Boeing 747-8 Explained

The Boeing 747-8 is the final series of the large, long-range wide-body airliners in the Boeing 747 family from Boeing Commercial Airplanes. The 747-8 is the largest variant of the 747 and Boeing's largest aircraft.After introducing the 747-400, Boeing considered larger 747 versions as alternatives to the proposed double-deck Airbus A3XX, later developed as the Airbus A380. The stretched 747 Advanced was launched as the on November 14, 2005, for a market forecast of 300 aircraft.The first 747-8F Freighter performed its maiden flight on February 8, 2010, and the passenger 747-8I Intercontinental followed suit on March 20, 2011.The cargo version was first delivered in October 2011 and the airliner began commercial service in June 2012.

Its fuselage is stretched by 18feet to 250feet, making it the longest airliner until the 777X, which first flew in 2020. While keeping its basic structure and sweep, the wing is thicker and deeper, holding more fuel, and wider with raked wingtips. Powered more efficiently than preceding 747s by a smaller version of the General Electric GEnx turbofan from the 787 Dreamliner, its maximum take-off weight (MTOW) grew to 975000lb, the heaviest Boeing airliner.The Freighter version has a shorter upper deck and can haul 308000lb over 4120nmi.The Intercontinental version can carry 467 passengers in a typical three-class configuration over 7790nmi.A total of 155 aircraft were built including 107 freighters and 48 passenger airliners. The final aircraft, a 747-8F, was delivered to Atlas Air on January 31, 2023.

Development

Background

See main article: Boeing 747.

Boeing had considered larger-capacity versions of the 747 several times during the 1990s (such as the Boeing New Large Airplane) and 2000s. The 747-500X and -600X, announced at the 1996 Farnborough Airshow, would have stretched the 747, but they did not attract enough interest to enter development. At the same air show, a hypothetical wider-bodied 747-700X was described by a Boeing spokesperson as being possible, but inconsistent with the future requirements identified by the company.

In 2000, Boeing offered the 747X and 747X Stretch derivatives as alternatives to the Airbus A3XX. This was a more modest proposal than the previous −500X and −600X. The 747X would increase the 747's wingspan to by adding a segment at the root.[1] The 747X was to carry 430 passengers up to . The 747X Stretch would be extended to long, allowing it to carry 500 passengers up to . However, the 747X family was unable to attract enough interest to enter production. Some of the ideas developed for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER.[2]

After the 747X program, Boeing continued to study improvements to the 747. The 747-400XQLR (Quiet Long Range) was meant to have an increased range of, with better fuel efficiency and reduced noise. Changes studied included raked wingtips similar to those used on the 767-400ER and a 'sawtooth' engine nacelle for noise reduction.[3] [4] Although the 747-400XQLR did not move to production, many of its features were used for the proposed 747 Advanced.

In early 2004, Boeing announced tentative plans for the 747 Advanced that were eventually adopted. Similar in nature to the 747X, the stretched 747 Advanced used technology from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner to modernize the design and its systems.[5] In 2005, Boeing forecast a market for 300 aircraft, split evenly between freighters and passenger variants.[6]

Design effort

On November 14, 2005, Boeing announced the launching of the 747 Advanced as the "Boeing 747-8".[7] The 747-8 was the first lengthened 747 to go into production and the second 747 version with a fuselage of modified length after the shortened 747SP. The 747-8 was intended to use the same engine and cockpit technology as that of the 787, including the General Electric GEnx turbofan and fly-by-wire ailerons and spoilers.[8] In 2006, Boeing said that the new design would be quieter, more economical and more environmentally friendly than previous versions of the 747. As a derivative of the already-common 747-400, the 747-8 has the economic benefit of similar training and interchangeable parts. Boeing firmed the 747-8 Freighter's configuration in October 2006.[9]

The, as a new development of Boeing's largest airliner, is notably in direct competition on long-haul routes with the Airbus A380, a full-length double-deck aircraft introduced in 2007. For airlines seeking very large passenger airliners, the two have been pitched as competitors on various occasions. Boeing states that the 747-8 is more than 10 percent lighter per seat and consumes 11 percent less fuel per passenger than the A380, translating into a trip-cost reduction of 21 percent and a seat-mile cost reduction of over 6 percent.[10]

Production of the first 747-8 Freighter began in Everett in early August 2008.[11] [12] On November 14, 2008, Boeing announced a delay to the 747-8 program, citing limited availability of engineering resources within Boeing, design changes and the recent strike by factory workers.[13] [14] [15] In February 2009, only one airline customer (Lufthansa) had ordered the 747-8I passenger model, and Boeing announced that it was reassessing the 747-8 project. Chief executive Jim McNerney stated that continuation of the project was not a foregone conclusion, and that the company was assessing various options.[16] [17]

On July 21, 2009, Boeing released a photograph of the first cargo airplane, its fuselage and main wing assembled.[18] In October 2009, Boeing announced that it had delayed the first flight on the 747-8 until the first quarter of 2010 and delayed 747-8I delivery. The company took a US$1-billion charge against its earnings for this delay.[19] [20] [21] In response, launch customer Cargolux stated it still intended to take delivery of the thirteen freighters it had ordered; Lufthansa confirmed its commitment to the passenger version.[22] On November 12, 2009, Boeing announced that Cargolux's first airplane was fully assembled and entering the Everett plant's paint shop. It was to undergo flight testing prior to delivery.[23]

On December 4, 2009, Korean Air became the second airline customer for the −8I passenger model, with an order for five airliners.[24] [25] On January 8, 2010, Guggenheim Aviation Partners (GAP) announced the reduction of its −8F order from four to two aircraft.[26] In March 2011, Korean Air converted options into a firm order for two additional −8 freighters.[27] [28] It received its first -8i in late August 2015.[29]

Flight testing and certification

The first engine runs were completed in December 2009.[30] Boeing announced the new model had successfully completed high-speed taxi tests on February 7, 2010.[31] On February 8, 2010, after a 2.5-hour weather delay, the 747-8 Freighter made its maiden flight, taking off from Paine Field, Washington at 12:39 PST,[32] and landed at 4:18 pm PST.[33] Boeing estimated that more than 1,600 flight hours would be needed in order to certify the .[34] The second test flight in late February, a ferry flight to Moses Lake, Washington, tested new navigation equipment.[35] Further flight testing was to take place in Moses Lake, conducting initial airworthiness and flutter tests, before moving to Palmdale, California, for the majority of flight tests so as to not interfere with 787 flight tests based out of Boeing Field in Seattle.[36]

By March 11, 2010, the 747-8F had flown thirteen flights covering a total of 33 hours.[37] On March 15, 2010, the second 747-8F first flew from Paine Field to Boeing Field, where it was briefly based before moving to Palmdale to continue flight testing with the first −8F.[38] On March 17 the third −8F made its first flight and joined the test program.[39]

During the flight tests, Boeing discovered a buffet problem with the aircraft, involving turbulence coming off the landing gear doors interfering with the inboard flaps. Boeing undertook an evaluation of the issue, which included devoting the third test aircraft to investigating the problem.[40] The issue was resolved by a design change to the outboard main landing gear doors.[41] In early April 2010, Boeing identified a possible defect in one of the upper longerons, a main component of the fuselage. According to Boeing, the parts, manufactured by subcontractor Vought Aircraft Industries, were, under certain loads, susceptible to cracking. Boeing said that the issue would not affect flight testing, but other sources stated that the problem could impact the operating envelope of the aircraft until it was fully repaired.[42] Two other issues found during testing were oscillation in the inboard aileron and a structural flutter, which had not been resolved as of 2010. Combined, these problems slowed flight testing and used up almost all the margin in Boeing's development schedule.[43]

On April 19, 2010, the second flight-test aircraft was moved from Moses Lake to Palmdale to conduct tests on the aircraft's engines in preparation for obtaining a type certification for the aircraft. The remaining aircraft in the test fleet were scheduled to move to Palmdale during May.[44] It was reported on June 3, 2010, that an engine on the second 747-8F was struck by a tug during a ground move. The engine cowling was damaged, but there was no damage to the engine itself. After repairs, the aircraft moved into fuel-efficiency testing.[45] It was announced on June 14, 2010, that the 747-8 had completed the initial phase of flight-worthiness testing and that the Federal Aviation Administration had given Boeing an expanded type-inspection authorization for the aircraft.[46]

