IBM AIX explained

AIX
Logo Size:200px
Developer:IBM
Source Model:Closed source
formerly source available
Kernel Type:Monolithic with dynamically loadable modules
Userland:POSIX / SUS
Supported Platforms:Current: Power ISA
Former: IBM ROMP, IBM POWER, PowerPC, x86 (IBM PS/2), System/370, ESA/390, IA-64 (Itanium)
Ui:KornShell (ksh88),[1] [2] Common Desktop Environment,
(Plasma Workspaces and GNOME optional)
Family:Unix (System V)
Released:[3]
Latest Release Version:7.3 TL2[4]
Marketing Target:Workstation, Server
Programmed In:C
Working State:Current
License:Proprietary

AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, pronounced [5]) is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms.

Background

Originally released for the IBM RT PC RISC workstation in 1986, AIX has supported a wide variety of hardware platforms, including the IBM RS/6000 series and later Power and PowerPC-based systems, IBM System i, System/370 mainframes, PS/2 personal computers, and the Apple Network Server. It is currently supported on IBM Power Systems alongside IBM i and Linux.

AIX is based on UNIX System V with 4.3BSD-compatible extensions. It is certified to the UNIX 03 and UNIX V7 marks of the Single UNIX Specification, beginning with AIX versions 5.3 and 7.2 TL5 respectively.[6] Older versions were previously certified to the UNIX 95 and UNIX 98 marks.[7]

AIX was the first operating system to have a journaling file system, and IBM has continuously enhanced the software with features such as processor, disk and network virtualization, dynamic hardware resource allocation (including fractional processor units), and reliability engineering ported from its mainframe designs.[8]

History

Unix started life at AT&T's Bell Labs research center in the early 1970s, running on DEC minicomputers. By 1976, the operating system was in use at various academic institutions, including Princeton, where Tom Lyon and others ported it to the S/370, to run as a guest OS under VM/370.[9] This port would later grow out to become UTS, a mainframe Unix offering by IBM's competitor Amdahl Corporation.[10] IBM's own involvement in Unix can be dated to 1979, when it assisted Bell Labs in doing its own Unix port to the 370 (to be used as a build host for the 5ESS switch's software). In the process, IBM made modifications to the TSS/370 Resident Supervisor to better support Unix.[11]

It took until 1984 for IBM to offer its own Unix on the S/370 platform, VM/IX, which was developed by Interactive Systems Corporation using Unix System III as its base. VM/IX (and the modified version of VM/370 it required) was not a General Availability product; it was only obtainable as a PRPQ. In 1985, VM/IX was replaced by IBM IX/370, which was a GA product intended by IBM to compete with Amdahl UTS.[12] IX/370 which was based on AT&T's Unix/360 6th Edition port (which only ran on TSS/370 as a time-share application), was updated to Unix System 5 and modified by IBM to run as a VM/370 guest OS. The IX/370 operating system offered special facilities for interoperating with PC/IX, Interactive/IBM's version of Unix for IBM PC compatible hardware, and was licensed at $10,000 per sixteen concurrent users.[13]

AIX Version 1, introduced in 1986 for the IBM RT PC workstation, was based on UNIX System V Releases 1 and 2. In developing AIX, IBM and Interactive Systems Corporation (whom IBM contracted) also incorporated source code from 4.2 and 4.3 BSD UNIX.

Among other variants, IBM later produced AIX Version 2 (also known as AIX/6000), based on AIX Version 1, for their POWER-based RS/6000 platform. Since 1990, AIX has served as the primary operating system for the RS/6000 series (later renamed IBM eServer pSeries, then IBM System p, and now IBM Power Systems).

AIX Version 3, introduced in 1988, for the PS/2 and VM/370 systems, developed by Locus Computing Corporation, added the Transparent Computing Facility. [14] AIX Version 4, introduced in 1994, added symmetric multiprocessing with the introduction of the first RS/6000 SMP servers and continued to evolve through the 1990s, culminating with AIX 4.3.3 in 1999. Version 4.1, in a slightly modified form, was also the standard operating system for the Apple Network Server systems sold by Apple Computer to complement the Macintosh line.

