AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase) explained

Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase
Ec Number:	6.3.3.1
Cas Number:	9023-53-4
Go Code:	0004641

Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase (AIR synthetase) is the fifth enzyme in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides. It catalyzes the reaction to form 5-aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) from formylglycinamidine-ribonucleotide FGAM. This reaction closes the ring and produces a 5-membered imidazole ring of the purine nucleus (AIR):

ATP + 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)acetamidine

\rightleftharpoons ADP + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)imidazole + phosphate +

AIR synthetase catalyzes the transfer of the oxygen of the formyl group to phosphate. It is a sequential mechanism in which ATP binds first to the enzyme and ADP is released last. This enzyme hydrolyzes ATP to activate the oxygen of the amide in order to carry out a nucleophilic attack by nitrogen. In humans and many other animals, this enzyme is contained within the trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3 polypeptide.

Nomenclature

The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phosphoribosyl)acetamidine cyclo-ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common use include:

• AIR synthetase,
• 5'-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase,
• 2-(formamido)-1-N-(5-phosphoribosyl)acetamidine cyclo-ligase (ADP-forming),
• phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase, and
• phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase.

Purine synthesis

See main article: article and Purine biosynthesis. Purines are one of the two types of nitrogenous heterocyclic bases, which are one of the three components of the nucleotides that make up nucleic acids. Synthesis can be de novo or salvage — AIR synthetase is a component of the de novo pathway. The first committed step of the de novo pathway begins with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) and the end product is inosine monophosphate (IMP). IMP is eventually converted to either AMP or GMP purines. The purine ring structure is composed by the attachment of 1 or 2 atoms at a time to the ribose sugar. The de novo pathway tends to be conserved across most organisms.

Cowpea AIR synthetase

AIR synthetase is found in both mitochondria and plastids; the mitochondrial form has 5 more amino acids than the plastid form.^[1] The enzyme is encoded by a single gene in cowpeas despite the fact that it exists in different forms in plastids and mitochondria. This suggests that the different versions may be derived from a single transcript. One study proposes that there is tight transcriptional control of pur5, the gene encoding AIR synthetase.^[2]

Further reading

• Levenberg B, Buchanan JM . 1957 . Biosynthesis of the purines. XII. Structure, enzymatic synthesis, and metabolism of 5-amino-imidazole ribotide . J. Biol. Chem. . 224 . 1005 - 18 . 13405929 . 2 .
• Levenberg B, Buchanan JM . 1957 . Biosynthesis of the purines. XIII. Structure, enzymatic synthesis, and metabolism of (alpha-N-formyl)-glycinamidine ribotide . J. Biol. Chem. . 224 . 1019 - 27 . 13405930 . 2 .
• Li C, Kappock TJ, Stubbe J, Weaver TM, Ealick SE . X-ray crystal structure of aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (PurM), from the Escherichia coli purine biosynthetic pathway at 2.5 A resolution . Structure . 7 . 9 . 1155–66 . 1999 . 10508786 . 10.1016/S0969-2126(99)80182-8. free .

Notes and References

1. Goggin DE, Lipscombe R, Fedorova E, Millar AH, Mann A, Atkins CA, Smith PM . Dual Intracellular Localization and Targeting of Aminoimidazole Ribonucleotide Synthetase in Cowpea . Plant Physiol. . 131 . 3 . 1033–41 . March 2003 . 12644656 . 166869 . 10.1104/pp.102.015081 .
2. Smith PM, Mann AJ, Goggin DE, Atkins CA . AIR synthetase in cowpea nodules: a single gene product targeted to two organelles? . Plant Mol. Biol. . 36 . 6 . 811–20 . April 1998 . 9520274 . 10.1023/A:1005969830314.