AMD APU explained

Codename:Fusion
Desna
Ontario
Zacate
Llano
Hondo
Trinity
Weatherford
Richland
Kaveri
Godavari
Kabini
Temash
Carrizo
Bristol Ridge
Raven Ridge
Picasso
Renoir
Cezanne
Phoenix
IGP
Wrestler
WinterPark
BeaverCreek
Architecture:AMD64
Created:2011 (Original); 2017 (Zen based)
Model1:Desktop E-Series
Model2:Desktop A-Series
Model3:Notebook A, E, C and FX Series
Model4:AMD Athlon with Radeon Graphics
Model5:AMD Ryzen with Radeon Graphics
Transistors1:32 nm 1.178B (Llano)
Transistors2:32 nm 1.303B (Trinity)
Transistors3:32 nm 1.3B (Richland)
Transistors4:28 nm 2.41B (Kaveri)
Transistors5:14 nm 4.95B (Raven Ridge)
Transistors6:12 nm (Picasso)
Transistors7:7 nm (Renoir & Cezanne)
Transistors8:6 nm (Rembrandt)
Numcores:1 to 8
Openglversion:4.1+
D3dversion:Direct3D 11
Direct3D 12
Openclversion:1.2
Predecessor:Athlon II
Sempron
Successor:Ryzen
Zen-based Athlon
Transistors9:4 nm (Phoenix)

AMD Accelerated Processing Unit (APU), formerly known as Fusion, is a series of 64-bit microprocessors from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), combining a general-purpose AMD64 central processing unit (CPU) and 3D integrated graphics processing unit (IGPU) on a single die.

AMD announced the first generation APUs, Llano for high-performance and Brazos for low-power devices, in January 2011. The second generation Trinity for high-performance and Brazos-2 for low-power devices were announced in June 2012. The third generation Kaveri for high performance devices were launched in January 2014, while Kabini and Temash for low-power devices were announced in the summer of 2013. Since the launch of the Zen microarchitecture, Ryzen and Athlon APUs have released to the global market as Raven Ridge on the DDR4 platform, after Bristol Ridge a year prior.

AMD has also supplied semi-custom APUs for consoles starting with the release of Sony PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Xbox One eighth generation video game consoles.

History

The AMD Fusion project started in 2006 with the aim of developing a system on a chip that combined a CPU with a GPU on a single die. This effort was moved forward by AMD's acquisition of graphics chipset manufacturer ATI[1] in 2006. The project reportedly required three internal iterations of the Fusion concept to create a product deemed worthy of release. Reasons contributing to the delay of the project include the technical difficulties of combining a CPU and GPU on the same die at a 45 nm process, and conflicting views on what the role of the CPU and GPU should be within the project.[2]

The first generation desktop and laptop APU, codenamed Llano, was announced on 4 January 2011 at the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas and released shortly thereafter.[3] It featured K10 CPU cores and a Radeon HD 6000 series GPU on the same die on the FM1 socket. An APU for low-power devices was announced as the Brazos platform, based on the Bobcat microarchitecture and a Radeon HD 6000 series GPU on the same die.[4]

At a conference in January 2012, corporate fellow Phil Rogers announced that AMD would re-brand the Fusion platform as the Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA), stating that "it's only fitting that the name of this evolving architecture and platform be representative of the entire, technical community that is leading the way in this very important area of technology and programming development."[5] However, it was later revealed that AMD had been the subject of a trademark infringement lawsuit by the Swiss company Arctic, who used the name "Fusion" for a line of power supply products.[6]

The second generation desktop and laptop APU, codenamed Trinity was announced at AMD's 2010 Financial Analyst Day[7] [8] and released in October 2012.[9] It featured Piledriver CPU cores and Radeon HD 7000 series GPU cores on the FM2 socket.[10] AMD released a new APU based on the Piledriver microarchitecture on 12 March 2013 for Laptops/Mobile and on 4 June 2013 for desktops under the codename Richland.[11] The second generation APU for low-power devices, Brazos 2.0, used exactly the same APU chip, but ran at higher clock speed and rebranded the GPU as Radeon HD 7000 series and used a new I/O controller chip.