In the late 1990s, under Project Monterey, IBM and the Santa Cruz Operation planned to integrate AIX and UnixWare into a single 32-bit/64-bit multiplatform UNIX with particular emphasis on running on Intel IA-64 (Itanium) architecture CPUs. A beta test version of AIX 5L for IA-64 systems was released, but according to documents released in the SCO v. IBM lawsuit, less than forty licenses for the finished Monterey Unix were ever sold before the project was terminated in 2002. In 2003, the SCO Group alleged that (among other infractions) IBM had misappropriated licensed source code from UNIX System V Release 4 for incorporation into AIX; SCO subsequently withdrew IBM's license to develop and distribute AIX. IBM maintains that their license was irrevocable, and continued to sell and support the product until the litigation was adjudicated.

AIX was a component of the 2003 SCO v. IBM lawsuit, in which the SCO Group filed a lawsuit against IBM, alleging IBM contributed SCO's intellectual property to the Linux codebase. The SCO Group, who argued they were the rightful owners of the copyrights covering the Unix operating system, attempted to revoke IBM's license to sell or distribute the AIX operating system. In March 2010, a jury returned a verdict finding that Novell, not the SCO Group, owns the rights to Unix.[15]

AIX 6 was announced in May 2007, and it ran as an open beta from June 2007 until the general availability (GA) of AIX 6.1 on November 9, 2007. Major new features in AIX 6.1 included full role-based access control, workload partitions (which enable application mobility), enhanced security (Addition of AES encryption type for NFS v3 and v4), and Live Partition Mobility on the POWER6 hardware.

AIX 7.1 was announced in April 2010, and an open beta ran until general availability of AIX 7.1 in September 2010. Several new features, including better scalability, enhanced clustering and management capabilities were added. AIX 7.1 includes a new built-in clustering capability called Cluster Aware AIX. AIX is able to organize multiple LPARs through the multipath communications channel to neighboring CPUs, enabling very high-speed communication between processors. This enables multi-terabyte memory address range and page table access to support global petabyte shared memory space for AIX POWER7 clusters so that software developers can program a cluster as if it were a single system, without using message passing (i.e. semaphore-controlled Inter-process Communication). AIX administrators can use this new capability to cluster a pool of AIX nodes. By default, AIX V7.1 pins kernel memory and includes support to allow applications to pin their kernel stack. Pinning kernel memory and the kernel stack for applications with real-time requirements can provide performance improvements by ensuring that the kernel memory and kernel stack for an application is not paged out.[16]

AIX 7.2[17] was announced in October 2015, and released in December 2015. The principal feature of AIX 7.2 is the Live Kernel Update capability, which allows OS fixes to replace the entire AIX kernel with no impact to applications, by live migrating workloads to a temporary surrogate AIX OS partition while the original OS partition is patched. AIX 7.2 was also restructured to remove obsolete components. The networking component, bos.net.tcp.client was repackaged to allow additional installation flexibility. Unlike AIX 7.1, AIX 7.2 is only supported on systems based on POWER7 or later processors.

In January 2023, IBM moved development of AIX to its Indian subsidiary.[18]

Supported hardware platforms

IBM RT PC

The original AIX (sometimes called AIX/RT) was developed for the IBM RT PC workstation by IBM in conjunction with Interactive Systems Corporation, who had previously ported UNIX System III to the IBM PC for IBM as PC/IX. According to its developers, the AIX source (for this initial version) consisted of one million lines of code.[19] Installation media consisted of eight 1.2M floppy disks. The RT was based on the IBM ROMP microprocessor, the first commercial RISC chip. This was based on a design pioneered at IBM Research (the IBM 801).

One of the novel aspects of the RT design was the use of a microkernel, called Virtual Resource Manager (VRM). The keyboard, mouse, display, disk drives and network were all controlled by a microkernel. One could "hotkey" from one operating system to the next using the Alt-Tab key combination. Each OS in turn would get possession of the keyboard, mouse and display. Besides AIX v2, the PICK OS also included this microkernel.

Much of the AIX v2 kernel was written in the PL.8 programming language, which proved troublesome during the migration to AIX v3. AIX v2 included full TCP/IP networking, as well as SNA and two networking file systems: NFS, licensed from Sun Microsystems, and Distributed Services (DS). DS had the distinction of being built on top of SNA, and thereby being fully compatible with DS on and on midrange systems running OS/400 through IBM i. For the graphical user interfaces, AIX v2 came with the X10R3 and later the X10R4 and X11 versions of the X Window System from MIT, together with the Athena widget set. Compilers for Fortran and C were available.

