April 9 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 193  - The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.^[1]
• 475  - Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (Enkyklikon) to the bishops of his empire, supporting the Monophysite christological position.^[2]
• 537  - Siege of Rome: The Byzantine general Belisarius receives his promised reinforcements, 1,600 cavalry, mostly of Hunnic or Slavic origin and expert bowmen. He starts, despite shortages, raids against the Gothic camps and Vitiges but is forced into a stalemate.
• 1241  - Battle of Liegnitz: Mongol forces defeat the Polish and German armies.^[3]
• 1288  - Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Yuan forces are defeated by Trần forces in the Battle of Bach Dang in present-day northern Vietnam.^[4]
• 1388  - Despite being outnumbered 16:1, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious over the Archduchy of Austria in the Battle of Näfels.^[5]
• 1454  - The Treaty of Lodi is signed, establishing a balance of power among northern Italian city-states for almost 50 years.^[6]

1601–1900

• 1609  - Eighty Years' War: Spain and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Antwerp to initiate twelve years of truce.
• 1609  - Philip III of Spain issues the decree of the "Expulsion of the Moriscos".
• 1682  - Robert Cavelier de La Salle discovers the mouth of the Mississippi River, claims it for France and names it Louisiana.
• 1784  - The Treaty of Paris, ratified by the United States Congress on January 14, 1784, is ratified by King George III of the Kingdom of Great Britain, ending the American Revolutionary War. Copies of the ratified documents are exchanged on May 12, 1784.^[7]
• 1860  - On his phonautograph machine, Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville makes the first known recording of an audible human voice.
• 1865  - American Civil War: Robert E. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia (26,765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the war.

1901–present

• 1909  - The U.S. Congress passes the Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act.
• 1917  - World War I: The Battle of Arras: The battle begins with Canadian Corps executing a massive assault on Vimy Ridge.
• 1918  - World War I: The Battle of the Lys: The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps is crushed by the German forces during what is called the Spring Offensive on the Belgian region of Flanders.
• 1937  - The Kamikaze arrives at Croydon Airport in London. It is the first Japanese-built aircraft to fly to Europe.
• 1939  - African-American singer Marian Anderson gives a concert at the Lincoln Memorial after being denied the use of Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution.
• 1940  - World War II: Operation Weserübung: Germany invades Denmark and Norway.
• 1940  - Vidkun Quisling seizes power in Norway.
• 1942  - World War II: The Battle of Bataan ends. An Indian Ocean raid by Japan's 1st Air Fleet sinks the British aircraft carrier and the Australian destroyer .
• 1945  - Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Lutheran pastor and anti-Nazi dissident, is executed by the Nazi regime.
• 1945  - World War II: The German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer is sunk by the Royal Air Force.
• 1945  - World War II: The Battle of Königsberg, in East Prussia, ends.
• 1945  - The United States Atomic Energy Commission is formed.
• 1947  - The Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes kill 181 and injure 970 in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.
• 1947  - The Journey of Reconciliation, the first interracial Freedom Ride begins through the upper South in violation of Jim Crow laws. The riders wanted enforcement of the United States Supreme Court's 1946 Irene Morgan decision that banned racial segregation in interstate travel.
• 1947  - United Nations Security Council Resolution 22 relating to Corfu Channel incident is adopted.
• 1948  - Jorge Eliécer Gaitán's assassination provokes a violent riot in Bogotá (the Bogotazo), and a further ten years of violence in Colombia.
• 1948  - Fighters from the Irgun and Lehi Zionist paramilitary groups attacked Deir Yassin near Jerusalem, killing over 100.
• 1952  - Hugo Ballivián's government is overthrown by the Bolivian National Revolution, starting a period of agrarian reform, universal suffrage and the nationalization of tin mines
• 1952  - Japan Air Lines Flight 301 crashes into Mount Mihara, Izu Ōshima, Japan, killing 37.^[8]
• 1957  - The Suez Canal in Egypt is cleared and opens to shipping following the Suez Crisis.
• 1959  - Project Mercury: NASA announces the selection of the United States' first seven astronauts, whom the news media quickly dub the "Mercury Seven".
• 1960  - Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa and architect of apartheid, narrowly survives an assassination attempt by a white farmer, David Pratt in Johannesburg.
• 1967  - The first Boeing 737 (a 100 series) makes its maiden flight.
• 1969  - The first British-built Concorde 002 makes its maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford with Brian Trubshaw as the test pilot.
• 1980  - The Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein kills philosopher Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and his sister Bint al-Huda after three days of torture.
• 1981  - The U.S. Navy nuclear submarine accidentally collides with the Nissho Maru, a Japanese cargo ship, sinking it and killing two Japanese sailors.^[9]
• 1989  - Tbilisi massacre: An anti-Soviet peaceful demonstration and hunger strike in Tbilisi, demanding restoration of Georgian independence, is dispersed by the Soviet Army, resulting in 20 deaths and hundreds of injuries.^[10]
• 1990  - An IRA bombing in County Down, Northern Ireland, kills three members of the UDR.^[11]
• 1990  - The Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement is signed for 180000km2 in the Mackenzie Valley of the western Arctic.^[12]
• 1990  - An Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia collides in mid-air with a Cessna 172 over Gadsden, Alabama, killing both of the Cessna's occupants.^[13]
• 1991  - Georgia declares independence from the Soviet Union.
• 1992  - A U.S. Federal Court finds former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega guilty of drug and racketeering charges. He is sentenced to 30 years in prison.
• 1994  - Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on STS-59.^[14]
• 2003  - Iraq War: Baghdad falls to American forces.
• 2009  - In Tbilisi, Georgia, up to 60,000 people protest against the government of Mikheil Saakashvili.
• 2013  - A 6.1–magnitude earthquake strikes Iran killing 32 people and injuring over 850 people.
• 2013  - At least 13 people are killed and another three injured after a man goes on a spree shooting in the Serbian village of Velika Ivanča.
• 2014  - A student stabs 20 people at Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville, Pennsylvania.
• 2017  - The Palm Sunday church bombings at Coptic churches in Tanta and Alexandria, Egypt, take place.
• 2017  - After refusing to give up his seat on an overbooked United Express flight, Dr. David Dao Duy Anh is forcibly dragged off the flight by aviation security officers, leading to major criticism of United Airlines.^[15]
• 2021  - Burmese military and security forces commit the Bago massacre, during which at least 82 civilians are killed.^[16]

