2002 Explained

After the September 11 attacks of the previous year, foreign policy and international relations were generally united in combating al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations. The United States especially was a leading force in combating terrorist groups. 2002 also saw the signing and establishment of many international agreements and institutions, most notably the International Criminal Court, the African Union, the Russian-American Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, and the Eurozone.

The global economy, partly due to the September 11 attacks, generally stagnated or declined. Stock indices, such as the American Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Japanese Nikkei 225 both ended the year lower than they had started. In the later parts of 2002, the world saw the beginning of a SARS epidemic, which would go on to affect mostly China, Europe, and North America.^{[1] [2]}

Population

The world population on January 1, 2002, was estimated to be 6.272 billion people, and it increased to 6.353 billion people by January 1, 2003.^[3] An estimated 134.0 million births and 52.5 million deaths took place in 2002. The average global life expectancy was 67.1 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2001. The rate of child mortality was 7.05%, a decrease of 0.27pp from 2001.^[4] 26.85% of people were living in extreme poverty, a decrease of 1.40pp from 2000.^[5]

The number of global refugees was approximately 12 million at the beginning of 2002, but it declined to 10.3 million by the end of the year. Approximately 2.4 million refugees were repatriated in 2002, of which 2 million were Afghan. 293,000 additional refugees were displaced in 2002, primarily from Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Somalia, Ivory Coast, and the Central African Republic.^[6]

Conflicts

There were 31 recognised armed conflicts in 2002, a net decrease from the previous year: seven conflicts ended in 2001, while conflicts in Angola, Congo, and Ivory Coast began or resumed in 2002. The deadliest conflicts in 2002 were those in Burundi, Colombia, Kashmir, Nepal, and Sudan. Among developed nations in 2002, national defense shifted toward counterterrorism after the September 11 attacks and the invasion of Afghanistan the previous year. Conflicts in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Israel, and the Philippines were directly related to countering Islamic terrorism.^[7]

Internal conflicts

The Colombian conflict escalated after far-left insurgents occupied demilitarized zones and kidnapped Íngrid Betancourt, effectively ending peace talks. The insurgents began bombing cities, and over 200,000 Colombians were displaced by the conflict in 2002.

The Nepalese Civil War escalated in 2002, with casualties approximately equaling the combined totals from 1996 to 2001; half of this increase was civilian casualties, as civilians were targeted by both the Nepali government and the communist insurgents. Chechen insurgents in Russia escalated their attacks during the Second Chechen War, destroying a Russian Mil Mi-26 in August and causing a hostage crisis in Moscow. The Second Liberian Civil War also escalated, causing widespread displacement of civilians.^[8]

Conflicts that saw some form of resolution in 2002 include the Eelam War III in Sri Lanka, which was halted with a ceasefire agreement on February 24, and the Angolan Civil War, which was resolved in April with a ceasefire between the Angolan government and UNITA. Internationally brokered peace talks advanced in the Second Sudanese Civil War, some factions of the Somali Civil War, and the Second Congo War, with the latter producing an agreement on December 17 to create a Congolese transitional government. Afghanistan underwent its first year without direct military conflict in over two decades, though sporadic attacks were carried out by the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda. An agreement was reached with the government of Burundi and the CNDD-FDD on December 3, but the other major faction in Burundi, the Palipehutu-FNL, did not participate in peace talks.

The largest attack on civilians in 2002 was a series of bombings in Bali that killed or injured hundreds on October 12, with Australian tourists making up a large portion of the victims. The Washington D.C. area was the subject of several sniper attacks the same month, killing ten people. Europe underwent a large number of mass shootings throughout the year, including an attack on a town council meeting in France on March 27 that killed eight councilors and a school shooting in Germany on April 26—one of the deadliest in the world with 18 fatalities.

International conflicts

The only direct conflict between nations in 2002 was the India–Pakistan standoff in Kashmir,^[9] beginning in late 2001. This conflict was primarily one of brinkmanship, with the threat of nuclear warfare. Riots in Gujarat and suicide bombings in Jammu further escalated tensions.^[10] The two countries stood down in May.

The Second Intifada continued in 2002 between the Israel Defense Forces and Palestinian paramilitary groups with an escalation in violence. Palestinian suicide bombings became coordinated to maximize the number of civilian casualties, while the Israeli military killed approximately twice as many Palestinians in retaliation. In response to the suicide bombings, Israel carried out Operation Defensive Shield in March. Under this operation, Israel occupied much of West Bank, and it and briefly held Palestinian president Yasser Arafat under house arrest. The Battle of Jenin was particularly destructive, with the United Nations finding both parties to be irresponsible regarding collateral damage.

Culture

Art and architecture

See main article: 2002 in architecture.

Economic downturn and aftermath the September 11 attacks limited the art industry in 2002. Organizations were less willing to give patronage, and tourists were less willing to visit art exhibitions and museums, particularly in New York and the Middle East. The Documenta11 exhibition took place in Kassel, Germany, contributing to the early movement of art globalization with its focus on experimental and documentary works from developing nations. Traditional visual art was mostly replaced by film and photography at the exhibition.^[11] Critically acclaimed paintings in 2002 include The Upper Room, a collection of paintings by Chris Ofili based on a drawing of a monkey by Andy Warhol,^[12] and Dispersion, an abstract work by Julie Mehretu.^[13]

The architecture world focused on the rebuilding of the World Trade Center, and various exhibitions were held to showcase design concepts. The Tribute in Light was implemented on the site during the interim. Egypt began accepting designs for the Grand Egyptian Museum.

New structures constructed or opened in 2002 include the Austrian Cultural Forum in New York, the Imperial War Museum North in Manchester, the Gallery of Horyuji Treasures in Tokyo, The Gherkin in London, the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, and the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Alexandria. The Bronx Developmental Center in New York, Fallingwater in Pennsylvania, and the Lever House in New York were all renovated, and the Maslon House was demolished in California.

Media

See main article: 2002 in film, 2002 in radio and 2002 in video games.

Popular media

The highest-grossing films globally in 2002 were , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, and Spider-Man. The highest-grossing non-English film was Hero (Mandarin), the 28th highest-grossing film of the year.^[14] Film was marked by several unexpected successes and failures in 2002, including the underwhelming performances of the Star Wars film Attack of the Clones, the James Bond film Die Another Day, and the Disney film Treasure Planet, as well as the word-of-mouth success of My Big Fat Greek Wedding.^[15] Critically acclaimed films from 2002 include Adaptation,^{[16] [17] [18]} Far from Heaven,^[19] and Talk to Her.

Music sales in 2002 amounted to about 3 billion units, a decline of 8% from 2001. CD albums remained the dominant form of music, making up 89% of the market. DVD music sales increased by 40%, while cassette tape music sales decreased by 36%.^[20] Pop music saw a major decline in 2002 as it was overtaken by country music and hip hop music.^[21] Globally, the best-selling albums in 2002 were The Eminem Show by Eminem, Let Go by Avril Lavigne, and the Elvis Presley greatest hits album . The best-selling non-English album was Mensch by German singer Herbert Grönemeyer, the 29th best-selling album overall.^[22]

Sony and Microsoft introduced online gaming services for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox consoles, respectively. Critically acclaimed video games released in 2002 include Eternal Darkness, , Metroid Prime, Metroid Fusion, and Super Mario Sunshine.^{[23] [24] [25]} was influential in the war-based first-person shooter genre with its portrayal of grand cinematic battles. 2002 was the final year of traditional survival horror before it was overtaken by action-based survival horror games in franchises such as Resident Evil.^[26]

Libraries, press, and radio

Costa Rica was celebrated for an advance in free speech when it abolished criminal penalties for insulting public officials. Radio in India became more popular in 2002 following deregulation, with five major stations in Mumbai breaking the state monopoly in April and with significant increases in the sales of car and pocket radios. Good Evening Afghanistan premiered in September to provide the Afghan people real-time updates on the nation's political situation, and Radio Liberty was expelled from Russia in October. An expected recovery of the newspaper industry did not materialize in 2002 as digital media became more common, resulting in significant cutbacks. The magazine industry faced similar challenges, as well as a separate controversy when the February 11 issue of Newsweek International was banned throughout the Muslim world for its depiction of Muhammed.

The British Library digitized a 700-year-old edition of the Quran, and the Library of Congress made high resolution scans of a Gutenberg Bible for closer study of Gutenberg's printing methods. Library services were interrupted several times in 2002. Librarians' strikes affected the United Kingdom and the United States, while funding problems led to cutbacks in Germany, South Africa, and the United States.

Sports

See main article: 2002 in sports. The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City, with Norway winning the most gold medals. Allegations that a figure skating judge was bribed to favor Russia in a figure skating event led to France and Russia both receiving gold medals in the event.^[27] The Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester.

