ACACA explained

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 also known as ACC-alpha or ACCa is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACACA gene.^{[1] [2]}

Function

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex multifunctional enzyme system. ACC is a biotin-containing enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. There are two ACC forms, alpha and beta, encoded by two different genes. ACC-alpha is highly enriched in lipogenic tissues. The enzyme is under long term control at the transcriptional and translational levels and under short term regulation by the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of targeted serine residues and by allosteric transformation by citrate or palmitoyl-CoA.^[1]

Further reading

• Sinilnikova OM, McKay JD, Tavtigian SV, Canzian F, DeSilva D, Biessy C, Monnier S, Dossus L, Boillot C, Gioia L, Hughes DJ, Jensen MK, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Chajès V, Joulin V, Linseisen J, Chang-Claude J, Boeing H, Dahm S, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Koliva M, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Allen NE, Key T, Palli D, Panico S, Berrino F, Tumino R, Vineis P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, van Gils CH, Lund E, Pera G, Quirós JR, Dorronsoro M, Martínez García C, Tormo MJ, Ardanaz E, Hallmans G, Lenner P, Berglund G, Manjer J, Riboli E, Lenoir GM, Kaaks R . 6 . Haplotype-based analysis of common variation in the acetyl-coA carboxylase alpha gene and breast cancer risk: a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition . Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention . 16 . 3 . 409–15 . March 2007 . 17372234 . 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0617 . 19334996 .
• Diaz FJ, Meary A, Arranz MJ, Ruaño G, Windemuth A, de Leon J . Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha gene variations may be associated with the direct effects of some antipsychotics on triglyceride levels . Schizophrenia Research . 115 . 2–3 . 136–40 . December 2009 . 19846279 . 2784140 . 10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.038 .
• Yatscoff MA, Jaswal JS, Grant MR, Greenwood R, Lukat T, Beker DL, Rebeyka IM, Lopaschuk GD . Myocardial hypertrophy and the maturation of fatty acid oxidation in the newborn human heart . Pediatric Research . 64 . 6 . 643–7 . December 2008 . 18614968 . 10.1203/PDR.0b013e318184d281 . free .
• Law IK, Liu L, Xu A, Lam KS, Vanhoutte PM, Che CM, Leung PT, Wang Y . Identification and characterization of proteins interacting with SIRT1 and SIRT3: implications in the anti-aging and metabolic effects of sirtuins . Proteomics . 9 . 9 . 2444–56 . May 2009 . 19343720 . 10.1002/pmic.200800738 . 22613066 .
• Yoon S, Lee MY, Park SW, Moon JS, Koh YK, Ahn YH, Park BW, Kim KS . Up-regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha and fatty acid synthase by human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 at the translational level in breast cancer cells . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 282 . 36 . 26122–31 . September 2007 . 17631500 . 10.1074/jbc.M702854200 . free .
• de Leon J, Correa JC, Ruaño G, Windemuth A, Arranz MJ, Diaz FJ . Exploring genetic variations that may be associated with the direct effects of some antipsychotics on lipid levels . Schizophrenia Research . 98 . 1–3 . 40–6 . January 2008 . 18031993 . 10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.003 . 26681612 .
• Lee YK, Hwang JT, Lee MS, Kim YM, Park OJ . Kidney bean husk extracts exert antitumor effect by inducing apoptosis involving AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1171 . 1. 484–8 . August 2009 . 19723093 . 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04697.x . 2009NYASA1171..484L . 25769749 .
• Lee-Young RS, Koufogiannis G, Canny BJ, McConell GK . Acute exercise does not cause sustained elevations in AMPK signaling or expression . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise . 40 . 8 . 1490–4 . August 2008 . 18614941 . 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318173a037 . free .
• Lu Y, Dollé ME, Imholz S, van 't Slot R, Verschuren WM, Wijmenga C, Feskens EJ, Boer JM . Multiple genetic variants along candidate pathways influence plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations . Journal of Lipid Research . 49 . 12 . 2582–9 . December 2008 . 18660489 . 10.1194/jlr.M800232-JLR200 . free .
• Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, Patel AJ, Szabó G, Rual JF, Fisk CJ, Li N, Smolyar A, Hill DE, Barabási AL, Vidal M, Zoghbi HY . A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration . Cell . 125 . 4 . 801–14 . May 2006 . 16713569 . 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032 . 13709685 . free .
• Scaglia N, Chisholm JW, Igal RA . Inhibition of stearoylCoA desaturase-1 inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase and impairs proliferation in cancer cells: role of AMPK . PLOS ONE . 4 . 8 . e6812 . 2009 . 19710915 . 2728543 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0006812 . 2009PLoSO...4.6812S . Bonini . Marcelo . free .
• Oshikawa M, Sugai Y, Usami R, Ohtoko K, Toyama S, Kato S . Fine expression profiling of full-length transcripts using a size-unbiased cDNA library prepared with the vector-capping method . DNA Research . 15 . 3 . 123–36 . June 2008 . 18487259 . 2650634 . 10.1093/dnares/dsn010 .
• Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M . Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks . Cell . 127 . 3 . 635–48 . November 2006 . 17081983 . 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026 . 7827573 . free .
• Conde E, Suarez-Gauthier A, García-García E, Lopez-Rios F, Lopez-Encuentra A, García-Lujan R, Morente M, Sanchez-Verde L, Sanchez-Cespedes M . Specific pattern of LKB1 and phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase protein immunostaining in human normal tissues and lung carcinomas . Human Pathology . 38 . 9 . 1351–60 . September 2007 . 17521700 . 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.01.022 .
• Ray H, Suau F, Vincent A, Dalla Venezia N . Cell cycle regulation of the BRCA1/acetyl-CoA-carboxylase complex . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 378 . 3 . 615–9 . January 2009 . 19061860 . 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.090 .
• Ma J, Yan R, Zu X, Cheng JM, Rao K, Liao DF, Cao D . Aldo-keto reductase family 1 B10 affects fatty acid synthesis by regulating the stability of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha in breast cancer cells . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 283 . 6 . 3418–23 . February 2008 . 18056116 . 10.1074/jbc.M707650200 . free .
• Locke GA, Cheng D, Witmer MR, Tamura JK, Haque T, Carney RF, Rendina AR, Marcinkeviciene J . Differential activation of recombinant human acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2 by citrate . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics . 475 . 1 . 72–9 . July 2008 . 18455495 . 10.1016/j.abb.2008.04.011 .
• Ruaño G, Bernene J, Windemuth A, Bower B, Wencker D, Seip RL, Kocherla M, Holford TR, Petit WA, Hanks S . Physiogenomic comparison of edema and BMI in patients receiving rosiglitazone or pioglitazone . Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry . 400 . 1–2 . 48–55 . February 2009 . 18996102 . 10.1016/j.cca.2008.10.009 .
• Shen Y, Tong L . Structural evidence for direct interactions between the BRCT domains of human BRCA1 and a phospho-peptide from human ACC1 . Biochemistry . 47 . 21 . 5767–73 . May 2008 . 18452305 . 2392887 . 10.1021/bi800314m .

Notes and References

1. Web site: Entrez Gene: acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase alpha.
2. Abu-Elheiga L, Jayakumar A, Baldini A, Chirala SS, Wakil SJ . Human acetyl-CoA carboxylase: characterization, molecular cloning, and evidence for two isoforms . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 92 . 9 . 4011–5 . April 1995 . 7732023 . 42092 . 10.1073/pnas.92.9.4011 . 1995PNAS...92.4011A . free .