IBM PS/2 series

AIX PS/2 (also known as AIX/386) was developed by Locus Computing Corporation under contract to IBM.[20] AIX PS/2, first released in October 1988,[21] ran on IBM PS/2 personal computers with Intel 386 and compatible processors.

The product was announced in September 1988 with a baseline tag price of $595, although some utilities, such as UUCP, were included in a separate Extension package priced at $250. nroff and troff for AIX were also sold separately in a Text Formatting System package priced at $200. The TCP/IP stack for AIX PS/2 retailed for another $300. The X Window System package was priced at $195, and featured a graphical environment called the AIXwindows Desktop, based on IXI's X.desktop.[22] The C and FORTRAN compilers each had a price tag of $275. Locus also made available their DOS Merge virtual machine environment for AIX, which could run MS DOS 3.3 applications inside AIX; DOS Merge was sold separately for another $250.[23] IBM also offered a $150 AIX PS/2 DOS Server Program, which provided file server and print server services for client computers running PC DOS 3.3.[24]

The last version of PS/2 AIX is 1.3. It was released in 1992 and announced to add support for non-IBM (non-microchannel) computers as well.[25] Support for PS/2 AIX ended in March 1995.[26]

IBM mainframes

In 1988, IBM announced AIX/370,[27] also developed by Locus Computing. AIX/370 was IBM's fourth attempt to offer Unix-like functionality for their mainframe line, specifically the System/370 (the prior versions were a TSS/370-based Unix system developed jointly with AT&T c.1980,[11] a VM/370-based system named VM/IX developed jointly with Interactive Systems Corporation c.1984, and a VM/370-based version of TSS/370 named IX/370 which was upgraded to be compatible with UNIX System V). AIX/370 was released in 1990 with functional equivalence to System V Release 2 and 4.3BSD as well as IBM enhancements. With the introduction of the ESA/390 architecture, AIX/370 was replaced by AIX/ESA[28] in 1991, which was based on OSF/1, and also ran on the System/390 platform. This development effort was made partly to allow IBM to compete with Amdahl UTS. Unlike AIX/370, AIX/ESA ran both natively as the host operating system, and as a guest under VM. AIX/ESA, while technically advanced, had little commercial success, partially because UNIX functionality was added as an option to the existing mainframe operating system, MVS, as MVS/ESA SP Version 4 Release 3 OpenEdition in 1994, and continued as an integral part of MVS/ESA SP Version 5, OS/390 and z/OS, with the name eventually changing from OpenEdition to Unix System Services. IBM also provided OpenEdition in VM/ESA Version 2[29] through z/VM.

IA-64 systems

As part of Project Monterey, IBM released a beta test version of AIX 5L for the IA-64 (Itanium) architecture in 2001, but this never became an official product due to lack of interest.[30]

Apple Network Servers

The Apple Network Server (ANS) systems were PowerPC-based systems designed by Apple Computer to have numerous high-end features that standard Apple hardware did not have, including swappable hard drives, redundant power supplies, and external monitoring capability. These systems were more or less based on the Power Macintosh hardware available at the time but were designed to use AIX (versions 4.1.4 or 4.1.5) as their native operating system in a specialized version specific to the ANS called AIX for Apple Network Servers.

AIX was only compatible with the Network Servers and was not ported to standard Power Macintosh hardware. It should not be confused with A/UX, Apple's earlier version of Unix for 68k-based Macintoshes.

POWER ISA/PowerPC/Power ISA-based systems

The release of AIX version 3 (sometimes called AIX/6000) coincided with the announcement of the first POWER1-based IBM RS/6000 models in 1990.

AIX v3 innovated in several ways on the software side. It was the first operating system to introduce the idea of a journaling file system, JFS, which allowed for fast boot times by avoiding the need to ensure the consistency of the file systems on disks (see fsck) on every reboot. Another innovation was shared libraries which avoid the need for static linking from an application to the libraries it used. The resulting smaller binaries used less of the hardware RAM to run, and used less disk space to install. Besides improving performance, it was a boon to developers: executable binaries could be in the tens of kilobytes instead of a megabyte for an executable statically linked to the C library. AIX v3 also scrapped the microkernel of AIX v2, a contentious move that resulted in v3 containing no PL.8 code and being somewhat more "pure" than v2.