By the end of June 2010, the three 747-8Fs that composed the flight-test program had flown a total of over 500 hours and had completed hot-weather testing in Arizona.[47] In June 2010, Boeing determined that a fourth −8F aircraft was needed to help complete flight testing. It was decided to use the second production aircraft, RC503, to conduct the non-instrumented or minimally-instrumented tests, such as HIRF and Water Spray Certifications.[48] [49] The aircraft, painted in delivery customer Cargolux's new livery, first flew on July 23, 2010.[50]

On August 21, 2010, a 747-8F proved the variant's capability by taking off from the runway at Victorville, California weighing 1,005,000 pounds (455,860 kg). Its design maximum take-off weight (MTOW) is 975,000 pounds (442,253 kg). The fifth 747-8F joined the flight-test effort with its first flight on February 3, 2011.[51] On September 30, 2010, Boeing announced a further postponement, with the delivery of the first freighter to Cargolux planned for mid-2011.[52] [53]

The 747-8 passenger version took to the skies over Everett, Washington, for the first time on March 20, 2011.[54] The second 747-8I flew on April 26, 2011.[55] Three 747-8 Intercontinentals had taken part in flight testing by December 2011.[56]

The 747-8F received its amended type certificate jointly from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) on August 19, 2011. Freighter deliveries were to begin on September 19, 2011.[57] [58] Then, on September 17, 2011, Cargolux announced that it would not accept the first two 747-8Fs scheduled for delivery on September 19 and 21, 2011, due to "unresolved contractual issues between Boeing and Cargolux" with the aircraft.[59] [60] It entered service in October 2011.[61]

On October 25, 2011, a 747-8 flew to Grantley Adams International Airport in Barbados to begin flight testing in the tropical climate of the Caribbean, to determine its effects on the aircraft.[62] [63] [64] One test −8i was used for an evaluation by Lufthansa in early December, 2011 before first delivery in early 2012. On December 14, 2011, the 747-8I received its type certificate from the FAA.[65] The aircraft noise from the 747-8 has earned it a Quota Count of 2 for takeoff and 1 for landing at London's three major airports, a significant improvement over the .[66]

In February 2015, the Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental was given 330-minute ETOPS approval, the first time that ETOPS-330 approval was given to a four-engined aircraft.[67]

Into service and further development

On April 21, 2010, Boeing chief executive officer Jim McNerney announced that the company would be accelerating the production of both the Boeing 747 and 777 to support increasing customer demand.[68]

Boeing handed over the first 747-8F to Cargolux in Everett, Washington, on October 12, 2011.[69] The first 747-8 Intercontinental was delivered to Lufthansa on May 5, 2012, which began operating the version on flights from Frankfurt to Washington, D.C., on June 1, 2012.[70]

In 2014, Boeing embarked on an improvement program for the 747-8 named "Project Ozark", with the goal of improved range and lower fuel burn. With all improvements implemented, the resulting aircraft would have a maximum takeoff weight of greater than . The company slowly introduced aspects of Ozark over time. An engine Performance Improvement Package resulted in a 2% lower fuel burn. Boeing also improved the tail fuel tank's function and improved the flight management software. Aircraft produced beginning in 2014 weigh less than the first 747-8 coming off the production line and burn 3.5% less fuel.[71]

Other improvements include revised fairings next to the tail and wing-to-body-fairings. The chevrons on the trailing edge of the GEnx-2B nacelle were made thinner. Boeing hoped that these improvements, which benefit both the passenger and freighter version, would help improve sales. Boeing has since updated the incremental improvements planned for the, which include increasing the maximum takeoff weight to, strengthening the main landing gear and increasing the aircraft's full-payload range to .[72]

Sales prospects

In early 2014, the director-general of the International Air Transport Association noted that slower economic growth, following the Great Recession of 2008, had led to lower demand for air freighters.[73] The world's air cargo fleet in 2012 was smaller than it was in 2003. However, the proportion of very large freighters in that fleet has increased, and Boeing's dominant position in large, fuel-efficient freighters has offered the company an opportunity to protect its market share and its product line despite the market weakness.[74]

Demand has been chiefly for the 747-8F, which accounts for the majority of 747-8 aircraft ordered. The larger capacity of the 747-8 is of particular advantage for the freighter version, because the freighter has no direct competitor,[75] as Airbus' competing A380 freighter version was canceled during development.[76]

Airlines including Emirates and British Airways considered ordering the passenger version, but opted to purchase the Airbus A380 instead.[77] [78] In 2013, Arik Air converted its order for two 747-8s[79] to two 777-300ERs.[80] [81] At the 2013 Paris Air Show, Korean Air agreed to order five 747-8 passenger versions, in addition to five ordered in 2009.[82] Korean Air and Boeing finalized the new -8 order in October 2013.[83]

The overall demand for the 747-8 turned out to be below Boeing's initial projections as well, which led to several reductions in production rate. Production was initially decreased from 2 to 1.75 aircraft per month in April 2013 and then reduced further to 1.5 aircraft per month in October 2013.[84] On June 25, 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported that the order backlog was down to 32 and Boeing had decided to reduce production to one aircraft per month in 2016.[85] In January 2016, Boeing confirmed that it was reducing 747-8 production to 0.5 per month beginning in September 2016, incurring a $569 million post-tax charge against its fourth-quarter 2015 profits. The chief reason given was that the recovery of the air cargo market had stalled, resulting in slowed demand for the 747 freighter.[86] [87]

Boeing cited the 747-8F as the main driver behind potential future 747-8 orders.[88] [89] [90] To help reduce production costs in the meantime and maintain the 747 production line's viability, the company plans to integrate the 747 and 767 production lines more closely with each other.[91] Boeing expected the cargo market to improve by mid-2019 and were planning to increase the 747's production rate back to 1/month from then on. However, in July 2016, this production rate increase was cancelled, i.e. 747 production remained at 0.5 per month. At the same time, the company announced another after-tax charge of $814 million, reflecting a lower estimation of airframes to be produced and revenue realized.[92] In an SEC filing submitted at the same time, Boeing stated that if it was "unable to obtain sufficient orders and/or market, production and other risks cannot be mitigated, [...] it is reasonably possible that we could decide to end production of the 747."[93]

The Boeing 747-8I was intended to fill a niche between the Airbus A380 and the Boeing 777-300ER.[94] The future for the 747-8 passenger version appears limited. Airlines bought the original 747 primarily for its range, not its capacity. The advent of long-range twin-engine jets, notably Boeing's own 777, took away the 747's range advantage. Compared to the 747-8I, the upcoming 777-9X "mini-jumbo jet" is projected to have a lower fuel cost per seat mile and greater cargo capacity, though it has a lower passenger capacity and higher list price; consequently, the 777-9X has totaled more orders than the 747-8I due to airlines placing a high value on fuel efficiency.[95] [96]

For operators that require high capacity on routes, such as Emirates Airlines, most have preferred the Airbus A380 as it is an all-new design, while the 747-8's lineage is 40 years old, although some have criticized the A380's looks and complimented the 747-8I's appearance. Analysts do not see bright prospects for very large aircraft—those with more than 400 seats—whose orders have slowed in the mid-2010s, since there are widebody twinjets with similar range and greater fuel efficiency, giving airlines more flexibility at a lower upfront cost.[97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103]

Volga-Dnepr Airlines signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Boeing for the purchase of 20 more 747-8Fs at the 2015 Paris Air Show.[104] This acquisition was finalized at the 2016 Farnborough Airshow.[105]

On October 27, 2016, UPS Airlines announced an order for 14 747-8Fs with options for an additional 14. The 14 options were then converted to official orders on February 1, 2018.[106] Deliveries are scheduled from 2017 through 2022.[107] On September 7, 2017, it was reported that Turkish Airlines is in negotiations with Boeing for purchasing 8 747-8Is to strengthen its widebody fleet.[108]

In 2019, list-price unit cost of a 747-8I was US$418.4M and a 747-8F US$419.2M.[109] By early 2019, the backlog and production rates were sufficient to sustain production until late 2022.[110]

End of production

On July 2, 2020, media reports stated that Boeing intended to end 747 production in 2022 after the 16 outstanding orders had been built and delivered. The demand for four-engine airliners had been flat for several years, with most orders going to the freighter version.[111] On January 12, 2021, Atlas Air ordered four additional 747-8Fs. These were to be the final four 747-8s built.[112]

The last aircraft built, a 747-8F freighter for Atlas Air, rolled off the production line #1574 (1,574th 747 built) on December 6, 2022, and was delivered on January 31, 2023.[113] [114]

Design

The 747-8 is a development of the Boeing 747 that takes advantage of improvements in technology and aerodynamics. The two 747-8 variants feature a fuselage stretch of over the, bringing the total length to . The 747-8 is the world's longest currently-operational passenger airliner, surpassing the Airbus A340-600 by .[115] [116] With a maximum take-off weight of,[117] the 747-8 is the heaviest aircraft, commercial or military, manufactured in the U.S.