The 2002 FIFA World Cup was held in Japan and South Korea, and it ended with a 2–0 victory by Brazil over Germany. The traditionally well-performing teams of Argentina, France, and Italy did not meet expectations, while Senegal, South Korea, Turkey, and the United States performed better than they had historically.

In boxing, the Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson was preceded by a scuffle during a press conference. Lennox Lewis went on to defeat Mike Tyson. In American football, the Tuck Rule Game between the New England Patriots and the Oakland Raiders became a national controversy after officials cited the obscure tuck rule to challenge a pass by Tom Brady.^[28] Bruno Peyron set the record for the fastest circumnavigation by sailing in 2002, making the trip in 64 days.

Economy

See also: 2002 world oil market chronology. International trade increased by 1.9% in 2002, correcting from a decrease in 2001.^[29] Most countries experienced only limited growth of output and employment in the year, and economic policy within the largest economies focused primarily on combating inflation. The gross world product increased by 1.7%, the second lowest growth in a decade after that of 2001. Most developed nations began 2002 in a budget surplus and ended in a deficit. The Euro, a single official currency for the nations of the European Union, was introduced on January 1.

The early 2000s recession began to stabilize in the final months of the year. Growth was focused in the first half of the year before tapering in the second half as stock markets entered into a downturn.^[30] By October, global equities saw a 24% decrease in 2002. Particularly affected was AOL-Time Warner, with its stocks losing 65% of their value by the fall. The information technology industry in particular saw major decline in 2002 before it began its recovery from the dot-com crash that had previously affected it. The telecommunications industry was affected even more severely.

The price drops associated with the September 11 attacks persisted for several months into 2002. Apprehensions about potential military conflict in Iraq also limited growth. Latin American economies with large deficits were severely affected by lower prices, limiting export growth and preventing capital from entering the region, requiring further increases to the deficit. The region overall saw a negative GDP in 2002. Imports grew significantly in East Asia, with China competing with the United States as one of the largest export markets for other countries in the region. Imports in Latin America and Africa decreased compared to the previous year.

The United States recovered in part from the recession that had affected the Western world, while Europe's recovery was more limited. South America saw significant economic challenges: Argentina's economic crisis continued from 2001, Brazil had low confidence in its economy, and Venezuela's economy suffered amid political upheaval. Unlike the Western world, Eastern Europe and Asia showed strong growth in 2002. Africa did not share this growth, as it also experienced a weak economy during the year.

Several companies, predominantly in the United States, underwent major scandals in 2002. These included the WorldCom scandal that led to what was then the largest bankruptcy in American history, and accounting scandals emerging from the previous year's Enron scandal. Xerox and the French company Vivendi were found to be reporting artificially inflated profits. Others incidents included the ImClone stock trading case and fraud cases at Adelphia and Tyco. These scandals brought the arrests of several high-profile executives, negatively affected public trust in corporate accounting, and increased the volatility of global stock markets.

Environment and weather

See main article: 2002 in the environment and Weather of 2002.

See also: List of earthquakes in 2002 and Tropical cyclones in 2002. 2002 was the second hottest year on record, exceeded only by 1998.^[31] There was below average precipitation in 2002, with droughts in Australia, northern China, India, and western United States. Heavy rains in late 2002 caused significant flooding in eastern Asia and central Europe. The effects of the Asian brown cloud were documented in August by the United Nations Environment Programme, warning of severe agricultural and meteorological effects in Afghanistan, northwestern India, and Pakistan.

The third Global Environment Outlook report was published in May. The World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in Johannesburg beginning on August 26. A number of proposals were endorsed in the summit, though environmentalists criticized the United States for not supporting stronger measures. The European Union ratified the Kyoto Protocol, while China and Russia announced their intent to do so. Australia and the United States rejected the protocol. The war in Afghanistan caused widespread environmental issues, with forests destroyed, wildlife poached by refugees, and the Kabul Zoo requiring international support. The Kitulo National Park opened in Tanzania to preserve the endemic orchid species.

Efforts to promote carbon sequestration were mixed in 2002. An experiment to study whether there were risks of pollution was shuttered following pressure from environmentalist groups such as Greenpeace and the World Wide Fund for Nature, but Statoil reported success in a six-year-long experiment in the North Sea later in the year.

The January eruption of Mount Nyiragongo brought destruction to Goma, prompting an evacuation of 400,000 people, with 12,000 finding themselves homeless with damage across 14 villages. A major oil spill took place off the coast of Galicia, Spain, when the MV Prestige ruptured and sank in November. The deadliest earthquake in 2002 was a 6.1-magnitude earthquake that struck northern Afghanistan on March 25, killing approximately 1,000 people.^[32] A 6.5 magnitude earthquake in Iran killed approximately 200 people the following June. North America saw one of its most intense earthquakes when a 7.9 magnitude earthquake struck Alaska on November 3, but the remote location prevented any fatalities.

The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season saw 12 named storms, a near-average number. Most of them were relatively minor, with only 4 four becoming hurricanes, of which two attained major hurricane status. The season's activity was limited to between July and October, a rare occurrence caused partly by El Niño conditions. The two major hurricanes, Hurricane Isidore and Hurricane Lili, both made landfall in Cuba and the United States, and combined were responsible for most of the season's damages and deaths.^[33] The 2002 Pacific typhoon season entailed a typical number of typhoons, but they were above average in intensity with 46% of typhoons reaching "intense strength". Typhoon Rusa was the deadliest typhoon in 2002, killing at least 113 people in South Korea.^[34]

Health

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized "reducing risks" and "promoting healthy life" as its health concern of focus in the 2002 World Health Report.^[35] Global food supplies reduced in 2002 amid droughts and drops in harvest yields.^[36] Famines occurred in Ethiopia, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Eritrea, Lesotho, Mozambique, and Swaziland were also heavily affected by insufficient food. The fishing industry was not affected, increasing slightly from previous years.

A 2001 ebola outbreak in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo continued through 2002. The United States and the Dutch company Crucell collaborated to begin development on an ebola vaccine in response. The year's increased focus on terrorism, particularly after the 2001 anthrax attacks, prompted many countries to invest in vaccines, antibiotics, and antivirals as a precaution against bioterrorism. Renewed attention was brought to the case of family doctor Harold Shipman when it was announced in July that he had killed 200 other people under his care beyond the 15 for which he was prosecuted.

Politics and law

See main article: 2002 in politics. 2002 saw the creation of a new sovereign nation in East Timor. Brazil, Lesotho, and Senegal established democracy in 2002 through the acceptance of fair elections, while Bahrain and Kenya moved toward democracy through the strengthening of political institutions. Democracy was disestablished in Ivory Coast and Togo following mass political violence and unfair elections, respectively.^[37] Afghanistan underwent significant liberalization under a transitional government following end of major fighting in the War in Afghanistan, particularly in the capital of Kabul, though distant regions of the country remained oppressed by warlords. Civil rights also increased following the end of conflicts in Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia. Turkey lessened its restrictions on the country's Kurdish population.

The Chinese Communist Party chose Hu Jintao as its next leader in a November meeting. The African Union formally came into existence in July.^[38] The United Kingdom held a Golden Jubilee celebration for Queen Elizabeth II, marking fifty years as the monarch. In Latin America, the great depression in Argentina continued into 2002, causing significant political turmoil. Venezuela also underwent political crisis with an attempted coup against President Hugo Chávez in April and a national strike against his administration later in the year. Brazil elected the leftist president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in response to the economic instability.

NATO established a diplomatic relationship with Russia through the NATO-Russia Council in May, and NATO announced seven new members in November: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. This expansion meant that NATO countries bordered Russia for the first time. Russia and the United States signed the Treaty of Moscow nuclear disarmament agreement in May, but the United States left the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty the following month, and Russia then left the START II treaty. The International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation was signed by over 90 countries in November.

Crime and international law

The Rome Statute entered into force in July, establishing the International Criminal Court. The International Court of Justice ruled in three cases: it ruled that diplomatic immunity applied to all crimes, including crimes against humanity, and it settled two territorial disputes, ruling in favor of Cameroon over Nigeria and in favor of Malaysia over Indonesia. A lesser court was established by the United Nations in Sierra Leone to prosecute figures associated with the nation's civil war.^[39]

The prosecution of former Yugoslavian Slobodan Milošević began in February, but it was delayed and the genocide portion of the charges against him was dropped. Biljana Plavšić, the former president of Republika Srpska, plead guilty to crimes against humanity in a related case. In August, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda saw the arrests of nine more people accused of genocide, including army chief of staff Augustin Bizimungu. Efforts failed to create a similar tribunal in Cambodia to prosecute Khmer Rouge. Former military dictator of Argentina Leopoldo Galtieri was arrested in July for his actions in the Dirty War. Two generals from the Salvadoran Civil War were found liable for torture in an American court, and they were ordered to pay $54.6 million in damages. A major espionage case in the United States ended in May with Robert Hanssen sentenced to life in prison for spying on behalf of the Soviet Union.

