The AMNH offers a Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) in Earth Science[291] and a PhD in Comparative Biology.[292] [293]

The MAT Earth Science Residency program was launched in 2012 to address a critical shortage of qualified science teachers in New York state.[294] In 2015, the MAT program officially joined the Richard Gilder Graduate School, with the NYS Board of Regents authorizing the Gilder School to grant the MAT degree.[295]

Notable people

Presidents

The museum's first three presidents were all cofounders. John David Wolfe served from 1869 until his death in 1872; he was followed by Robert L. Stuart, who resigned in 1881. The third president, Morris K. Jesup, was president for over 25 years, serving until his death in 1908. Upon his death, Jesup bequeathed $1 million to the museum.[296]

The fourth president, Henry Fairfield Osborn, appointed on the death of Jesup, consolidated the museum's expansion and developed it further. Under Osborn, the museum embraced a growing eugenics movement.[297] Osborn's friend, noted eugenicist Madison Grant, a member of the museum's executive committee, was the author of the 1916 book, The Passing of the Great Race. He also was a funder and shaper of the 1921 Second International Congress of Eugenics, held at the museum.[298] Davenport presided also the 1932 Third International Eugenics Congress.[299]

After Osborn resigned in 1933, F. Trubee Davison became the AMNH's fifth president.[300] Davison stepped down in 1951, and Alexander M. White was elected as the museum's president.[301] Gardner D. Stout then served as president from 1968 to 1975, when Robert Guestier Goelet was elected in his place.[302] Goelet served until 1987, when he was placed on the board of trustees. He was succeeded by George D. Langdon Jr., the first president in the museum's history to receive a salary; all previous presidents had served without pay.[303]

Ellen V. Futter became the museum's first female president in 1993.[304] [305] Futter announced in June 2022 that she planned to step down when the Gilder Center opened in March 2023.[306] Sean M. Decatur was named as Futter's successor in December 2022 and became the first African American president of the museum on April 3, 2023.[307] [308]

Other associated names

Famous names associated with the museum include the dinosaur-hunter of the Gobi Desert, Roy Chapman Andrews (one of the inspirations for Indiana Jones); photographers Yvette Borup Andrews and George Gaylord Simpson; biologists Ernst Mayr and Stephen Jay Gould; pioneer cultural anthropologists Franz Boas and Margaret Mead; explorer and geographer Alexander H. Rice Jr.; and ornithologist Robert Cushman Murphy.

Surroundings

The museum is at 79th Street and Central Park West. There is a direct entrance into the museum from the New York City Subway's station, served by the .

On a pedestal outside the museum's Columbus Avenue entrance is a stainless steel time capsule, which was created after a design competition that was won by Santiago Calatrava. The capsule was sealed at the beginning of 2000, to mark the beginning of the 3rd millennium. It takes the form of a folded saddle-shaped volume, symmetrical on multiple axes, that explores formal properties of folded spherical frames. Calatrava described it as "a flower". The capsule is to be opened in the year 3000.[309]

The museum is in a city park known as Theodore Roosevelt Park that extends from Central Park West to Columbus Avenue, and from West 77th to 81st Streets and that contains park benches, gardens and lawns, and also a dog run.[310] On the west side of the park, between 80th and 81st Streets near Columbus Avenue, is the Nobel Monument honoring Nobel Prize winners from the United States.[311] [312]

Commentary

In 2019, Hamid Dabashi, the Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, wrote an opinion piece in Al Jazeera criticizing a bronze statue of Theodore Roosevelt, depicting him on horseback above a nameless Native American and African American individual. Having visited the museum, Dabashi reflected on the juxtaposition of scientific progress and what he sees as the persistent legacy of racism in the United States. The statue of Theodore Roosevelt is seen by Dabashi as a symbol of racial hierarchy and the ongoing struggle to reconcile the nation's past with its present. [313] The statue would later be removed in 2022, as a consequence of discussions about racism aroused by the 2020 protests surrounding the killing of George Floyd. [314]

A 2020 article by University of New Hampshire historian Julia Rodriguez contrasts the approaches respectively taken by the AMNH and the Musée de l'Homme in Paris, in terms of their human and cultural exhibits. While Rodriguez criticizes the AMNH's exhibits for their failure to acknowledge colonial histories, the Musée de l'Homme has made strides in decolonizing its displays. Rodriguez also posits that notably absent from such museums are exhibits dedicated to Northern European or New England cultures, suggesting a biased focus on "othering" non-Western societies while normalizing Western cultural norms.[315]

