Pasukan Gerakan Khas Explained

Unit Name:Special Operations Command
Native Name:Pasukan Gerakan Khas
Native Namea:ڤاسوكن ڬرقن خاص
Country:Malaysia
Agency:Royal Malaysia Police
Command Structure:Internal Security and Public Order Department
Headquarters:Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
Abbreviation:PGK
Sworn Type Label:Officers
Sworn:Approx. 900+
Subunits:
    • Detachment A – UTK
    • Detachment B – VAT 69
    Current Commander:SAC Dato’ Azizan Abd. Aziz
    Notable Commanders:SAC Dato' Meor Chek Hussien Mahayuddin
    Programmes:-->
    Significant Operations:

      Pasukan Gerakan Khas (Abbreviation: PGK; 'Special Operations Command — Police SOCOM', Jawi: ڤاسوكن ڬرقن خاص) is a special operations command of the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP).[1] The PGK has two distinct sub-units; the Special Actions Unit (Malay: Unit Tindakhas — UTK) and the 69 Commando Battalion (Very Able Trooper 69 — VAT 69;).

      Operators of UTK and VAT 69 are specially trained to intervene in high-risk events like hostage and barricade situations by hostile forces, especially terrorists and/or criminals. It originally had over 4,000 full-time operators, but its actual size and organisation are classified. Both units commonly function as a high-level national tactical team in extremely sensitive or dangerous situations.

      History

      Formation of Police SOCOM

      On 20 October 1997, the RMP reorganised their special operations force, combining VAT 69 and UTK into one special operations command known as Pasukan Gerakan Khas (PGK; 'Special Operations Command — SOCOM'), launched by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and Inspector General of Police Tan Sri Abdul Rahim Mohd Noor.[2]

      Although amalgamated into one directorate, they are essentially still two separate entities operating in two distinct operational environments.

      VAT 69

      See main article: VAT 69 Commando.

      The 69 Commando Battalion, also known as Very Able Troopers 69 (VAT 69), Task Force, Charlie Force and Special Project Team, is modeled on and trained by the British Special Air Service and New Zealand Special Air Service. It was founded in 1969 (hence the name – 69) as a small combat unit to counter the tactics and techniques of the communist forces of the Second Malayan Emergency.[3] Initially established as an elite counter-insurgency force, the role of counter-terrorism was added to the VAT 69 in the 1990s after the Second Malayan Emergency officially ended.

      UTK

      See main article: Special Actions Unit (Malaysia). Unit Tindakhas ('Special Actions Unit'), popularly known with its acronym UTK, is a special forces unit of RMP and the oldest and most experienced counter-terrorism unit in Malaysia.

      It performs as a high-level national police tactical unit, providing 24 hours of close protection to high ranking government executives and their spouses, and the unit's members also undertake undercover missions. Founded on 1 January 1975, UTK is the brainchild of then Inspector-General of Police Tun Hanif Omar.[4] UTK were trained by the 22nd SAS for urban warfare on its early establishment.

      However, this unit does not only perform close-quarter combat and close-protection only, but they also have the capability to perform underwater mission, airborne mission, and sometimes jungle operation since 1975 to encounter various types of terrorism.

      National Special Operations Force

      See main article: National Special Operations Force (Malaysia). In 2016, the main counter-terrorism operators in Malaysia, including PGK, were combined into one special operations task force called the National Special Operations Force.

      Functions

      PGK roles are believed to include:

      Organisation

      Previously separate entities, both VAT 69 and the UTK were amalgamated into the PGK Command on 20 October 1997, when it was launched by the fifth Inspector General of Police, Tan Sri Rahim Noor. However, VAT 69 and the UTK are still operated as separate units. The UTK is now officially known as Pasukan Gerakan Khas Detachment A and VAT 69 has been deputised to Pasukan Gerakan Khas Detachment B.

