9M14 Malyutka Explained

9M14 Malyutka AT-3 Sagger
Origin:	Soviet Union
Type:	Anti-tank missile
Is Explosive:	yes
Is Missile:	yes
Service:	1963–present
Used By:	Soviet Union and others
Wars:	Vietnam War Yom Kippur War Western Sahara War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War^[1] Iran–Iraq War Gulf War Croatian War of Independence 2006 Lebanon War First Chechen War Second Chechen War Libyan Civil War Syrian Civil War Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)^[2] Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present) Tigray War 2023 Israel–Hamas war
Designer:	Design Bureau of Machine-Building (KBM, Kolomna)
Design Date:	1961–1962
Manufacturer:	Soviet Union, Russia as successor state and other countries under license and domestic versions
Unit Cost:	$10,500 per missile (AT-3D, export cost 2019)^[3]
Production Date:	1963
Variants:	9M14M, 9M14P1, Malyutka-2, Malyutka-2F
Weight:	10.9 kg (9M14M) 11.4 kg (9M14P1) 12.5 kg (Malyutka-2) ~12 kg (Malyutka-2F) 30.5 kg (Launcher and guidance)^[4] ^[5]
Length:	860 mm 1,005 mm combat ready (Malyutka-2)
Width:	393 mm (wingspan)
Diameter:	125 mm
Range:	500–3,000 m
Sights:	9S415 guidance unit
Filling Weight:	2.6 kg (9M14M, 9M14P1) 3.5 kg (Malyutka-2, Malyutka-2F)
Speed:	115m/s (9M14M, 9M14P1) 130m/s (Malyutka-2, Malyutka-2F)^[6]
Guidance:	MCLOS, SACLOS (Later variants)

The 9M14 Malyutka (Russian: Малютка|links=no; "Little one", NATO reporting name: AT-3 Sagger) is a manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) wire-guided anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system developed in the Soviet Union. It was the first man-portable anti-tank guided missile of the Soviet Union and is probably the most widely produced ATGM of all time—with Soviet production peaking at 25,000 missiles a year during the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, copies of the missile have been manufactured under various names by at least six countries.

Although they have been supplanted by more advanced anti-tank guided missiles, the Malyutka and its variants have seen widespread use in nearly every regional conflict since the 1960s and are still kept in large stockpiles and sometimes used to this day by non state actors such as Hezbollah.^[7]

Development

Development began in July 1961 with the government assigning the project to two design teams: Tula and Kolomna.^[8] The requirements were:

• Vehicle mountable and/or man portable
• Range of 3,000 meters
• Armor penetration of 200 millimetres at 60°
• Maximum weight of 10 kilograms

The designs were based on the Western ATGMs of the 1950s, such as the French ENTAC and the Swiss Cobra. In the end, the prototype developed by the Kolomna Machine Design Bureau, who were also responsible for the 3M6 Shmel, was chosen. Initial tests were completed by 20 December 1962, and the missile was accepted for service on 16 September 1963.^[9]

Description

The missile can be fired from a portable suitcase launcher (9P111), ground vehicles (BMP-1, BRDM-2) and helicopters (Mi-2, Mi-8, Mi-24, Soko Gazelle). The missile takes about five minutes to deploy from its 9P111 fibreglass suitcase, which also serves as the launching platform.

The missile is guided to the target by means of a small joystick (9S415), which requires intensive training of the operator. The operator's adjustments are transmitted to the missile via a thin three-strand wire that trails behind the missile. The missile climbs into the air immediately after launch, which prevents it from hitting obstacles or the ground. In flight, the missile spins at 8.5 revolutions per second—it is initially spun by its booster, and the spin is maintained by the slight angle of the wings. The missile uses a small gyroscope to orient itself relative to the ground; as a result, the missile can take some time to bring back in line with the target, which gives it a minimum range of between 500mand800mm (1,600feetand2,600feetm). For targets under 1,000 m, the operator can guide the missile by eye; for targets beyond this range the operator uses the eight-power, 22.5-degree field of view, 9Sh16 periscope sight.