Births

Pre-1600

• 1096  - Al-Muqtafi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1160)
• 1285  - Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, Emperor Renzong of Yuan (d. 1320)
• 1458  - Camilla Battista da Varano, Italian saint (d. 1524)
• 1498  - Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine (d. 1550)
• 1586  - Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1665)
• 1597  - John Davenport, English minister, co-founded the New Haven Colony (d. 1670)
• 1598  - Johann Crüger, Sorbian-German composer and theorist (d. 1662)

1601–1900

• 1624  - Henrik Rysensteen, Dutch military engineer (d. 1679)
• 1627  - Johann Caspar Kerll, German organist and composer (d. 1693)
• 1634  - Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau (d. 1696)
• 1648  - Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway, French soldier and diplomat (d. 1720)
• 1649  - James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire (d. 1685)
• 1654  - Samuel Fritz, Czech Jesuit missionary to South America (d. 1725?)
• 1680  - Philippe Néricault Destouches, French playwright (d. 1754)
• 1686  - James Craggs the Younger, English politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (d. 1721)
• 1691  - Johann Matthias Gesner, German scholar and academic (d. 1761)
• 1717  - Georg Matthias Monn, Austrian organist, composer, and educator (d. 1750)
• 1770  - Thomas Johann Seebeck, German physicist and academic (d. 1831)
• 1773  - Étienne Aignan, French author and academic (d. 1824)
• 1794  - Theobald Boehm, German flute player and composer (d. 1881)
• 1794  - Søren Christian Sommerfelt, Norwegian priest and botanist (d. 1838)^[17]
• 1802  - Elias Lönnrot, Finnish physician and philologist (d. 1884)
• 1806  - Isambard Kingdom Brunel, English engineer, designed the Clifton Suspension Bridge (d. 1859)
• 1807  - James Bannerman, Scottish theologian and academic (d. 1868)
• 1821  - Charles Baudelaire, French poet and critic (d. 1867)
• 1830  - Eadweard Muybridge, English photographer and cinematographer (d. 1904)
• 1835  - Leopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
• 1835  - Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore (d. 1913)
• 1846  - Paolo Tosti, Italian-English composer and educator (d. 1916)
• 1848  - Ezequiél Moreno y Díaz, Spanish Augustinian Recollect priest and saint (d. 1906)
• 1865  - Erich Ludendorff, German general and politician (d. 1937)
• 1865  - Charles Proteus Steinmetz, Polish-American mathematician and engineer (d. 1923)
• 1867  - Chris Watson, Chilean-Australian journalist and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1941)
• 1867  - Charles Winckler, Danish tug of war competitor, discus thrower, and shot putter (d. 1932)
• 1872  - Léon Blum, French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1950)
• 1875  - Jacques Futrelle, American journalist and author (d. 1912)
• 1880  - Jan Letzel, Czech architect (d. 1925)
• 1882  - Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1946)
• 1882  - Otz Tollen, German actor (d. 1965)
• 1883  - Frank King, American cartoonist (d. 1969)
• 1887  - Konrad Tom, Polish actor, writer, singer, and director (d. 1957)
• 1888  - Sol Hurok, Ukrainian-American talent manager (d. 1974)
• 1893  - Charles E. Burchfield, American painter (d. 1967)
• 1893  - Victor Gollancz, English publisher, founded Victor Gollancz Ltd (d. 1967)
• 1893  - Rahul Sankrityayan, Indian linguist, author, and scholar (d. 1963)
• 1895  - Mance Lipscomb, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1976)
• 1895  - Michel Simon, Swiss-French actor (d. 1975)
• 1897  - John B. Gambling, American radio host (d. 1974)
• 1898  - Curly Lambeau, American football player and coach (d. 1965)
• 1898  - Paul Robeson, American singer, actor, and activist (d. 1976)
• 1900  - Allen Jenkins, American actor and singer (d. 1974)