      Based at the Royal Malaysia Police Headquarters in Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur, the PGK is under the direct command of the RMP's Internal and Public Security (Malay: Keselamatan Dalam Negeri dan Ketenteraman Awam) Director. The unit commander holds the rank of Senior Assistant Commissioner (SAC) and is the Deputy Director of the Internal and Public Security Branch.

      With the growing threat of terrorism since the 9/11 attacks, this unit has increasingly adapted itself to conduct counter-terrorism duties.[6] With the aim of creating teams that are capable of dealing with a broad range of operations (especially counter-terrorism), the PGK small patrol team consist of six to ten operatives led by officers ranked from Police Inspector to Superintendent of Police with different expertise such as assault units, EOD experts, communications experts, snipers and field medics. The PGK has also forged closer relations with the special forces units of the Malaysian Armed Forces, including the elite 10th Parachute Brigade, 21 Grup Gerak Khas, PASKAL and PASKAU, so as to enable them to enforce security within Malaysia's borders more effectively.

      Roles

      List of PGK detachments and their Specialties
      DetachmentUnit NameInsigniaSpecialityNotes
      ASpecial Actions UnitCounter-terrorist and VIP close protectionUTK has a variety of roles in addition to helping other branch's duties in large and serious cases.[7] The UTK is tasked in four main roles which is:
      1. Fighting urban guerrillas, terrorist groups, groups of subversive and extremist organizations.
      2. Assist the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) in major criminal cases.
      3. Conducting safety protection to local VIPs and foreign visitors if may be deemed necessary.
      4. Other responsibilities as directed by the Inspector-General of Police and the Deputy Inspector-General of Police.

      The UTK tactics and organisation are primarily influenced by the German GSG 9 and American Special Activities Division but with a difference; UTK operatives operate mostly in plain-clothes and also perform undercover missions. With 410 members (as of November 2017),[8] the UTK is deployed in cases of hostage taking, kidnapping, terrorism and extortion. The group may also be used to secure locations, neutralise targets, track down fugitives and sometimes conduct sniper operations and escorting and protecting top leaders and VVIPs.[9] [10] UTK operators are trained for urban operations,[11] airborne operations and underwater operations.

      B69 Commando BattalionMulti-spectrum operationsVAT 69 commando operatives are jungle warfare specialists given VAT 69's origins as a force established to fight the communist threats in 1969 and the insurgency years. Originally trained by the British and New Zealand SAS, VAT 69 commandos conduct land, sea and air special operations techniques, with specialties in jungle warfare and deep reconnaissance missions. They execute special operations in support of the Police Special Branch fight against subversive organisations and terrorist activities, such as offensive operations using special weapons and tactics, hostage rescue, counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, and close protection. It can also be deployed to support the Malaysian Armed Forces in special circumstances.[12]

      There are four infantry squadrons in VAT 69 Commando with its own logistic unit, totaling around 500 members.[13] The VAT 69 consists of four main combat units:[14] [15]

      • Counter Insurgency Warfare (CIW) Unit
      • Counter Terrorist Team (CTT)
      • Airborne Team
      • Combat Diving Unit

      Both VAT 69's and UTK's snipers, technicians and explosive expertise regularly cross-train with foreign special forces units, including the Special Air Service Regiments of Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, the Royal Thai Border Patrol Police, the French GIGN,[16] the German GSG 9, and a number of US services including the US Navy SEALs, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) and others. UTK members wear maroon berets while VAT 69 Commando members wear the sand coloured beret given to them by their founding trainers, the SAS.

      On 14 November 2006, for the first time in the history of PGK, the maroon and sand coloured berets were honoured as 'Royal Berets' by Yang Dipertuan Agong Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Syed Putera Jamalullail, the then King of Malaysia.