Serbia and Montenegro abolished capital punishment to qualify for entry to the Council of Europe, and Turkey did so to garner support for its incorporation into the European Union. Prisoners in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Turkey engaged in deadly strikes and riots in response to poor conditions in 2002. Urso Branco Prison was the location of a deadly gang fight, and approximately 150 inmates escaped from a Haitian prison when a bulldozer was driven through a wall to free a local leader.

War on terror

Terrorism dominated politics internationally in 2002, with both terrorist acts and attempts to declare groups as terrorist organizations being prevalent throughout the year. Islamic terrorism was widely seen as responsible for terrorist attacks throughout the year. In response, the United States began providing military assistance against terrorists in several countries as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. International law regarding these actions had yet to be settled, and international organizations spent the year debating how action against terrorist groups should be carried out.

Pakistan arrested al-Qaeda operative Ramzi bin al-Shibh in September on suspicions of involvement in the September 11 attacks and extradited him to the United States. The United States arrested an addition fifteen suspects across several states for involvement in the preparation of future terrorist attacks. American treatment of prisoners in the war on terror came under scrutiny, particularly in Camp X-Ray in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

Australia, Russia, and the United States all declared a right to preemptive strikes against foreign terrorist groups in 2002. George W. Bush defined an "axis of evil" in an address in January, naming Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as foreign adversaries of the United States. Increasing tensions between Iraq and the United States became a major geopolitical issue in 2002 amid suspicions that Iraq had resumed its production of weapons of mass destruction. The United Nations delivered an ultimatum for Iraq to comply with weapons inspections in late 2002.^[40] Because of this dispute, as well Hussein's involvement with terrorist groups amid the war on terror, an invasion of Iraq by the United States was widely expected.

Religion

The Church of England determined in July that divorcees could marry in the church. Then in December, the church saw its first leader in centuries from outside its own membership when the Welsh Rowan Williams was confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury. The Catholic Church sexual abuse scandal continued from 2001. The church adopted rules on how to address sexual abuse allegations on January 8, and Pope John Paul II made his second papal statement on the matter on March 22. Belarus made the Russian Orthodox Church in Belarus into the state's legally recognized religion, curtailing practice of other religions. Islam grappled with the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2002, facing both the expansion of Islamic terrorism and of United States military action in combating it.

The relationship between religion and education shifted in several nations in 2002. The removal of the Taliban from power allowed girls to attend school in Afghanistan for the first time, and textbooks funded by the United States included images of women. Pakistan introduced a law to regulate Islamic madrasa schools under pressure from Western nations, but it saw backlash from the schools. State-funded faith schools became a polarizing issue when the government suggested increasing their number. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that school vouchers allowed students to seek religious education.

Science and technology

See main article: 2002 in science. Archeological finds in 2002 included the alleged ossuary of James, brother of Jesus; red ochre cave art in the Blombos Cave in South Africa, created approximately 77,000 years ago and the oldest known artwork; the largest Etruscan civilization settlement found to date, from approximately 2,600 years ago; a collection of bamboo slips featuring 200,000 characters of calligraphy from the Qin dynasty; two stone slabs featuring the Indian emperor Ashoka; ancient irrigation canals under Tucson, Arizona; a Mayan mural in San Bartolo, Guatemala; an Aztec shrine on Pico de Orizaba in Mexico; and the Palace of Parliament of Upper Canada that had been destroyed in the War of 1812. A major study published in 2002 provided evidence against the Black Sea deluge hypothesis that had been popularized in 1996. The Egyptian Museum held an exhibition for artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun, including some items never seen by the public.

Chemists in 2002 synthesized uranium from noble gases, observed a blackberry-shaped molecular structure in molybdenum blue, fluorinated carbon nanotubes, synthesized a stable cyclopentadienyl cation, discovered the oxidation-resistant gold, incorporated a photonic lattice into a tungsten filament, invented the ITQ-21 zeolite to more efficiently refine petroleum, and developed a method to create crystalline oxide film without extreme heat. A team led by Rüdeger Köhler developed a laser that emits terahertz radiation. Early study of Bose–Einstein condensates continued in 2002, as did that of quantum dots. A major study into antimatter across 70 institutions took place in 2002 with results suggesting that antimatter may not be a precise opposite of matter.

The discovery of a large trans-Neptunian object, Quaoar, in October prompted reconsideration of how to define a planet, including doubts about whether Pluto should be considered a planet. Study with the Cosmic Background Imager revealed a more detailed image of cosmic background radiation, and telescopes were able to counteract the scattering effect of Earth's atmosphere through adaptive optics. The largest known volcanic eruption in the solar system was discovered on the moon Io in November 2002, using imaging that had been taken in February 2001. The youngest known pulsar was discovered in 2002, originating from a supernova documented in 1181.

Two major breakthroughs were made in number theory in 2002: Manindra Agrawal led a team in developing the AKS primality test, and Preda Mihăilescu created a proof for the 150-year-old Catalan's conjecture.

The September 11 attacks of the previous year caused a shift in focus among cultural anthropologists in 2002 toward the study of violence in society.

Biology

New species of animals described in 2002 include the rupicolous gerbil, the lesser Congo shrew, and the bald parrot. Bavarian pine voles were discovered in Austria after being thought extinct in the 1960s. Several paleological discoveries in China strong evidence supporting a relation between theropods and birds. The hominid ancestor Sahelanthropus was identified in 2002 from fossils found in Chad. A new genus of conifer, Xanthocyparis, was discovered in Vietnam.

Major genetic advances in 2002 included the discovery of small RNA, the genome sequence for indica rice, and the genome sequences for malaria carriers anopheles gambiae and plasmodium falciparum. Scientists at the San Diego Zoo successfully created cloned egg cells for the endangered banteng by applying banteng DNA to egg cells from cows. Scientists in the United States announced in July that they had reconstructed a poliovirus specimen using its genetic sequence.

Two experiments in 2002 were successful in producing plants from old seeds: a lotus plant was grown from a 500-year-old seed, and two other plants were grown after their seeds were bottled and laid dormant since 1879. A new herbicide was discovered by extracting the catechin toxin of the spotted knapweed. Controversy about genetically modified crops increased when it was discovered that pest-resistant genes can be transferred to weeds and that crops resistant to some pests can become more vulnerable to others.

Other biology developments from 2002 include an understanding of TRP channels in taste, the role of light in a circadian rhythm, and the development of 3D imagery of cells.^[41] Major advances in the development and application of stem cells triggered an ethics debate that defined the field, in part because stem cells were commonly developed from the human fetus. Study of hormones led to the identification of two related to appetite: ghrelin to encourage eating and peptide YY to discourage it.

Technology

See also: 2002 in spaceflight. 61 successful and four failed space launches took place in 2002. NASA launches included the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager, the Aqua research satellite, and a Polar Operational Environmental Satellite.^[42] The CONTOUR probe was put into orbit on July 3 but lost when activated on August 15. The European Space Agency launched the Meteosat 8 satellite in August and the INTEGRAL observatory in October. It also saw the launch of the Envisat satellite. China launched the Shenzhou 3 and Shenzhou 4 missions in March and December, respectively. The creation of the International Space Station remained the largest focus of global space programs, but its development was halted for several months after potentially deadly cracks were found on several space shuttles.

The open-source-software movement saw growth throughout the year, in part because of Microsoft's success in avoiding tighter regulations in court. China blocked Google Search and AltaVista in August, provoking a hacktivist movement in the United States that worked to circumvent such restrictions in authoritarian nations. Some parts of Google were restored on September 12. New developments in peer-to-peer sharing allowed decentralized file sharing between computers, causing a proliferation of online piracy. Blogging also became a common practice in 2002. Klez was a computer worm that spread extensively in 2002 before public awareness limited its effectiveness. Hybrid vehicles first saw widespread popularity in 2002.