1901–present

• 1901  - Jean Bruchési, Canadian historian and author (d. 1979)
• 1901  - Paul Willis, American actor and director (d. 1960)
• 1902  - Théodore Monod, French explorer and scholar (d. 2000)
• 1903  - Ward Bond, American actor (d. 1960)^[18]
• 1904  - Sharkey Bonano, American singer, trumpet player, and bandleader (d. 1972)
• 1905  - J. William Fulbright, American lawyer and politician (d. 1995)
• 1906  - Rafaela Aparicio, Spanish actress (d. 1996)
• 1906  - Antal Doráti, Hungarian-American conductor and composer (d. 1988)
• 1906  - Hugh Gaitskell, British politician and leader of the Labour Party (d. 1963)
• 1906  - Victor Vasarely, Hungarian-French painter (d. 1997)
• 1908  - Joseph Krumgold, American author and screenwriter (d. 1980)
• 1908  - Paula Nenette Pepin, French composer, pianist and lyricist (d. 1990)^[19]
• 1909  - Robert Helpmann, Australian dancer, actor, and choreographer (d. 1986)
• 1910  - Abraham A. Ribicoff, American lawyer and politician, 4th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (d. 1998)
• 1912  - Lev Kopelev, Ukrainian-German author and academic (d. 1997)
• 1915  - Daniel Johnson Sr., Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Premier of Quebec (d. 1968)
• 1916  - Julian Dash, American swing music jazz tenor saxophonist (d. 1974)
• 1916  - Heinz Meyer, German Fallschirmjäger (paratrooper) during World War II (d. 1987)
• 1916  - Bill Leonard, American journalist (d. 1994)
• 1917  - Johannes Bobrowski, German songwriter and poet (d. 1965)
• 1917  - Ronnie Burgess, Welsh international footballer and manager (d. 2005)^[20]
• 1917  - Brad Dexter, American actor (d. 2002)
• 1917  - Henry Hewes, American theater writer (d. 2006)^[21]
• 1918  - Jørn Utzon, Danish architect, designed the Sydney Opera House (d. 2008)
• 1919  - J. Presper Eckert, American engineer, invented the ENIAC (d. 1995)
• 1921  - Jean-Marie Balestre, French businessman (d. 2008)
• 1921  - Yitzhak Navon, Israeli politician (d. 2015)
• 1921  - Frankie Thomas, American actor (d. 2006)
• 1921  - Mary Jackson, African-American mathematician and aerospace engineer (d. 2005)^[22]
• 1922  - Carl Amery, German author and activist (d. 2005)
• 1923  - Leonard Levy, American historian and author (d. 2006)
• 1924  - Arthur Shaw, English professional footballer (d. 2015)
• 1925  - Virginia Gibson, American actress, singer, and dancer (d. 2013)
• 1925  - Art Kane, American photographer (d. 1995)
• 1926  - Gerry Fitt, Northern Irish soldier and politician; British life peer (d. 2005)
• 1926  - Hugh Hefner, American publisher, founded Playboy Enterprises (d. 2017)^[23]
• 1926  - Harris Wofford, American politician, author, and civil rights activist (d. 2019)^[24]
• 1927  - Tiny Hill, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2019)
• 1928  - Paul Arizin, American basketball player (d. 2006)
• 1928  - Tom Lehrer, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and mathematician
• 1929  - Sharan Rani Backliwal, Indian sarod player and scholar (d. 2008)
• 1929  - Fred Hollows, New Zealand-Australian ophthalmologist (d. 1993)
• 1929  - Paule Marshall, American author and academic (d. 2019)
• 1930  - Nathaniel Branden, Canadian-American psychotherapist and author (d. 2014)
• 1930  - F. Albert Cotton, American chemist and academic (d. 2007)
• 1930  - Jim Fowler, American zoologist and television host (d. 2019)
• 1930  - Wallace McCain, Canadian businessman, founded McCain Foods (d. 2011)
• 1931  - Richard Hatfield, Canadian lawyer and politician, 26th Premier of New Brunswick (d. 1991)
• 1932  - Armin Jordan, Swiss conductor (d. 2006)
• 1932  - Peter Moores, English businessman and philanthropist (d. 2016)
• 1932  - Carl Perkins, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1998)
• 1933  - Jean-Paul Belmondo, French actor and producer (d. 2021)
• 1933  - René Burri, Swiss photographer and journalist (d. 2014)
• 1933  - Fern Michaels, American author
• 1933  - Richard Rose, American political scientist and academic
• 1933  - Gian Maria Volonté, Italian actor (d. 1994)
• 1934  - Bill Birch, New Zealand surveyor and politician, 38th New Zealand Minister of Finance
• 1934  - Tom Phillis, Australian motorcycle racer (d. 1962)
• 1934  - Mariya Pisareva, Russian high jumper (d. 2023)
• 1935  - Aulis Sallinen, Finnish composer and academic
• 1935  - Avery Schreiber, American actor and comedian (d. 2002)
• 1936  - Jerzy Maksymiuk, Polish pianist, composer, and conductor
• 1936  - Drew Shafer, American LGBT rights activist from Missouri (d. 1989)^[25]
• 1936  - Valerie Solanas, American radical feminist author, attempted murderer (d. 1988)