Semi-custom chips were introduced in the Microsoft Xbox One and Sony PlayStation 4 video game consoles,[12] [13] and subsequently in the Microsoft Xbox Series X|S]] and Sony PlayStation 5 consoles.

A third generation of the technology was released on 14 January 2014, featuring greater integration between CPU and GPU. The desktop and laptop variant is codenamed Kaveri, based on the Steamroller architecture, while the low-power variants, codenamed Kabini and Temash, are based on the Jaguar architecture.[14]

Since the introduction of Zen-based processors, AMD renamed their APUs as the Ryzen with Radeon Graphics and Athlon with Radeon Graphics, with desktop units assigned with G suffix on their model numbers (e.g. Ryzen 5 3400G & Athlon 3000G) to distinguish them from regular processors or with basic graphics and also to differentiate away from their former Bulldozer era A-series APUs. The mobile counterparts were always paired with Radeon Graphics regardless of suffixes.

In November 2017, HP released the Envy x360, featuring the Ryzen 5 2500U APU, the first 4th generation APU, based on the Zen CPU architecture and the Vega graphics architecture.[15]

Features

Heterogeneous System Architecture

See main article: Heterogeneous System Architecture. AMD is a founding member of the Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA) Foundation and is consequently actively working on developing HSA in cooperation with other members. The following hardware and software implementations are available in AMD's APU-branded products:

Type HSA feature First implemented Notes
Optimized Platform GPU Compute C++ Support 2012
Trinity APUs 		Support OpenCL C++ directions and Microsoft's C++ AMP language extension. This eases programming of both CPU and GPU working together to process support parallel workloads.
GPU can access the entire system memory through the translation services and page fault management of the HSA MMU.
Shared Power Management CPU and GPU now share the power budget. Priority goes to the processor most suited to the current tasks.
Architectural Integration Heterogeneous Memory Management

the CPU's MMU and the GPU's IOMMU share the same address space.[16]

2014
PlayStation 4,
Kaveri APUs 		CPU and GPU now access the memory with the same address space. Pointers can now be freely passed between CPU and GPU, hence enabling zero-copy.
Fully coherent memory between CPU and GPU GPU can now access and cache data from coherent memory regions in the system memory, and also reference the data from CPU's cache. Cache coherency is maintained.
GPU uses pageable system memory via CPU pointers GPU can take advantage of the shared virtual memory between CPU and GPU, and pageable system memory can now be referenced directly by the GPU, instead of being copied or pinned before accessing.
System Integration 2015
Carrizo APU 		Compute tasks on GPU can be context switched, allowing a multi-tasking environment and also faster interpretation between applications, compute and graphics.
Long-running graphics tasks can be pre-empted so processes have low latency access to the GPU.
In addition to context switch and pre-emption, hardware resources can be either equalized or prioritized among multiple users and applications.

Feature overview

APU or Radeon Graphics branded platforms

See main article: List of AMD processors with 3D graphics.

AMD APUs have CPU modules, cache, and a discrete-class graphics processor, all on the same die using the same bus. This architecture allows for the use of graphics accelerators, such as OpenCL, with the integrated graphics processor.[17] The goal is to create a "fully integrated" APU, which, according to AMD, will eventually feature 'heterogeneous cores' capable of processing both CPU and GPU work automatically, depending on the workload requirement.[18]

TeraScale-based GPU

K10 architecture (2011): Llano

See main article: AMD 10h.

The first generation APU, released in June 2011, was used in both desktops and laptops. It was based on the K10 architecture and built on a 32 nm process featuring two to four CPU cores on a thermal design power (TDP) of 65-100 W, and integrated graphics based on the Radeon HD 6000 series with support for DirectX 11, OpenGL 4.2 and OpenCL 1.2. In performance comparisons against the similarly priced Intel Core i3-2105, the Llano APU was criticised for its poor CPU performance[22] and praised for its better GPU performance.[23] [24] AMD was later criticised for abandoning Socket FM1 after one generation.[25]

Bobcat architecture (2011): Ontario, Zacate, Desna, Hondo

See main article: Bobcat (microarchitecture).