Events

January

• January – Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines: The Philippines and the United States begin a joint operation to combat Jihadist groups in the Philippines.^[43]
• January 1
  • The Open Skies mutual surveillance treaty, initially signed in 1992, officially enters into force.^[44]
  • The Euro is the official currency introduced in the Eurozone countries.^[45] The former currencies of all the countries that use the Euro ceased to be legal tender on February 28.^[46]
• January 6 – The Boston Globe publishes results of an investigation leading to the criminal prosecutions of five Roman Catholic priests and bringing widespread attention to the sexual abuse of minors by Catholic clergy.^[47]
• January 17 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, displacing an estimated 400,000 people.^[48]
• January 18 – The Sierra Leone Civil War comes to a conclusion with the defeat of the Revolutionary United Front by government forces.^[49]
• January 27 – 2002 Lagos armoury explosion: Explosives are set off accidentally in Lagos, Nigeria, causing widespread fires and a human stampede. Over one thousand people are killed, and thousands are left homeless.^[50]

February

• February 3 – 2002 Afyon earthquake: A 6.0 magnitude earthquake strikes Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey, killing 41 people and damaging thousands of buildings.^[51]
• February 6 – Queen Elizabeth II of the Commonwealth realms celebrates her Golden Jubilee, marking 50 years since her accession to the thrones of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.^[52]
• February 8–24 – The 2002 Winter Olympics are held in Salt Lake City, Utah.^[53]
• February 12 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former president of Yugoslavia, begins at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague.^[54]
• February 14 – The State of Bahrain is declared a constitutional monarchy and becomes the Kingdom of Bahrain.^[55]
• February 19 – NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey space probe begins to map the surface of Mars using its thermal emission imaging system.^[56]
• February 20 – 2002 El Ayyat railway accident: A train fire in El Ayyat, Egypt kills at least 370 people.^[57]
• February 22
  • UNITA guerrilla leader Jonas Savimbi is killed in clashes against government troops led by Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos in Moxico Province, Angola.^[58]
  • The government of Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers agree to a ceasefire, temporarily ending the Sri Lankan Civil War.^[59] It would last until the resumption of hostilities in 2008.^[60]
• February 27 – A mob attacks a train near Godhra, India, killing approximately 59 people.^[61] The state of Gujarat breaks out into riots, including the Gulbarg Society massacre on February 28 that kills approximately 69 people.^[62]

March

• March – 2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department: The Ninja militia attacks government forces in the Republic of the Congo, triggering a long-term conflict.^[63]
• March 1 – The Envisat environmental satellite is launched, with its purpose being the recording of information on environmental change.^[64]
• March 3 – Switzerland votes in favor of a referendum to join the United Nations, challenging a long-held tradition of neutrality and isolationism.^[65]
• March 2–10 – Afghan and coalition troops carry out Operation Anaconda in the Shah-i-Kot Valley, the largest combat operation against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban to that point.^[66]
• March 11 – A fire at a girls' school in Mecca, Saudi Arabia kills 15 students. The deaths are attributed to Islamic religious police that prevented the girls from leaving because their dress did not comply with Islamic standards of modesty.^[67]
• March 25 – 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes: A 6.1 magnitude earthquake strikes Nahrin, Afghanistan, killing 800 people and leaving 10,000 homeless.^[68]
• March 27 – A Palestinian suicide bomber kills 30 people and injures 140 others at a hotel in Netanya, Israel.^[69]
• March 29 – In response to increasing terrorist attacks by Palestinians, Israeli initiates Operation Defensive Shield, a large-scale counter-terrorism operation in the West Bank.^[70]

April

• April 1
  • The South West State of Somalia is established as an autonomous territory in Somalia by Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud.^[71]
  • Battle of Jenin: Israeli forces attack a refugee camp from which Palestinian terrorist attacks were carried out.^[72]
• April 2 – Siege of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem: Israeli forces besiege the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem when militants take shelter there. The siege will last for 38 days.^[73]
• April 3–8 – Battle of Nablus: Israeli forces occupy Nablus, Palestine.^[74]
• April 4 – A peace agreement is made to end the Angolan Civil War.^[75]
• April 11
  • Llaguno Overpass events: a shootout takes place between the and pro-government Bolivarian Circles in central Caracas, Venezuela, near the presidential Miraflores Palace, causing 19 deaths and injuring 127 people.^[76] The military high command refuse President Hugo Chávez's order to implement the Plan Ávila as a response to the protests and demands his resignation.^[77] President Chávez is subsequently arrested by the military.^{[78] [79] [80]} Chávez's request for asylum in Cuba is denied, and he is ordered to be tried in a Venezuelan court.^[81]
  • Ghriba synagogue bombing: 21 people are killed in a synagogue bombing in Djerba, Tunisia.^[82]
• April 14 – President Hugo Chávez of Venezuela is restored to power following an attempted coup.^[83]
• April 15 – Air China Flight 129 crashes into a hillside during heavy rain and fog near Busan, South Korea, killing 129 people.^[84]
• April 25 – South African Mark Shuttleworth blasts off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on the Soyuz TM-34, becoming the first African space tourist.^[85]

May

• May 2 – Bojayá massacre: A church is struck with a cylinder bomb during a conflict between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, killing an estimated 119 people.^[86]
• May 9 – 2002 Kaspiysk bombing: Over 40 people are killed when insurgents bomb a military parade in Kaspiysk, Russia.^[87]
• May 12  - Buran, the Russian equivalent to the Space Shuttle, is destroyed in a storm at Baikonur.^[88]
• May 14 – Militants attack a bus and an Indian army camp in Kaluchak, Jammu and Kashmir, killing at least 33 people.^[89]
• May 20  - East Timor regains its independence after years of United Nations administration and 26 years of occupation by Indonesia since 1975.^[90]
• May 23 – Netflix becomes a publicly traded company.^[91]
• May 24  - In Moscow, United States President George W. Bush and Russian President Vladimir Putin sign the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty to replace the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972 and the START II Treaty of 1993.^[92]
• May 25  - China Airlines Flight 611 breaks up mid-air and crashes in the Taiwan Strait, killing all 225 passengers and crew on board.^[93]
  • • May 31 The 2002 FIFA World Cup takes place in South Korea and Japan;^[94] which is ultimately won by Brazil.^[95]
  • The Kyoto Protocol is ratified by the European Union.^[96]

June

• June 4
  • 2002 FIFA World Cup: The South Koreans win their first ever FIFA World Cup match.^[97]
  • The ringed dwarf planet Quaoar is discovered by astronomers Chad Trujillo and Michael Brown at the Palomar Observatory.^[98]
  • The Zeyzoun Dam in Zayzun, Syria fails.^[99]
• June 6 – An object with an estimated diameter of 10 meters enters the Earth's atmosphere over the Mediterranean and detonates in mid-air.^[100]
  • • June 10 Solar eclipse of June 10, 2002: A large annular solar eclipse covers over 99% of the Sun, creating a dramatic spectacle for observers in a narrow path at most 13 km wide; it lasts just 23 seconds at the point of maximum eclipse. It is seen from Australasia, across the Pacific and the Mexico coast, and is the 35th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 137.
  • British scientist Kevin Warwick carries out first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans.^[101]
• June 13 – Afghanistan changes its official longform name to the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.^{[102] [103]}
• June 22 – 2002 Bou'in-Zahra earthquake: A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes north-western Iran, killing approximately 440 people.^[104]
• June 24 – A passenger train collides with a freight train in Dodoma Region, Tanzania, killing 281 people, making it the worst rail accident in African history.^[105]
• June 29 – Second Battle of Yeonpyeong: During the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan, two North Korean patrol boats cross a contested border in between the two Koreas and attack two South Korean Chamsuri-class patrol boats.^[106]
• June 30 – 2002 FIFA World Cup: Brazil beats Germany 2–0 in the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final with Ronaldo scoring the two goals; Brazil's captain Cafu, who becomes the first player to appear in three successive World Cup finals, accepts the trophy on behalf of the team.^[107]

July

• July 1
  • The Rome Statute comes into force, thereby establishing the International Criminal Court.^[108]
  • A Bashkirian Airlines Tupolev Tu-154 passenger jet and a DHL Boeing 757-200F cargo plane collide over the town of Überlingen, Germany, killing 71 people.^[109]
• July 4 - a Prestige Airlines Boeing 707 leased by Gomair crashes on approach, killing 28 out of the 30 on board.
• July 9 – The Organisation of African Unity is disbanded and replaced by the African Union.^[110]
• July 11
  • The first synthetic virus is announced after being successfully created and tested at Stony Brook University.^[111]
  • Perejil Island crisis: Moroccan occupy the uninhabited Spanish-controlled Perejil Island, leading to a week-long standoff before Spanish forces reclaim the island.^[112]
• July 13 – Militants attack in Qasim Nagar, Jammu and Kashmir, killing 29 people.^[113]
• July 14 – The only captive baiji dolphin dies as the species approaches extinction.^[114]
• July 27  - Sknyliv air show disaster: 77 people are killed and 543 injured when a Ukrainian Air Force Su-27 fighter jet crashes into spectators during an aerobatics presentation at Sknyliv airfield near Lviv, Ukraine. It is the deadliest air show accident in history.^[115]

August

• August 19 – 2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash: Chechen separatists shoot down a Russian Mil Mi-26, killing 127 soldiers. It was the worst aviation disaster in the history of the Russian military.^[116]
• August 26 – Earth Summit 2002 begins in Johannesburg, South Africa, aimed at discussing sustainable development by the United Nations.^[117]
• August 22–September 4  - Typhoon Rusa, the most powerful typhoon to hit South Korea in 43 years, made landfall, killing at least 236 people.^{[118] [119]}

September

• September 10 – Switzerland joins the United Nations as the 190th member state after rejecting a place in 1986.^[120]
• September 19 – General Robert Guéï leads an army mutiny in an attempt to overthrow Ivory Coast President Laurent Gbagbo, resulting in civil war.^[121]
• September 20 – The Kolka–Karmadon rock ice slide in Northern Ossetia, Russia kills at least 125 people.^[122]
• September 24 – Akshardham Temple attack: Gunmen attack a temple in Gandhinagar, India, killing 30 people.^[123]
• September 25 – The Vitim event, a possible bolide impact, occurs in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia.^[124]
• September 26 – The Senegalese passenger ferry MV Le Joola capsizes in a storm off the coast of the Gambia, killing 1,863 people.^[125]
• September 27 – East Timor is admitted to the United Nations as the 191st member state;^[126] it also changes its official longform name from "Democratic Republic of East Timor" to "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste".