The engagement envelope is a 3km (02miles) wide, 45-degree arc centered on the missile's launch axis. At ranges under 1.5km (00.9miles), this arc reduces until, at the 500m (1,600feet) range, the missile can only hit targets 50m (160feet) either side of the center line. Accuracy falls off away from the launch axis—falling to approximately half its optimal accuracy at the extremes.

While early estimates of the missile hitting the target ranged from 60 to 90%, experience has shown that it can drop to an efficiency between 2 and 25% in case of less than optimal conditions and lack of skill from the operator. In fact, MCLOS requires considerable skill on the part of the operator, nevertheless, the weapon has always been quite popular with its operators and has enjoyed a constant updating effort both in the Soviet Union/Russia and in other countries.

The two most serious defects of the original weapon are its minimum range of between 500mand800mm (1,600feetand2,600feetm) (targets that are closer cannot be effectively engaged) and the amount of time it takes the slow moving missile to reach maximum range—around 30 seconds—giving the intended target time to take appropriate action, either by retreating behind an obstacle, laying down a smoke-screen, or by returning fire on the operator.https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm100-2-3%2891%29.pdf

Later versions of the missile addressed these problems by implementing the much easier to use guidance system (though only available for ground vehicle and helicopter mounts), as well as upgrading the propulsion system to increase the average flight speed. The latest updates feature tandem-charge warheads or standoff probes to counteract explosive reactive armor, as well as thermal imaging systems. Even in these latest versions, the Malyutka is probably the most inexpensive ATGM in service today.

History

In Soviet service, the man-portable version was deployed as part of the anti-tank platoon of motor rifle battalions. Each platoon had two Malyutka sections, each with two teams. Each team had two launcher stations. One assistant gunner in each team served as an RPG-7 gunner. The RPG-7 was needed to cover the 500 meter deadzone created by the minimum range of the missile.

It is also an integrated part of the BMP-1, BMD-1, and BRDM-2 vehicles.

Vietnam War

On 23 April 1972, the recently organized Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 20th Tank Regiment was attacked by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) employing the Malyutka for the first time.^[10] The 20th was the only South Vietnamese armor unit equipped with the M48 Patton tank. This first employment of the Malyutka destroyed one M48A3 and one M113 armored cavalry assault vehicle (ACAV), and a second ACAV was damaged.^[11]

During this engagement with the weapon, the ARVN tankers appeared fascinated by the missile's slow and erratic flight,^[11] but through experience, they soon deployed countermeasures against the weapon system. Upon launching by the enemy, ARVN crewmen would fire all their weapons towards the missile's firing position, which would make the gunner flinch and lose control of his missile. Although the gunner could take cover away from the launch site, the joystick control wire only allowed 15 meters of clearance. During the engagement, the ARVN eventually lost eight tanks to the 9M14M missile, but had developed tactics to defend themselves against it.^[10]

During the Battle of Kontum (1972), 33 missiles were fired and 32 hit, destroying four tanks, two howitzers, six bunkers and seven other targets.^[12]

During the Battle of Cửa Việt (1973), the PAVN put up fierce resistance to the attack, destroying 26 M48s and M113s with 9M14 missiles.^[13]

Vietnam claims that throughout the war, PAVN gunner Dao Van Tien fired 134 missiles and 130 hit, destroying 23 tanks and APCs, 12 howitzers, 27 bunkers and 17 other targets.^[14]

Yom Kippur War

The missile was employed by Arab armies during the initial phases of the Yom Kippur War.^[15] Later in the war, the Israelis adopted new tactics and learned to neutralize the threat by employing large concentrations of artillery fire to either distract or kill the missile operators.^[15] Other improvised methods used by the Israelis to defeat the Malyutkas involved firing in front of the tank to create dust, moving back and forth and firing at the source of the missile.^[16] These Israeli tactics were later adopted by NATO forces to counter the threat posed by Warsaw Pact ATGMs.^[16] In total, Malyutkas knocked out more than 800 Israeli tanks and other combat vehicles during the war.^[17]

Libyan Civil War

Rebels of the Free Libyan Army have been filmed using Malyutkas during the Libyan Civil War.^{[18] [19]}