The AMD Brazos platform was introduced on 4 January 2011, targeting the subnotebook, netbook and low power small form factor markets.[26] It features the 9-watt AMD C-Series APU (codename: Ontario) for netbooks and low power devices as well as the 18-watt AMD E-Series APU (codename: Zacate) for mainstream and value notebooks, all-in-ones and small form factor desktops. Both APUs feature one or two Bobcat x86 cores and a Radeon Evergreen Series GPU with full DirectX11, DirectCompute and OpenCL support including UVD3 video acceleration for HD video including 1080p.

AMD expanded the Brazos platform on 5 June 2011 with the announcement of the 5.9-watt AMD Z-Series APU (codename: Desna) designed for the Tablet market.[27] The Desna APU is based on the 9-watt Ontario APU. Energy savings were achieved by lowering the CPU, GPU and northbridge voltages, reducing the idle clocks of the CPU and GPU as well as introducing a hardware thermal control mode. A bidirectional turbo core mode was also introduced.

AMD announced the Brazos-T platform on 9 October 2012. It comprised the 4.5-watt AMD Z-Series APU (codenamed Hondo) and the A55T Fusion Controller Hub (FCH), designed for the tablet computer market.[28] [29] The Hondo APU is a redesign of the Desna APU. AMD lowered energy use by optimizing the APU and FCH for tablet computers.[30] [31]

The Deccan platform including Krishna and Wichita APUs were cancelled in 2011. AMD had originally planned to release them in the second half 2012.[32]

Piledriver architecture (2012): Trinity and Richland

See main article: Piledriver (microarchitecture).

TrinityThe first iteration of the second generation platform, released in October 2012, brought improvements to CPU and GPU performance to both desktops and laptops. The platform features 2 to 4 Piledriver CPU cores built on a 32 nm process with a TDP between 65 W and 100 W, and a GPU based on the Radeon HD7000 series with support for DirectX 11, OpenGL 4.2, and OpenCL 1.2. The Trinity APU was praised for the improvements to CPU performance compared to the Llano APU.[35]
Richland

The release of this second iteration of this generation was 12 March 2013 for mobile parts and 5 June 2013 for desktop parts.

Graphics Core Next-based GPU

Jaguar architecture (2013): Kabini and Temash

See main article: Jaguar (microarchitecture).

In January 2013 the Jaguar-based Kabini and Temash APUs were unveiled as the successors of the Bobcat-based Ontario, Zacate and Hondo APUs.[39] [40] [41] The Kabini APU is aimed at the low-power, subnotebook, netbook, ultra-thin and small form factor markets, while the Temash APU is aimed at the tablet, ultra-low power and small form factor markets. The two to four Jaguar cores of the Kabini and Temash APUs feature numerous architectural improvements regarding power requirement and performance, such as support for newer x86-instructions, a higher IPC count, a CC6 power state mode and clock gating.[42] [43] [44] Kabini and Temash are AMD's first, and also the first ever quad-core x86 based SoCs.[45] The integrated Fusion Controller Hubs (FCH) for Kabini and Temash are codenamed "Yangtze" and "Salton", respectively.[46] The Yangtze FCH features support for two USB 3.0 ports, two SATA 6 Gbit/s ports, as well as the xHCI 1.0 and SD/SDIO 3.0 protocols for SD-card support.Both chips feature DirectX 11.1-compliant GCN-based graphics as well as numerous HSA improvements.They were fabricated at a 28 nm process in an FT3 ball grid array package by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), and were released on 23 May 2013.[47] [48]

The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were revealed to both be powered by 8-core semi-custom Jaguar-derived APUs.

Steamroller architecture (2014): Kaveri

See main article: Steamroller (microarchitecture).

