ALPI explained

Alkaline phosphatase, intestinal also known as ALPI is a type of alkaline phosphatase that in humans is encoded by the ALPI gene.^{[1] [2]}

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase is an endogenous protein that plays an essential function in the maintenance of gut homeostasis. The protein is responsible for detoxifying bacterial toxins, dephosphorylating phosphorylated nucleotides, regulating lipid absorption in the intestine, and regulating the microbiome in the intestine.^[3] In addition to these functions, intestinal alkaline phosphatase can also modulate bicarbonate secretion and can modulate the pH of the duodenum.^[4]

External links

Further reading

• Hirasaka K, Tokuoka K, Nakao R, Yamada C, Oarada M, Imagawa T, Ishidoh K, Okumura Y, Kishi K, Nikawa T . 6 . Cathepsin C propeptide interacts with intestinal alkaline phosphatase and heat shock cognate protein 70 in human Caco-2 cells . The Journal of Physiological Sciences . 58 . 2 . 105–111 . April 2008 . 18307834 . 10.2170/physiolsci.RP013007 . free .
• Mahmood A, Shao JS, Alpers DH . Rat enterocytes secrete SLPs containing alkaline phosphatase and cubilin in response to corn oil feeding . American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology . 285 . 2 . G433–G441 . August 2003 . 12660142 . 10.1152/ajpgi.00466.2002 . 30731288 .
• Wada A, Wang AP, Isomoto H, Satomi Y, Takao T, Takahashi A, Awata S, Nomura T, Fujii Y, Kohno S, Okamoto K, Moss J, Millán JL, Hirayama T . 6 . Placental and intestinal alkaline phosphatases are receptors for Aeromonas sobria hemolysin . International Journal of Medical Microbiology . 294 . 7 . 427–435 . January 2005 . 15715171 . 10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.09.012 .
• Nakano T, Inoue I, Alpers DH, Akiba Y, Katayama S, Shinozaki R, Kaunitz JD, Ohshima S, Akita M, Takahashi S, Koyama I, Matsushita M, Komoda T . 6 . Role of lysophosphatidylcholine in brush-border intestinal alkaline phosphatase release and restoration . American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology . 297 . 1 . G207–G214 . July 2009 . 19407215 . 3817256 . 10.1152/ajpgi.90590.2008 .
• Malo MS, Zhang W, Alkhoury F, Pushpakaran P, Abedrapo MA, Mozumder M, Fleming E, Siddique A, Henderson JW, Hodin RA . 6 . Thyroid hormone positively regulates the enterocyte differentiation marker intestinal alkaline phosphatase gene via an atypical response element . Molecular Endocrinology . 18 . 8 . 1941–1962 . August 2004 . 15143152 . 10.1210/me.2003-0351 . free .
• Rump A, Kasper G, Hayes C, Wen G, Starke H, Liehr T, Lehmann R, Lagemann D, Rosenthal A . 6 . Complex arrangement of genes within a 220-kb region of double-duplicated DNA on human 2q37.1 . Genomics . 73 . 1 . 50–55 . April 2001 . 11352565 . 10.1006/geno.2000.6504 .
• Nauli AM, Zheng S, Yang Q, Li R, Jandacek R, Tso P . Intestinal alkaline phosphatase release is not associated with chylomicron formation . American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology . 284 . 4 . G583–G587 . April 2003 . 12466148 . 10.1152/ajpgi.00482.2002 .
• Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Yamashita R, Yamamoto J, Sekine M, Tsuritani K, Wakaguri H, Ishii S, Sugiyama T, Saito K, Isono Y, Irie R, Kushida N, Yoneyama T, Otsuka R, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Kondo H, Wagatsuma M, Murakawa K, Ishida S, Ishibashi T, Takahashi-Fujii A, Tanase T, Nagai K, Kikuchi H, Nakai K, Isogai T, Sugano S . 6 . Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes . Genome Research . 16 . 1 . 55–65 . January 2006 . 16344560 . 1356129 . 10.1101/gr.4039406 .
• Alkhoury F, Malo MS, Mozumder M, Mostafa G, Hodin RA . Differential regulation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase gene expression by Cdx1 and Cdx2 . American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology . 289 . 2 . G285–G290 . August 2005 . 15774940 . 10.1152/ajpgi.00037.2005 .