Compared to the preceding, the wing design was overhauled.[118] The sweep and basic structure were retained, avoiding additional costs, but the revised airfoil is thicker and deeper. The new wing features single-slotted outboard flaps and double-slotted inboard flaps.[119] The wing's trailing edge and raked tip are made of carbon-fiber composites.[120] The increased wingspan makes the 747-8 a Category F size airplane rather than Category E size,[121] similar to the Airbus A380.[122]

Raked wingtips, similar to the ones used on the 777-200LR, 777-300ER, and 787 aircraft, are used on the 747-8 instead of winglets used on the .[123] [124] These wingtip structures help reduce the wingtip vortices at the lateral edges of the wings, decreasing wake turbulence and drag and thereby improving fuel efficiency. Another effort to increase efficiency (through weight savings) was the introduction of fly-by-wire technology for the majority of the lateral controls.

The wing of the passenger version holds of jet fuel, and that of the cargo aircraft . Compared to the 747-400 and an intermediate 747 Advanced concept, the extra fuel capacity in the redesigned wing allowed Boeing to avoid adding costly new tanks to the horizontal tail. The 747-8's vertical tail unit is largely unchanged, with a height of .

The General Electric GEnx is the only engine available for the . Unlike the GEnx introduced on the 787, the 747 engine variant provides bleed air and features a smaller diameter to fit on the 747 wing.[125]

Variants

747-8 Freighter

The 747-400 and earlier versions had proven to be a very popular freighter, carrying around half of the world's air freight.[126] To maintain this position, Boeing designed a freight variant of the, named the 747-8 Freighter or 747-8F. The company launched the freighter version on November 14, 2005.[127] The 747-8F is the initial model to enter service. As on the 747-400F, the upper deck is shorter than passenger models; the 18feet stretch is just before and just aft of the wing. The 747-8 Freighter was designed with a maximum take-off weight with a payload capability of and a range of .[128] Four extra pallet spaces were created on the main deck, with either two extra containers and two extra pallets, or three extra pallets, on the lower deck. The 747-8F is expected to have a 16% lower ton-mile operating cost than the 747-400F and offer a slightly greater range.[129]

Cargolux and Nippon Cargo Airlines were the first customers for the, placing orders for the freighter variant in November 2005. The firm configuration of the aircraft was finalized in October 2006.[130] Major assembly of the aircraft began on August 8, 2008, and the aircraft first left Boeing's Everett factory on November 12, 2009.[131] The first aircraft was delivered on October 12, 2011, to Cargolux.[132] At its six-month service mark, Boeing announced that initial 747-8F operators had achieved a 1-percent reduction in fuel burn over projections.[133]

In June 2015, Boeing predicted new orders for the 747-8F based on its projections of a 4.7% annual increase in air cargo demand.[134]

747-8 Intercontinental

The passenger version, named 747-8 Intercontinental or 747-8I was formally launched on November 14, 2005, by Boeing.[135] It can carry up to 467 passengers in a typical three-class configuration over a range of at Mach 0.855. The 747-8I can carry 51 more passengers and two more freight pallets with 26% more cargo volume than the . Initial plans were for a shorter stretch of 140inches, compared to 220inches on the freighter model, but the two variants were eventually offered with the same length to increase passenger capacity, while decreasing range.British Airways supported this change, while Emirates was disappointed as only the shorter concept would have allowed them to fill all seats when flying long non-stop routes like Dubai to Los Angeles.

The GEnx engine and redesigned wing are more efficient: Boeing stated that compared to the, the -8I was to be 16% more fuel-efficient, have 13% lower seat-mile costs with nearly the same cost per trip, and have a 30% smaller noise footprint area.[136] Boeing stated that the 747-8I was the world's fastest commercial jet.[137]

For the, Boeing proposed some changes to the interior layout of the aircraft. The -8I's upper deck is lengthened compared to the .[138] [139] Most noticeable are the curved stairway to the upper deck and a more spacious main passenger entrance.[140] The 747-8's main cabin uses an interior similar to that of the 787. Overhead bins are curved, and the center row is designed to look as though it is attached to the curved ceiling, rather than integrated into the ceiling's curve like on the 777. The windows are also of similar size to the type used on the 777, which are 8% larger than those on the current 747-400s. The 747-8 features a new solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) lighting system, which can create mood lighting.

During the initial 747-8 marketing phase, Boeing also proposed creating a revenue-generating "SkyLoft" passenger facility in the crown space above the cabin. This facility would include "SkySuites", small individual compartments with sliding doors or curtains, featuring beds, seating, and entertainment or business equipment. A common lounge area could also be provided. Boeing also proposed smaller, more modest "SkyBunks". Access to the crown area would be via a separate stairway at the rear of the aircraft. Passengers using the SkySuites, sold at a premium price, would sit in regular economy class seats for take-off and landing, and move to the crown area during flight. However, pricing feasibility studies found the SkyLoft concept difficult to justify. In 2007, Boeing dropped the SkyLoft concept in favor of upper-deck galley storage options, which were favored by the airlines.[141] Outfitting the crown space for sleeping remains an option on VIP aircraft,[142] and the first 747-8 BBJ with AeroLoft was produced in 2012.[143] [144]

The first order for the 747-8 Intercontinental was placed by an undisclosed VIP customer in May 2006.[145] [146] Lufthansa became the first airline to order the 747-8 Intercontinental on December 6, 2006.[147] In December 2009, Korean Air announced the order of five 747-8Is. Boeing stated firm configuration for the −8 was reached in November 2007.[148]

Major assembly of the first 747-8 Intercontinental began on May 8, 2010.[149] Assembly of first 747-8I was completed in February 2011, before being unveiled at a rollout ceremony in Everett, Washington, on February 13, 2011.[150] At the time, deliveries were planned to begin in late 2011.[151]

Following gauntlet ground testing the 747-8 Intercontinental's first flight occurred on March 20, 2011, from Paine Field in Everett, Washington.[152] The second 747-8I first flew the following month. After the flight test program the 747-8I was FAA certified on December 14, 2011.[153] At that time, −8I deliveries were planned to begin in early 2012.

During development testing, aeroelastic flutter was observed during a test that measured how the aircraft performed if its wing-to-strut join fitting fails at the same time the fuel tanks in the horizontal stabilizer were filled at over 15% of their capacity.[154] To meet FAA regulations, Boeing reported in January 2012 that the 747-8's fuel tanks in the horizontal stabilizers would be closed off to prevent their use until the flutter condition can be resolved; this reduced range by . On December 18, 2013, Boeing announced that a series of new performance packages will allow for the reactivation of the tail fuel tanks by early 2014. Earlier 747-8s can also be retrofitted with them.[155]

The first 747-8 Intercontinental was delivered to a VIP customer on February 28, 2012. It was to be outfitted with a VIP interior before beginning service in 2014.[156] The first 747-8I was delivered in May and began commercial service on June 1, 2012, with Lufthansa.[157]

U.S. Presidential aircraft

In 2007, the United States Air Force was seeking to upgrade Air Force One by replacing the VC-25A (two heavily modified Boeing 747-200Bs acquired in the late 1980s).[158] In 2009, Boeing was reported to be exploring a 747-8 proposal, along with a Boeing 787 Dreamliner variant.[159] In January 2015, the Air Force announced the selection of the to replace the aging VC-25A for presidential transport. U.S. Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James said, "The Boeing 747-8 is the only aircraft manufactured in the United States [that] when fully missionized meets the necessary capabilities established to execute the presidential support mission..."[160] [161] In July 2016, Boeing received a second contract for pre-engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) risk-reduction to address "system specification, the environmental control system, the aircraft interior, the electrical and power system and sustainment and maintenance approaches."[162]

On August 1, 2017, Defense One reported that to pay less for the replacement program, the U.S. Air Force purchased two undelivered 747-8Is ordered by a bankrupt Russian firm (Transaero); the aircraft had been stored in the Mojave Desert to prevent corrosion. Boeing and the Air Force will retrofit these aircraft with telecommunications and advanced security equipment for the required security level needed by presidential aircraft.[163]

On February 27, 2018, the White House announced a fixed-price contract worth $3.9 billion (~$ in) for the development of two new 747-8I-based VC-25B aircraft to replace the aging VC-25A aircraft.[164] In March 2020, modifications started at Boeing's San Antonio, Texas facility, including lower lobe doors and internal airstairs, to be delivered by December 2024.[165]

Survivable Airborne Operations Center

See also: Survivable Airborne Operations Center. In April 2024, Sierra Nevada Corporation was awarded a contract to develop and build the Survivable Airborne Operations Center (SAOC) aircraft to replace the Boeing E-4 NAOC. Five 747-8Is were purchased from Korean Air for conversion, with the contract calling for nine in total.[166] [167]

Operators

In July 2018, there were 110 Boeing 747-8 aircraft in airline service with Lufthansa (19), Korean Air (17), Cargolux (14), Cathay Pacific Cargo (14), AirBridgeCargo Airlines (11), UPS Airlines (7), Polar Air Cargo (7), Air China (7), Silk Way West Airlines (5), Atlas Air (3), Qatar Airways Cargo (2), Nippon Cargo Airlines (1), and CargoLogicAir (1).[168] Previous operators include Global Supply Systems, a contractor of British Airways,[169] as well as Saudia Cargo.