In a June 2024 essay published in Indian online paper ThePrint, Stanford University history professor Priya Satia argues that the museum's Hall of Asian Peoples is problematic because it portrays Asian cultures as static and frozen in time.[316] Satia believes various misrepresentations can lead to misunderstandings and perpetuate harmful biases against Asian and Middle Eastern people. In the same essay, Satia also delves into parts of the museum's own history, such as its 1921 hosting of the Second International Eugenics Congress. Her essay was criticized by Samuel Abrams, who serves as a Nonresident Senior Fellow of the American Enterprise Institute, as a researcher at NYU, and as a Professor of Politics at Sarah Lawrence College.[317] Abrams states that "Critiquing an outdated museum is fine, but nothing about Satia’s thread was constructive or helpful."[318]

In popular culture

The museum is featured in many works of art and popular culture, including:

Gallery

See also

References

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: History 1869–1900 . AMNH . August 28, 2012 . January 24, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160124063347/http://www.amnh.org/about-us/history/history-1869-1900 . live.
  2. Web site: TEA-AECOM 2018 Theme Index and Museum Index: The Global Attractions Attendance Report . 62–77 . . February 10, 2020 . December 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201212224414/https://www.aecom.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Theme-Index-2018-4.pdf . live.
  3. Web site: NPS Focus . National Register of Historic Places . . November 18, 2011 . July 25, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080725123211/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/ . live.
  4. Web site: Dioramas at the Museum: Millions of Specimens in Context . February 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191029112620/https://www.amnh.org/shelf-life/discoveries-in-dioramas . October 29, 2019.
  5. Web site: American Museum of Natural History – Overview and Programs . February 18, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090216045046/http://amnh.org/about/programs.php . February 16, 2009 . dead.
  6. Web site: No. 7 American Museum of Natural History, New York City . . https://web.archive.org/web/20140512194911/http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/worlds-most-visited-museums/8 . May 12, 2014 . May 12, 2014.
  7. Web site: American Museum of Natural History . Charity Navigator . March 25, 2022 . February 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220204224313/https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/136162659 . live.
  8. Book: Rieppel, Lukas . Assembling the Dinosaur: Fossil Hunters, Tycoons, and the Making of a Spectacle . Harvard University Press . 2019 . 9780674737587 . Cambridge . 48–55 . en-US.
  9. Web site: Timeline: The History of the American Museum of Natural History . February 18, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090211111505/http://amnh.org/museum/history/ . February 11, 2009 . dead.
  10. May 6, 1871 . Natural History Museum in New York . 3 . 18 . 342 . . Hearth and Home.
  11. News: 23 May 1871 . Home News: the Weather Prominent Arrivals Departures New-York City Brooklyn Westchester County Long Island Staten Island New-Jersey Lectures, Meetings, Etc Haps and Mishaps . 8 . New-York Tribune . .
  12. News: 1871-05-23 . Opening of the Museum of Natural History at Central Park. . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-06-13 . 0362-4331.
  13. 12 Aug 1876 . The Illustrations.: the New "Old Circular Church," Charleston, S.c. Mr. C. E. Parker, Architect. The American Museum of Natural History, New York. Messrs. Vaux and Mould, Architects . The American Architect and Building News . 1 . 13 . 261 . .
  14. News: 1877-12-20 . Natural History Museum; Costly Building in Central Park. A Structure Which Will Cover Nearly Eighteen and a Half Acres . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-06-13 . 0362-4331.
  15. News: 1874-06-03 . Natural History Museum.; Laying of the Corner-stone by President Grant. Brilliant Scene at Manhattan Square Yesterday . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-06-08 . 0362-4331.
  16. News: 3 Jun 1874 . Science for the People: the Corner-stone of the Museum of Natural History Laid the Ceremony Performed by President Grant--addresses by President Stuart, Henry G. Stebbins, Gov. Dix, and Prof. Henry Address of Robert L. Stuart Address of Salem H. Wales Address of Gov. Dix Address of Prof. Joseph Henry . 2 . New-York Tribune . .
  17. News: 1877-12-23 . New-York's New Museum. . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-06-08 . 0362-4331.
  18. News: 1892-08-06 . Completed . 4 . The Standard Union . 2023-09-21.
  19. News: 1881-05-10 . Museum of Natural History.: Meeting of the Trustees--the Sunday Question Still Open . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-20 . 0362-4331.
  20. News: 1 Aug 1881 . An Aid to Science: the Museum of Natural History the Grounds Surrounding the Structure--plans for Making the Institute a Centre of Investigation and Original Research--additions to the Collection--a Course of Lectures What the Museum Contains the Museum as a Center of Investigation Means for Popular Instruction a New Department . 2 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  21. News: 1882-08-11 . The Museum of Natural History; Evident Necessity for More Room--beautifying the Surroundings. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-20 . 0362-4331.