• 1937  - Simon Brown, Baron Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood, English lieutenant, lawyer, and judge (d. 2023)
• 1937  - Marty Krofft, Canadian screenwriter and producer (d. 2023)^[26]
• 1937  - Valerie Singleton, English television and radio host
• 1938  - Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian businessman and politician, 30th Prime Minister of Russia (d. 2010)
• 1939  - Michael Learned, American actress
• 1939  - Margo Smith, American singer-songwriter (d. 2024)
• 1940  - Hans-Joachim Reske, German sprinter
• 1940  - Jim Roberts, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (d. 2015)
• 1941  - Kay Adams, American singer-songwriter
• 1941  - Hannah Gordon, Scottish actress^[27]
• 1942  - Brandon deWilde, American actor (d. 1972)
• 1943  - Leila Khaled, Palestinian activist
• 1943  - Terry Knight, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2004)
• 1943  - Clive Sullivan, Welsh rugby league player (d. 1985)^[28]
• 1944  - Joe Brinkman, American baseball player and umpire
• 1944  - Heinz-Joachim Rothenburg, German shot putter
• 1945  - Steve Gadd, American drummer and percussionist^[29]
• 1946  - Nate Colbert, American baseball player (d. 2023)^[30]
• 1946  - Alan Knott, English cricketer^[31]
• 1946  - Sara Parkin, Scottish activist and politician^[32]
• 1946  - David Webb, English footballer, coach, and manager
• 1947  - Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Italian economist and academic
• 1948  - Jaya Bachchan, Indian actress and politician
• 1948  - Tito Gómez, Puerto Rican salsa singer (d. 2007)^[33]
• 1948  - Michel Parizeau, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
• 1948  - Patty Pravo, Italian singer
• 1949  - Tony Cragg, English sculptor
• 1952  - Robert Clark, American author
• 1952  - Bruce Robertson, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2023)
• 1952  - Tania Tsanaklidou, Greek singer and actress
• 1953  - John Howard, English singer-songwriter and pianist
• 1953  - Hal Ketchum, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2020)
• 1953  - Stephen Paddock, American mass murderer responsible for the 2017 Las Vegas shooting (d. 2017)
• 1954  - Ken Kalfus, American journalist and author
• 1954  - Dennis Quaid, American actor
• 1954  - Iain Duncan Smith, British soldier and politician, Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
• 1955  - Yamina Benguigui, Algerian-French director and politician
• 1955  - Joolz Denby, English poet and author
• 1956  - Miguel Ángel Russo, Argentinian footballer and coach
• 1956  - Nigel Shadbolt, English computer scientist and academic
• 1956  - Marina Zoueva, Russian ice dancer and coach
• 1957  - Seve Ballesteros, Spanish golfer and architect (d. 2011)
• 1957  - Martin Margiela, Belgian fashion designer
• 1957  - Jamie Redfern, English-born Australian television presenter and pop singer
• 1958  - Nadey Hakim, British-Lebanese surgeon and sculptor^[34]
• 1958  - Tony Sibson, English boxer
• 1958  - Nigel Slater, English food writer and author
• 1959  - Bernard Jenkin, English businessman and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Defence
• 1960  - Jaak Aab, Estonian educator and politician, Minister of Social Affairs of Estonia
• 1961  - Mark Kelly, Irish keyboard player
• 1961  - Kirk McCaskill, Canadian-American baseball and hockey player
• 1962  - John Eaves, American production designer and illustrator
• 1962  - Ihor Podolchak, Ukrainian director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1962  - Imran Sherwani, English field hockey player
• 1962  - Jeff Turner, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster
• 1963  - Marc Jacobs, American-French fashion designer
• 1963  - Joe Scarborough, American journalist, lawyer, and politician
• 1964  - Rob Awalt, German-American football player
• 1964  - Juliet Cuthbert, Jamaican sprinter
• 1964  - Doug Ducey, American politician and businessman, 23rd Governor of Arizona^[35]
• 1964  - Peter Penashue, Canadian businessman and politician, 9th Canadian Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs
• 1964  - Margaret Peterson Haddix, American author
• 1964  - Rick Tocchet, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach
• 1965  - Helen Alfredsson, Swedish golfer
• 1965  - Paulina Porizkova, Czech-born Swedish-American model and actress
• 1965  - Jeff Zucker, American businessman
• 1965  - Mark Pellegrino, American actor^[36]
• 1966  - John Hammond, English weather forecaster
• 1966  - Cynthia Nixon, American actress
• 1967  - Natascha Engel, German-English translator and politician
• 1967  - Sam Harris, American author, philosopher, and neuroscientist