Boeing 747-8I aircraft in special VIP configuration for state leaders have also been ordered. The Qatar Amiri Flight received three VIP Boeing 747-8Is. The State of Kuwait received one VIP in 2012. The Royal Flight of Oman received one VIP in 2012. The Brunei Government received a VIP 747-8I in 2016. The Morocco Government received one VIP 747-8I in 2017. Worldwide Aircraft Holding operated one VIP 747-8 that was sold to the Government of Turkey.[170] One VIP 747-8I was received by the government of Saudi Arabia, and is used by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.[171] [172] On September 10, 2021, it was announced that the Egyptian Government had acquired a 747-8I for use as a VIP transport aircraft; the airframe, which had originally been manufactured for Lufthansa as D-ABYE, had not been accepted by the airline and spent several years in storage in the Mojave Desert as N828BA before being re-registered as SU-EGY.

The final 747, a 747-8F destined for Atlas Air, was rolled out on December 6, 2022, marking the end to over 50 years of 747 production.[173]

Orders and deliveries

Boeing 747-8 orders and deliveries by year[174]
2005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023Total
Orders18412025157172218-218-111––155
Deliveries747-8I–––––––125101136–––1––48
747-8F––––––920199768675641107
Total––––––932241918914675741155
Boeing 747-8 firm orders and deliveries
Date of
initial order		Customer747‑8I
orders		747‑8F
orders		Delivered
Cargolux–1414
Nippon Cargo Airlines–88
Business Jet / VIP8–8
Atlas Air–1414
Volga-Dnepr Airlines–66
Lufthansa19–19
Cathay Pacific–1414
Korean Air10717
Air China7–7
Unidentified customer(s)224
Silk Way West Airlines–55
AirBridgeCargo–77
UPS Airlines–2828
U.S. Air Force (Boeing VC-25B "Air Force One")2–2
Qatar Airways–22
Totals48 107 155
155

Boeing 747-8 orders and deliveries (cumulative, by year):ImageSize = width:auto height:250 barincrement:50PlotArea = left:35 bottom:15 top:10 right:18AlignBars = justifyDateFormat= yyyyPeriod = from:0 till:157TimeAxis = orientation:verticalScaleMajor= unit:year increment:100 start:0

PlotData= color:skyblue width:28 bar:2005 from:start till:18 text:18 align:center bar:2006 from:start till:59 text:59 align:center bar:2007 from:start till:79 text:79 align:center bar:2008 from:start till:81 text:81 align:center bar:2009 from:start till:86 text:86 align:center bar:2010 from:start till:87 text:87 align:center bar:2011 from:9 till:92 text:92 align:center bar:2012 from:41 till:99 text:99 align:center bar:2013 from:65 till:116 text:116 align:center bar:2014 from:84 till:118 text:118 align:center bar:2015 from:102 till:120 text:120 align:center bar:2016 from:111 till:138 text:138 align:center bar:2017 from:125 till:136 text:136 align:center bar:2018 from:131 till:154 text:154 align:center bar:2019 from:138 till:153 text:153 align:center bar:2020 from:143 till:154 text:154 align:center bar:2021 from:150 till:155 text:155 align:center bar:2022 from:154 till:155 text:155 align:center

color:green width:28– bar:2011 from:start till:9 text:9 align:center bar:2012 from:start till:41 text:41 align:center bar:2013 from:start till:65 text:65 align:center bar:2014 from:start till:84 text:84 align:center bar:2015 from:start till:102 text:102 align:center bar:2016 from:start till:111 text:111 align:center bar:2017 from:start till:125 text:125 align:center bar:2018 from:start till:131 text:131 align:center bar:2019 from:start till:138 text:138 align:center bar:2020 from:start till:143 text:143 align:center bar:2021 from:start till:150 text:150 align:center bar:2022 from:start till:154 text:154 align:center bar:2023 from:start till:155 text:155 align:center

Data as of January 2023

Incidents

On September 11, 2012, an AirBridgeCargo 747-8F experienced a major engine malfunction that spread a significant amount of metallic debris on the runway. Like in a similar event with the GEnx Engine during pre-flight taxi tests on a Boeing 787, the low-pressure turbine shaft separated and shifted backwards, damaging the low pressure turbine blades and vanes.[175] The NTSB issued urgent safety recommendations to the FAA to require ultrasonic scans for midshaft fractures before use of GEnx engines and require repetitive on-wing inspections of the engine to detect cracks.[176]

On July 31, 2013, an AirBridgeCargo 747-8F experienced core engine icing that caused engine malfunctions and damage to three engines near Chengdu, China, while en route to Hong Kong; the aircraft landed safely at its destination. Boeing and General Electric announced software changes to mitigate the effects of core engine icing.[177] [178] [179]

Specifications

747-8 characteristics[180] ! Variant! 747-8I! 747-8F
Cockpit crewTwo
Accommodation467 (356 Y, J, 24 F) 96x125" pallets + 2 LD1
Exit limit[181] 6058
Cargo volume (m³) (m³)
Length250inchesft2inchesin (ftin)
Height63inchesft6inchesin (ftin)
Wingspan224inchesft7inchesin (ftin)
Wing554m2,[182] sweep 37.5°, AR
Cabin width
MTOW987000lb
OEW485300lb434600lb
Max. payload167700lb292400lb
Fuel capacity63034lk=inNaNlk=in59734USgal
Cruise speed0.855knots km/h mphNaNknots km/h mph0.845knots km/h mphNaNknots km/h mph
MMo0.9knots km/h mphNaNknots km/h mph
Range7730nmi[183] 4265nmi[184]
Ceiling
Engines (4×)GEnx-2B67
Thrust (per engine)
Auxiliary power unitPratt & Whitney PW901A/C[185]

