| Unit Name: | 731st Expeditionary Attack Squadron |
| Dates: | 1943–1945; 1947–1951; 2021-present |
| Role: | Attack/Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance |
| Command Structure: | United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa |
| Garrison: | RoAF 71st Air Base, Câmpia Turzii, Cluj County, Romania |
| Battles: | European Theater of Operations Korean War |
| Decorations: | Distinguished Unit Citation Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation |
| Identification Symbol Label: | 731st Expeditionary Attack Squadron emblem[1] |
| Identification Symbol 3: | 7D |
| Identification Symbol 3 Label: | World War II fuselage code[2] |
The 731st Expeditionary Attack Squadron is a provisional unit of the United States Air Force. It was activated circa 4 March 2021 at the Romanian Air Force 71st Air Base in Câmpia Turzii. The unit is part of the 31st Expeditionary Operations Group and operates General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicles.
The squadron was first activated in 1943 as the 731st Bombardment Squadron. After training in the United States with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, the squadron deployed to the European Theater of Operations, participating in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. It earned a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) during an attack on a German jet fighter base near Kaltenkirchen in April 1945. Following V-E Day, the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated.
The squadron was activated again in the reserves in 1947. Two years later, it began to train with Douglas B-26 Invaders. In August 1950, the squadron was one of the first reserve units mobilized for the Korean War. After filling its ranks and undergoing intensive training, the squadron deployed to Far East Air Forces and began flying combat missions. It was awarded two additional DUCs for its operations in Korea. In June 1951, the squadron was inactivated and its personnel and equipment were transferred to a regular unit that was simultaneously activated.
The squadron was first activated in June 1943 at Geiger Field, Washington as one of the four original squadrons of the 452d Bombardment Group. Later that month, it moved to Rapid City Army Air Base, South Dakota and began to train with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. It continued training with Second Air Force until December, when it began its movement to the European Theater of Operations.[1] [3] The ground echelon staged through Camp Shanks and sailed on the on 2 January 1944. The air echelon deployed via the South Atlantic air ferry route.[4]
The squadron established itself at RAF Deopham Green in January 1944, and began operations on 4 February 1944 with a strike on an aircraft assembly plant near Brunswick. Its strategic targets included railroad marshalling yards near Frankfurt, aircraft factories near Regensberg and Kassel. the ball bearing factory at Schweinfurt and an oil refinery near Bohlen.[3] In September 1944, the squadron participated in the third shuttle mission, striking Chemnitz before landing in bases in the Soviet Union.[5]
The 731st was occasionally diverted to support tactical operations. It hit airfields, V-weapon launching sites, bridges and other objectives in preparations for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy. It bombed enemy positions to support Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo, in July 1944 and the attacks on Brest, France in August. It supported Operation Market Garden, airborne attacks attempting to establish a bridgehead across the Rhine in the Netherlands, in September and, during the Battle of the Bulge, struck German lines of communication. It struck an airfield to support Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine in Germany.[3]
Shortly before the end of the war, on 7 April, the squadron struck the jet fighter base at Kaltenkirchen, pressing the attack despite strong fighter opposition, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation. It flew its last mission of the war on 21 April against marshalling yards at Ingolstadt.[3]
After V-E Day, in August 1945, the squadron returned to the United States (the ground echelon once again sailed on the RMS Queen Elizabeth)[4] and was inactivated at Sioux Falls Army Air Field, South Dakota.[1]
The squadron was reactivated in the reserve at Long Beach Army Air Field, California in 1947 as a very heavy bomber squadron, but conducted proficiency flying with a variety of trainer airplanes under the supervision of the 416th AAF Base Unit (later the 2347th Air Force Reserve Training Center).[6] [7] In a 1949 reorganization of the reserves, it became a light bomber squadron and began to equip and train with Douglas B-26 Invaders. The squadron was manned at only 25% of its authorized strength.[8]