      Area of responsibility

      The PGK divides areas of responsibility of both PGK detachments by states which are:

      Detachment A (UTK)Detachment B (VAT 69)
      JohorPahang
      Kuala LumpurPenang
      MalaccaPerak
      Negeri SembilanPerlis
      PutrajayaKedah
      SelangorKelantan
      Terengganu
      For Sabah and Sarawak, it is under the responsibility of General Operations Force (GOF) Special Forces Equivalent Unit; Tiger Platoon from GOF Sabah Brigade and GOF Sarawak Brigade. The Tiger Platoons are supported by both PGK detachments.

      Recruitment, selection and training

      Both VAT 69 and UTK has their own recruitment and selection program. All members of the RMP with two years of service can apply to the unit selections.

      The PGK is known to conduct joint training exercises and participate in exchange programs with Commonwealth special units such as the Australian SAS, British SAS, New Zealand SAS and Singapore Special Tactics and Rescue. The PGK routinely trains with neighbouring country tactical teams such as the Indonesian Mobile Brigade and Thailand Border Patrol Police. Occasionally, the PGK trains with FBI Hostage Rescue Team, French GIGN and RAID, German GSG 9,[17] Italian NOCS, Spanish G.E.O, US Delta Force, US Green Berets,[18] US Army Special Operations Command Pacific Unit (SOCPAC), Russian Special Rapid Response Unit and other international units.

      On 10 December 2003, the then Inspector General of Police, Tan Sri Mohd Bakri Haji Omar, launched the training programme between the US SOCPAC and the 69th PGK at the General Operations Force Training Center in Ulu Kinta, Perak. The team of SOCPAC were to conduct a joint exercise with the PGK, under the code-name Advance Vector Balance Mint' for a duration of 2 weeks.[19] Only 42 out of the 194 participants completed the inaugural programme.

      PGK equipment

      PGK teams use equipment designed for a variety of specialist situations. The particular pieces of equipment vary from unit to unit, but there are some consistent trends in what they wear and use. Much of their equipment is indistinguishable from that supplied to the military, not least because much of it is military surplus.

      Weapons

      As a special forces command, the PGK's detachments are equipped with a wide variety of weapons and support equipment commonly associated with counter-terrorism operations, including sub-machine guns, assault rifles, shotguns, machine guns and sniper rifles.

      Semi-automatic pistols are the most popular sidearms and the majority of the officers use various 9 mm pistols. Principal handguns include:

      Colt 1911A1, .45 ACP

      Glock pistol series (especially the Glock 17, Glock 18, Glock 26, Glock 34), 9 mm

      Heckler & Koch USP series, 9 mm

      SIG Sauer P2022, 9 mm

      STI Grandmaster, 9 mm

      STI Tactical-5.0, 9 mm

      HK Mk23 Mod 0,. 45 ACP

      Various shotguns used by PGK units include:

      Benelli M3 Super 90

      Franchi SPAS-12

      Remington M870 Police Magnum

      Remington 1100

      Common sub-machine guns used by all PGK teams include:

      CZ Scorpion Evo 3, 9 mm

      Heckler & Koch MP5 series (especially the MP5A5, MP5-N, MP5K-A4 and MP5SD6), 9 mm

      HK UMP, 9 mm

      Heckler & Koch MP7A1 PDW,[20] 4.6 mm

      Common carbines include:

      Colt M4A1, 5.56 mm

      Colt APC, 5.56 mm

      FN SCAR-H, 7.62 mm

      HK 416 series (especially the D10RS and D14.5RS), 5.56 mm

      HK G36C, 5.56mm

      Steyr AUG-A3, 5.56 mm

      Common sniper rifles used are:

      Accuracy International PM, .308 Win

      Accuracy International AX338, .338 LM

      Accuracy International AWSM, .338 LM

      Barrett M82, 12.7 mm

      HK PSG-1A1, 7.62 mm

      Remington 700P, 7.62 mm

      Machine guns used by VAT 69 include:

      M60 machine gun, 7.62 mm

      Various grenade launchers used by PGK units include:

      M79 grenade launcher, 40 mm

      M203 grenade launcher, 40 mm

      Less lethal weapons used include:

      Bean bag rounds

      M84 stun grenade

      Pepper spray

      Pepper-spray projectile

      Taser X26 (electroshock weapon)

      Notes

      Tactical vehicles

      PGK employs a number of specialised vehicles to accomplish its missions. These include the Streit Typhoon, IAG Jaws, Commando V-150D and the GKN Sankey AT105 armoured personnel carriers equipped with M60s as assault vehicles in urban and jungle terrain as well as modified police MPV (Mobile Patrol Vehicles), vans, trucks, 4WD, pick-ups and buses for use as tactical vehicles. PGK also employs RHIB assault boats, jet-skis and Marine Subskimmers (DPV) in maritime missions and amphibious insertions.

      For its airborne operations, PGK is aided with the C-130 Hercules from the Royal Malaysian Air Force, and Cessna 206G, Cessna 208 Caravan 1 and Pilatus Porter PC-6 aircraft as well as the E-Squirrel AS-355 F2/AS-355N helicopter from the RMP Air Wing Unit.

      Developments and acquisitions

      On 25 October 2007, a state-of-the-art shooting house for the VAT 69 Commando battalion was opened. It was funded by the US Joint Interagency Task Force West and cost RM 2 million.[21]

      List of commanders

      Listed below are the unit commanders past & present.

      List of Pasukan Gerakan Khas commander
      NameYearRemark
      SUPT G/640 M. Shanmugam 1975 – 1976First commanding officer of the PGK
      SUPT G/3158 Ramli Abd Kadir 1976 – 1978Replaced Supt. Shanmugam
      ACP G/2827 Syed Mohd Mumtaz Wafa Syed Subli Wafa 1978 – 1983-
      ACP G/3740 A Navaratnam 1983 – 1986First commanding officer and head of VAT 69
      DSP G/5439 Meor Chek Hussein Mahayuddin 1986 – 1987Assistant commanding officer of the PGK
      ACP G/3421 Mohd Yusof Harun 1987 – 1990-
      ACP G/3432 Haji Idris Haji Wahid 1990 – 1993-
      SAC I G/5439 Dato' Meor Chek Hussien Mahayuddin 1993 – 20001997 Merged VAT 69 and UTK to Pasukan Gerakan Khas
      SAC II G/5096 Dato' Mohd Anuar Mohd Zain 2000 – 2002-
      SAC II Roslan Mohd Yassin 2002 – 2004PGK Commander from 2002 and transferred to Pahang state as the Officer Chief of Police Contingent in 2004
      SAC II Mohd Rani Abd Rashid 2004 – 2006From Deputy Director of Internal and Public Security in Royal Malaysian Police
      SAC II Muhammad Sabtu Osman2006 – 2008Transferred to Kuala Lumpur as Kuala Lumpur Police Chief
      SAC I Dato' Muhammad Fuad Abu Zarin 2008 – 2015 Replaced SAC II Muhammad Sabtu Osman
      SAC Dato' Azizan Abd. Aziz 2015 – Present Replaced SAC I Dato' Muhammad Fuad Abu Zarin

      Personnel killed in the line of duty

      See main article: List of Malaysian police officers killed in the line of duty.

      RankNameUnitYear of deathCircumstances
      ASP G/3427 ("Task Force")VAT 691975Sustained fatal injuries from stepping onto a booby-trap while intercepting and hunting down communist guerillas who were responsible for the murder of four Extra Police Constable at Grik, Perak.[22]
      PC 67574 ("Task Force")Zainuddin HassanVAT 691984Killed by a communist sniper while assisting a Police Field Force trapped in an ambush by communist guerillas at Ulu Kinta jungle, Perak
      CplIsmail IbrahimVAT 692000Parachuting accident during basic training course at PGK B Training Facility, Ulu Kinta, Perak
      Cpl 110992Idrus JoharVAT 69
      Insp G/17992Zulkifli Bin MamatVAT 692013Killed during an ambush during the 2013 Lahad Datu standoff in Lahad Datu, Sabah.
      Cpl 113088Sabaruddin Bin DaudVAT 69
      Cpl 148953Mohd Razkan SeranUTK2015Killed in a helicopter crash in a jungle along Jalan Sungai Lalang in Kampung Pasir Baru, Semenyih, Kajang, while escorting Member of Parliament for Rompin, Tan Sri Jamaluddin Jarjis, from Pahang to Subang.