• 1968  - Jay Chandrasekhar, American actor, comedian, writer and director
• 1969  - Barnaby Kay, English actor
• 1969  - Linda Kisabaka, German runner
• 1970  - Chorão, Brazilian singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
• 1971  - Peter Canavan, Irish footballer and manager
• 1971  - Leo Fortune-West, English footballer and manager
• 1971  - Austin Peck, American actor
• 1971  - Jacques Villeneuve, Canadian race car driver
• 1972  - Bernard Ackah, German-Japanese martial artist and kick-boxer
• 1972  - Siiri Vallner, Estonian architect
• 1974  - Megan Connolly, Australian actress (d. 2001)
• 1974  - Jenna Jameson, American actress and pornographic performer
• 1975  - Robbie Fowler, English footballer and manager
• 1975  - David Gordon Green, American director and screenwriter
• 1976  - Kyle Peterson, American baseball player and sportscaster
• 1977  - Gerard Way, American singer-songwriter and comic book writer
• 1978  - Kousei Amano, Japanese actor
• 1978  - Jorge Andrade, Portuguese footballer
• 1978  - Rachel Stevens, English singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress
• 1979  - Jeff Reed, American football player
• 1979  - Keshia Knight Pulliam, American actress
• 1980  - Sarah Ayton, English sailor
• 1980  - Luciano Galletti, Argentinian footballer
• 1980  - Albert Hammond Jr., American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1981  - Milan Bartovič, Slovak ice hockey player
• 1981  - A. J. Ellis, American baseball player
• 1981  - Ireneusz Jeleń, Polish footballer
• 1981  - Dennis Sarfate, American baseball player
• 1981  - Eric Harris, American mass murderer, responsible for the Columbine High School massacre (d. 1999)
• 1982  - Jay Baruchel, Canadian actor
• 1982  - Carlos Hernández, Costa Rican footballer
• 1982  - Kathleen Munroe, Canadian-American actress
• 1983  - Ryan Clark, Australian actor
• 1984  - Habiba Ghribi, Tunisian runner^[37]
• 1984  - Adam Loewen, Canadian baseball player
• 1984  - Óscar Razo, Mexican footballer
• 1985  - Antonio Nocerino, Italian footballer
• 1985  - David Robertson, American baseball player
• 1986  - Mike Hart, American football player
• 1986  - Leighton Meester, American actress
• 1987  - Kassim Abdallah, French-Comorian footballer
• 1987  - Graham Gano, American football player
• 1987  - Craig Mabbitt, American singer
• 1987  - Jesse McCartney, American singer-songwriter and actor
• 1987  - Jarrod Mullen, Australian rugby league player
• 1987  - Jazmine Sullivan, American singer-songwriter
• 1988  - Jeremy Metcalfe, English race car driver
• 1989  - Bianca Belair, American wrestler^[38]
• 1989  - Danielle Kahle, American figure skater
• 1990  - Kristen Stewart, American actress
• 1990  - Ryan Williams, American football player
• 1991  - Gai Assulin, Israeli footballer^[39]
• 1991  - Ryan Kelly, American basketball player
• 1991  - Mary Killman, American synchronized swimmer
• 1992  - Joshua Ledet, American singer
• 1993  - Alexandra Hunt, American politician^[40]
• 1994  - Joey Pollari, American actor
• 1995  - Domagoj Bošnjak, Croatian basketball player
• 1995  - Robert Bauer, German-Kazakhstani footballer
• 1995  - Demi Vermeulen, Dutch Paralympic equestrian^[41]
• 1996  - Jayden Brailey, Australian rugby league player^[42]
• 1996  - Giovani Lo Celso, Argentinian international footballer^[43]
• 1997  - Luis Arráez, Venezuelan baseball player^[44]
• 1998  - Elle Fanning, American actress^[45]
• 1999  - Lil Nas X, American rapper^[46]
• 2000  - Jackie Evancho, American singer^[47]
• 2004  - TommyInnit, British YouTuber and Twitch streamer^[48]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 585 BC  - Jimmu, emperor of Japan (b. 711 BC)
• 436  - Tan Daoji, Chinese general and politician
• 491  - Zeno, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 425)
• 682  - Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari, Egyptian politician, Governor of Egypt (b. 616)
• 715  - Constantine, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 664)
• 1024  - Benedict VIII, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 980)
• 1137  - William X, duke of Aquitaine (b. 1099)
• 1241  - Henry II, High Duke of Poland (b. 1196)
• 1283  - Margaret of Scotland, queen of Norway (b. 1261)
• 1327  - Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, Scottish nobleman (ca. 1296)
• 1483  - Edward IV, king of England (b. 1442)
• 1484  - Edward of Middleheim, prince of Wales (b. 1473)
• 1550  - Alqas Mirza, Safavid prince (b. 1516)^[49]
• 1553  - François Rabelais, French monk and scholar (b. 1494)
• 1557  - Mikael Agricola, Finnish priest and scholar (b. 1510)
• 1561  - Jean Quintin, French priest, knight and writer (b. 1500)^[50]