October

• October – Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa: The United States deploys troops to the Horn of Africa to combat Islamist groups and pirates.^[127]
• October 11 – The United States Congress approves military action in Iraq should it fail to comply with United Nations requirements for weapons of mass destruction.
• October 12 – Jemaah Islamiyah militants detonate multiple bombs in two nightclubs in Kuta, Indonesia, killing 202 people and injuring over 300 in the worst terrorist act in Indonesia's history.^[128]
• October 17 – The Bibliotheca Alexandrina is dedicated following a postponement caused by the Second Intifada. Approximately 3,000 people attend.
• October 23–26 – Chechen rebels take control of the Nord-Ost theatre in Moscow and hold the audience hostage. At least 170 people are killed following a Russian attempt to subdue the militants.^[129]
• October 24 – 2002 Bahraini general election: Bahrain holds its first Parliamentary elections since 1973.^[130]
• October 27 – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is elected President of Brazil.
• October 29 – Ho Chi Minh City ITC fire: A fire at the International Trade Centre in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam kills at least 54 people.^[131]

November

• November 7 – A sovereignty referendum is held in Gibraltar. The people reject Spanish sovereignty.^[132]
• November 8 – The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopts Resolution 1441, forcing Iraq to either disarm or face "serious consequences".^[133] Iraq agrees to the terms of the resolution on November 13.
• November 13 – Prestige oil spill: Greek oil tanker begins spilling oil coast of Galicia. It will continue until November 19, spilling 60,000 tonnes of oil in the worst environmental disaster in the history of the Iberian Peninsula.^[134]
• November 16 – 2002–2004 SARS outbreak: The first case of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic, a zoonosis caused by a coronavirus, is recorded in Guangdong province of south China.^{[135] [136]}
• November 20 – Miss World riots: Muslims in Nigeria riot against the Miss World pageant, killing hundreds.^[137]
• November 25 – U.S. President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Act into law, establishing the Department of Homeland Security, in the largest U.S. government reorganization since the creation of the Department of Defense in 1947.^[138] Following a several month-long transitional period, it commences operations the following year.
• November 28 – 2002 Mombasa attacks: Suicide bombers blow up an Israeli-owned hotel in Mombasa, Kenya, but their colleagues fail in their attempt to bring down an Arkia Israel Airlines charter flight with surface-to-air-missiles.^[139]

December

• December 23 – A U.S. MQ-1 Predator is shot down by an Iraqi MiG-25 in the first combat engagement between a drone and conventional aircraft.^[140]
• December 27
  • 2002 Grozny truck bombing

Chechen suicide bombers attack the government headquarters in Grozny, Russia, killing over 70 people.

• • 2002 Kenyan general election

Kenya holds its first free elections, ousting the dominant Kenya African National Union Party following a victory of the National Rainbow Coalition.^[141]

Nobel Prizes

• Chemistry – John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich
• Economics – Daniel Kahneman and Vernon L. Smith
• Literature – Imre Kertész
• Peace – Jimmy Carter
• Physics – Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi
• Physiology or Medicine – Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, and John E. Sulston

External links

• 2002 Year-End Google Zeitgeist – Google's Yearly List of Major Events and Top Searches for 2002
• Top Stories of 2002 - CNN
• Year in Review - Netscape