      Missions

      Operations Dawn

      Its first counter-terrorism mission, one of the most well-known and which established the unit's reputation as an elite unit, was an operation known as "Operasi Subuh"/"Operasi Khas 304" ('Operations Dawn/Special Operation 304'). It was carried out on 3 July 2000 against Al-Ma'unah militants who had stolen 94 M16 rifles, 2 Steyr AUG rifles, 4 general purpose machine guns (GPMG), 6 light machine guns, 5 M203 grenade launchers, 26 bayonet daggers and thousands of ammunition rounds from 2 control posts of the Rejimen Askar Wataniah ('Territorial Army Regiment') camp in Kuala Rui, Perak. The militants also took two police officers, one army special forces soldier and one villager as hostages and planned to launch attacks against the government.[23]

      In the dawn of 5 July 2000, police and military units created a distraction, while members of the PGK, accompanied by the 22nd Commando Regiment (22 Cdo) of Grup Gerak Khas led by Malaysian Army senior officer Lieutenant general (R) Zaini Mohamad Said and PGK 69 Commando leader ASP Abd Razak Mohd Yusof were sent to Sauk, Perak to negotiate with the Al-Ma'unah leader, Mohamed Amin Mohamed Razali.

      Amin, along with his comrades, were persuaded to drop their weapons and surrender to the security forces. Although most of the group initially surrendered, negotiations eventually broke down and a gunfight ensued. Two of the four hostages were killed before the group finally surrendered. The security forces suffered two casualties: police Special Branch officer, Detective Corporal R. Sanghadevan and Trooper Matthew anak Medan from 22 Cdo, who were tortured before they were killed and was buried by the other two hostages, Sergeant (R) Mohd Shah Ahmad and civilian Jaafar Puteh, in the jungle before they were both rescued by security forces. Abdul Halim Ali @ Ahmad, a member of the militant group, was shot dead in the gunfight and five others were injured, including two seriously injured. The other twenty-two were taken into police custody.[24] Mohamed Amin, Zahit Muslim, Jemari Jusoh and Jamaludin Darus were later sentenced to death and the other sixteen were sentenced to life imprisonment. Ten more militants were sentenced to ten years in prison by the High Court of Malaysia for war preparations against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.[25] [26]