  22. News: 29 Nov 1882 . Home News: Prominent Arrivals . 8 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  23. News: 29 Nov 1882 . The Museum of Natural History. . 3 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  24. News: 1882-09-30 . A Lecture Course for Teachers.; the Necessity for More Room in the Museum of Natural History. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-20 . 0362-4331.
  25. News: 12 May 1885 . Museum of Natural History.: the Trustees Discussing the Question of Keeping It Open Sundays. . 8 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  26. News: 1886-04-02 . The Sunday Museum Bill: Passed by the Assembly After Full Debate. The Fight Over the Measure to Give Mayor Grace Full Power of Appointing Excise Commissioners . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-20 . 0362-4331.
  27. News: 2 Apr 1886 . Wanting Museums Open on Sundays: Debate on Assemblyman Hagan's Bill--excise Commissioners Work of Legislative Committees an Opinion by the Attorney-general . 3 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  28. News: 1886-01-17 . Open Museums on Sunday; the Movement Being Pushed Vigorously by Workingmen. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-20 . 0362-4331.
  29. News: 1886-12-29 . The Trustees Perplexed; They Would Like to Have That Extra Sum. But They Do Not Like the Condition That the Museums Supported by the City Shall Be Open Sunday. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-20 . 0362-4331.
  30. News: 1889-02-27 . Museums Must Have Money.; an Appeal From the Trustees of the Museum of Natural History. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-21 . 0362-4331.
  31. News: 1897-01-21 . Lectures to Teachers; Bill to Continue the Work of the Museum of Natural History. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-21 . 0362-4331.
  32. News: 1887-01-31 . Need of a New Museum Building . 8 . New-York Tribune . 2023-09-20.
  33. News: 1887-02-03 . More Room for a Museum . 8 . New-York Tribune . 2023-09-20.
  34. News: 1887-02-19 . Park Improvements.; Plans Whose Execution Will Cost a Million Dollars. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-21 . 0362-4331.
  35. News: 1888-03-29 . The New Museum Building.: a Site Selected--Mr. Fuller Talks About the Driveway. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-21 . 0362-4331.
  36. News: 29 Mar 1888 . Natural History Museum Plans: the Park Board Approves the Action of the Trustees in Choosing the Southern Site . 5 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  37. News: 1889-12-17 . $400,000 for the Metropolitan Museum . 9 . The Sun . 2023-09-20.
  38. News: 1889-12-17 . Not to be Open Sundays . 6 . The Evening World . 2023-09-21.
  39. News: 1888-09-05 . Enlarging the Museum.; Many Stored Specimens Awaiting the New Building's Completion. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-21 . 0362-4331.
  40. News: 25 Sep 1890 . The Repairs to Be Finished Soon: Improving and Enlarging the Museum of Natural History . 4 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  41. Book: American Museum of Natural History . Annual Report ... American Museum of Natural History . American Museum of Natural History. . 1890 . 14 . v. 21–27.
  42. News: 14 Feb 1892 . Natural History Museum: Officers Propose to Open, It Sunday the New Addition Nearly Completed--what It Will Contain . 4 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  43. News: 29 July 1892 . Wore of the Board of Estimate: Entrance Fete to the Natural History Museum to Be Abolished . 10 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  44. News: 1892-07-26 . To Be Free Every Day.; the Museum of Natural History Will Abolish Pay Days. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-20 . 0362-4331.
  45. News: 8 Aug 1892 . A Great Success: First Sunday Opening of the Natural History Museum . 8 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  46. News: 3 Nov 1892 . The Museum of Natural History: Formal Opening of the New Wing--a Fine Building With Perfect Fittings . 10 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  47. News: 1892-11-03 . In and About the City; Museum of Natural History. Formal Opening of the New Wing -- Thousands of Visitors . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-20 . 0362-4331.
  48. News: 20 Jan 1893 . Are the Park Board's Plans Bad: Protesting Against the Adopted Design of the Wing of the Natural History Museum President Dana and the Museum . 9 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  49. News: 1893-01-20 . In Spite of Opposition.; Natural History Museum to Be Built on Mr. Cady's Plans. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-20 . 0362-4331.
  50. News: 1893-05-05 . No Lecture Hall to Be Built; But the Natural History Museum Will Be Enlarged -- Money for the Health Board. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-20 . 0362-4331.