Syrian Civil War

See main article: Syrian Civil War. Syrian rebels have also uploaded videos of themselves firing Malyutkas against government forces since late 2012.^[20]

2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel

See main article: 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel. On 7th October 2023, a Palestinian faction, Al-Quds Brigades uploaded a video of them on Telegram supposedly operating a Malyutka inside a building located adjacent with the Israeli border against an Israeli vehicle near Nahal Oz.^[21] However, the article cited has mistaken the Malyutka used as an Iranian RAAD.^[22] Similar rockets were fired in large numbers by Hezbollah on Israeli targets along the northern Israeli border during the war.

Models

• 9M14 Malyutka
  • 9M14 Malyutka (NATO reporting name AT-3 Sagger) wire-guided MCLOS, entered service in 1963.
  • 9M14P Malyutka-P (NATO reporting name AT-3C Sagger C) wire-guided SACLOS, entered service in 1969. Improved warhead (460 mm versus RHA)
    • 9M14P1 Improved warhead (520 mm versus RHA), and a stand off probe for improved capability against ERA.
    • 9M14MP1
    • 9M14MP2
  • 9M14M Malyutka-M (NATO reporting name AT-3B Sagger B) wire-guided MCLOS, entered service in 1973. Improved motor, reducing flight time to maximum range. Mass 11 kg. Range 3 km.
  • 9M14-2 Malyutka-2 (NATO reporting name AT-3D Sagger D) wire-guided SACLOS, entered service in 1992. Speed improved to 130 m/s. 3.5 kg HEAT warhead (800 mm penetration versus RHA). Weight 12.5 kg. Range 3 km.
    • 9M14-2M Malyutka-2M 4.2 kg tandem HEAT warhead for improved capability against ERA. Weight 13.5 kg. Speed 120 m/s.
    • 9M14-2P Malyutka-2P
    • 9M14-2F Malyutka-2F 3.0 kg thermobaric warhead. Intended for use against troops and soft vehicles.
    • 9M14P-2F
    • 9M14-2T^[23] Serbian VTI Malyutka-2T SACLOS. 4.4 kg tandem HEAT warhead (1,000 mm penetration versus RHA), improved capability against ERA. Weight 13.7 kg. Speed 120 m/s.^[24]
    • 2T5 Serbian VTI Malyutka-2T5 range 5 kilometers, guided missile via radio control. Speed 200 m/s.^[25]
• HJ-73 Hongjian Red Arrow-73 China
  • HJ-73 MCLOS entered service in 1979
  • HJ-73A SACLOS new guidance system as well as stronger primary warhead.
  • HJ-73B SACLOS stand off probe for improved capability against ERA
  • HJ-73C SACLOS tandem HEAT warhead to penetrate vehicles protected by ERA. Launcher equipped with thermals.^[26]
• RAAD Iran
  • RAAD 9M14M clone
  • RAAD-T tandem HEAT warhead
  • I-RAAD SACLOS
  • I-RAAD-T SACLOS tandem HEAT warhead
• Susong-Po North Korean
• Maliutka M2T Romania, joint ELMEC and Euromissile project, uses MILAN 2T tandem warhead capable of defeating ~900mm of RHA.^[27]
• Kun Wu 1 In the 1970s, the Taiwanese National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology replicated and produced the 9M14 Malyutka as the Kun Wu.^[28] The ROC had obtained the 9M14 Malyutkas from South Vietnam. Due to the dated design and low priority placed on anti-tank weapons by the armed forces it was not widely adopted.^[29]

Production

The Malyutka and modern derivatives are still produced in several versions in following countries:

• North Korea – domestic version Susong-Po
• Iran – domestic modernized version RAAD
• Serbia – few domestic modernized versions with different types of warheads, range and guidance
• Vietnam – CTVN-18, under license from Serbia version with improved SACLOS guidance
• China – HJ-73 variants
• Romania – Malyutka M2T
• Egypt – licensed modernized version AHRAM with new warheads and a thermal sight

