5th century in Lebanon explained

5th century in Lebanon
Key event(s):
Chronology:

This article lists historical events that occurred between 401–500 in modern-day Lebanon or regarding its people.

Administration

Constantine's province of Augusta Libanensis was short-lived, but formed the basis of the re-division of Phoenice into the Phoenice I or Phoenice Paralia (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Φοινίκη Παραλία, "coastal Phoenice"), and Phoenice II or Phoenice Libanensis (Lebanese Phoenicia);(Φοινίκη Λιβανησία), with Tyre and Emesa as their respective capitals. In the, written shortly after the division, Phoenice I is governed by a consularis, while Libanensis is governed by a praeses, with both provinces under the Diocese of the East.^[1] Only two governors of Phoenice were known from the reign of Theodosius II (408–450) to that of Justin I (518–527).^[2]

Events

400s

• Around the year 400, Rabbula, the future bishop of Edessa, attempts to have himself martyred by interrupting and disrupting the pagans of Baalbek but he was only thrown down the temple stairs along with his companion.
• A village featuring a luxurious building with Roman thermal baths and two large winepresses is established in the modern region of Zaarour, .^[3]
• In 404 AD, towards the end of the reign of Arcadius, numerous Isaurian robbers gather in great numbers and ravage cities and villages as far as Phoenicia.^[4]
• John Chrysostom writes to Maron around AD 405 expressing his great love and respect, and asking him to pray for him.^[5]

410s

• The Christianization of Lebanon begins. The followers of Maron (a Syriac Christian hermit monk who practiced his religion in the Taurus Mountains) put a foundation to the religious Christian movement after his death in 410 AD that became known as the Syriac Maronite Church, in full communion with the Holy See and the Catholic Church. The peoples who belong to the religious community which developed from this movement are the modern Maronites.^{[6] [7]}

420s

• By the 5th century, the law school of Berytus had established its leading position and repute among the Empire's law schools; its teachers were highly regarded and played a chief role in the development of legal learning in the East to the point that they were dubbed “ecumenical masters”.^{[8] [9]} From 425, the law school of Constantinople becomes a rival center of law study.^[10]

430s

• Marcellinus, bishop of Arqa, participates at the Council of Ephesus in 431.^{[11] [12] [13]} in which Cyrus, bishop of Tyre (?–431), is deposed as a supporter of Nestorius. and Berenicianus is ordained as his successor as the bishop of Tyre. (431–?)^[14]

440s

• In 440, Anatolius (Greek: Ανατόλιος, fl. 421 – 451) a diplomat and general of the Eastern Roman Empire and Consul directs some works at the Heliopolis of Phoenicia.^[15]
• In the summer of 2017 a Greek inscription, five-metres long, naming Irenaeus as bishop of Tyre, was found west of the Sea of Galilee. Since the inscription provides the date of the church's completion as 445, it gives credence to a date as early as 444 CE for his ordination.^[16]
• Epiphanius, bishop of Arqa, takes part in a synod at Antioch in 448.^{[11] [12] [13]}
• A council is held in Tyre, February, 449, to discuss and examine the nestorian beliefs of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa. This council had serious consequences at Chalcedon and especially at the Council of the Three Chapters in 553.^[17]

450s

• in 450 AD Berytus obtains from Theodosius II the title of metropolis, with jurisdiction over six sees taken from Tyre.
• Heraclitus, bishop of Arqa, Porphyrius, a bishop from Batroun,^[18] and Thomas, the bishop of Porphyreon (Jieh), participate in the Council of Chalcedon, 451 AD, in which the Maronites reject miaphysitisim and maintain full communion with the then united Orthodox Catholic Church.^[19] It's also decided in the council to restore the jurisdiction of the six sees Berytus obtained, back to Tyre, leaving, however, to Berytus its rank of metropolis.^[20] Thus, from 451 AD Berytus is an exempt metropolis which depends directly on the Patriarch of Antioch.^[21]

• In 452, after the Council of Chalcedon, the Maronite Beth-Maron monastery at Apamea (present day Qalaat al-Madiq) get expanded by the Byzantine emperor Marcian.^[22]
• Heraclitus, bishop of Arqa, signs the letter that the bishops of the province of Syria Phoenicia sent in 458 to Byzantine Emperor Leo I the Thracian to protest about the murder of Proterius of Alexandria.