Notes and References

1. Web site: Nikkei 225 Index - 67 Year Historical Chart . 2022-12-21 . www.macrotrends.net . December 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221221201051/https://www.macrotrends.net/2593/nikkei-225-index-historical-chart-data . live .
2. Web site: Dow Jones - DJIA - 100 Year Historical Chart . 2022-12-21 . www.macrotrends.net . August 31, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200831074740/https://www.macrotrends.net/1319/dow-jones-100-year-historical-chart . live .
3. World Population Prospects 2022 . 2022 . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . March 28, 2023 . July 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ . live .
4. Roser . Max . Ritchie . Hannah . Dadonaite . Bernadeta . May 10, 2013 . Child and Infant Mortality . Our World in Data . March 28, 2023 . December 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211216051011/https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality . live .
5. Hasell . Joe . Roser . Max . Ortiz-Ospina . Esteban . Arrigada . Pablo . October 17, 2022 . Poverty . Our World in Data . March 28, 2023 . March 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072344/https://ourworldindata.org/poverty . live .
6. Web site: 2003-06-20 . 2002 Statistics summary . 2023-03-28 . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . March 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230328031009/https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/briefing/2003/6/3ef2ecf5f/2002-statistics-summary.html . live .
7. Book: Wiharta . Sharon . SIPRI Yearbook 2003: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security . Anthony . Ian . . 2003 . 978-0-19-926570-1 . 87–108 . en . Major armed conflicts . https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2003/02 . March 28, 2023 . March 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230328204444/https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2003/02 . live .
8. Book: Yearbook of the United Nations, 2002 . United Nations . Gordon . Kathryn . 56 . March 28, 2023 . March 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230328235126/https://www.unmultimedia.org/searchers/yearbook/page_un2.jsp?volume=2002 . live .
9. Eriksson . Mikael . Wallensteen . Peter . Sollenberg . Margareta . 2003 . Armed Conflict, 1989-2002 . Journal of Peace Research . 40 . 5 . 593–607 . 10.1177/00223433030405006 . 3648363 . 110338545 . 0022-3433 . March 28, 2023 . February 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210210427/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3648363 . live .
10. Book: Time Annual 2003 . Time Books . 2003 . 1-929049-90-0 . 1097-5721.
11. Web site: 2020-12-08 . The Exhibitions That Defined the 2000s . 2023-03-29 . ARTnews . Okwui Enwezor: Making the Art World Global . en-US . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329020823/https://www.artnews.com/list/art-in-america/features/the-exhibitions-that-defined-the-2000s-1234578321/ . live .
12. News: Searle . Adrian . Jones . Jonathan . O'Hagan . Sean . Judah . Hettie . 2019-09-17 . The best art of the 21st century . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-03-29 . 0261-3077 . March 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230322173823/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/sep/17/the-best-visual-art-of-the-21st-century . live .
13. Web site: 12 Masterpieces of 21st-Century Painting You Need to Know Now . 2023-03-29 . Artspace . english.
14. Web site: 2002 Worldwide Box Office . 2023-03-29 . Box Office Mojo . May 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200518020259/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2002/ . live .
15. Web site: Boyar . Jay . 2002-12-28 . 2002 Year in Review . 2023-03-29 . Orlando Sentinel . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025658/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2002-12-29-0212280019-story.html . live .
16. Web site: Ebert . Roger . 2002-12-31 . The Best 10 Movies of 2002 . 2023-03-29 . rogerebert.com . en . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025708/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-2002 . live .
17. News: Scott . A. O. . 2002-12-29 . Film: The Year in Review -- The Critics/The 10 Best; Ravished, Again, by Almodóvar . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-03-29 . 0362-4331 . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025657/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/movies/film-the-year-in-review-the-critics-the-10-best-ravished-again-by-almodovar-535443.html . live .
18. Web site: Phipps . Keith . Rabin . Nathan . Tobias . Scott . 2003-01-15 . The Year In Film: 2002 . 2023-03-29 . The A.V. Club . en . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025657/https://www.avclub.com/the-year-in-film-2002-1798208253 . live .
19. Web site: 2016-08-19 . The 21st Century's 100 greatest films . 2023-03-29 . BBC . en . August 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210817230650/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films . live .
20. The Recording Industry World Sales . 2003 . . 2023-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201940/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2002.pdf . 2016-03-03.
21. News: Strauss . Neil . 2002-12-26 . The Year That Pop Lost Popularity; In the Roster of No. 1 CD's, Extreme Genres Led the Pack . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-03-29 . 0362-4331 . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329040336/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/26/arts/year-that-pop-lost-popularity-roster-no-1-cd-s-extreme-genres-led-pack.html . live .
22. Web site: 2000-2005 Top 50 Albums [XLS] ]. https://web.archive.org/web/20120323114337/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls . 2012-03-23 . 2023-03-29 . IFPI.
23. Web site: 2022-07-01 . Let's Remember How Amazing 2002 Was For Video Games . 2023-03-29 . Kotaku . en . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329055623/https://kotaku.com/best-video-games-of-2002-metroid-prime-thps4-1849135720 . live .
24. Web site: Fox . Tanner . 2022-04-04 . 10 Greatest Video Games Of 2002, According To Metacritic . 2023-03-29 . ScreenRant . en . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329055616/https://screenrant.com/metacritic-best-video-games-2002/ . live .
25. Web site: The 100 Best Video Games and PC Games From the 2000s . 2023-03-29 . Complex . en . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329055624/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/the-best-video-games-of-the-2000s . live .
26. Web site: Smith . Ed . 2016-06-09 . Why 2002 Was Possibly the Most Important Year in Video Gaming History . 2023-03-29 . Vice . en . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329055622/https://www.vice.com/en/article/wdbe79/why-2002-was-possibly-the-most-important-year-in-video-gaming-history-244 . live .
27. Web site: 2002 World Sports Highlights . 2023-03-29 . Top End Sports . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062009/https://www.topendsports.com/world/timeline/2002.htm . live .
28. Web site: Kaufman . King . 2003-01-01 . 2002: The year in sports . 2023-03-29 . Salon . en . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062014/https://www.salon.com/2002/12/31/year_in_sports_3/ . live .
29. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2003 . 2003-01-20 . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . 92-1-109144-6 . March 30, 2023 . July 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230709210509/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2003/ . live .
30. Web site: Geller . Adam . 2002-12-20 . 2002's Hottest Business Stories . 2023-03-30 . CBS News . en-US . March 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330021121/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2002s-hottest-business-stories/ . live .
31. Annual 2002 Global Climate Report . 2003 . . 2023-03-30 . March 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330030957/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/200213 . live .
32. Web site: Timeline: World's deadliest earthquakes since 2000 . 2023-10-01 . Al Jazeera . en . October 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005031552/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/6/the-worlds-deadliest-earthquakes-since-2000 . live .
33. Pasch . Richard J. . Lawrence . Miles B. . Avila . Lixion A. . Beven . John L. . Franklin . James L. . Stewart . Stacy R. . 2004-07-01 . Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2002 . Monthly Weather Review . EN . 132 . 7 . 1829–1859 . 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1829:AHSO>2.0.CO;2 . 2004MWRv..132.1829P . 1520-0493. free .
34. Web site: Saunders . Mark . Lea . Adam . 2003-01-17 . Summary of 2002 NW Pacific Typhoon Season and Verification of Authors' Seasonal Forecasts . Tropical Storm Risk . University College London . March 30, 2023 . July 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230703084025/http://tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRNWP2002Verification.pdf . live .
35. World Health Report: 2002 . 2002-09-11 . . 92-4-156207-2 . 1020-3311 . March 30, 2023 . March 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330034242/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241562072 . live .
36. Book: Britannica Book of the Year 2003 . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2003 . 978-0852299562.
37. Book: Karatnycky, Adrian . Freedom in the World 2003: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties . Rowman & Littlefield . 2003 . 978-0-7425-2870-3 . 14–16 . en . Liberty's Expansion in a Turbulent World . March 30, 2023 . March 21, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230321093001/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Freedom_in_the_World_2003_complete_book.pdf . live .
38. Book: The Annual Register 2002 . Keesing's Worldwide . 2003 . 1-886994-46-3 . Lewis . D. S..
39. Book: The Annual Register 2002 . Keesing's Worldwide . 2003 . 1-886994-46-3 . Lewis . D. S..
40. Web site: Getz . Arlene . 2002-12-25 . The Top Stories Of 2002 . 2023-03-30 . Newsweek . en . March 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330055222/https://www.newsweek.com/top-stories-2002-141407 . live .
41. Web site: 2002-12-23 . Science's Top Ten: Discovery Of Genes' "Control Switches" Named Top Advance Of 2002 . 2023-03-30 . ScienceDaily . en . March 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330071713/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/12/021223084005.htm . live .
42. Web site: NASA - Space Flight 2002 - The Year in Review . 2023-03-30 . NASA . en . March 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330071710/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/reports/2002/index.html . live .
43. Web site: Maxwell . David . 2021-10-07 . Lessons from the Philippines: Irregular Warfare in Action . 2022-12-12 . Modern War Institute . en-US . December 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212014833/https://mwi.usma.edu/lessons-from-the-philippines-irregular-warfare-in-action/ . live .
44. News: Russia To Conduct Observation Flight Over US Under Open Skies Treaty. Bora. Kukil. 2014-12-08. International Business Times. 2017-01-27. February 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050300/http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-conduct-observation-flight-over-us-under-open-skies-treaty-1742081. live.
45. Web site: Celebrations as euro hits the streets. 2002-01-01. BBC News. 2017-01-27. April 8, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080408085040/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/1/newsid_4044000/4044891.stm. live.
46. Web site: The euro becomes the sole legal tender in all euro area countries. 2002-02-28. European Central Bank. en. 2017-01-27. April 8, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140408095616/https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2002/html/pr020228.en.html. live.
47. News: Church allowed abuse by priest for years . Matt . Carroll . Sacha . Pfeiffer . Michael . Rezendes . Walter V. . Robinson . The Boston Globe . 2002-01-06 . 2023-03-12 . May 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190518025527/https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/special-reports/2002/01/06/church-allowed-abuse-priest-for-years/cSHfGkTIrAT25qKGvBuDNM/story.html . live .
48. Web site: Case study - volcanic eruption in a developing country: Mt Nyiragongo - Volcanoes and volcanic eruptions - Edexcel - GCSE Geography Revision - Edexcel . BBC Bitesize . 22 March 2021 . April 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210410145811/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpf9mnb/revision/7 . live .