Operators

Current

• − Used by the Taliban^[30]
• ^[31]
• ^[32]
• Azerbaijan^[33]
• ^[34]
• ^[35]
• ^[36]
  • Eritrea
  • Guinea
  • Indonesia^[37]
• Kyrgyzstan
  • • • • − Includes Chinese HJ-73C
    • ^[38]
    • – Chinese HJ-73
• Sudan
  • Turkmenistan
• Uzbekistan

Non-state

• Al-Shabaab^[39]
• Boko Haram^[40]
• Hamas − Reportedly smuggled from the Sinai peninsula^[41]
• Hezbollah
• Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant^[42]
• Islamic State – Sinai Province^[43]
• KDP Peshmerga^[42]
• Libyan National Army
• Palestine Liberation Organization^[1]
• Palestinian Islamic Jihad (aka Al-Quds Brigades)^[44]
• Popular Mobilization Units^[45]
• Syrian Democratic Forces^[46]
• Syrian rebels
• Tahrir al-Sham
• YPG

Former

• Albania − Chinese HJ-73^[47]
  • − Chinese HJ-73
• − In storage
• Cambodia − Chinese HJ-73
• Congo
  • • • • ^[48]
  • Guinea-Bissau
    • • Iraqi insurgents
  • Kosovo Liberation Army^[49]
  • Libya
  • ^[48]
• National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDR)
• National Liberation Army (Macedonia)
  • ^[50]
  • Palestinian Authority ^[51]
  • Somalia
• ^[48]
  • − Kun Wu^[52]
  • Union of Forces for Democracy and Development^[53]

See also

• List of Russian weaponry
• List of NATO reporting names for anti-tank missiles

References

• Hull, A.W., Markov, D.R., Zaloga, S.J. (1999). Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices 1945 to Present. Darlington Productions. .
• Book: Hogg . Ian V. . Ian V. Hogg . Jane's Infantry Weapons 1987-88 . 1987 . Janes Information Group . 978-0-7106-0843-7 . 1st . English.
• Book: Jones . Richard D. . Ness . Leland . Jane's Infantry Weapons 2010-2011 . 2010 . Janes Information Group . 978-0-7106-2908-1 . 36th.
• Противотанковый ракетный комплекс "Малютка" (9К14/9К11)
• ПТУР первого поколения в АОИ, by Oleg Granovsky
• ПТРК 9К11/9К14 «Малютка»
• Starry, Donn A., General. Mounted Combat in Vietnam. Vietnam Studies; Department of the Army. First printed 1978-CMH Pub 90–17.
• Dunstan, Simon. Vietnam Tracks-Armor in Battle. 1982 edition, Osrey Publishing; .

External links

• short YouTube video showing Sagger being unpacked and prepared to fire
• FAS report on AT-3 SAGGER Anti-Tank Guided Missile
• Russian webpage on AT-3 MALYUTKA

