ADD3 explained

Gamma-adducin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADD3 gene.^{[1] [2]}

Adducins are heteromeric proteins composed of different subunits referred to as adducin alpha, beta and gamma. The three subunits are encoded by distinct genes and belong to a family of membrane skeletal proteins involved in the assembly of spectrin-actin network in erythrocytes and at sites of cell-cell contact in epithelial tissues. While adducins alpha and gamma are ubiquitously expressed, the expression of adducin beta is restricted to brain and hematopoietic tissues. Adducin, originally purified from human erythrocytes, was found to be a heterodimer of adducins alpha and beta. Polymorphisms resulting in amino acid substitutions in these two subunits have been associated with the regulation of blood pressure in an animal model of hypertension. Heterodimers consisting of alpha and gamma subunits have also been described. Structurally, each subunit is composed of two distinct domains. The amino-terminal region is protease-resistant and globular in shape, while the carboxy-terminal region is protease-sensitive. The latter contains multiple phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C, the binding site for calmodulin, and is required for association with spectrin and actin. Alternatively spliced adducin gamma transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described. The functions of the different isoforms are not known.

Further reading

• Kaiser HW, O'Keefe E, Bennett V . Adducin: Ca++-dependent association with sites of cell-cell contact . J. Cell Biol. . 109 . 2 . 557–69 . 1989 . 2503523 . 10.1083/jcb.109.2.557 . 2115715 .
• Maruyama K, Sugano S . Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides . Gene . 138 . 1–2 . 171–4 . 1994 . 8125298 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 .
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 . etal.
• Gilligan DM, Lozovatsky L, Gwynn B . Targeted disruption of the β adducin gene (Add2) causes red blood cell spherocytosis in mice . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 96 . 19 . 10717–22 . 1999 . 10485892 . 10.1073/pnas.96.19.10717 . 17949 . 1999PNAS...9610717G . etal. free .
• Citterio L, Azzani T, Duga S, Bianchi G . Genomic organization of the human gamma adducin gene . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 266 . 1 . 110–4 . 2000 . 10581174 . 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1769 .
• Gilligan DM, Sarid R, Weese J . Adducin in platelets: activation-induced phosphorylation by PKC and proteolysis by calpain . Blood . 99 . 7 . 2418–26 . 2002 . 11895774 . 10.1182/blood.V99.7.2418 . free .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . etal. free .
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA . The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 . etal.
• Gocke CB, Yu H, Kang J . Systematic identification and analysis of mammalian small ubiquitin-like modifier substrates . J. Biol. Chem. . 280 . 6 . 5004–12 . 2005 . 15561718 . 10.1074/jbc.M411718200 . free .
• Lanzani C, Citterio L, Jankaricova M . Role of the adducin family genes in human essential hypertension . J. Hypertens. . 23 . 3 . 543–9 . 2005 . 15716695 . 10.1097/01.hjh.0000160210.48479.78 . 37253591 . etal.
• Yenerel MN, Sundell IB, Weese J . Expression of adducin genes during erythropoiesis: a novel erythroid promoter for ADD2 . Exp. Hematol. . 33 . 7 . 758–66 . 2005 . 15963851 . 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.03.015 . etal. free .
• Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F . Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks . Cell . 127 . 3 . 635–48 . 2006 . 17081983 . 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026 . 7827573 . etal. free .

Notes and References

1. Katagiri T, Ozaki K, Fujiwara T, Shimizu F, Kawai A, Okuno S, Suzuki M, Nakamura Y, Takahashi E, Hirai Y . Cloning, expression and chromosome mapping of adducin-like 70 (ADDL), a human cDNA highly homologous to human erythrocyte adducin . Cytogenet Cell Genet . 74 . 1–2 . 90–5 . Dec 1996. 8893809 . 10.1159/000134389 .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: ADD3 adducin 3 (gamma).