• Giatromanolaki A, Sivridis E, Maltezos E, Koukourakis MI . Down-regulation of intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase in the tumor vasculature and stroma provides a strong basis for explaining amifostine selectivity . Seminars in Oncology . 29 . 6 Suppl 19 . 14–21 . December 2002 . 12577238 . 10.1053/sonc.2002.37356 .
• Torres MI, Lorite P, López-Casado MA, Ríos A . A new approach using tissue alkaline phosphatase histochemistry to identify Crohn's disease . Pathology, Research and Practice . 203 . 6 . 485–487 . 2007 . 17498884 . 10.1016/j.prp.2007.02.003 .
• Hinnebusch BF, Siddique A, Henderson JW, Malo MS, Zhang W, Athaide CP, Abedrapo MA, Chen X, Yang VW, Hodin RA . 6 . Enterocyte differentiation marker intestinal alkaline phosphatase is a target gene of the gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor . American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology . 286 . 1 . G23–G30 . January 2004 . 12919939 . 10.1152/ajpgi.00203.2003 .
• Le Du MH, Millan JL . Structural evidence of functional divergence in human alkaline phosphatases . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 277 . 51 . 49808–49814 . December 2002 . 12372831 . 10.1074/jbc.M207394200 . free .
• Goldberg RF, Austen WG, Zhang X, Munene G, Mostafa G, Biswas S, McCormack M, Eberlin KR, Nguyen JT, Tatlidede HS, Warren HS, Narisawa S, Millán JL, Hodin RA . 6 . Intestinal alkaline phosphatase is a gut mucosal defense factor maintained by enteral nutrition . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 . 9 . 3551–3556 . March 2008 . 18292227 . 2265168 . 10.1073/pnas.0712140105 . free . 2008PNAS..105.3551G .
• Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP . 6 . Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 101 . 33 . 12130–12135 . August 2004 . 15302935 . 514446 . 10.1073/pnas.0404720101 . free . 2004PNAS..10112130B .
• Olsen L, Bressendorff S, Troelsen JT, Olsen J . Differentiation-dependent activation of the human intestinal alkaline phosphatase promoter by HNF-4 in intestinal cells . American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology . 289 . 2 . G220–G226 . August 2005 . 15831710 . 10.1152/ajpgi.00449.2004 . 16852841 .
• Fumoto K, Hoogenraad CC, Kikuchi A . GSK-3beta-regulated interaction of BICD with dynein is involved in microtubule anchorage at centrosome . The EMBO Journal . 25 . 24 . 5670–5682 . December 2006 . 17139249 . 1698904 . 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601459 . Casper Hoogenraad .
• Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D . 6 . Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry . Molecular Systems Biology . 3 . 1 . 89 . 2007 . 17353931 . 1847948 . 10.1038/msb4100134 .

Notes and References

1. Berger J, Garattini E, Hua JC, Udenfriend S . Cloning and sequencing of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase cDNA . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 84 . 3 . 695–698 . February 1987 . 3468508 . 304282 . 10.1073/pnas.84.3.695 . free . 1987PNAS...84..695B .
2. Henthorn PS, Raducha M, Edwards YH, Weiss MJ, Slaughter C, Lafferty MA, Harris H . Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase: close homology to placental alkaline phosphatase . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 84 . 5 . 1234–1238 . March 1987 . 3469665 . 304401 . 10.1073/pnas.84.5.1234 . free . 1987PNAS...84.1234H .
3. Fawley J, Gourlay DM . Intestinal alkaline phosphatase: a summary of its role in clinical disease . The Journal of Surgical Research . 202 . 1 . 225–234 . May 2016 . 27083970 . 10.1016/j.jss.2015.12.008 . 4834149 .
4. Lallès JP . Intestinal alkaline phosphatase: multiple biological roles in maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and modulation by diet . Nutrition Reviews . 68 . 6 . 323–332 . June 2010 . 20536777 . 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00292.x . free .