References

Footnotes
Citations

External links

Notes and References

  1. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2000-01-21-Boeing-747-Celebrates-30-Years-In-Service "Boeing 747 Celebrates 30 Years In Service"
  2. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2000-11-28-Boeing-Launches-New-Longer-Range-747-400 "Boeing Launches New, Longer-Range 747-400"
  3. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2002-02-26-Boeing-Offers-New-Quiet-Longer-Range-Version-of-747-400 "Boeing Offers New 747-400X Quiet Longer Range Jetliner"
  4. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-favours-ge-for-latest-747-400-development-143990/ "Boeing favours GE for latest 747-400 development"
  5. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2004-02-09-Boeing-747-the-Queen-of-the-Skies-Celebrates-35th-Anniversary "Boeing 747, the 'Queen of the Skies,' Celebrates 35th Anniversary"
  6. Counterclaims . Robert Wall . Boeing talks up 747 Advanced, talks down Airbus A350 . Aviation Week & Space Technology . October 31, 2005 . 40 . subscription . November 13, 2018 . November 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181113165850/http://archive.aviationweek.com/issue/20051031 . live.
  7. Web site: Boeing Launches New 747-8 Family . Boeing . November 14, 2005 . December 17, 2007 . September 21, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054840/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2005-11-14-Boeing-Launches-New-747-8-Family . live.
  8. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=comm&id=news/OUT04118.xml "Boeing Rethinks 747-8 Outsourcing"
  9. https://web.archive.org/web/20061110052246/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2006/q4/061030g_nr.html "Boeing Completes Firm Configuration of 747-8 Freighter"
  10. Web site: Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental and 747-8 Freighter . Boeing . https://web.archive.org/web/20141021171911/http://www.boeing.com/boeing/commercial/747family/747-8_facts.page . 2014-10-21 . 2011-07-01.
  11. Dunlop, Michelle. "Boeing: Getting 747-8 and 777 ready for production" . Heraldnet.com, August 25, 2008.
  12. Web site: Boeing 747 Program Milestone . Boeing Commercial Airplanes . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524131419/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/pf/pf_milestones.html . 2011-05-24 . January 3, 2011.
  13. https://web.archive.org/web/20081224025354/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2008/q4/081114c_nr.html "Boeing Adjusts 747-8 Program Production and Delivery Schedule"
  14. News: Boeing announces delay in delivery of 747-8 . . November 15, 2008 . February 17, 2009 . March 26, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090326074747/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/boeingaerospace/2008393300_boedelays15.html . live.
  15. Sobie, Brendan. "Atlas seeks compensation for 747-8F delays". Air Transport Intelligence news via flightglobal.com, June 12, 2009.
  16. News: Boeing hints at possible reassessment of 747-8 programme . https://web.archive.org/web/20090202023410/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/01/31/321900/boeing-hints-at-possible-reassessment-of-747-8-programme.html . 2009-02-02 . . January 31, 2009 . July 2, 2011.
  17. News: Boeing replaces head of 747-8 program . . February 24, 2009 . July 2, 2011 . James . Wallace . P-I . Aerospace . October 18, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018035813/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Boeing-replaces-head-of-747-8-program-1301026.php . live.
  18. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2009-07-21-First-Boeing-747-8-Freighter-Takes-Shape "First Boeing 747-8 Freighter Takes Shape"
  19. News: Boeing takes 1bn charge as further problems beset 747-8 jumbo jet . The Times . London . October 7, 2009 . April 26, 2010 . Alexandra . Frean . June 12, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110612190221/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/article6863833.ece . live.
  20. News: Rothman . Andrea . Boeing to Take $1 Billion Charge on 747 Program Costs (Update4) . Bloomberg . October 6, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121104092157/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ayDjY2cqCMNs . dead . November 4, 2012 . January 4, 2011.
  21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8293527.stm "Boeing admits further 747-8 delay"
  22. "Boeing Settles In for a Bumpy Ride". The Wall Street Journal, Marketplace Section, October 7, 2009, p. B1.
  23. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2009-11-12-First-Boeing-747-8-Freighter-Leaves-Factory "First Boeing 747-8 Freighter Leaves Factory"
  24. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/boeing-korean-air-announce-order-for-new-747-8-intercontinental-78568857.html "Boeing, Korean Air Announce Order for New 747-8 Intercontinental"
  25. https://web.archive.org/web/20091207092904/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/12/04/335805/kal-orders-five-boeing-747-8-passenger-aircraft.html "KAL orders five Boeing 747-8 passenger aircraft"
  26. https://web.archive.org/web/20100112144010/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/01/08/336951/guggenheim-cancels-orders-for-two-boeing-747-8fs.html "Guggenheim cancels orders for two Boeing 747-8Fs"
  27. Web site: Korean Air firms up two additional 747-8F options . https://web.archive.org/web/20110323054135/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/03/18/354507/korean-air-firms-up-two-additional-747-8f-options.html . 2011-03-23 . March 18, 2011 . Flight International . March 18, 2011.
  28. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/ /index.php?s=43&item=1673 "Boeing, Korean Air Announce Order for Two 747-8 Freighters"
  29. Web site: Korean Air takes delivery of its first Boeing 747-8I . atwonline.com . September 1, 2016 . September 20, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160920125255/http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines/korean-air-takes-delivery-its-first-boeing-747-8i . live.
  30. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=986 Boeing Successfully Completes 747-8 Freighter Engine Runs
  31. Web site: Boeing Says 747-8 Freighter to Make First Flight . ABC News . February 7, 2010 . February 7, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100210051038/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=9769862 . February 10, 2010.
  32. Ostrower, Jon. "Boeing's 747-8F lifts off on maiden flight". Flightglobal.com, February 8, 2010.
  33. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2010-02-08-Boeing-747-8-Freighter-Successfully-Completes-First-Flight "Boeing 747-8 Freighter Successfully Completes First Flight"
  34. Web site: PICTURES & VIDEO: Boeing's 747-8F lifts off on maiden flight . https://web.archive.org/web/20100212112245/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/02/08/338138/pictures.html . 2010-02-12 . Flight International . February 8, 2010 . February 9, 2010.
  35. Web site: Second flight with a first . Boeing . February 25, 2010 . March 3, 2010 . July 8, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110708082322/http://boeingblogs.com/randy/archives/2010/02/second_flight_with_a_first.html . live.
  36. Web site: 747-8 Resumes Flight Testing . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707100745/http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/747-8-resumes-flight-testing-24062/ . 2011-07-07 . Aviation International News . February 23, 2010 . 2011-07-02.
  37. Web site: 13 flights, 33 hours . Boeing . March 11, 2010 . March 12, 2010 . July 26, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003702/http://boeingblogs.com/randy/archives/2010/03/13_flights_33_hours.html . live.
  38. News: Details and photo from first flight of second Boeing 747-8 . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . March 15, 2010 . March 15, 2010 . October 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121011133756/http://blog.seattlepi.com/aerospace/2010/03/15/details-and-photo-from-first-flight-of-second-boeing-747-8/?source=rss . live.
  39. News: Boeing's last test-flight 747-8 Freighter completes first flight . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . March 17, 2010 . July 2, 2011 . October 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121011133908/http://blog.seattlepi.com/aerospace/2010/03/17/boeings-last-test-flight-747-8-freighter-completes-first-flight/?source=rss . live.
  40. https://web.archive.org/web/20100327092357/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/03/24/339884/747-8f-flap-buffet-could-force-landing-gear-door-redesign.html "747-8F flap buffet could force landing gear door redesign"
  41. Web site: Boeing develops fix for 747-8's flap buffet . flightglobal . 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100704073505/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/07/01/343939/boeing-develops-fix-for-747-8s-flap-buffet.html . 2010-07-04 . 2010-07-02.
  42. Web site: Boeing inspects 747-8F fleet for defective stringers . https://web.archive.org/web/20100412140442/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/04/09/340484/boeing-inspects-747-8f-fleet-for-defective-stringers.html . 2010-04-12 . Flight International . April 9, 2010 . April 11, 2010.
  43. Web site: Boeing 747-8F nears schedule slip as first 747-8I progresses . https://archive.today/20100822014348/http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2010/08/20/346418/boeing-747-8f-nears-schedule-slip-as-first-747-8i-progresses.html . August 22, 2010 . August 20, 2010 . 2010-08-21 . bot: unknown.
  44. Web site: Boeing 747-8F tests move to Palmdale . https://web.archive.org/web/20100716011428/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/04/20/340831/boeing-747-8f-tests-move-to-palmdale.html . 2010-07-16 . Flight International . April 20, 2010 . April 20, 2010.
  45. Ostrower, Jon. "747-8F undergoing repairs after tug incident". Air Transport Intelligence news via Flightglobal.com, June 3, 2010.