  51. News: 11 May 1893 . Busy Day for the Park Board: Many Subjects Considered--the Natural History Museum Wing . 4 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  52. News: 28 Jun 1894 . To Furnish the Museum of Natural History: Contracts Awarded to John P. Smith for $184,750--trouble Over the Work on the Art Museum . 11 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  53. News: 14 Feb 1895 . More Room Needed for Specimens: Two Bills Before the Legislature in Aid of the American Museum of Natural History . 3 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  54. News: 1895-02-14 . The Free Pass Question; A Bill to Compel Railroads to Extend Courtesies. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-21 . 0362-4331.
  55. News: 24 Aug 1895 . Filling the East Wing: Busy Times at the American Museum of Natural History . 7 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  56. News: 8 Dec 1895 . A Great Variety of Woods: Samples of American Trees in the Museum of N . 31 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  57. News: 3 May 1896 . Growing as the City Grows: the Natural History Museum's Good Year Increase in Its Endowment Fund and Its Collections--Morris K. Jesup's Report . 24 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  58. News: 25 Nov 1896 . A New Hall of Mammals: Specimens Added to the Museum of Natural History . 9 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  59. News: 1896-11-29 . The Naturalist's Show . 19 . The Sun . 2023-09-21.
  60. News: 1896-04-03 . The Museum to be Enlarged . 12 . New-York Tribune . 2023-09-21.
  61. News: 1897-06-29 . Natural History Museum; Park Board Approves Specifications for the New Wing to the Building — Censors of Posters. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-21 . 0362-4331.
  62. News: 1897-08-24 . Meeting of the Park Board; Bids Opened for the New Wing of the Natural History Museum. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-21 . 0362-4331.
  63. News: 24 Aug 1897 . The Natural History Museum Wing . 4 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  64. News: 1897-03-12 . To Study Man's Progress; Morris K. Jesup Will Send an Expedition All Over the Known World . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-27 . 0362-4331.
  65. News: 1898-04-17 . The Natural History Museum; Pushing Work on Three Important Additions at Once — Activity of the Important. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-21 . 0362-4331.
  66. News: 1899-06-11 . Huge Fossil Lizard; A Notable Specimen Now in the American Museum of Natural History -Work of the Museum. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-21 . 0362-4331.
  67. News: 17 Sep 1899 . Scientific Treasures: the Natural History Museum's New Material a Hall of May Sculpture Studying the "Amerind" ... And Butterflies Around New-york--magnificent Antelopes and Corals . 30 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  68. News: 1899-12-17 . Aztec Life Illustrated; Significance of the Exhibit of Ancient Mexican Art . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-21 . 0362-4331.
  69. News: 1899-12-13 . Treasures of Mexican Hall . 6 . The Sun . 2023-09-21.
  70. News: 1900-10-31 . Natural History Museum; New Lecture Hall Opened with Appropriate Ceremonies. Building Now Presents a Complete Facade — Addresses by Patrons of the Institution. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-26 . 0362-4331.
  71. News: 1900-10-28 . New Relics and Fossils . 31 . New-York Tribune . 2023-09-26.
  72. News: 24 Aug 1902 . Curiosities Brought Here From Mexico: Facts Gathered Concerning the Aztec Indians. Result of Seven Months' Tour by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka of the Museum of Natural History — Photographs and Measurements. . 20 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  73. News: 5 July 1903 . New Group of Northwest Fauna: First Visible Result of Andrew J. Stone Fund in Place at the American Museum of Natural History--difficulties of the Undertaking . 29 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  74. News: 1904-12-11 . Chinese Popular Art; New Representative Collection at the Natural History Museum. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-27 . 0362-4331.
  75. News: 1902-01-05 . New Finds in Manhattan Rock Shelters and Kitchen Middens. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-27 . 0362-4331.
  76. News: 1905-02-17 . A 'Dinosaur Tea' . 2 . The Buffalo Commercial . 2023-09-27.
  77. News: 1905-02-15 . 500 to Drink Tea Under Big Dinosaur; Sixty-seven-Foot Skeleton of Old Amphibian to Shade the Tables . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-27 . 0362-4331.
  78. News: Goldberger . Paul . January 27, 1995 . Natural History Museum Plans Big Overhaul . en-US . The New York Times . May 31, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200528114740/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/nyregion/natural-history-museum-plans-big-overhaul.html . live.
  79. News: February 7, 1924 . Roosevelt Board at Odds Over Site; Memorial Commission, Divided Between Albany and New York, Leaves Question to Legislature. . en-US . The New York Times . May 31, 2022 . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220603223436/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/02/07/archives/roosevelt-board-at-odds-over-site-memorial-commission-divided.html . live.
  80. News: March 25, 1924 . City Offers a Site for Roosevelt Hall; Votes to Give Land in Square Occupied by Museum of Natural History. . en-US . The New York Times . May 31, 2022 . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220603223419/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/03/25/archives/city-offers-a-site-for-roosevelt-hall-votes-to-give-land-in-square.html . live.