      Publicly known missions

      In popular culture

      Books, television and movies

      See also

      Further reading

      External links

      Notes and References

      1. Web site: Remains of the day . S.S Yoga . 30 December 2009 . The Star . 11 May 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110622022714/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F11%2F30%2Flifefocus%2F5148954&sec=lifefocus . 22 June 2011 . dmy-all .
      2. A. Navaratnam, p. 192
      3. A. Navaratnam, pp.9-10
      4. Web site: Anis . Mazwin Nik . Zolkepli . Farik . 1 Jan 2016 . 2016 year starter: Malaysia's last line of defence . 2017-04-23 . The Star.
      5. Web site: Tiger . Polis Hutan . 30 October 2018 . ms . 4 December 2017.
      6. News: The Star. In full force. 22 September 2007. 18 February 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080524215143/http://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F9%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F18884357&sec=lifefocus. 24 May 2008. dmy-all.
      7. Web site: PASUKAN GERAK KHAS PDRM. galeripdrm.blogspot.my. 2017-05-01.
      8. News: PDRM mohon tambah anggota, elaun khas UTK. Mokhtar. Nor Azizah. 11 November 2017. Berita Harian. 30 October 2018. ms.
      9. News: The Star. To protect with their lives – Fotoplay. 29 September 2007. 18 February 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080524215441/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F12%2F29%2Fnation%2F19881348&sec=nation. 24 May 2008. dmy-all.
      10. News: The Star. Guns, grit & guts. 27 August 2005. 24 December 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110604045116/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2005%2F8%2F27%2Flifefocus%2F11863993&sec=lifefocus. 4 June 2011. dmy-all.
      11. News: Majalah 3: Perisai Keamanan Bandar (Unit Tindakan Khas). Onn. Nurul Fariha. 27 February 2017. TV3 (Malaysia).
      12. Web site: Malaysian Special Forces . Thompson, Leroy . December 2008 . Special Weapons . 23 November 2009.
      13. Web site: Ling Kwan . Meet Liong, the Only M'sian Chinese Who Made the Cut in the Elite Force VAT 69 . World of Buzz . 30 October 2018 . 27 March 2018.
      14. Web site: Selamat Menyambut Hari Ulang Tahun ke 47 VAT69 . Laman Web Rasmi Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli . 30 October 2018 . ms . 24 October 2016.
      15. Web site: DEMO VAT HUT KE47 2016 . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/EOdo6Qed4O8 . 2021-12-19 . live. theblack daggers . 30 October 2018 . ms . Video . 7 November 2016.
      16. News: The Star (Malaysia). Special Action Unit combating terror 40 years on . Camoens, Austin . January 19, 2017 . April 20, 2017 .
      17. News: 2016 year starter: Malaysia's last line of defence. January 1, 2016. The Star (Malaysia). September 17, 2016.
      18. Web site: Latihan Pasukan Gerakan Khas (PGK) bersama US Army dan US Navy.. www.rmp.gov.my. en. 2017-05-01.
      19. News: An Inspector General of Police Speeches In Conjunction With The Council End of Course Special Operations Force Series 1/2003 Ceremony & End of Course Beret Conjunction Rookie PGK. 10 December 2003. Royal Malaysian Police. 24 December 2009.
      20. Web site: HK MP7A1 . 13 December 2007 . Guns Lot . 22 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160429052953/http://www.gunslot.com/guns/hk-mp7a1 . 29 April 2016 . dead . dmy-all .
      21. News: The Star. VAT 69 gets RM2m shoot house. 26 October 2007. 17 April 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080524215215/http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F10%2F26%2Fnorth%2F19256550&sec=north. 24 May 2008. dmy-all.
      22. News: Remembering deeds of VAT 69 commandos. 2016-04-02. NST Online. 2017-04-23. en.
      23. News: Malaysian arms gang take hostages. BBC News . 4 July 2000. 8 June 2008 .
      24. News: Malaysian gunmen surrender. BBC News . 6 July 2000 . 18 August 2008 .
      25. News: Utusan Malaysia. Sauk incident. 15 January 2001. 18 February 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080513081532/http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/archive.asp?y=2002&dt=0116&pub=utusan_express&sec=home%5Fnews&pg=hn_06.htm&arc=hive. 13 May 2008. dead.
      26. News: Malaysian arms raid cult charged . BBC News . 8 August 2000 . 8 June 2008 .
      27. News: Asia Times. Security for sale. 14 August 2003. 20 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20030815094136/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/EH14Aa01.html. unfit. 15 August 2003.
      28. News: World: Asia-Pacific Anwar arrested amid Kuala Lumpur protests. BBC News . 2 September 2004. 20 August 2008 .