  46. News: Boeing 747-8 gets initial flight-worthiness OK from FAA . The Seattle Times . June 14, 2010 . June 24, 2010 . June 17, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100617172410/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/boeingaerospace/2012116145_boeing15.html . live.
  47. News: Boeing 747-8s endure hot weather, top 500 flight hours . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . June 29, 2010 . June 30, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121007163512/http://blog.seattlepi.com/aerospace/archives/212977.asp?source=rss . October 7, 2012.
  48. Ostrower, Jon. "Boeing details role of fourth 747-8F flight test aircraft" . Flightblogger via Flightglobal.com, June 3, 2010.
  49. Ostrower, Jon. "FARNBOROUGH: Boeing presses on with 747-8 certification effort". Flight International, July 13, 2010.
  50. Ostrower, Jon. "Fourth 747-8F flight test aircraft completes first flight" . Flightblogger via Flightglobal.com, July 23, 2010.
  51. Ostrower, Jon. "Fifth 747-8F test aircraft completes first flight". Air Transport Intelligence news via Flightglobal.com, February 4, 2011.
  52. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1448 "Boeing Sets 747-8 Freighter Delivery Schedule for Mid-Year 2011"
  53. Web site: Boeing pushes 747-8F delivery back to mid-2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101002103349/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/09/30/347996/boeing-pushes-747-8f-delivery-back-to-mid-2011.html . 2010-10-02 . Air Transport Intelligence news via flightglobal.com . Trimble, Stephen . September 30, 2010 . February 22, 2011. Stephen Trimble.
  54. http://www.ainonline.com/?q=aviation-news/2011-03-20/first-747-8i-takes-air "First 747-8I Takes to the Air"
  55. Benedikz, Richard. "Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental Flight Test" . Key Publishing via key.aero, April 27, 2011.
  56. Norris, Guy and Lee Ann Tegtmeier. "A380 Experience and Dress Rehearsal Smooth Way For 747-8". Aviation Week, December 12, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  57. Ostrower, Jon. "747-8F and 787 delivery dates come into focus". Air Transport Intelligence news via Flightglobal.com, August 24, 2011.
  58. Web site: Boeing 747-8 Freighter First Delivery Set for Sept. 19 . Boeing . September 7, 2011 . September 24, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110924084821/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1911 . live.
  59. http://www.cargolux.com/Press/PressReleases.php?nid=297 "Cargolux rejects delivery of Boeing 747-8 Freighter aircraft"
  60. https://web.archive.org/web/20110923195446/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/09/19/362225/cargolux-747-8f-dispute-linked-to-late-qatar-787-deliveries.html "Cargolux 747-8F dispute linked to late Qatar 787 deliveries"
  61. New Boeing 747-8 Freighter Hits High Marks with Six Months in Service . Boeing . 24 August 2014 . 4 April 2012 . Jim Proulx . August 26, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120055/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2012-04-04-New-Boeing-747-8-Freighter-Hits-High-Marks-with-Six-Months-in-Service . live.
  62. Brancker, Nadia. "Boeing B787 Dreamliner being tested in Barbados" . Barbados Advocate, October 20, 2011.
  63. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S87tG_A56d0 747-8 Landing in Barbados
  64. http://b747.anyonecanfly.net/wordpress/2011/10/25/747-8_landing_in_barbados/ "747-8 landing in Barbados"
  65. Mecham . Michael . 16 December 2011 . Boeing Completes FAA Certification For 747-8 Intercontinental . Aviation Daily . 29 April 2019.
  66. http://www.cargolux.com/boeing747-8/documents/02_The747-8F/Design%20Highlights/003_747-8_DH_EnvironmentalPerformance.pdf "747-8 Environmental performance – Quieter airport communities"
  67. Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental Receives FAA Approval for 330-Minute ETOPS . March 18, 2015 . . March 9, 2016 . January 29, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170129181321/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2015-03-18-Boeing-747-8-Intercontinental-Receives-FAA-Approval-for-330-Minute-ETOPS . live.
  68. Web site: Boeing Production Rate Increases to Meet Customer Demand . Boeing . 2011-07-01 . July 25, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110725094525/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1128 . live.
  69. Ostrower, Jon. "Boeing delivers first 747-8F". Flightglobal.com, October 12, 2011.
  70. Web site: via COMTEX. PR Newswire . Lufthansa conducts inaugural flight of world's first Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental passenger aircraft from Frankfurt to Washington, D.C. – Scheduled flights begin today – Commemorative celebrations today at Dulles International Airport (IAD) – Lufthansa's brand-new Business Class comes to the U.S. market – Latest in-flight products in every class . Market Watch: The Wall Street Journal . June 23, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120602050936/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/lufthansa-conducts-inaugural-flight-of-worlds-first-boeing-747-8-intercontinental-passenger-aircraft-from-frankfurt-to-washington-dc-2012-06-01. 2012-06-02.
  71. Norris, Guy and Jens Flottau. "Life extension", Aviation Week & Space Technology, July 7, 2014, pp. 21-2.
  72. Web site: FARNBOROUGH: Landing gear tweak key to 747-8 future in passenger market. June 30, 2014. flightglobal.com. October 26, 2016. October 27, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161027055153/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-landing-gear-tweak-key-to-747-8-future-in-passenger-400464/. live.
  73. News: IATA chief says weak cargo remains biggest airline worry . Reuters . February 9, 2014 . January 14, 2017 . March 5, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052722/http://news.yahoo.com/iata-chief-says-weak-cargo-remains-biggest-airline-111048016--sector.html . live.
  74. Norris, Guy. "Slow down", Aviation Week and Space Technology, February 3/10, 2014, pp. 54-55.
  75. Negroni, Christine. 747 the world's airliner . Air & Space, July 2014, pp. 41-47.
  76. Web site: Boeing's 747-8 vs A380: A titanic tussle . February 17, 2006 . flightglobal.com . July 30, 2016 . August 18, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160818042124/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing39s-747-8-vs-a380-a-titanic-tussle-205137/ . live.
  77. News: BA opts for A380 and Dreamliner . September 27, 2007 . BBC . BBC News . September 9, 2011 . September 5, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190905230112/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7015621.stm . live.
  78. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boeing-aircraft-order-idUSL1426438220070814 "Boeing close to 747-8I order from Emirates: report"
  79. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1964 "Arik Air Orders Two Boeing 747-8 Intercontinentals"
  80. Web site: Arik Air ponders possible order for 15 CS300s . November 4, 2013 . Flightglobal . March 25, 2014 . April 29, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140429113957/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/arik-air-ponders-possible-order-for-15-cs300s-392519/ . live.
  81. http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=747&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=747&ViewReportF=View+Report "747 Model Orders and Deliveries summary"
  82. http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2013/06/18/boeing-747-8-wins-life-support-order.html?page=all "Boeing wins life-support order for 747-8 from Korean Air"
  83. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/korean-air-orders-more-boeing-widebodies-392132/ "Korean Air orders more Boeing widebodies"
  84. Trimble, Stephen. "Boeing cuts 747-8 production to 1.5 per month" . Flight Global, October 18, 2013. Accessed: February 7, 2016.
  85. Ostrower, Jon, "Boeing to cut jet production as sales weaken ", The Wall Street Journal, June 25, 2015, p. B3.
  86. Web site: Boeing to Reduce 747 Production Rate, Recognize Fourth-Quarter Charge . January 21, 2016 . Boeing . July 27, 2016 . August 8, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160808063736/http://investors.boeing.com/investors/investor-news/press-release-details/2016/Boeing-to-Reduce-747-Production-Rate-Recognize-Fourth-Quarter-Charge/default.aspx . live.
  87. News: Boeing to Cut Production of 747s . January 22, 2016 . Wall Street Journal . March 5, 2017 . January 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170105222929/http://www.wsj.com/articles/boeing-to-cut-production-of-747s-1453412741 . live.
  88. Web site: 2011 Boeing 747-8 . Julia Baciu . March 25, 2010 . Top Speed . April 1, 2015 .
  89. Web site: Boeing Gets Twin 747-8 Orders . April 1, 2015 . Zacks Investment Research . April 1, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140203073102/http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/103687/Boeing-Gets-Twin-7478-Orders . February 3, 2014 . dead.
  90. News: Boeing's new 747-8 Intercontinental: Same same, but different . April 16, 2013 . CNN.com . April 1, 2015 . March 17, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150317052906/http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/16/travel/lufthansa-747-8-intercontinental . live.
  91. Norris, Guy. "Building Bridges", Aviation Week & Space Technology, April 25-May 8, 2016, p. 27.
  92. Web site: Boeing to Recognize Cost Reclassification and Charges to Second-Quarter Earnings. Jul 27, 2016. Boeing. July 22, 2016. July 27, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160727004457/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2016-07-21-Boeing-to-Recognize-Cost-Reclassification-and-Charges-to-Second-Quarter-Earnings. live.
  93. Web site: 747 production may end: Boeing . Scott Hamilton . July 27, 2016 . Leehamnews.com . July 27, 2016 . September 14, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160914132635/https://leehamnews.com/2016/07/27/747-production-may-end-boeing/ . live.