  81. News: June 4, 1925 . J.R. Pope to Design Roosevelt Tribute; Trustees Select New York Architect in Contest for State Memorial . en-US . The New York Times . May 31, 2022 . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220603223415/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/06/04/archives/jr-pope-to-design-roosevelt-tribute-trustees-select-new-york.html . live.
  82. News: June 4, 1925 . Pope to Build Museum Memorial to Roosevelt: Architect Chosen From Eight Who Submitted Plans . 15 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  83. News: January 19, 1936 . President Honors Cousin Here Today; Dedication of Memorial Hall to Theodore Roosevelt to Draw Many Members of Family . en-US . The New York Times . May 31, 2022 . 0362-4331 . March 16, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180316092648/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/01/19/archives/president-honors-cousin-here-today-dedication-of-memorial-hall-to.html . live.
  84. News: May 3, 1930 . Plans Are Approved for Roosevelt Shrine; Memorial Group Says $3,500,000 Building at West 79th St. Will Be Ready in 1932. . en-US . The New York Times . May 31, 2022 . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220603223431/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/05/03/archives/plans-are-approved-for-roosevelt-shrine-memorial-group-says-3500000.html . live.
  85. News: December 7, 1930 . Bids on Memorial to Roosevelt Let; Contract of $1,969,380 for General Work Awarded on $3,500,000 Building . en-US . The New York Times . May 31, 2022 . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220603223432/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/12/07/archives/bids-on-memorial-to-roosevelt-let-contract-of-1969380-for-general.html . live.
  86. News: January 20, 1936 . President Extols 'T.R.' as Defender of Social Justice; At Dedication of Memorial, He Finds Lesson in His Cousin's Progressive Policies . en-US . The New York Times . May 31, 2022 . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220603223433/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/01/20/archives/president-extols-tr-as-defender-of-social-justice-at-dedication-of.html . live.
  87. News: January 20, 1936 . 'Square Deal' Tribute Paid By Roosevelt: President Dedicates New Wing at History Museum Hern as a Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt Says Predecessor Fought for Justice Lehman and LaGuardia Also Speak; Ceremonies Are Witnessed by 1,500 . 1 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  88. News: Gray . Christopher . 1994-06-19 . Streetscapes/The American Museum of Natural History; A Vaux Masterpiece Eroded and, Now, Ignored . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-02 . 0362-4331.
  89. News: Sullivan . Walter . 1975-04-09 . Natural History Museum Builds A Wing for 600 Tons of Fossils . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-02 . 0362-4331.
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  93. News: 2001-07-15 . Postings: $8 Million for Natural History Museum; For Theater, A New Name, A New Look . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-02 . 0362-4331.
  94. News: Gray . Christopher . July 29, 2007 . The Face Will Still Be Forbidding, But Much Tighter and Cleaner . . live . March 3, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110720013417/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/29/realestate/29scap.html . July 20, 2011.
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  118. News: March 12, 1922 . Great Roosevelt Memorial; New Entrance Hall to American Museum of Natural History on Central Park West Planned by Trustees-- Connecting Promenade Feature . en-US . The New York Times . May 31, 2022 . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220603223439/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/03/12/archives/great-roosevelt-memorial-new-entrance-hall-to-american-museum-of.html . live.
  119. News: May 16, 1935 . Park Plaza Plans Shelved by Moses; Approach to Museum Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt Is Abandoned for Present. . en-US . The New York Times . May 31, 2022 . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220603223447/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/05/16/archives/park-plaza-plans-shelved-by-moses-approach-to-museum-memorial-to.html . live.
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  126. News: February 25, 1934 . Eras in 'T.R.'s' Life Depicted in Mural: Hugo Canvases for Memorial Being Painted From Stage in an 80-foot Well. . en-US . The New York Times . May 31, 2022 . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220603223433/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/02/25/archives/eras-in-trs-life-depicted-in-mural-hugo-canvases-for-memorial-being.html . live.
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  131. News: Owen . Russell . 1936-05-17 . Africa Comes to Life in New York; In Akeley Hall the Wild Life of a Romantic Continent Is Brought to Vivid Reality . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-06-13 . 0362-4331.
  132. News: 20 May 1936 . Natural History Museum Dedicates Akeley Exhibit: New African Hall, Result of 25 Years' Planning, Open Today As Museum of Natural History Opens Akeley Hall . 3A . New York Herald Tribune . .
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