Notes and References

1. Encyclopedia: Batailles de chars au Liban. fr . Encyclopédie des armes : Les forces armées du monde. Atlas. 1986. 16. I. 1. Les chars modernes.
2. Web site: Iraqi forces use AT-3 Sagger anti-tank guided missiles to destroy ISIS sniper nests north of Samarra. YouTube. 25 August 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053610/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzETZhy9xK8. 8 December 2015. live.
3. Web site: Daily use of Russia's anti-tank missiles costs regime $1.2 mn daily. en.zamanalwsl.net.
4. Web site: AT-3 SAGGER Anti-Tank Guided Missile Hongjian (Red Arrow)-73 . Federation of American Scientists (FAS) . 6 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180502/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/at3sagger.htm . 3 March 2016 . live .
5. Web site: AT-3 SAGGER Anti-Tank Guided Missile Hongjian (Red Arrow)-73 . www.globalsecurity.org . Global Security . 15 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031351/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/at-3-specs.htm . 16 December 2018 . live .
6. Web site: Btvt.narod.ru. 13 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20110406075242/http://btvt.narod.ru/4/sagger.htm. 6 April 2011. live.
7. Web site: Missiles and Rockets of Hezbollah . 2024-03-22 . Missile Threat . en-US.
8. Book: McNab, Chris . Sagger anti-tank missile vs M60 main battle tank : Yom Kippur War 1973 . 2018 . 978-1-4728-2578-0 . Oxford, UK . 7 . 1020793018.
9. Book: Sewell . Stephen . Soviet T-55 Main Battle Tank . Kinnear . James . Bloomsbury Publishing . 2019 . 9781472838537 . 122.
10. Dunstan
11. Book: Starry, Donn. Mounted Combat In Vietnam Vietnam Studies. Department of the Army. 1978. 978-1780392462.
12. Web site: Kỳ tích của trắc thủ tên lửa B72 .
13. Book: Melson, Charles. U.S. Marines In Vietnam: The War That Would Not End, 1971–1973. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. 1991. 978-1482384055.
14. Web site: Kỳ tích của trắc thủ tên lửa B72 .
15. Tucker, Spencer, C, The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars, ABC-CLIO, LLC, (Santa Barbara California, 2010), p. 158,
16. Rabinovich, Abraham, The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed The Middle East, Random House, p.140
17. "PTUR suhoputnih voisk", G.N.Dmitriev, Arhiv-Press, 1997, pp.10(Russian:ПТУР Сухопутных войск / Под ред. Г. Н. Дмитриева. — Киев: Архив-Пресс, 1997. — С. 10. — (Архив 500+). — 700 экз.)
18. Web site: Misratah - AL DAFNIA BATTLE 6. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/IvVd_Nfd5gA . 2021-12-21 . live. YouTube. 13 November 2014.
19. Web site: صاروخ سعدون - YouTube. YouTube. 13 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150707004526/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae6zGgGXKoU. 7 July 2015. live.
20. Web site: YouTube. YouTube. 20 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151201192433/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5b4_kF2hn4. 1 December 2015. live.
21. Web site: 22 October 2023 . The RAAD: An Iranian Anti-Tank Missile in Service of the Islamic Jihad . 8 March 2024 . ISRAELDEFENSE.
22. Web site: 7 October 2023 . Al-Quds Brigades Telegram . 8 March 2024 . Telegram.
23. Web site: MTI develops longer-range Malyutka 2T - Jane's 360. www.janes.com. 7 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180508055106/http://www.janes.com/article/72229/mti-develops-longer-range-malyutka-2t. 8 May 2018. dead.
24. Web site: МАLYUTKA - 2 ANTI-TANK GUIDED MISSILE FAMILY - SDPR - Yugoimport. www.yugoimport.com. 8 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170529234810/http://www.yugoimport.com/en/proizvodi/malyutka-2-anti-tank-guided-missile-family. 29 May 2017. live.
25. Web site: Partner 2023: Serbia's Military Technical Institute presents Malyutka Povr 2T5 Anti-Armored Guided Missile . Army Recognition . 23 September 2023 . 20 August 2024 . en.
26. https://www.armyrecognition.com/july_2014_global_defense_security_news_uk/china_has_delivered_hj-73d_anti-tank_missile_systems_and_assault_rifles_to_south_sudan_1507142.html China has delivered HJ-73D anti-tank missile systems and assault rifles to South Sudan
27. http://www.elmec.ro/eng_produse.html ELMEC website
28. Web site: Malyutka . Military Today . 28 August 2019.
29. Web site: Taiwan's Modest Defense Industries Program . https://web.archive.org/web/20170123214031/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP04T00447R000100590001-9.pdf . dead . 23 January 2017 . Central Intelligence Agency . 28 August 2019.