The third generation of the platform, codenamed Kaveri, was partly released on 14 January 2014.[51] Kaveri contains up to four Steamroller CPU cores clocked to 3.9 GHz with a turbo mode of 4.1 GHz, up to a 512-core Graphics Core Next GPU, two decode units per module instead of one (which allows each core to decode four instructions per cycle instead of two), AMD TrueAudio,[52] Mantle API,[53] an on-chip ARM Cortex-A5 MPCore,[54] and will release with a new socket, FM2+.[55] Ian Cutress and Rahul Garg of Anandtech asserted that Kaveri represented the unified system-on-a-chip realization of AMD's acquisition of ATI. The performance of the 45 W A8-7600 Kaveri APU was found to be similar to that of the 100 W Richland part, leading to the claim that AMD made significant improvements in on-die graphics performance per watt; however, CPU performance was found to lag behind similarly specified Intel processors, a lag that was unlikely to be resolved in the Bulldozer family APUs. The A8-7600 component was delayed from a Q1 launch to an H1 launch because the Steamroller architecture components allegedly did not scale well at higher clock speeds.[56]

AMD announced the release of the Kaveri APU for the mobile market on 4 June 2014 at Computex 2014, shortly after the accidental announcement on the AMD website on 26 May 2014.[57] The announcement included components targeted at the standard voltage, low-voltage, and ultra-low voltage segments of the market. In early-access performance testing of a Kaveri prototype laptop, AnandTech found that the 35 W FX-7600P was competitive with the similarly priced 17 W Intel i7-4500U in synthetic CPU-focused benchmarks, and was significantly better than previous integrated GPU systems on GPU-focused benchmarks.[58] Tom's Hardware reported the performance of the Kaveri FX-7600P against the 35 W Intel i7-4702MQ, finding that the i7-4702MQ was significantly better than the FX-7600P in synthetic CPU-focused benchmarks, whereas the FX-7600P was significantly better than the i7-4702MQ's Intel HD 4600 iGPU in the four games that could be tested in the time available to the team.

Puma architecture (2014): Beema and Mullins

See main article: Puma (microarchitecture).

Puma+ architecture (2015): Carrizo-L

See main article: Puma (microarchitecture)#Puma+.

Excavator architecture (2015): Carrizo

See main article: Excavator (microarchitecture).

Steamroller architecture (Q2–Q3 2015): Godavari

See main article: Steamroller (microarchitecture).

Excavator architecture (2016): Bristol Ridge and Stoney Ridge

See main article: Excavator (microarchitecture).

Zen architecture (2017): Raven Ridge

See main article: Zen (microarchitecture) and Ryzen#APUs: Raven Ridge.

Zen+ architecture (2018): Picasso

See main article: Zen+ and Ryzen#APUs: Picasso.

Zen 2 architecture (2019): Renoir

See main article: Zen 2 and Renoir APUs.

Zen 3 architecture (2020): Cezanne

See main article: Zen 3 and Cezanne APUs.