1601–1900

• 1626  - Francis Bacon, English jurist and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales (b. 1561)^[51]
• 1654  - Matei Basarab, Romanian prince (b. 1588)
• 1693  - Roger de Rabutin, Comte de Bussy, French author (b. 1618)
• 1747  - Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, Scottish soldier and politician (b. 1667)
• 1754  - Christian Wolff, German philosopher and academic (b. 1679)
• 1761  - William Law, English priest and theologian (b. 1686)
• 1768  - Sarah Fielding, English author (b. 1710)
• 1804  - Jacques Necker, Swiss-French politician, Chief Minister to the French Monarch (b. 1732)
• 1806  - William V, stadtholder of the Dutch Republic (b. 1748)
• 1872  - Erastus Corning, American businessman and politician (b. 1794)
• 1876  - Charles Goodyear, American lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1804)
• 1882  - Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (b. 1828)
• 1889  - Michel Eugène Chevreul, French chemist and academic (b. 1786)

1901–present

• 1904  - Isabella II, Spanish queen (b. 1830)^[52]
• 1909  - Helena Modjeska, Polish-American actress (b. 1840)
• 1915  - Raymond Whittindale, English rugby player (b. 1883)
• 1917  - James Hope Moulton, English philologist and scholar (b. 1863)
• 1922  - Hans Fruhstorfer, German entomologist and explorer (b. 1866)
• 1926  - Zip the Pinhead, American freak show performer (b. 1857)
• 1936  - Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist and philosopher (b. 1855)
• 1940  - Mrs Patrick Campbell, English actress (b. 1865)
• 1944  - Yevgeniya Rudneva, Ukrainian lieutenant and pilot (b. 1920)
• 1945  - Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German pastor and theologian (b. 1906)
• 1945  - Wilhelm Canaris, German admiral (b. 1887)
• 1945  - Johann Georg Elser, German carpenter (b. 1903)
• 1945  - Hans Oster, German general (b. 1887)
• 1945  - Karl Sack, German lawyer and jurist (b. 1896)
• 1945  - Hans von Dohnányi, Austrian-German lawyer and jurist (b. 1902)
• 1948  - George Carpenter, Australian 5th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1872)
• 1948  - Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Colombian lawyer and politician, 16th Colombian Minister of National Education (b. 1903)
• 1951  - Vilhelm Bjerknes, Norwegian physicist and meteorologist (b. 1862)
• 1953  - Eddie Cochems, American football player and coach (b. 1877)
• 1953  - C. E. M. Joad, English philosopher and television host (b. 1891)
• 1953  - Hans Reichenbach, German philosopher from the Vienna Circle (b. 1891)
• 1959  - Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect, designed the Price Tower and Fallingwater (b. 1867)
• 1961  - Zog I of Albania (b. 1895)
• 1963  - Eddie Edwards, American trombonist (b. 1891)
• 1963  - Xul Solar, Argentinian painter and sculptor (b. 1887)
• 1970  - Gustaf Tenggren, Swedish-American illustrator and animator (b. 1896)
• 1976  - Dagmar Nordstrom, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1903)
• 1976  - Phil Ochs, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1940)
• 1976  - Renato Petronio, Italian rower (b. 1891)
• 1978  - Clough Williams-Ellis, English-Welsh architect, designed Portmeirion (b. 1883)
• 1980  - Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Iraqi cleric and philosopher (b. 1935)
• 1982  - Wilfrid Pelletier, Canadian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1896)
• 1988  - Brook Benton, American singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1931)
• 1988  - Hans Berndt, German footballer (b. 1913)
• 1988  - Dave Prater, American singer (b. 1937)
• 1991  - Forrest Towns, American hurdler and coach (b. 1914)
• 1993  - Joseph B. Soloveitchik, American rabbi and philosopher (b. 1903)
• 1996  - Richard Condon, American author and publicist (b. 1915)
• 1997  - Mae Boren Axton, American singer-songwriter (b. 1914)
• 1997  - Helene Hanff, American author and screenwriter (b. 1916)
• 1998  - Tom Cora, American cellist and composer (b. 1953)
• 1999  - Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, Nigerien general and politician, President of Niger (b. 1949)
• 2000  - Tony Cliff, Trotskyist activist and founder of the Socialist Workers Party (b. 1917)^[53]
• 2001  - Willie Stargell, American baseball player and coach (b. 1940)
• 2002  - Pat Flaherty, American race car driver (b. 1926)
• 2002  - Leopold Vietoris, Austrian soldier, mathematician, and academic (b. 1891)
• 2003  - Jerry Bittle, American cartoonist (b. 1949)
• 2006  - Billy Hitchcock, American baseball player, coach, manager (b. 1916)
• 2006  - Vilgot Sjöman, Swedish director and screenwriter (b. 1924)
• 2007  - Egon Bondy, Czech philosopher and poet (b. 1930)
• 2007  - Dorrit Hoffleit, American astronomer and academic (b. 1907)
• 2009  - Nick Adenhart, American baseball player (b. 1986)
• 2010  - Zoltán Varga, Hungarian footballer and manager (b. 1945)
• 2011  - Zakariya Rashid Hassan al-Ashiri, Bahraini journalist (b. 1971)
• 2011  - Sidney Lumet, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1924)
• 2012  - Malcolm Thomas, Welsh rugby player and cricketer (b. 1929)
• 2012  - Boris Parygin, Soviet philosopher, psychologist, and author (b. 1930)^[54]
• 2013  - David Hayes, American sculptor and painter (b. 1931)
• 2013  - Greg McCrary, American football player (b. 1952)
• 2013  - Mordechai Mishani, Israeli lawyer and politician (b. 1945)
• 2013  - McCandlish Phillips, American journalist and author (b. 1927)
• 2013  - Paolo Soleri, Italian-American architect, designed the Cosanti (b. 1919)
• 2014  - Gil Askey, American trumpet player, composer, and producer (b. 1925)
• 2014  - Chris Banks, American football player (b. 1973)
• 2014  - Rory Ellinger, American lawyer and politician (b. 1941)
• 2014  - Norman Girvan, Jamaican economist, academic, and politician (b. 1941)
• 2014  - Aelay Narendra, Indian politician (b. 1946)
• 2014  - A. N. R. Robinson, Trinbagonian politician, 3rd President of Trinidad and Tobago (b. 1926)
• 2014  - Svetlana Velmar-Janković, Serbian author (b. 1933)
• 2015  - Paul Almond, Canadian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1931)
• 2015  - Margaret Rule, British marine archaeologist (b. 1928)^[55]
• 2015  - Nina Companeez, French director and screenwriter (b. 1937)^[56]
• 2015  - Alexander Dalgarno, English physicist and academic (b. 1928)
• 2015  - Ivan Doig, American journalist and author (b. 1939)
• 2015  - Tsien Tsuen-hsuin, Chinese-American academic (b. 1909)
• 2016  - Duane Clarridge, American spy (b. 1932)
• 2016  - Will Smith, American football player (b. 1981)
• 2017  - John Clarke, New Zealand-Australian comedian, writer, and satirist (b. 1948)
• 2019  - Charles Van Doren, American writer and editor (b. 1926)^[57]
• 2021  - Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (b. 1921)^[58]
• 2021  - DMX, American rapper and actor (b. 1970)^[59]
• 2021  - Nikki Grahame, British reality-TV icon (b. 1982) ^[60]
• 2021  - Ian Gibson, British scientist and Labour Party politician (b. 1938) ^[61]
• 2021  - Ramsey Clark, American lawyer (b. 1927)^[62]
• 2022  - Dwayne Haskins, American football player (b. 1997)^[63]
• 2023  - Karl Berger, German-American jazz pianist (b. 1935)^[64]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Anglicanism, Lutheranism)
  • Gaucherius
  • Materiana
  • Waltrude
  • April 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Anniversary of the German Invasion of Denmark (Denmark)
• Baghdad Liberation Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)
• Constitution Day (Kosovo)
• Day of National Unity (Georgia)
• Day of the Finnish Language (Finland)
• Day of Valor or Araw ng Kagitingan (Philippines)
• Feast of the Second Day of the Writing of the Book of the Law (Thelema)
• Martyr's Day (Tunisia)
• National Former Prisoner of War Recognition Day (United States)
• Remembrance for Haakon Sigurdsson (The Troth)
• Vimy Ridge Day (Canada)^[65]
• Valour Day (CRPF)^[66]