Other notable subsystems included:

In addition, AIX applications can run in the PASE subsystem under IBM i.

Source code

IBM formerly made the AIX for RS/6000 source code available to customers for an additional fee; in 1991, IBM customers could order the AIX 3.0 source code for a one-time charge of US$60,000;[31] subsequently, IBM released the AIX 3.1 source code in 1992,[32] and AIX 3.2 in 1993.[33] These source code distributions excluded certain files (authored by third-parties) which IBM did not have rights to redistribute, and also excluded layered products such as the MS-DOS emulator and the C compiler. Furthermore, in order to be able to license the AIX source code, the customer first had to procure source code license agreements with AT&T and the University of California, Berkeley.

Versions

POWER/PowerPC/Power ISA releases

Version Release date End of support date
[34]
[35] [36]
[37] [38]
[39]
[40]

IBM System/370 releases

IBM PS/2 releases

IBM RT releases

User interfaces

The default shell was Bourne shell up to AIX version 3, but was changed to KornShell (ksh88) in version 4 for XPG4 and POSIX compliance.[1]

Graphical

The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is AIX's default graphical user interface. As part of Linux Affinity and the free AIX Toolbox for Linux Applications (ATLA), open-source KDE Plasma Workspaces and GNOME desktop are also available.

System Management Interface Tool

See main article: System Management Interface Tool. SMIT is the System Management Interface Tool for AIX. It allows a user to navigate a menu hierarchy of commands, rather than using the command line. Invocation is typically achieved with the command smit. Experienced system administrators make use of the F6 function key which generates the command line that SMIT will invoke to complete it.SMIT also generates a log of commands that are performed in the smit.script file. The smit.script file automatically records the commands with the command flags and parameters used. The smit.script file can be used as an executable shell script to rerun system configuration tasks. SMIT also creates the smit.log file, which contains additional detailed information that can be used by programmers in extending the SMIT system.

smit and smitty refer to the same program, though smitty invokes the text-based version, while smit will invoke an X Window System based interface if possible; however, if smit determines that X Window System capabilities are not present, it will present the text-based version instead of failing. Determination of X Window System capabilities is typically performed by checking for the existence of the DISPLAY variable.

Database

Object Data Manager (ODM) is a database of system information integrated into AIX,[54] [55] analogous to the registry in Microsoft Windows.[56] A good understanding of the ODM is essential for managing AIX systems.[57]

Data managed in ODM is stored and maintained as objects with associated attributes.[58] Interaction with ODM is possible via application programming interface (API) library for programs, and command-line utilities such as odmshow, odmget, odmadd, odmchange and odmdelete for shell scripts and users. SMIT and its associated AIX commands can also be used to query and modify information in the ODM.[59] ODM is stored on disk using Berkeley DB files.[60]

Example of information stored in the ODM database are:

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Casey Cannon. Scott Trent. Carolyn Jones. Simply AIX 4.3. 1999. Prentice Hall PTR. 978-0-13-021344-0. 21.
  2. Web site: sh Command. IBM Documentation. January 21, 2023.
  3. Web site: 35 Years of Innovation. Prenessa Lowery. IBM. 2021-02-23. 2021-02-24. March 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210311182158/https://community.ibm.com/community/user/power/blogs/prenessa-lowery1/2021/01/26/35-years-of-innovation. live.
  4. Web site: November 2023 . AIX 7.3 Release Notes. 2024-02-01 . www.ibm.com . en-US.
  5. Web site: Unix Pronunciation. January 29, 2010. wordpress.com. November 18, 2011. October 28, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111028130600/http://tehtable.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/unix-pronunciation/. live.
  6. Web site: IBM Corporation Registered Products by Product Standard. 2022-01-23. Open Group. January 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220123205634/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/ibm.htm. live.
  7. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20030802103246/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/. The Open Brand - Register of Certified Products. 2003-07-23. 2003-08-02. 2022-01-23. Open Group.
  8. Web site: UNIX turns 40. February 9, 2011. IBM Corporation. February 9, 2011. June 24, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110624231140/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-unix40/#aixhistory. dead.
  9. Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System . Stephen C. . Johnson . Stephen C. Johnson . Dennis M. . Ritchie . Dennis Ritchie . Bell System Technical Journal . 57 . 6 . 1978 . 2021–2048 . 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x . 17510065 . August 4, 2015 . December 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211218212919/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/portpap.pdf . live .
  10. Web site: Amdahl launches UTS mainframe unix. 1993. November 4, 2015. April 18, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160418154402/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/amdahl-launches-uts-mainframe-unix-version--3646. live.
  11. A UNIX System Implementation for System/370 . W. A. . Felton . G. L. . Miller . J. M. . Milner . AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal . 1984 . 63 . 8 . September 1, 2015 . June 11, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114653/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/otherports/ibm.pdf . live .
  12. News: Computerworld . February 18, 1985 . Users: new life for VM . 11 . John . Gallant . February 3, 2015 . May 17, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150517120151/https://books.google.com/books?id=iwX8vVdMAckC&pg=PA11 . live .
  13. News: Computerworld . February 18, 1985 . Software steals 3090's thunder: VM gets XA version; Unix fully supported . 1, 8 . John . Gallant . February 3, 2015 . May 16, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150516190722/https://books.google.com/books?id=iwX8vVdMAckC&pg=PA8 . live .
  14. Web site: IBM TAPS LOCUS FOR KEY AUX UNIX FEATURES, TCF FILE SYSTEM . 9 January 2024.
  15. Web site: Novell Wins Again — Jury Rules Copyrights Didn't Go to SCO . March 30, 2010 . March 30, 2010 . May 5, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100505010433/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20100330152829622 . live .
  16. Web site: IBM AIX 7 preview. April 16, 2010. IBM Corporation. April 16, 2010. August 5, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100805140016/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/power/software/aix/. live.
  17. Web site: IBM AIX 7.2 Announcement Letter . IBM.com . n.d. . October 5, 2015 . January 13, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200113062955/http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=AN&subtype=CA&htmlfid=897%2FENUS215-393&appname=USN . live .
  18. Web site: IBM shifts remaining US-based AIX dev jobs to India - source. January 21, 2023. The Register. January 12, 2023. January 12, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230112021813/https://www.theregister.com/2023/01/12/ibm_aix_developer_jobs/. live.
  19. IBM joins 32-bit fray with RT line. Computerworld: The Newsweekly of Information Systems Management. January 27, 1986. Computerworld. 8. 0010-4841. May 18, 2016. February 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170227082806/https://books.google.com/books?id=33QfOHT69aMC&pg=PA8. live.
  20. Patricia Keefe. IBM, Locus to co-develop PS/2 AIX system. Computerworld: The Newsweekly of Information Systems Management. Computerworld. 8. July 6, 1986. 0010-4841. May 18, 2016. February 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170227075231/https://books.google.com/books?id=fGXpro99fIsC&pg=PT7. live.
  21. Web site: IBM AIX PS2 1987 Announcement Letter . IBM.com . November 3, 1987 . April 12, 2022 . November 30, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201130175228/https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Frep_ca%2F2%2F877%2FENUSZP87-0422%2Findex.html&lang=en&request_locale=en . live .
  22. . Software with a foreign flair. Computerworld. IDG Enterprise. 1990-03-26. 2020-09-19. March 19, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220319212745/https://books.google.com/books?id=cAmo4wSwQJ0C&q=aix+ps%2F2+ixi&pg=PP7. live.
  23. IBM Announces Broad Range of Unix-Related Tools, Products. November 16, 1987. InfoWorld. 8. 0199-6649. May 18, 2016. February 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170227035529/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bj8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8. live.