  94. Web site: Boeing 747-8 v Airbus A380: Is the era of the jumbo jet over? . Clive . Dorman . December 24, 2014 . July 30, 2016 . August 2, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160802075350/http://www.traveller.com.au/boeing-7478-v-airbus-a380-is-the-era-of-the-jumbo-jet-over-10nydo . live.
  95. Web site: Boeing 747 On Deathwatch: How Boeing's New 777X Will Kill Its Jumbo Jet Predecessor, Once The Queen Of The Skies . . May 4, 2013 . July 29, 2016 . April 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190403075430/https://www.ibtimes.com/boeing-747-deathwatch-how-boeings-new-777x-will-kill-its-jumbo-jet-predecessor-once-queen-skies . live.
  96. News: June 9, 2014 . Why Boeing's pricey 777-9x could accelerate demise of the less efficient 747-8i . July 29, 2016.
  97. Web site: Airbus A380 Production Could End, And Why Emirates Is Pissed . December 11, 2014.
  98. Sparaco, Pierre. "Opinion: Mega-Transports Hobbled By Their Size " Aviation Week & Space Technology, 3 March 2014. Accessed: 17 November 2014.
  99. News: United Airlines does not see a fit for Airbus A380 . Reuters . 2015-06-04 . 2015-08-04 . Dastin . Jeffrey . October 17, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151017020432/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/04/united-airlines-fleet-idUSL1N0YQ00Z20150604 . live.
  100. "Asian Airlines' changing presence at London Heathrow ", Center for Aviation, 13 February 2013. Accessed: 21 September 2014.
  101. Hofman, Kurt. "Air France: Airbus A380 not a good fit for the network. " Air Transport World, 30 September 2013. Accessed: 21 September 2014.
  102. "China Southern's A380 problems may not be solved by possible Air China partnership ", CAPA: Centre for Aviation, 2 April 2013. Accessed: 21 September 2014.
  103. Wang, Jasmine. "China Southern Gets First Dreamliner After Failed A380 Strategy. " Bloomberg, 1 June 2013. Accessed: 21 September 2014.
  104. Web site: Boeing Gets Cargo Boost for 747 Jumbo Jet at Paris Air Show. Robert Wall And Jon Ostrower. June 17, 2015. WSJ. March 5, 2017. July 3, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170703025430/https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeing-gets-cargo-boost-for-747-jumbo-jet-at-paris-air-show-1434533040. live.
  105. Web site: News Releases/Statements. July 15, 2016. July 15, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160715042227/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2016-07-12-Boeing-Volga-Dnepr-Group-Confirm-Acquisition-of-20-747-8-Freighters-to-Grow-Upgrade-Fleet. live.
  106. Web site: Boeing: UPS Orders 14 Additional 747-8 Freighters, Plus Four 767 Freighters. www.boeing.com. 2018-02-01. February 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012511/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/customers/ups/747-8-767-order.page. live.
  107. News: UPS CEO says $5.3 bln order for Boeing 747 freighters reflects demand. October 27, 2016. Reuters. June 30, 2017. February 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210207164332/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boeing-ups-idUSKCN12R1UX. live.
  108. News: Turkish Airlines negotiates with Boeing for Super Jumbo Jets . DailySabah . September 7, 2017 . 2017-09-10 . September 11, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170911072220/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/2017/09/07/turkish-airlines-negotiates-with-boeing-for-super-jumbo-jets . live.
  109. Web site: About Boeing Commercial Airplanes: Prices . Boeing . December 7, 2016 . April 25, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200425044058/http://www.boeing.com/company/about-bca/#/prices . live.
  110. News: Current Orders To Maintain 747-8 Production Through Late 2022 . Feb 8, 2019 . Guy Norris . Aviation Week & Space Technology . February 15, 2019 . August 7, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190807044445/https://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/current-orders-maintain-747-8-production-through-late-2022 . live.
  111. Web site: Boeing Quietly Pulls Plug on the 747, Closing Era of Jumbo Jets . July 2, 2020 . Julie . Johnsson . Bloomberg . July 3, 2020 . July 2, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200702224822/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-02/boeing-quietly-pulls-plug-on-the-747-closing-era-of-jumbo-jets . bot: unknown.
  112. News: January 12, 2021 . Atlas orders the final four production 747-8 freighters . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112193835/https://www.flightglobal.com/fleets/atlas-orders-the-final-four-production-747-8-freighters/141925.article . January 12, 2021 . January 12, 2021.
  113. News: Josephs . Leslie . December 6, 2022 . Boeing's last 747 has rolled out of the factory after a more than 50-year production run . en . . December 7, 2022.
  114. News: Chokshi . Niraj . Menghistab . Meron Tekie . Tamayo . Jovelle . Wasson . Lindsey . January 31, 2023 . The Last Boeing 747 Leaves the Factory . en-US . . January 31, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  115. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-747-8i-completes-first-flight-354560/ "Boeing 747-8I completes first flight"
  116. Molnar, Matt. "Boeing's Biggest Bird Takes to the Skies" . Popular Mechanics, February 9, 2010.
  117. Web site: 747-8 characteristics . Boeing . October 19, 2016 . March 8, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130308021323/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/747-8_fact_sheet.html#/design-highlights/characteristics/ . live.
  118. Web site: BOEING LAUNCHES 747-8 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060509035407/http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRheft/FRHeft06/FRH0601/FR0601f.htm . 2006-05-09 . Flug Revue . Sebastian . Steinke . January 2006.
  119. Web site: Boeing stretches 747-8I . Steinke . Sebastian . January 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070121020644/http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRheft/FRHeft07/FRH0701/FR0701e.htm . 21 January 2007 . Flug-Revue.Rotor.com . 29 April 2019.
  120. Kingsley-Jones, Max. "IN FOCUS: Boeing 747-8 technical description & cutaway" . Flight Global, November 13, 2012.
  121. Web site: 747-8 Airport Compatibility . https://web.archive.org/web/20121029165126/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/7478_airport_comp.html . 2012-10-29. Boeing. 28 October 2012.
  122. "Common Agreement Document of the A380 Airport Compatibility Group Version 2.1", p. 8, European Civil Aviation Conference, December 2002. Retrieved: 29 September 2012.
  123. Thomas, Geoffrey. "A Timely Stretch" . Air Transport World, December 2005.
  124. https://web.archive.org/web/20121021014144/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flightdeck-wing-and-engines-key-to-design-203073/ "Flightdeck, wing and engines key to design"
  125. http://www.aviationtoday.com/am/topstories/GEnx-2B-Flight-Tests-Begin_30817.html "GEnx-2B Flight Tests Begin"
  126. "Boeing 747-400 Freighter Family: The World's Best Freighters." Boeing.
  127. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2005-11-14-Boeing-Launches-New-747-8-Family "Boeing Launches New 747-8 Family"
  128. https://web.archive.org/web/20110701084707/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/747-8_facts.html Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental and 747-8 Freighter
  129. https://web.archive.org/web/20150208083308/http://www.boeing.com/boeing/commercial/747family/747-8_background.page Boeing 747-8 Family background
  130. Web site: Boeing Completes Firm Configuration of 747-8 Freighter . https://web.archive.org/web/20061110052246/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2006/q4/061030g_nr.html. 2006-11-10 . Boeing.com . October 31, 2006 . 2012-07-14.
  131. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2009-11-12-First-Boeing-747-8-Freighter-Leaves-Factory First Boeing 747-8 Freighter Leaves Factory
  132. Web site: Boeing Delivers First 747-8 Freighter to Cargolux – Oct 12, 2011 . Boeing.mediaroom.com . October 12, 2011 . 2012-07-14 . February 17, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150217002045/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2011-10-12-Boeing-Delivers-First-747-8-Freighter-to-Cargolux . live.
  133. Web site: Proof of Performance . Boeingblogs.com . 2012-07-14 . April 7, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120407205132/http://boeingblogs.com/randy/archives/2012/04/proof_of_performance_1.html . live.
  134. Web site: Wilhelm, Steve. Boeing forecast: World will need $5.6 trillion in aircraft over next 20 years; freighters, including 747, get boost. bizjournals.com. June 11, 2015. June 16, 2015. January 13, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160113171115/http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2015/06/11/boeing-forecast-world-will-need-5-6-trillion-in.html. live.
  135. Web site: Boeing Launches New 747-8 Family . November 14, 2005 . September 21, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054840/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2005-11-14-Boeing-Launches-New-747-8-Family . live.
  136. Boeing Begins Assembly of First 747-8 Intercontinental . Boeing . May 8, 2010 . February 16, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150216224159/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2010-05-08-Boeing-Begins-Assembly-of-First-747-8-Intercontinental . live.
  137. Web site: Boeing: 747-8. October 19, 2016. March 8, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130308021323/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/747-8_fact_sheet.html#/design-highlights/economy-performance/speed/. live.
  138. Wallace, James. "Aerospace Notebook: Take a sneak peek inside a 747-8" . Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 14, 2005.
  139. News: Boeing's new 747-8 Intercontinental: Same same, but different . CNN.com . January 13, 2017 . January 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170114190244/http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/16/travel/lufthansa-747-8-intercontinental/index.html. live.
  140. Terdiman, Daniel. "From Boeing, a whole new 747" . CNET news, January 19, 2007.