      29. News: Federal Court of Malaysia. Malaysian Federal Court Judgment in Dato' Seri Anwar b. Ibrahim & Sukma Darmawan Sasmitaat Madja Lwn. Pendakwa Raya. 2 September 2004. 12 June 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090712125708/http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/judgment/fc/archive/05-6-2003(W)dato%20hamid.htm. 12 July 2009. dead. dmy-all.
      30. News: Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim set free. BBC News . 2 September 2004. 20 August 2008 .
      31. News: Utusan Malaysia. 4 ahli Geng Steyr ditembak mati (Malay). 19 January 2000. 18 February 2008.
      32. News: 27 in the list of Interpol, FBI . hmetro.com.my . . 22 February 2010 . 5 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100225141207/http://www.hmetro.com.my/myMetro/articles/27masuksenaraiInterpol_FBI/Article/index_html . 25 February 2010 .
      33. http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf The 9/11 Commission Report
      34. News: Utusan Malaysia. Mat Komando killed in shootout with police. 12 September 2002. 18 February 2008.
      35. News: Utusan Malaysia. Crime watch: December 27. 27 December 2001. 18 February 2008.
      36. News: Utusan Malaysia. M16 Gang crippled, three members including mastermind shot dead. 28 December 2001. 18 February 2008.
      37. News: Marine Police Detain Ship Believed Hijacked Three Years Ago. bernama.com.my. Bernama. 23 August 2005. 5 September 2011 .
      38. News: Malaysia seizes 'stolen' ship in nighttime raid. Taiwan (ROC) . The Taipei Times . 25 August 2005. 5 September 2011 .
      39. News: Bernama. M'sian Police To Take Over From M'sian Troops In Timor Leste. 30 June 2006. 18 February 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104849/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=206042. 29 September 2007. dmy-all.
      40. News: Villagers help in ground search . . 16 July 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070909062202/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F7%2F16%2Fnation%2F18316892&sec=nation . 9 September 2007 . dmy-all .
      41. News: The Star. Anwar arrested, taken to HKL (Update 11). 16 July 2008. 20 July 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080720040946/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F7%2F16%2Fnation%2F20080716101744&sec=nation. 20 July 2008. dmy-all.
      42. News: Fugitive militant finds rustic retreat away from prying eyes. https://web.archive.org/web/20090511223600/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F5%2F11%2Fnation%2F3877066&sec=nation. dead. 11 May 2009. thestar.com.my. The Star. 11 May 2009. 11 May 2009. dmy-all.
      43. News: Fugitive Mas Selamat nabbed. https://web.archive.org/web/20090509050042/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F5%2F8%2Fnation%2F20090508084657&sec=nation. dead. 9 May 2009. thestar.com.my. The Star. 8 May 2009. 9 May 2009. dmy-all.
      44. Web site: Royal car ambushed by armed men, claims prince . 8 May 2010 . The Star . 11 May 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100510004209/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F5%2F8%2Fnation%2F6218887&sec=nation . 10 May 2010 . dmy-all .
      45. Web site: Malaysia: Kindergarten Hostage Taker Killed . AP/Eileen Ng . 8 July 2011 . . 23 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110711141821/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2082052,00.html . 11 July 2011 . dead . dmy-all .
      46. Web site: Malaysian police shoot hostage-taker to end kindergarten siege . EPA . 7 July 2011 . The Guardian . UK . 23 July 2011.
      47. Web site: Children safe after siege at Malaysian kindergarten . 7 July 2011 . BBC News . 23 July 2011.
      48. Web site: Two Malaysians Charged with Inciting Terrorism in Syria . 16 February 2013 . Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA Syria) . 17 February 2013 .
      49. Web site: Trio held for militant activities . 8 February 2013 . New Straits Times . 17 February 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053735/http://www.nst.com.my/latest/trio-held-for-militant-activities-1.215086 . 3 December 2013 . dmy-all .
      50. Web site: Yazid Sufaat and his alleged track of terror . 8 February 2013 . Astro Awani . 17 February 2013.
      51. Web site: Lahad Datu: Police the approximately 15 Sulu gunmen who were believed to be part of the ambush were killed in a firefight on 1 March . 12 March 2013 . ABN News . 19 June 2013.
      52. Web site: Komando VAT 69 geledah sempadan . 19 May 2015 . Utusan Malaysia . 19 May 2015.