RDNA-based GPU

Zen 3+ architecture (2022): Rembrandt

See also

External links

]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The rise and fall of AMD: A company on the ropes . 23 April 2013 . 20 December 2013.
  2. Web site: AMD Fusion: How It Started, Where It's Going, And What It Means . William Van Winkle . 13 August 2012 . 20 December 2013.
  3. Web site: AMD reveals Fusion CPU+GPU, to challenge Intel in laptops . Jon . Stokes . Ars Technica . 8 February 2010 . 9 February 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100210011231/http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2010/02/amd-reveals-fusion-cpugpu-to-challege-intel-in-laptops.ars . 10 February 2010 . live.
  4. Web site: Kowaliski. Cyril. A closer look at AMD's Brazos platform. The Tech Report. 9 November 2010. 15 June 2017.
  5. Web site: AMD ditches Fusion branding . Bit-tech . 24 July 2013.
  6. Web site: AMD targeted by Arctic over Fusion brand . Bit-tech . 24 July 2013.
  7. Web site: AMD begins shipping Brazos, announces Bulldozer-based APUs . Cyril Kowaliski . 9 November 2010 . The Tech Report . 7 January 2014.
  8. Web site: AMD 2010 Financial Analyst Day . Rick Bergman . PDF . 9 November 2010 . Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. . 7 January 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160118024109/http://ir.amd.com/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9Njk3NTF8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=&t=1#page=27 . 18 January 2016 .
  9. Web site: AMD reveals its 2012-2013 roadmap, promises 28 nm chips across the board by 2013 . Engadget . 2012-02-02 . 2012-08-22 . 2 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302113624/https://www.engadget.com/2012/02/02/amd-2012-2013-roadmap-APUs-galore/ . dead .
  10. Web site: Building an AMD 'Trinity' desktop PC - ZDNet. Adrian. Kingsley-Hughes. ZDNet.
  11. Web site: AMD launches "Richland" A-Series APUs: slight speed bump, better power management 404. https://web.archive.org/web/20130719015106/http://www.techspot.com/news/51909-amd-launches-richland-a-series-apus-slight-speed-bump-better-power-management.html. dead. 19 July 2013.
  12. News: Taylor . John . AMD and The Sony PS4. Allow Me To Elaborate. . 2013-08-30 . 2013-02-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130526191443/http://community.amd.com/community/amd-blogs/amd-unprocessed/blog/2013/02/21/amd-and-the-sony-ps4-allow-me-to-elaborate . 2013-05-26 .
  13. Web site: XBox One Revealed . Wired . 2013-05-23 . 2013-05-21.
  14. Web site: AMD announces Temash, Kabini, Richland, and Kaveri APUs at CES 2013 (video) . Darren Murph . 20 December 2013.
  15. Web site: AMD Raven Ridge - Ryzen Mobile release date, specs, and performance . Ridley . Jacob . 15 November 2017 . 2017-11-30.
  16. Web site: The programmer's guide to the APU galaxy.
  17. https://web.archive.org/web/20141228114707/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9ODUyOTR8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=&t=1 APU101_Final_Jan 2011.pdf
  18. Web site: AMD Outlines HSA Roadmap: Unified Memory for CPU/GPU in 2013, HSA GPUs in 2014. Anand Lal. Shimpi. AnandTech.
  19. Web site: AMD Llano core . Cpu-world.com . 2014-03-17 . 2014-03-24.
  20. Web site: AMD Outlines HSA Roadmap: Unified Memory for CPU/GPU in 2013, HSA GPUs in 2014. Anand Lal. Shimpi. www.anandtech.com.
  21. Web site: AMD Fusion Architecture and Llano. David. Kanter.
  22. Web site: The AMD A8-3850 Review: Llano on the Desktop . Anand Lal Shimpi . 30 June 2011 . Anandtech . 12 January 2014.
  23. Web site: Conclusion - AMD A8-3850 Review: Llano Rocks Entry-Level Desktops. 30 June 2011.
  24. Web site: The AMD A8-3850 Review: Llano on the Desktop. Anand Lal. Shimpi. AnandTech.
  25. Web site: AMD A10-5800K & A8-5600K Review: Trinity on the Desktop, Part 1. Anand Lal. Shimpi. AnandTech.
  26. News: AMD Fusion APU Era Begins . 24 August 2013 . 4 January 2011 . AMD.
  27. News: Nita . Sorin . AMD Releases More Details Regarding the Desna Tablet APU . 20 March 2013 . 1 June 2011.