460s

• In 460 AD, the emperor Leo I issues an edict that orders candidates for the bar of the Eastern praetorian prefecture to produce certificates of proficiency from the law teachers who instruct them at one of the recognized law schools of the Empire. As a result, learning law at the law school of Berytus becomes highly desired.^{[23] [24]}

470s

• John II Codonatus, archbishop of Tyre, becomes patriarch of Antioch (477).^{[25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]}
• A mosaic from Upper Galilee, then part of Phoenice Paralios (Maritima), is completed on 16 April 478 in the celebration of the visit of Longinus, the archbishop of Tyre and several other ecclesiastical figures on the first Sunday after Easter.^[31]

480s

• The synod of Sidon is convened in 486 AD.^[32]
• The Metropolitan of Tyre establishes himself as the first in precedence (protothronos) of all the Metropolitans subject to Antioch.
• In 487, Zacharias Rhetor travels to Berytus to study law at its law school. He stayed there, and led an ascetic life.^[33]
• In 488, Severus of Antioch is baptised at the Church of Saint Leontius at Tripolis (modern-day Tripoli) with Evagrius as his sponsor.^[34]

490s

• In 491/492, during the reign of Anastasius I, Lakhmid Arabs invade Phoenicia Libanensis, reaching as far as Emesa.^[35]

Ecclesiastical administration

The ecclesiastical administration paralleled the political, but with some differences. When the province was divided, Damascus, rather than Emesa, became the metropolis of Phoenice II. Both provinces belonged to the Patriarchate of Antioch, with Damascus initially outranking Tyre, whose position was also briefly challenged by the see of Berytus ; after 480/1, however, the Metropolitan of Tyre established himself as the first in precedence (protothronos) of all the Metropolitans subject to Antioch.

Professors

Professors

Dates (uncertain dates in italic)	Names (uncertain names in italic)
400–410, 438	Cyrillus
420–450	Patricius
450–490	Domninus
	Demosthenes
	Eudoxius
May–June 460	Euxenius
480–500	Amblichus
Before 487/488 –	Leontius
End of the 5th century, early 6th century	Sabinus
	Anonymous, mentioned in the Scholia Sinaitica

Architecture

• Hamatoura monastery (Arabic: دَيْر رُقَاد ٱلسَّيِّدَة حَمَاطُورَة), Kousba.^{[36] [37] [38]}
• Anastasi Romano-Byzantine Cathedral, modern-day Nejmeh Square, Beirut.^[39]
• Church of the Theotokos, Berytus (Beirut), city center, beside the port.^{[40] [41]}
• Church of Saint Judas, Beirut.^[42]
• Martyrion of Saint Stephen, Beirut.^[43]
• A Christian basilica with columns built towards the end of the 5th century, Yanouh.^[44]
• Saint-Zakhia church, near Amsheet.^{[45] [46]}
• A Christian basilica with mosaics, dated to AD 498, Shheem.^[47]

Bibliography

• Book: Jolowicz, Herbert F. . Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law . Cambridge University Press . 1972 . 9780521082532 . Cambridge, Cambs..
• Book: Mousourakis, George . The Historical Institutional Context of Roman Law . Ashgate Publishing . 2003 . 9780754621089 . Burlington, VT.
• Book: Collinet, Paul. Histoire de l'école de droit de Beyrouth. Société Anonyme du Recueil Sirey. 1925. Paris. French.
• Book: Riddle, John M. . A History of the Middle Ages, 300–1500 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 2008 . 9781442210042 . Plymouth.
• Book: Cook, Arthur B. . Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky . Cambridge . 1914.
• Encyclopedia: Eißfeldt . Otto . Phoiniker (Phoinike) . . Band XX, Halbband 39, Philon-Pignus . 1941 . 350–379 .

Notes and References

1. Notitia Dignitatum, in partibus Orientis, I
2. J.R. Martindale, Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. II: AD 395–527,

   Cambridge 1980, pp. 1186–1187 (fasti).