  24. AIX for PS/2. Computerworld: The Newsweekly of Information Systems Management. February 22, 1988. Computerworld. 55. 0010-4841. May 18, 2016. February 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170227205709/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBT4fczNvWwC&pg=PT54. live.
  25. Cate Corcoran. IBM announces increased support for Unix on PCs. September 28, 1992. InfoWorld. 16. 0199-6649. May 18, 2016. February 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170227081052/https://books.google.com/books?id=klEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16. live.
  26. Web site: WITHDRAWAL: IBM AIX PS/2 OPERATING SYSTEM VERSION 1.3. https://web.archive.org/web/20030428132638/http://os2ports.com/docs/aix/withdraw.html. dead. April 28, 2003. April 28, 2003.
  27. Web site: Advanced Interactive Executive/370 (AIX/370) . 288-130 . March 15, 1988 . Announcement Letters . . April 12, 2022 . March 18, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220318021532/https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Frep_ca%2F0%2F897%2FENUS288-130%2Findex.html . live.
  28. Web site: IBM AIX/ESA VERSION 2 RELEASE 1 . 292-183 . March 31, 1992 . Announcement Letters . IBM . April 12, 2022 . March 18, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220318021533/https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Frep_ca%2F3%2F897%2FENUS292-183%2Findex.html . live.
  29. Web site: Availability: VM/ESA Version 2 Release 1.0 with OpenEdition for VM/ESA . 295-240 . June 12, 1995 . Announcement Letters . IBM . April 12, 2022 . March 18, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220318021547/https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Frep_ca%2F0%2F897%2FENUS295-240%2Findex.html . live.
  30. Web site: 2002 IBM Internal Email on Project Monterey – "No One Wants It". May 20, 2007. Jones. Pamela. Pamela Jones. August 25, 2005. Groklaw. May 5, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100505065447/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=2005082506163768. live.
  31. Web site: 1991-07-02 . IBM AIX VERSION 3 SOURCE CODE FOR RISC SYSTEM/6000 . 2023-01-13 . www.ibm.com . en-US.
  32. Web site: 1992-01-21 . AIX Version 3.1 Source Code for RISC System/6000 . 2023-01-13 . www.ibm.com . en-US.
  33. Web site: 1993-02-02 . AIX Version 3.2 Source Code for RISC System/6000 . 2023-01-13 . www.ibm.com . en-US.
  34. Web site: AIX software lifecycle dates. IBM. https://web.archive.org/web/20120427021255/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/support/aix/lifecycle/index.html. April 27, 2012. dead.
  35. Web site: IBM AIX Version 6.1 provides leadership virtualization, security features, availability, and management capabilities . 207-271 . Announcement letters . IBM.com . November 6, 2007 . January 14, 2022 . January 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190812/https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Frep_ca%2F1%2F897%2FENUS207-271%2Findex.html . live.
  36. Web site: Software withdrawal and support discontinuance: IBM AIX 6, IBM System Director for Power Systems and associated licensed programs . 915-204 . Announcement letters . IBM . September 29, 2015 . January 14, 2022 . January 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062753/https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Frep_ca%2F4%2F897%2FENUS915-204%2Findex.html . live.
  37. Web site: IBM AIX V7.1 and IBM PowerVM V2.2 offer new functions for virtualization, security, reliability, and system management for mission-critical, core business applications. August 17, 2010. IBM.
  38. Web site: Software withdrawal and support discontinuance: IBM AIX 7.1 Standard edition, IBM AIX 7.1 Enterprise editions 1.5, and IBM AIX Dynamic System Optimizer 1.1. October 19, 2021. IBM.
  39. Web site: IBM AIX 7.2 delivers the reliability, availability, performance, and security needed to be successful in the new global economy. October 5, 2015. IBM.
  40. Web site: IBM delivers enhanced capabilities with IBM AIX 7.3 Standard Edition. October 19, 2021. IBM.
  41. Web site: IBM delivers enhanced capabilities with IBM AIX 7.3 Standard Edition . 221-328 . Announcement letters . IBM . October 19, 2021 . October 19, 2021 . October 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211019131635/https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=AN&subtype=CA&htmlfid=897%2FENUS221-328&appname=USN . live.
  42. Book: IBM AIX Enhancements and Modernization. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni3KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66. February 4, 2020. IBM Redbooks. Scott Vetter, Navdeep Dhaliwal, Ahmed Mashhour, Armin Röll, Liviu Rosca. Chapter 2.2 AIX Secure boot. 978-0738458281. September 25, 2020. April 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220412234349/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni3KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66. live.
  43. Web site: BM AIX V7.1 and IBM PowerVM V2.2 offer new functions for virtualization, security, reliability, and system management for mission-critical, core business applications . AP10-0184 . Announcement letters . IBM . August 17, 2010 . December 27, 2010 . January 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220115064438/https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&appname=GPA&htmlfid=872%2FENUSAP10-0184 . live.
  44. Web site: IBM AIX 5L for POWER V5.3 offers new levels of innovative and self-management technologies on advanced POWER5 systems. July 13, 2004. IBM.
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