  28. News: New AMD Z-Series APU for Tablets Enables Immersive Experience for Upcoming Microsoft Windows 8 Platforms . 20 March 2013 . 9 October 2013 . AMD.
  29. News: Shvets . Anthony . AMD announces Z-60 APU for tablets . 10 October 2012.
  30. News: Hruska . Joel . AMD's Hondo Z-Series APU To Challenge Intel's Atom In Windows 8 Tablet Market . 20 March 2013 . 9 October 2012 . 23 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200923003304/https://hothardware.com/news/amds-hondo-will-challenge-intels-atom-for-windows-8-tablet-designs . dead .
  31. News: Shilov . Anton . AMD Introduces Its First Accelerated Processing Unit for Media Tablets . 20 March 2013 . 9 October 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130209024505/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/mobile/display/20121009095121_AMD_Introduces_Its_First_Accelerated_Processing_Unit_for_Media_Tablets.html . 9 February 2013 .
  32. Web site: Demerjian . Charlie . Exclusive: AMD kills Wichita and Krishna . 15 November 2011 . SemiAccurate . 2012-08-22.
  33. Web site: CPU + GPU = APU: East Meets West . 14 June 2011 . 1 September 2013.
  34. Web site: AMD's 2nd Generation APU, Codenamed "Trinity," Will Enable Superior Multimedia Experience for Our "Connected" Generation . dead . https://archive.today/20130407173134/http://blogs.amd.com/fusion/2012/03/06/amd%E2%80%99s-2nd-generation-apu-codenamed-%E2%80%9Ctrinity%E2%80%9D-will-enable-superior-multimedia-experience-for-our-%E2%80%9Cconnected%E2%80%9D-generation/ . 2013-04-07 .
  35. Web site: The AMD A8-3850 Review: Llano on the Desktop. Anand Lal. Shimpi. AnandTech.
  36. Web site: AMD Officially Announces Third Generation Richland A-Series Mobile APUs - 50% Faster GPU Than Intel Core i7 Mobile. 12 March 2013.
  37. Web site: New Details Revealed on AMD's Upcoming Richland Chips. 12 March 2013.
  38. Web site: AMD A10-Series A10-6700T — AD670TYHA44HL / AD670TYHHLBOX . Cpu-world.com . 2013-11-10.
  39. Web site: Richland, Kaveri, Kabini & Temash; AMD's 2013 APU Lineup Examined . Hardwarecanucks . 23 March 2013 . SKYMTL . 9 January 2013.
  40. Web site: Halfacree . Gareth . AMD unveils new APUs, SoCs and Radeon HD 8000 Series . Bit-Tech . 23 March 2013 . 8 January 2013.
  41. Web site: Lal Shimpi . Anand . AMD's 2012 - 2013 Client CPU/GPU/APU Roadmap Revealed . AnandTech . 8 August 2012 . 2 February 2012.
  42. Web site: Shilov . Anton . AMD to Officially Roll-Out "Kabini" and "Temash" Low-Power APUs This Quarter . X-bit labs . 21 March 2013 . 2 January 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130117142028/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/mobile/display/20130102205444_AMD_to_Officially_Roll_Out_Kabini_and_Temash_Low_Power_APUs_This_Quarter.html . 17 January 2013 .
  43. Web site: Shilov . Anton . AMD's New Low-Power Micro-Architecture to Support AVX, BMI Other New Instructions . X-bit labs . 21 March 2013 . 24 July 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130209013937/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20120724134546_AMD_s_New_Low_Power_Micro_Architecture_to_Support_AVX_BMI_Other_New_Instructions.html . 9 February 2013 .
  44. Web site: Paul . Donald . Leaked details of the future some Kabini APU AMD . Technewspedia . 21 March 2013 . 21 October 2012 . 31 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140831172531/http://technewspedia.com/leaked-details-of-the-future-some-kabini-apu-amd/ . dead .
  45. Web site: Paine . Steve Chippy . AMD Shares SoC Line-Up for 2013. Kabini is for Ultrathins . Ultrabooknews . 21 March 2013 . 9 January 2013 . 2 July 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140702122312/http://ultrabooknews.com/2013/01/09/amd-shares-soc-line-up-for-2013-kabini-is-for-ultrathins/ . dead .
  46. Web site: Abazovic . Fuad . Kabini chipset is Yangtze . Fudzilla . 21 March 2013 . 24 January 2013.
  47. Web site: Hruska . Paul . AMD quietly confirms 28 nm Kabini, Temash chips are being built at TSMC . Extremetech . 21 March 2013 . 14 January 2013.
  48. Web site: AMDs sparsame Mobilprozessoren Kabini und Temash legen los . 23 May 2013 . 31 August 2013.
  49. Web site: AMD Kaveri Review: A8-7600 and A10-7850K Tested . . 20 May 2014.