30. Schroeder . Matt . King . Benjamin . McDonald . Glenn . LeBrun . Emile . Berman . Eric G. . Krause . Keith . Chapter 10. Surveying the Battlefield: Illicit Arms In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia . Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets . 2012 . 12 . 313–348 . 17 April 2024 . Cambridge University Press . en.
31. International Institute for Strategic Studies . Chapter Six: Middle East and North Africa . The Military Balance . 2024 . 124 . 1 . 328–395 . 10.1080/04597222.2024.2298594 . 17 April 2024 . en . 0459-7222 . International Institute for Strategic Studies .
32. International Institute for Strategic Studies . Chapter Eight: Sub-Saharan Africa . The Military Balance . 2024 . 124 . 1 . 458–531 . 10.1080/04597222.2024.2298597 . 17 April 2024 . en . 0459-7222 . International Institute for Strategic Studies .
33. International Institute for Strategic Studies . Chapter Four: Russia and Eurasia . The Military Balance . 2024 . 124 . 1 . 158–217 . 10.1080/04597222.2024.2298592 . 17 April 2024 . en . 0459-7222 . International Institute for Strategic Studies .
34. International Institute for Strategic Studies . Chapter Three: Europe . The Military Balance . 2024 . 124 . 1 . 54–157 . 10.1080/04597222.2024.2298591 . 17 April 2024 . en . 0459-7222 . International Institute for Strategic Studies .
35. Web site: FAS report on AT-3 SAGGER Anti-Tank Guided Missile . 6 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180502/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/at3sagger.htm . 3 March 2016 . live .
36. International Institute for Strategic Studies . Chapter Seven: Latin America and the Caribbean . The Military Balance . 2024 . 124 . 1 . 396–457 . 10.1080/04597222.2024.2298595 . 17 April 2024 . en . 0459-7222 . International Institute for Strategic Studies .
37. International Institute for Strategic Studies . Chapter Five: Asia . The Military Balance . 2024 . 124 . 1 . 218–327 . 10.1080/04597222.2024.2298593 . 17 April 2024 . en . 0459-7222 . International Institute for Strategic Studies .
38. El fracaso militar del Polisario: Smul Niran, una catástrofe de la guerrilla. Salvador López de la Torre. ABC. 32-33. es. 20 November 1984. 4 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180707100622/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1984/11/20/032.html. 7 July 2018. live.
39. Web site: Armed Actor Research Notes: Armed Groups' Holding of Guided Light Weapons. Number 31, June 2013.. Small Arms Survey. 9 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160313111528/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/H-Research_Notes/SAS-Research-Note-31.pdf. 13 March 2016. dead.
40. Web site: 9th And 10th August Nigeria SITREP (Boko Haram). 9 August 2014. Fulan Nasrullah. 12 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142832/https://fulansitrep.wordpress.com/2014/08/09/9th-and-10th-august-nigeria-sitrep-boko-haram/. 12 June 2018. live.
41. News: Harel . Amos . IDF worried Hamas may have advanced anti-tank missiles . 17 April 2024 . Haaretz . 21 February 2007 . en.
42. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 2017
43. 972971281367920640. Mansourtalk.
    1. Egyptian army seizures in...
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44. Web site: Palestinian militants from the Al-Quds Brigades, the armed wing of.... AFP/Getty Images. Said Khatib. 28 July 2016 .
45. Web site: Iraq: Turning a blind eye: The arming of the Popular Mobilization Units. 5 January 2017. Amnesty International. 9 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20170313161058/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1453862017ENGLISH.PDF. 13 March 2017. live.
46. Web site: Janovský . Jakub . Seven Years of War — Documenting Syrian Rebel Use of Anti-Tank Guided Missiles . Bellingcat . 17 April 2024 . 4 May 2018.
47. Web site: Ioannis . Michaletos . Security and Defense in Albania . rieas.gr . Research Institute for European and American Studies . 16 April 2024 . 10 August 2008.
48. Web site: Arms transfer database . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . 17 April 2024.
49. Web site: Urosevac Kosovo Yugoslavia Kfor Polish Ukrainian Soldiers Redaktionelles Stockfoto – Stockbild | Shutterstock.
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52. Book: Chant . Christopher . A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware (Routledge Revivals) . 3 June 2014 . Routledge . 978-1-134-64675-3 . 1117–1118 . en.
53. Web site: Guided light weapons reportedly held by non-state armed groups 1998-2013.. Small Arms Survey.. March 2013. 9 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20140818055508/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/M-files/Armed%20groups'%20guided%20missiles%20-%20March%20update.pdf. 18 August 2014. dead.