The squadron was mobilized for the Korean War in August 1950 in the first wave of reserve mobilizations. To help bring it up to strength, the squadron was augmented by reservists assigned to the 448th Bombardment Wing, which was also stationed at Long Beach, but remained in reserve status until the following year.[9] The 731st was a squadron of one of the first two reserve wings to be mobilized, and administrative provisions for mobilization proved inadequate, with numerous reservists never receiving the telegrams calling them to active duty.[10]
The unit moved to George Air Force Base, California for intensive training and to be brought up to full strength. In October, the squadron deployed to Iwakuni Air Base, Japan to begin combat operations.[1] The Air Force decided that, unlike the three other squadrons of the 452d Group, the 731st would be trained for night intruder operations. Although the squadron remained part of the 452d until inactivated, it was attached to the understrength 3d Bombardment Group upon its arrival in theater.[1] [11] Four of its crews left George in mid-September and participated in combat operations with the 3d Group during October, although the first mission by the squadron was on 24 November. The 731st flew night bombing missions at all altitudes, using both visual and radar techniques. Its Invaders also flew close air support and armed reconnaissance flights. It also flew flare drop missions, operating Douglas C-47 Skytrains. By June 1951, the 731st had flown more than 9,000 hours of combat and 2,000 combat sorties.[12]
The remaining two squadrons assigned to the 3d Bombardment Group had also been put on night operations. In June 1951, the 3d was brought up to strength by the activation of the 90th Bombardment Squadron, and the 731st Squadron was inactivated while its personnel and aircraft transferred to the 90th and other elements of the 3d Group.[1] [12]
In 2021, the US Air Force deployed General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicles and about 90 airmen to Romania, at the 71st Air Base in Câmpia Turzii. The unit was part of the 31st Expeditionary Operations Group, Detachment 1. Beginning on 1 February, the 25th Attack Group, located at the Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina began flying sorties via remote-split operations.[13]
The unmanned vehicles fly intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), as well as freedom of maneuver missions and integrate with joint and coalition forces in the region. The MQ-9s also participate in exercises that ensure interoperability with allied and partner nations.[14] [13]
About 4 March 2021, the squadron, now designated the 731st Expeditionary Attack Squadron was activated at the base.[15] The squadron also participated in Operation Porcupine 2021, working together with the 510th Fighter Squadron, 56th and 57th Rescue Squadrons, and the 606th Air Control Squadron.[16] The Reapers can be equipped with AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, two external fuel tanks, and a variety of sensor pods.[17]
On 14 July 2022, a squadron MQ-9 crashed in a field south of the base while conducting a routine mission in the region. The accident caused no injuries, or damage to structures.[17]
See main article: 2023 Black Sea drone incident. On 14 March 2023, an MQ-9 Reaper reportedly took off from a base in Romania on a scheduled reconnaissance mission over the Black Sea.[18] [19] While over international waters, it was intercepted by two Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker fighters. One of the Flankers damaged the Reaper drone causing it to crash.[20]
Activated on 1 June 1943
Redesignated 731st Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943
Inactivated on 28 August 1945
Activated in the reserve on 12 July 1947
Redesignated 731st Bombardment Squadron, Light on 27 June 1949
Redesignated 731st Bombardment Squadron, Light, Night Attack on 1 August 1950
Ordered to active service on 10 August 1950
Inactivated on 25 June 1951[1]
Activated c. 4 March 2021[15]
31st Expeditionary Operations Group, c. 4 March 2021 – present[15]
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air Offensive, Europe | 8 January 1944 – 5 June 1944 | |||
| Normandy | 6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944 | |||
| Northern France | 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 | |||
| Rhineland | 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 | |||
| Ardennes-Alsace | 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 | |||
| Central Europe | 22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945 | |||
| Air Combat, EAME Theater | 7 December 1941 – 11 May 1945 | |||
| CCF Intervention | 24 November 1950 – 24 January 1951 | |||
| 1st UN Counteroffensive | 25 January 1951 – 21 April 1951 | |||
| CCF Spring Offensive | 22 April 1951 – 25 June 1951 |