49. Web site: The Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Momodu. Samuel. Black Past. January 16, 2017. en. 2017-01-27. February 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032641/http://www.blackpast.org/gah/sierra-leone-civil-war-1991-2002. live.
50. News: 2002-02-03 . Toll in Blast at Nigerian Armory Exceeds 1,000 . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-12-12 . 0362-4331 . June 22, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190622163251/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/03/world/toll-in-blast-at-nigerian-armory-exceeds-1000.html . live .
51. Web site: 2003-10-06 . Turkey: Afyon earthquake - Final report . 2022-12-11 . Reliefweb . United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . en . August 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813065711/https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/turkey-afyon-earthquake-final-report . live .
52. Web site: Queen helps CBC TV mark 50th anniversary. 2002-10-11. CBC. 2016-06-04. January 27, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160127085229/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/queen-helps-cbc-tv-mark-50th-anniversary-1.323865. live.
53. Web site: Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics - results & video highlights. 2016-10-13. International Olympic Committee. 2016-12-10. June 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160602104222/https://www.olympic.org/salt-lake-city-2002. live.
54. News: The Trial of Slobodan Milosevic. 2002-02-11. The New York Times. 0362-4331. 2017-01-27. November 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201108030603/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/11/opinion/the-trial-of-slobodan-milosevic.html. live.
55. Web site: 2002-02-15 . Bahrain now a monarchy . 2022-12-12 . Deseret News . en . December 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212003209/https://www.deseret.com/2002/2/15/19637636/bahrain-now-a-monarchy . live .
56. News: Odyssey Turns Its Cameras on Mars. Long. Tony. 2002-01-19. Wired. en-US. 2017-01-27. September 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200901201922/https://www.wired.com/2009/02/feb-19-2002-odyssey-turns-its-cameras-on-mars/. live.
57. Web site: February 20, 2002 . Horror on Egypt fire train . 2022-12-12 . CNN . November 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108115101/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/africa/02/20/egypt.train/ . live .
58. News: Savimbi 'died with gun in hand'. 2002-02-25. BBC News. 2016-06-04. June 14, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230614151458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1839252.stm. live.
59. News: Dugger . Celia W. . 2002-02-22 . Sri Lanka and Rebels Sign Cease-Fire Agreement . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-12-11 . 0362-4331 . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211045957/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/22/international/sri-lanka-and-rebels-sign-ceasefire-agreement.html . live .
60. News: Sirilal . Ranga . 2008-01-02 . Sri Lanka ends ceasefire with Tamil Tigers . en . Reuters . 2022-12-11 . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211045934/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-31216020080102 . live .
61. News: 2021-02-16 . Godhra train burning case accused held after 19 years . en-IN . The Hindu . 2022-12-11 . 0971-751X . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211204011/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/godhra-train-burning-case-accused-held-after-19-years/article33853611.ece . live .
62. Web site: Ghosh . Sohini . 2022-07-01 . Gulberg Society case: 69 dead, 30 missing, all those convicted out on bail . 2022-12-11 . The Indian Express . en . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211205500/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/gulberg-society-case-69-dead-30-missing-all-those-convicted-out-on-bail-8003685/ . live .
63. Web site: 2003-04-29 . Congo: Over 2,300 Ninjas surrender in recent days . 2022-12-12 . ReliefWeb . en.
64. News: New satellite will monitor global warming. 2002-03-01. The Guardian. en-GB. 0261-3077. 2017-01-27. October 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201018125737/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2002/mar/01/spaceexploration.environment. live.
65. Book: Volger . Helmut . A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations . 28 December 2021 . BRILL . 978-90-04-48120-6 . 394 . en.
66. Geibel . Adam . 2002 . Operation Anaconda, Shah-i-Khot Valley, Afghanistan, 2-10 March 2002 . . 82 . 3 . 72–77 . December 11, 2022 . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211045937/https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2017-Online-Exclusive-Articles/Operation-Anaconda-Shah-i-Khot-Valley-Afghanistan/ . live .
67. News: 2002-03-15 . Saudi police 'stopped' fire rescue . en-GB . 2022-12-12 . January 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180109001148/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1874471.stm . live .
68. Web site: 2004-04-01 . Afghanistan: Earthquake Appeal No.10/02 Operations Update No. 5 . 2022-12-11 . ReliefWeb . United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . en . January 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230117051523/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-earthquake-appeal-no1002-operations-update-no-5 . live .
69. News: Ten years after Passover blast, survivors return to Park Hotel. Friedman. Matti. 2012-03-27. The Times of Israel. en-US. 2017-01-27. March 29, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120329232332/http://www.timesofisrael.com/ten-years-after-passover-bombing-survivors-return-to-netanyas-park-hotel/. live.
70. News: UN report details West Bank wreckage. Whitaker. Brian. 2002-08-02. The Guardian. en-GB. 0261-3077. 2017-01-27. October 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201015042344/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/02/israel. live.
71. Web site: 2002-04-02 . afrol News - Third autonomous region breaks with Somalia . 2022-12-12 . afrol News . December 25, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181225082645/http://www.afrol.com/News2002/som004_southwest.htm%20 . live .
72. Session I: Jenin: What Actually Happened? . 2003-01-01 . Institute for National Security Studies . 15–22 . 2022-12-12 . December 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212014840/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep08976.5 . live .
73. Web site: Bloody siege of Bethlehem. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1389824/Bloody-siege-of-Bethlehem.html . January 11, 2022 . subscription . live. Guardia. Anton La. 2002-04-04. The Telegraph. 2016-06-04.
74. Web site: April 3, 2002 . Israeli tanks roll across West Bank . 2022-12-12 . CNN . December 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212014831/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/03/mideast.military/index.html . live .
75. News: Butcher . Tim . 2002-04-05 . Unita signs peace treaty with Angolan army to end 27-year civil war . en . The Telegraph . live . subscription . 2017-01-27 . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/angola/1389946/Unita-signs-peace-treaty-with-Angolan-army-to-end-27-year-civil-war.html . January 11, 2022.
76. Jones (2008:327–8)
77. Book: Nelson. Brian A.. The Silence and the Scorpion. The silence and the scorpion : the coup against Chávez and the making of modern Venezuela. 2009. Nation Books. 978-1568584188. online. New York. 23–25.
78. Web site: 2 January 2008. Esposa de Gebauer espera publicación en Gaceta de Ley de Amnistía. 31 January 2010. El Universal. es. Otto Gebauer fue imputado por el delito de insubordinación y privación ilegítima de libertad al coronel Hugo Chávez Frías,. November 9, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081109014835/http://politica.eluniversal.com/2008/01/02/pol_ava_esposa-de-gebauer-es_02A1282403.shtml. live.
79. Web site: 15 March 2006. Veneconomía. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.veneconomy.com/site/files/articulos/artEsp3586_2470.pdf . 2022-10-09 . live. 29 January 2010. es.
80. Rey, J. C. (2002), "Consideraciones políticas sobre un insólito golpe de Estado", pp. 1–16; cited in Cannon (2004:296); "In 2002, Venezuela's military and some of its business leaders ousted President Chavez from power and held him hostage." (N. Scott Cole (2007), "Hugo Chavez and President Bush's credibility gap: The struggle against US democracy promotion", International Political Science Review, 28(4), p498)
81. Web site: Bellos. Alex. Chavez rises from very peculiar coup. 8 February 2015. The Guardian. April 15, 2002. May 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200524051905/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/15/venezuela.alexbellos. live.
82. Web site: 2018-10-27 . Major Attacks Against Synagogues Around the Globe . 2022-12-11 . VOA . en . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211203958/https://www.voanews.com/a/major-attacks-against-synagogues-around-the-globe/4632226.html . live .
83. News: Forero . Juan . 2002-04-14 . A Chávez Comeback More Astounding Than His Fall . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-12-11 . 0362-4331 . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211045934/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/14/world/a-chavez-comeback-more-astounding-than-his-fall.html . live .
84. Web site: Search Continues At Korean Crash Site . Grace . Francie . 2002-04-16 . CBS News . 2016-06-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141031184125/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/search-continues-at-korean-crash-site/ . October 31, 2014 .
85. News: Afronaut mourns his 'bride'. 2002-05-28. BBC News. 2016-06-04. October 11, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081011034859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2012307.stm. live.
86. Web site: Grattan . Steven . Voge . Cady . Bojaya massacre: After 17 years, victims' remains returned . 2022-12-11 . Al Jazeera . en . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211060404/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/11/15/bojaya-massacre-after-17-years-victims-remains-returned . live .
87. News: 2010-03-31 . Timeline: Recent attacks in Russia . en . Reuters . 2022-12-11 . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211060402/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-metro-blasts-timeline-idUSTRE62U0YJ20100331 . live .
88. News: Russia's space dreams abandoned. 2002-05-13. BBC News. 2019-10-04. en-GB. November 21, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081121211200/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1985631.stm. live.
89. Web site: Ahmad . Mukhtar . 2002-05-14 . 33 killed in suicide attack in Jammu . 2022-12-11 . Rediff . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211060410/https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/may/14jk.htm . live .
90. Web site: East Timor celebrates as a nation is born. 2002-05-20. The Age. 2017-01-27. February 3, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170203202856/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/05/19/1021801638341.html. live.
91. Netflix Announces Initial Public Offering . May 22, 2002 . September 9, 2021 . September 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210909005749/https://ir.netflix.net/investor-news-and-events/financial-releases/press-release-details/2002/Netflix-Announces-Initial-Public-Offering/default.aspx . live.
92. Web site: Bush, Putin sign arms deal. 2002-05-24. CNN. 2017-01-27. February 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202065058/http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/bush.europe/. live.
93. News: Bradsher. Keith. Taiwanese Airliner With 225 Aboard Crashes in Sea. 25 May 2002. The New York Times. 3 November 2014. 0362-4331. October 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221012170131/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/world/taiwanese-airliner-with-225-aboard-crashes-in-sea.html. live.
94. News: The opening ceremony: as it happened. Murray. Scott. 2002-05-31. The Guardian. en-GB. 0261-3077. 2017-01-27. October 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201017170028/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/may/31/worldcupfootball2002.sport10. live.
95. Web site: Brazil crowned world champions. 2002-06-30. BBC News. 2017-01-27. April 14, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120414085237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/matches_wallchart/germany_v_brazil/newsid_2067000/2067939.stm. live.