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on April 9

Notes and References

1. Book: Legrand, Jacques. Chronicle of the World. Ecam Publication. 1989. 236. 0-13-133463-8.
2. Book: Fontaine, Petrus F.M.. The Light and the Dark: A Cultural History of Dualism. Volume 15: Imperialism in Medieval History I. Dualism in Byzantine History 476-638 and Dualism in Islam 572-732. Amsterdam. J.C. Gieben. 1986. 15535828. 196.
3. Book: Grant, R.G.. 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History. New York. Chartwell Books. 2017. 9780785835530. 168.
4. Book: Embree. Ainslie T.. Encyclopedia of Asian History. Volume 4: Sri—Zuny. New York. Scribner. 1988. 9780684189017. 128.
5. Widmer. Marie. Three Decisive Battles in Swiss History. The American Educational Review. October 1914. 18. April 15, 2022.
6. Book: Kirshner, Julius. The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600. Chicago. University of Chicago Press. 1996. 9780226437699. 183.
7. Book: Powers, Dave. Important Documents in American History: A Collection of the Important Documents Throughout America's History. Fallbrook, Calif.. Harvest Publishers. 2010. 978-0-557-79841-4. 35. none.
   Book: Renehan, Edward. The Treaty of Paris: The Precursor to a New Nation. New York. Chelsea House. 2007. 9780791093528. 105.
8. Web site: 1996 . Accident Description . 4 December 2022 . aviation-safety.net.
9. Web site: 2020-04-09. 1981: USS George Washington Sank a Japanese Ship after Surfacing. 2021-04-09. History.info. en-US.
10. Rereading Russian Classics in the Shadow of the Ukraine War . 23 January 2023 . 23 January 2023 . Elif . Batuman . 44 . 98 . 47 . 0028-792X . The New Yorker.
11. Web site: CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths . Cain.ulst.ac.uk . 1990-04-09 . 2016-12-31.
12. Book: Champagne, Duane. The Native North American Almanac: A Reference Work on Native North Americans in the United States and Canada. 2001. Gale Research. 978-0-7876-1655-7. en.
13. Web site: March 5, 1993 . Aviation Accident Final Report . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211222214258/https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20001212X22846-20170725-91135&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA . December 22, 2021 . January 24, 2020 . . ATL90FA095A.
14. Web site: STS-59 . 2024-04-08 . NASA.
15. News: United Airlines Passenger Is Dragged From an Overbooked Flight. Victor. Daniel. 2017-04-10. The New York Times. 2019-04-08. Stevens. Matt. en-US. 0362-4331.
16. News: 2021-04-10 . Myanmar coup: 'Dozens killed' in military crackdown in Bago . en-GB . BBC News . 2021-04-11.
17. Encyclopedia: Søren Christian Sommerfelt . . 22 December 2023. Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no. 17 March 2024.
18. Book: Matheson . Sue . The John Ford Encyclopedia . 2019 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-1-5381-0382-1 . 26 . en.
19. Web site: Chavero. Kolla. Pablo del Cerro. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141227031130/http://www.fundacionyupanqui.com.ar/ata-pablo.html. 27 December 2014. 17 November 2017. Fundacion Yupanqui.
20. Web site: Spurs Odyssey Tribute to the late Ron Burgess. spursodyssey.com. 30 March 2020.
21. News: Henry Hewes, Theater Critic, 89, Is Dead. The New York Times. Isherwood, Charles. Charles Isherwood. July 20, 2006. March 11, 2020.
22. Web site: Mary Jackson Biography & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 20 October 2020 . en.
23. Web site: Jeffries . Stuart . Hugh Hefner obituary . The Guardian . 24 September 2020 . 28 September 2017.
24. News: Harris Wofford, civil rights activist who helped Kennedy win the White House, dies at 92 . . 15 October 2021 . Woo . Elaine . 22 January 2019.
25. Web site: Scharlau . Kevin . Drew Robert Shafer – Profiles in Kansas City Activism . 2023-07-18 . en-US.
26. Web site: Marty Krofft, Producer of 'H.R. Pufnstuf,' 'Land of the Lost,' Dies at 86. Variety. November 25, 2023. November 25, 2023.
27. Web site: Hannah goes back to roots with River City role . www.scotsman.com . 2 November 2007 . 13 October 2020 . en.
28. Web site: Here's why Welsh rugby league icon Clive Sullivan is being celebrated with a Google Doodle. 9 April 2021 .
29. Book: John Thomakos. Drum Backbeats Encyclopedia: Hundreds of Useful Backbeats for the Drumset. 3 May 2005. Alfred Music. 978-1-4574-1707-8. 10.
30. Web site: Nate Colbert, Padres' all-time HR leader, dies at 76 . MLB.com . 9 January 2023 . en.
31. Book: Ashley Alexander Mallett. Eleven: The Greatest Eleven of the 20th Century. 2001. Univ. of Queensland Press. 978-0-7022-3258-9. 93.
32. Book: Elizabeth Sleeman. The International Who's Who of Women 2002. 2001. Psychology Press. 978-1-85743-122-3. 435.
33. http://www.prpop.org/biografias/t_bios/tito_gomez.shtml Biografías:Tito Gómez
34. Web site: CURRICULUM VITAE Prof NADEY S. HAKIM . imperial.ac.uk . 15 October 2021 . DOC.