  141. Web site: Space race: next-generation cabins . https://web.archive.org/web/20070714214906/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/04/17/213230/space-race-the-battle-between-airbus-and-boeing-to-produce-the-best-next-generation.html . 2007-07-14 . Kingsley-Jones . Max . Guy Norris . April 17, 2007 . Flight International . April 19, 2007.
  142. Ostrower, Jon. "Boeing unveils a new berth for 747". Flight Daily News via flightglobal.com, May 11, 2009.
  143. Walton, John. "Boeing's best bedroom: the luxury loft of a private jumbo 747-8 " Australian Business Traveller, September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  144. Singh, Karanvir. "World's first Aeroloft-equipped Boeing Business Jet 747-8 revolutionizes VIP flying experience " BornRich.com, September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  145. Flight International January 19–25, 2010. p. 32.
  146. Web site: 747-8 orders through April 2010 . https://archive.today/20120708050628/http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/index.cfm?content=displaystandardreport.cfm&pageid=m25062&RequestTimeout=100000 . dead . 2012-07-08 . Active.boeing.com . 2012-07-14.
  147. Web site: Boeing, Lufthansa Announce Order for 747-8 Intercontinental . https://web.archive.org/web/20061209032628/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2006/q4/061206a_nr.html. 2006-12-09 . Boeing.com . December 6, 2006 . 2012-07-14.
  148. https://web.archive.org/web/20071109002534/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q4/071106c_nr.html Boeing Completes 747-8 Intercontinental Firm Configuration
  149. Web site: PICTURE: Boeing 747-8I enters final body join . https://web.archive.org/web/20101020012356/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/10/15/348512/picture-boeing-747-8i-enters-final-body-join.html . 2010-10-20 . Flight International . October 15, 2010 . October 15, 2010.
  150. News: Boeing Updates: 747-8I Roll Out — 787 Delivery — 737 Fuel Efficient Engines — 777-300ER Order — China's Big "Purchase" . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . February 2011 . February 13, 2011 . February 18, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110218031153/http://blog.seattlepi.com/airlinereporter/2011/01/19/boeing-updates-747-8i-roll-out--787-delivery--737-fuel-efficient-engines--777-300er-order--chinas-big-purchase/ . live.
  151. Web site: VIDEO: 747-8I completes gauntlet testing . March 18, 2011 . March 15, 2011 . Flight International . https://web.archive.org/web/20110320120729/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/03/15/354369/video-747-8i-completes-gauntlet-testing.html . March 20, 2011 . dead . mdy.
  152. Web site: Video and Photos of the Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental First Flight . March 20, 2011 . David Parker Brown . March 20, 2011 . March 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044635/http://www.airlinereporter.com/2011/03/video-and-photos-of-the-boeing-747-8-intercontinental-first-flight/ . live.
  153. Web site: 747-8I Receives FAA certification . December 14, 2011 . Boeing . December 14, 2011 . January 7, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120107155316/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2076 . live.
  154. Web site: Boeing locks out 747-8 tail fuel tanks on flutter concerns . January 19, 2012 . January 20, 2012 . January 22, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120122002403/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-locks-out-747-8-tail-fuel-tanks-on-flutter-concerns-367148/ . live.
  155. Web site: Boeing Delivers First 747-8 with Performance-Improved Engines . Dec 18, 2013 . Boeing . boeing.mediaroom.com . 2014-02-11 . January 9, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140109223950/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2013-12-18-Boeing-Delivers-First-747-8-with-Performance-Improved-Engines . live.
  156. http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2146 "Boeing Delivers First 747-8 Intercontinental VIP Airplane"
  157. Web site: Our Bureau . Business Line : Industry & Economy / Logistics : Lufthansa to deploy latest Boeing aircraft on India flights . Thehindubusinessline.com . 2012-07-14 . September 1, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120901194847/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article3360336.ece . live.
  158. https://web.archive.org/web/20071018074511/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/10/17/218681/exclusive-us-considers-airbus-a380-as-air-force-one-and-potentially-a-c-5-replacement.html "US considers Airbus A380 as Air Force One and potentially a C-5 replacement"
  159. Butler, Amy. "Boeing Only Contender for New Air Force One" . Aviation Week, January 28, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  160. Web site: AF Identifies Boeing 747-8 platform for next Air Force One . Air Force News Service . January 28, 2015 . January 28, 2015 . March 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175608/http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/562748/af-identifies-boeing-747-8-platform-for-next-air-force-one.aspx . live.
  161. Mehta, Aaron. "Boeing Tapped for Air Force One Replacement". Defense News, January 28, 2015.
  162. Boeing Wins Second Air Force One Contract . 21 July 2016 . Aviation Week.
  163. News: Trump Wanted a Cheaper Air Force One. So the USAF Is Buying a Bankrupt Russian Firm's Undelivered 747s . Defense One . 2017-08-02 . August 2, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170802165013/http://www.defenseone.com/business/2017/08/russian-air-force-one-boeing-trump-747/139872/?oref=d-topstory . live.
  164. News: White House signs $3.9-billion deal to buy two new Air Force One planes . Los Angeles Times . 2018-02-27 . 2018-08-13 . August 14, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180814071233/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-air-force-one-20180227-story.html . live.
  165. News: Boeing starts 'Air Force One' modifications of 747-8 . Garrett Reim . 11 March 2020 . Flightglobal . March 13, 2020 . March 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200315213259/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/boeing-starts-air-force-one-modifications-of-747-8/137197.article . live.
  166. Web site: Korean Air sells five jets to US aerospace firm Sierra Nevada .
  167. Web site: Sierra Nevada Corporation Will Build E-4B 'Doomsday' Plane Replacement . April 27, 2024 .
  168. Web site: World Airline Census 2018 . 2018 . Flightglobal.com . en-GB . 2018-08-21 . November 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181106212640/https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/24536 . live.
  169. http://worldairlinenews.com/2014/01/18/british-airways-to-return-three-gss-boeing-747-8-freighters-to-atlas-air-worldwide-holdings-in-april/ British Airways to return freighters
  170. Web site: Qatari emir gifts Turkey's Erdogan luxurious Boeing 747-8 jet - Xinhua - English.news.cn. www.xinhuanet.com. February 9, 2019. March 31, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331065536/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/14/c_137468434.htm. dead.
  171. Web site: Archived copy . November 10, 2018 . October 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201022123103/https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2018/03/25/greenpoint-tech-aerolofts-boeing-747-8i-bin-salman.html . live.
  172. News: InPics: $600m Boeing 747-8 converted into the ultimate private jet. Arabian Business. March 5, 2015 . February 9, 2019. March 31, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331080909/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/photos/inpics-600m-boeing-747-8-converted-into-ultimate-private-jet-583350.html. live.
  173. Web site: Boeing's Final 747 Rolls Out of Washington State Factory . 2022-12-10 . VOA . December 7, 2022 . en.
  174. Web site: Orders and Deliveries . Boeing . April 30, 2021 . live . May 10, 2022 . December 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171223071919/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/#/orders-deliveries.
  175. Web site: Incident: Air Bridge Cargo B748 at Shanghai on Sep 11th 2012, rejected takeoff. Simon Hradecky .
  176. Web site: NTSB issues urgent recommendations for GEnx-1B and -2B engines . December 27, 2019 . December 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191227102454/https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/NTSB_issues_urgent_recommendations_for_GEnx-1B_and_-2B_engines.aspx . live.
  177. Web site: Core Engine Icing Strikes Russian 747-8F . https://web.archive.org/web/20131213005534/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2FAW_09_02_2013_p20-610669.xml . December 13, 2013 . Guy Norris . September 2, 2013 . Aviation Week . September 2, 2013 . dead . mdy-all.
  178. Web site: Incident: Air Bridhe Cargo B748 near Hong Kong on Jul 31st 2013, both left hand engines surged at same time, one right hand engine damaged too . Simon Hradecky . n.d. . September 2, 2013 . January 13, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160113171115/http://avherald.com/h?article=46679ba1 . live.
  179. Web site: Russia to investigate AirBridgeCargo 747-8F engine incident with Boeing, GE . Polina Borodina . n.d. . September 2, 2013 . August 28, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130828044959/http://atwonline.com/safety/russia-investigate-airbridgecargo-747-8f-engine-incident-boeing-ge . live.
  180. Web site: 747-8 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning . Boeing . December 2012.
  181. Web site: Type Certificate data sheet No. A20WE . October 5, 2016 . FAA.
  182. News: Boeing 747-8 technical description & cutaway . 13 November 2012 . Flight Global.
  183. Web site: Boeing 747-8 Technical Specs . Boeing.
  184. Web site: Boeing Freighter Family . Boeing.
  185. Web site: Auxiliary power units . Pratt & Whitney . August 26, 2022.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Boeing 747-8".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.