3. Web site: 2019-02-12 . A Zaarour, une découverte inédite : un village byzantin à 1 400 m d'altitude . 2022-07-06 . L'Orient-Le Jour.
4. https://www.fourthcentury.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/6.3-Events-at-the-end-of-Arcadius-Reign.pdf 6.3 – Events at the end of Arcadius' Reign (404-408)
5. Web site: Who is Saint Maron? St. Elias Maronite Catholic Church . 2022-08-10 . en-US.
6. Web site: Who is Saint Maron? St. Elias Maronite Catholic Church . 2021-10-03 . en-US.
7. http://www.opuslibani.org.lb/egliseeng/002/st001.htm Saint Maroun
8. Jolowicz 1972, p. 453
9. Pomeroy 2012, pp. 41–42
10. Riddle 2008, p. 107
11. Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 7, p. 86
12. Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 823-826
13. Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 434
14. [Vitalien Laurent]
15. This episode, told by Procopius in the Persian Wars, I.2.11-15, could be placed in 421, during the previous war against the Sassanids (Michael H. Dodgeon, Samuel N. C. Lieu, Geoffrey Greatrex, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part 2, CRC Press, 2002,, p. 259).
16. Web site: 1,600-year-old church mosaic puzzles out key role of women in early Christianity. Amanda . Borschel-Dan. www.timesofisrael.com. en-US. 2019-08-26.
17. Hefele-Leclercq, op. cit., II, 493-98
18. [Lequien]
19. [Donald Attwater|Attwater, Donald]
20. [Gian Domenico Mansi|Mansi]
21. Catholic E.:Berytus (1)
22. Book: Conversion and Continuity. 1990. 9780888448095. books.google.com.
23. Jolowicz 1972, pp. 454–455
24. Mousourakis 2003, p. 363
25. The episcopate of John II Codonatus is placed in either 475–490, 476/477, 476–477, or 477.
26. [List of patriarchs of Antioch#CITEREFEderRenger2007|Eder & Renger (2007)]
27. [List of patriarchs of Antioch#CITEREFHainthaler2013|Hainthaler (2013)]
28. [List of patriarchs of Antioch#CITEREFChadwick2001|Chadwick (2001)]
29. [List of patriarchs of Antioch#CITEREFHonigmann1947|Honigmann (1947)]
30. [List of patriarchs of Antioch#CITEREFWhitby2000|Whitby (2000)]
31. Di Segni . Leah . Ashkenazi . Jacob . Newly Discovered inscriptions from three churches in Upper Western Galilee . A. Coniglio and A. Ricco (Eds.), Holy Land: Archaeology on Either Side. Archaeological Essays in Honour of Eugenio Alliata, Ofm (SBF Collectio Maior 57), Edizioni Terra Santa, Milan 2020.
32. The Reign of Anastasius I, 491-518 - Oxford University Research Archive
33. Book: The Syriac chronicle known as that of Zachariah of Mitylene . Hamilton . F. J. . Brooks . E. W. . 1899 . London, Methuen & Co. . Cornell University Library.
34. Chapman, John (1911). "Monophysites and Monophysitism". The Catholic Encyclopedia.
35. The Reign of Anastasius I, 491-518 - Oxford University Research Archive, p. 88.
36. Web site: دير رقاد والدة الإله حماطورة للروم الأرثوذكس على شير صخري على طريق الكورة- الأرز الاتحاد الكاثوليكي العالمي للصحافة- لبنان . 2022-08-09 . ar.
37. Book: Sicking, Thom . Les lieux de culte de Beyrouth et sa proche banlieue . 1224968091.
38. Web site: CRT – Cultural Religious Tourism . 2022-08-09 . en-US.
39. Web site: Nalbandian . Salpy . LibGuides: Beirut's Heritage Buildings: Port . 2022-08-09 . aub.edu.lb.libguides.com . en.
40. Vie de Sévère 69
41. Vie de Sévère 46-48
42. Vie de Sévère 63
43. Vie de Sévère 55
44. Web site: Yenouh, Kartaba, Adonis River, Phoenician temple, Maria, Diana Roman goddess, daughter god Jupiter . 2022-08-09 . www.discoverlebanon.com.
45. Lahoud, Adib; Al Dawha al Amchitiya, 1954, Dar El Tibaa wal Nasher, Rue des Cèdres, Saifi, Beyrouth.
46. Web site: 2016-01-29 . History of the Marionites . 2022-08-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160129023934/http://www.maronite-sf.org/publications/summarized_history_of_the_Maronites.pdf . 29 January 2016 . dead.
47. https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/en/2019/04/15/chhim-2/ Chhîm