35. Web site: Doug Ducey . 7 January 2019 . . 9 February 2023.
36. Web site: Rose. Mike. clevel. .com. 2020-04-09. Today's famous birthdays list for April 9, 2020 includes celebrities Dennis Quaid, Elle Fanning. live. 2021-06-02. Cleveland.com. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20200417100421/https://www.cleveland.com/life-and-culture/j66j-2020/04/dffe221d0e5638/todays-famous-birthdays-list-for-april-9-2020-includes-celebrities-dennis-quaid-elle-fanning.html . 2020-04-17 .
37. Web site: Habiba GHRIBI Profile . www.worldathletics.org . 8 April 2020.
38. Web site: Bianca Belair . . 28 March 2023 . 2 May 2020.
39. Web site: Barça : Gai Assulin, le nouveau Messi s'est perdu en chemin. January 23, 2019.
40. News: Weiss . Haley . She was a stripper during college. Now she's running for Congress and sharing her story. . The Washington Post . 4 October 2021 . 3 April 2023.
41. Web site: Demi Vermeulen data . fei.org . 2 August 2020.
42. Web site: Jayden Brailey . Newcastle Knights . 8 April 2020 . en . 14 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200814013426/https://www.newcastleknights.com.au/teams/telstra-premiership/newcastle-knights/jayden-brailey/ . dead .
43. Web site: Giovani Lo Celso. premierleague.com. 30 March 2020.
44. Web site: Luis Arraez . . 28 March 2023.
45. Web site: Elle Fanning · BIFA · British Independent Film Awards . BIFA · British Independent Film Awards . 8 April 2020 . 12 October 2018.
46. Web site: Who is Lil Nas X, how old is he, and what is his net worth? . Metro . 8 April 2020 . en . 3 July 2019.
47. Web site: Greenburg . Zack O'Malley . Jackie Evancho: 14 Questions With The 30 Under 30 Opera Prodigy . Forbes . 8 April 2020 . en.
48. Web site: April 9, 2021. One day into being 17 and Dwayne The Rock Johnson has told me to do hard drugs. Best Birthday EVER!. live. May 15, 2021. Twitter. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20210409223838/https://twitter.com/tommyinnit/status/1380651249675161602 . 2021-04-09 .
49. Encyclopedia: ALQĀS MĪRZA . Fleischer . C. . Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9 . 907–909 .
50. Vella . Horatio C. R. . Jean Quintin's Insulae Melitae Descriptio (1536) : an anniversary and a discussion on its sources . Humanitas: Journal of the Faculty of Arts . 2003 . 2 . 155–171 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200919235623/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/51546/1/Humanitas2A8.pdf . 19 September 2020 . University of Malta.
51. Gaukroger . Stephen . Bacon, Francis . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . 2007 . 79 . 10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_94. 978-0-387-31022-0 .
52. Web site: Isabella II, queen of Spain . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 April 2021 . en.
53. News: Paul Foot . Paul Foot (journalist) . Tony Cliff . . 11 April 2000 . 9 April 2021 .
54. https://psyjournals.ru/journals/sps/archive/2012_n2/51684 In Memory of Boris Dmitriyevich Parygin
55. Web site: Margaret Rule obituary . The Guardian . 10 April 2021 . en . 16 April 2015.
56. Web site: Nina Companeez . https://web.archive.org/web/20190829221034/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f22e70c . dead . August 29, 2019 . BFI . 10 April 2021 . en.
57. News: McFadden. Robert D.. 2019-04-10. Charles Van Doren, a Quiz Show Whiz Who Wasn't, Dies at 93. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-08-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707194338/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/obituaries/charles-van-doren-dead.html. 2020-07-07. 0362-4331.
58. News: Prince Philip has died aged 99, Buckingham Palace announces . 9 April 2021 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210409111256/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11437314. 9 April 2021. 9 April 2021. live.
59. News: DMX, Top-Selling but Troubled Rapper, Dies at 50. The New York Times. 9 April 2021. Slotnik. Daniel E..
60. Web site: Big Brother star Nikki Grahame dies, aged 38. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2021/04/10/big-brother-star-nikki-grahame-has-died-age-38/amp/ . 2022-01-12 . subscription . live.
61. Web site: 2021-04-25. Ian Gibson obituary. 2021-04-26. The Guardian. en.
62. News: Martin. Douglas. 2021-04-10. Ramsey Clark, Attorney General and Rebel With a Cause, Dies at 93. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-04-26. 0362-4331.
63. Web site: 2022-04-09 . Steelers QB Haskins dies after being hit by car . 2022-04-09 . ESPN.com . en.
64. News: West . Michael J. . Jazz musician and local treasure, Karl Berger dies at 88 . April 15, 2023 . . April 11, 2023.
65. Book: Cunningham . Jack . Maley . William . Australia and Canada in Afghanistan: Perspectives on a Mission . 2 May 2015 . Dundurn . 978-1-4597-3126-4 . 218 . en.
66. Web site: Police . Central . Valour Day . crpf.gov.in .