96. Web site: Kyoto Protocol on climate change | EUR-Lex .
97. Web site: 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan. fifa.com. 2020-10-11. November 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201105204901/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/koreajapan2002/matches/match/43950014/#match-lineups. live.
98. Web site: 2023-08-31 last obs . JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 50000 Quaoar . NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 5 July 2024 .
99. News: 2002-06-04 . Syrian dam collapses . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-12-12 . September 14, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170914174803/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2025583.stm . live .
100. Web site: Near-Earth Objects Pose Threat, General Says. Bosker. A.J.. 2002-09-17. Space Daily. 2016-06-04. December 1, 2002. https://web.archive.org/web/20021201192527/http://www.spacedaily.com/news/deepimpact-02s.html. live.
101. News: Nervous System Hookup Leads to Telepathic Hand-Holding. Giaimo. Cara. 2015-06-10. Atlas Obscura. en. 2017-01-27. June 11, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150611064804/http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/nervous-system-hookup-leads-to-telepathic-hand-holding. live.
102. Web site: Afghanistan ratified a new constitution on 26 Jan 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20101127090617/http://president.gov.af/sroot_eng.aspx?id=68. dead. November 27, 2010.
103. CIA World Factbook 2003
104. Web site: 2002-06-22 . Iran: Qazvin/Hamadan Area Earthquake - Information Bulletin n° 1 . 2022-12-11 . ReliefWeb . United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . en . July 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172404/https://reliefweb.int/report/iran-islamic-republic/iran-qazvinhamadan-area-earthquake-information-bulletin-n-1 . live .
105. Web site: 200 Dead In Tanzania Train Wreck. Hancock. David. 2002-06-24. CBS News. 2016-06-04. June 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160629233550/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/200-dead-in-tanzania-train-wreck/. live.
106. News: Yonhap . S. Korea marks 2002 inter-Korean naval skirmish with 'victory' ceremony . 23 September 2023 . The Korea Herald . 29 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230101071959/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220629000197 . 1 January 2023 . en.
107. News: Ronaldo's Sweetest Vindication . The New York Times . 1 July 2002 . 22 May 2010 . Jere . Longman . May 1, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110501071146/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/01/sports/soccer-ronaldo-s-sweetest-vindication.html . live .
108. Web site: US renounces world court treaty. 2002-05-06. BBC News. 2017-01-27. July 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180726172535/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1970312.stm. live.
109. Web site: Information regarding the air accident at Überlingen on 1 July 2002. 2009-11-10. 2016-06-04. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091110144925/http://www.skyguide.ch/en/Dossiers/DossierUeberlingen. 2009-11-10.
110. News: African Union replaces dictators' club. 2002-07-08. BBC News. 2016-06-04. March 4, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120304011606/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2115736.stm. live.
111. News: Pollack . Andrew . 2002-07-12 . Traces of Terror: The Science; Scientists Create a Live Polio Virus . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-12-11 . 0362-4331 . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211064220/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/12/us/traces-of-terror-the-science-scientists-create-a-live-polio-virus.html . live .
112. Web site: Tremlett . Giles . 2002-07-18 . Spanish troops recapture Parsley island . 2022-12-12 . The Guardian . en . December 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212014843/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/18/spain.gilestremlett . live .
113. Web site: Ahmad . Mukhtar . 2002-07-13 . 29 killed in militant attack in Jammu . 2022-12-11 . Rediff . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211060403/https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/13jk2.htm . live .
114. Web site: Chen . Na . 2002-07-14 . Dolphin QiQi is Gone, but Research will Continue . 2022-12-07 . Chinese Academy of Sciences . December 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221207161153/https://english.cas.cn/newsroom/archive/news_archive/nu2002/201502/t20150215_136283.shtml . live .
115. Deadly Performance. Ukrainian Militarys Prestige Crashes on Lvov Airfield . The Current Digest of the Russian Press . August 21, 2002 . Svetlana . Stepanenko . 54 . 30 . 16 . 2011-03-24 . January 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035638/https://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/13715639 . live .
116. Web site: 2004-04-30 . Chechen gets life for killing 127 Russian soldiers . 2022-12-11 . The Guardian . en . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211060405/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/30/russia.chechnya . live .
117. Web site: World Summit on Sustainable Development. Shah. Anup. 2002-09-07. Global Issues. en-us. 2017-01-27. February 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202075745/http://www.globalissues.org/article/366/world-summit-on-sustainable-development. live.
118. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2002-09-09. DPR Korea: Typhoon Rusa Information Bulletin No. 2/2002. 2012-07-31. August 8, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054037/http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-peoples-republic-korea/dpr-korea-typhoon-rusa-information-bulletin-no-22002. live.
119. Guy Carpenter . 2003-01-30 . Tropical Cyclone Review 2002 . Marsh & McLennan Companies . 2012-07-25 . 21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120206042923/http://gcportal.guycarp.com/portal/extranet/popup/pdf/GCPub/tropcyc_02.pdf . 2012-02-06 .
120. Web site: With Admission of Switzerland, United Nations Family Now Numbers 190 Member States. 2002-09-10. United Nations. en. 2017-01-27. March 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150313224022/https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/GA10041.doc.htm. live.
121. News: Ivory Coast: Turmoil in a troubled country. CBC News. 2017-01-27. September 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200923162917/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ivory-coast-turmoil-in-a-troubled-country-1.1007287. live.
122. The Kolka-Karmadon rock/ice slide of 20 September 2002. Journal of Glaciology. Cambridge University Press. 8 September 2017. Wilfried Haeberli. etal. 50. 171. 533–546. September 13, 2021. September 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210913100318/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/kolkakarmadon-rockice-slide-of-20-september-2002-an-extraordinary-event-of-historical-dimensions-in-north-ossetia-russian-caucasus/7FA91EBF980A35D0235A3A32B13A4FA7. live.
123. News: 2018-11-26 . Accused in 2002 Akshardham temple attack in Gujarat arrested . en-IN . The Hindu . 2022-12-11 . 0971-751X . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211060402/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/accused-in-2002-akshardham-temple-attack-in-gujarat-arrested/article25598887.ece . live .
124. Mysterious Meteorite Dazzles Siberia. Alfred. Randy. 2009-09-25. Wired. 2016-06-04. October 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201018044821/https://www.wired.com/2009/09/0925vitim-meteorite/. live.
125. Web site: Senegal Marks Anniversary of Ferry Disaster Amid Court Cases. 2009-11-01. Voice of America. 2016-06-04. June 24, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160624162927/http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2008-09-26-voa39/400523.html. live.
126. Web site: Unanimous Assembly Decision Makes 191st United Nations Member State. United Nations. 2016-06-04. November 1, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151101142500/https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/ga10069.doc.htm. live.
127. The Foreign Military Presence in the Horn of Africa Region . Melvin . Neil . 2019 . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . 20 . 2022-12-12 . December 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212014829/https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/sipribp1904.pdf . live .
128. News: Bali death toll set at 202. 2003-02-19. BBC News. 2016-06-04. May 13, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160513062055/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2778923.stm. live.
129. News: Chechen gunmen storm Moscow theatre. Steele. Nick Paton Walsh Jonathan. 2002-10-23. The Guardian. en-GB. 0261-3077. 2017-01-27. December 1, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161201224650/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/24/russia.chechnya. live.
130. Web site: Bahrain: parliamentary elections Al-Nuwab, 2002 . 2022-12-11 . archive.ipu.org . March 5, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012223/http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2371_02.htm . live .
131. News: 2002-10-29 . Dozens killed in Vietnam blaze . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-12-12 . December 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212023552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2371427.stm . live .
132. News: Gibraltar Rejects Power-Sharing Between Britain and Spain. Daly. Emma. 2002-11-08. The New York Times. 0362-4331. 2016-06-04. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117182120/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/08/world/gibraltar-rejects-power-sharing-between-britain-and-spain.html. live.
133. Web site: Iraq Weapons Inspections Fast Facts. 2016-03-04. CNN. 2017-01-27. March 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170314010652/http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/30/world/meast/iraq-weapons-inspections-fast-facts/index.html. live.
134. Web site: Martinez . Marta Rodriguez . Llach . Laura . 2022-11-14 . 'Terrifying cocktail': Spain's worst environmental disaster, 20 years . 2022-12-11 . Euronews . en . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211042302/https://www.euronews.com/2022/11/14/spains-biggest-environmental-disaster-the-prestige-20-years-after . live .
135. Feng . Dan . de Vlas . Sake J. . Fang . Li-Qun . Han . Xiao-Na . Zhao . Wen-Juan . Sheng . Shen . Yang . Hong . Jia . Zhong-Wei . Richardus . Jan Hendrik . Cao . Wu-Chun . November 2009 . The SARS epidemic in mainland China: bringing together all epidemiological data . Tropical Medicine & International Health . en . 14 . Suppl 1 . 4–13 . 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02145.x . 7169858 . 19508441.
136. Web site: Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. World Health Organization. 2004. 2011-06-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20110624025825/http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/index.html. 2011-06-24. live.
137. Web site: Astill . James . 2002-11-30 . The truth behind the Miss World riots . 2022-12-11 . The Guardian . en . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211204004/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/30/jamesastill . live .
138. Web site: Bush signs landmark security act. 2002-11-25. BBC News. 2017-01-27. October 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201020062609/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2512891.stm. live.
139. Sher . Hanan . 2003 . Israel . The American Jewish Year Book . 103 . 183–280 . 23605545 . 0065-8987 . June 27, 2022 . June 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220627024124/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23605545 . live .
140. News: Iraqi fighters shot down drone, says US. Tran. Mark. 2002-12-23. agencies. The Guardian. 0261-3077. 2017-01-27. October 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201018085847/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/dec/23/iraq.marktran. live.
141. Anderson . David M. . 2003 . Briefing: Kenya's Elections 2002: The Dawning of a New Era? . African Affairs . 102 . 407 . 331–342 . 10.1093/afraf/adg007 . 3518682 . 0001-9909 . December 12, 2022 . December 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212003207/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518682 . live .