  50. Web site: AMD FX-7600P Kaveri Review: FX Rides Again...In A Mobile APU? . Tom's Hardware . 8 June 2014 . 8 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140608003639/http://www.tomshardware.co.uk/fx-7600p-kaveri-apu,review-32965.html . dead .
  51. Web site: AnandTech Portal AMD Kaveri APU Launch Details: Desktop, January 14th . Anandtech.com . 2014-01-13.
  52. Web site: ChrisFiebelkorn on 3 Dec 2013 . AMD A10 Kaveri APU Details Leaked . 2 December 2013 . HotHardware . 2014-01-13.
  53. Web site: Dave_HH on 14 Nov 2013 . How AMD's Mantle Will Redefine Gaming, AMD Hardware Not Required . 13 November 2013 . HotHardware . 2014-01-13.
  54. Web site: AMD and ARM Fusion redefine beyond x86. 20 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20131105095352/http://technewspedia.com/amd-and-arm-fusion-redefine-beyond-x86/. 5 November 2013. dead.
  55. Web site: AMD's Next-Gen "Kaveri" APUs Will Require New Mainboards - X-bit labs. 31 May 2013. 7 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130607163138/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20130530232155_AMD_s_Next_Gen_Kaveri_APUs_Will_Require_New_Mainboards.html. dead.
  56. Web site: Perils of a paper launch: AMD's A8-7600 pushed back to late 2014. . 20 May 2014 .
  57. Web site: AMD Publishes Mobile Kaveri Specifications . . 29 May 2014.
  58. Web site: AMD Launches Mobile Kaveri APUs. 8 June 2014 . .
  59. Web site: AMD's Carrizo-L APUs Unveiled: 12-25W Quad Core Puma+. 1 Sep 2015 . .
  60. Web site: AMD Details Carrizo APUs Energy Efficient Design at Hot Chips 2015 – 28nm Bulk High Density Design With 3.1 Billion Transistors, 250mm2 Die. 1 Sep 2015 . WCCFTech . 26 August 2015 .
  61. Web site: Preview AMD's next gen APU (Carrizo). YouTube. 21 November 2014. 20 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141120211659/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6zX2IqBI7A. dead.
  62. News: PC gaming hardware | PC Gamer. Pcgamer .
  63. Web site: Shilov. Anton. AMD preps 'Bristol Ridge' APUs: 'Carrizo' for desktops. KitGuru. 5 April 2016.
  64. News: Cutress. Ian. AMD Pre-Announces Bristol Ridge in Notebooks: The 7th Generation APU. 5 April 2016. AnandTech.com. AnandTech.com. 5 April 2016.
  65. News: Kampman. Jeff. AMD lifts the curtain a little bit on its Bristol Ridge APUs. 5 April 2016. TechReport.com. 5 April 2016.
  66. News: Cutress. Ian. AMD Announces 7th Generation APU. 1 June 2016. Anandtech.com. 1 June 2016.
  67. News: Larabel. Michael. AMD Reveals More Zen CPU Details, Officially Known As Ryzen, No Linux Details Yet. 13 December 2016. Phoronix. 13 December 2016.
  68. Web site: Understanding Precision Boost 2 in AMD SenseMI technology. Hallock. Robert. AMD. 27 November 2017. 19 Dec 2019.
  69. News: Ryzen Mobile APUs are coming to a laptop near you. Ferreira. Bruno. 16 May 2017. 16 May 2017. Tech Report.
  70. Web site: AMD at CES 2019: Ryzen Mobile 3000-Series Launched, 2nd Gen Mobile at 15W and 35W, and Chromebooks . Cutress . Ian . 6 January 2019 . anandtech.com . . 12 November 2019 .
  71. Web site: btarunr . AMD "Renoir" APU to Support LPDDR4X Memory and New Display Engine . TechPowerUp . 19 December 2019 . renoir1 . en . 3 Sep 2019.
  72. Web site: Mujtaba . Hassan . AMD Ryzen 4000 APU Lineup For Desktop & Mobility Platforms Leaked . Wccftech . 19 December 2019 . renoir3wccf2 . 18 December 2019.
  73. Web site: Pirzada . Usman . AMD Renoir APU Launching CES 2020, Will Destroy The NVIDIA MX 250 And Iris Pro Graphics . Wccftech . 19 December 2019 . renoir2wccf . 11 November 2019.
  74. Web site: Anandtech. AMD Launches Ryzen 5000 Mobile: Zen 3 and Cezanne for Notebooks. Anandtech . 18 January 2021.
  75. Web site: Anandtech. AMD Ryzen 5000G APUs: OEM Only For Now, Full Release Later This Year. Anandtech . 15 April 2021.
  76. Web site: AMD. AMD Ryzen Mobile Processors with Radeon Graphics. AMD . 18 January 2021.
  77. Web site: Anandtech . AMD Announces Ryzen 6000 Mobile CPUs for Laptops: Zen3+ on 6nm with RDNA2 Graphics .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "AMD APU".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.