555 timer IC explained

555 timer IC
Type:	Active, integrated circuit
Invented:	Hans Camenzind (1971)
First Produced:	1972
Symbol Caption:	Internal block diagram

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit used in a variety of timer, delay, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. It is one of the most popular timing ICs due to its flexibility and price. Derivatives provide two (556) or four (558) timing circuits in one package. The design was first marketed in 1972 by Signetics^[1] and used bipolar junction transistors. Since then, numerous companies have made the original timers and later similar low-power CMOS timers. In 2017, it was said that over a billion 555 timers are produced annually by some estimates, and that the design was "probably the most popular integrated circuit ever made".^[2]

History

The timer IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to Signetics.^[1] In 1968, he was hired by Signetics to develop a phase-locked loop (PLL) IC. He designed an oscillator for PLLs such that the frequency did not depend on the power supply voltage or temperature. Signetics subsequently laid off half of its employees due to the 1970 recession, and development on the PLL was thus frozen.^[3] Camenzind proposed the development of a universal circuit based on the oscillator for PLLs and asked that he develop it alone, borrowing equipment from Signetics instead of having his pay cut in half. Camenzind's idea was originally rejected, since other engineers argued the product could be built from existing parts sold by the company; however, the marketing manager approved the idea.^[4]

The first design for the 555 was reviewed in the summer of 1971. After this design was tested and found to be without errors, Camenzind got the idea of using a direct resistance instead of a constant current source, finding that it worked satisfactorily. The design change decreased the required 9 external pins to 8, so the IC could be fit in an 8-pin package instead of a 14-pin package. This revised version passed a second design review, and the prototypes were completed in October 1971 as the NE555V (plastic DIP) and SE555T (metal TO-5).^[5] The 9-pin version had already been released by another company founded by an engineer who had attended the first review and had retired from Signetics; that firm withdrew its version soon after the 555 was released. The 555 timer was manufactured by 12 companies in 1972, and it became a best-selling product.^[3]

The 555 found many applications beyond timers. Camenzind noted in 1997 that "nine out of 10 of its applications were in areas and ways I had never contemplated. For months I was inundated by phone calls from engineers who had new ideas for using the device."

Name

Several books report the name "555" timer IC derived from the three 5 kΩ resistors inside the chip.^{[6] [7] [8]} However, in a recorded interview with an online transistor museum curator,^[9] Hans Camenzind said "It was just arbitrarily chosen. It was Art Fury (marketing manager) who thought the circuit was gonna sell big who picked the name '555' timer IC.."^[10]

Design

Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package incorporated the equivalent of 25 transistors, 2 diodes, and 15 resistors on a silicon chip packaged into an 8-pin dual in-line package (DIP-8).^[11] Variants available included the 556 (a DIP-14 combining two complete 555s on one chip), and 558 / 559 (both variants were a DIP-16 combining four reduced-functionality timers on one chip).

The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 °C to +70 °C, and the SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, −55 °C to +125 °C. These chips were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive epoxy plastic (V package) form factors. Thus, the full part numbers were NE555V, NE555T, SE555V, and SE555T.

Low-power CMOS versions of the 555 are now available, such as the Intersil ICM7555 and Texas Instruments LMC555, TLC555, TLC551.

Internal schematic

The internal block diagram and schematic of the 555 timer are highlighted with the same color across all three drawings to clarify how the chip is implemented:

• : Between the positive supply voltage V_CC and the ground GND is a voltage divider consisting of three identical resistors (5kΩ for bipolar timers, 100kΩ or higher for CMOS) to create reference voltages for the analog comparators. CONTROL is connected between the upper two resistors, allowing an external voltage to control the reference voltages:
  • When CONTROL is not driven, this divider creates an upper reference voltage of V_CC and a lower reference voltage of V_CC.
  • When CONTROL is driven, the upper reference voltage will instead be V_CONTROL and the lower reference voltage will be V_CONTROL.
• : The comparator's negative input is connected to voltage divider's upper reference voltage, and the comparator's positive input is connected to THRESHOLD.
• : The comparator's positive input is connected to voltage divider's lower reference, and the comparator's negative input is connected to TRIGGER.
• : A set-reset latch stores the state of the timer and is controlled by the two comparators. RESET overrides the other two inputs, thus the latch (and therefore the entire timer) can be reset at any time.
• : The output of the latch is followed by an output stage with pushpull output drivers that can supply up to 200mA for bipolar timers, lower for CMOS timers.
• : Also, the output of the latch controls a transistor acting as an electronic switch that connects DISCHARGE to ground.

Pinout

The pinout of the 8-pin 555 timer and 14-pin 556 dual timer are shown in the following table. Since the 556 is conceptually two 555 timers that share power pins, the pin numbers for each half are split across two columns.

555 pin#	556	556	Pin name	Pin direction	Pin description
					Ground supply: this pin is the ground reference voltage (zero volts).
					Trigger: when VTRIGGER falls below VCONTROL (VCC, except when CONTROL is driven by an external signal), OUTPUT goes to the high state and a timing interval starts. As long as TRIGGER continues to be kept at a low voltage, OUTPUT will remain in the high state.
					Output: this pin is a push-pull (P.P.) output that is driven to either a low state (GND) or a high state (VCC minus approximately 1.7 volts for bipolar timers, or VCC for CMOS timers).
					Reset: a timing interval may be reset by driving this pin to GND, but the timing does not begin again until this pin rises above approximately 0.7 volts. This pin overrides, which in turn overrides THRESHOLD. If this pin is not used, it should be connected to VCC to prevent electrical noise accidentally causing a reset.^[12] ^[13]
					Control: this pin provides access to the internal voltage divider (VCC by default). By applying a voltage to this pin, the timing characteristics can be changed. In astable mode, this pin can be used to frequency-modulate the OUTPUT state. If this pin is not used, it should be connected to a 10 nF decoupling capacitor (between this pin and GND) to ensure electrical noise doesn't affect the internal voltage divider.
					Threshold: when the voltage at this pin is greater than VCONTROL (VCC by default except when CONTROL is driven by an external signal), then the OUTPUT high state timing interval ends, causing OUTPUT to go to the low state.
					Discharge: This pin is an open-collector (O.C.) output for bipolar timers, or an open-drain (O.D.) output for CMOS timers. This pin can be used to discharge a capacitor when OUTPUT is low. In bistable latch and bistable inverter modes, this pin is unused, which allows it to be used as an alternate output.
					Positive supply: For bipolar timers, the supply voltage range is typically 4.5 to 16 volts (some are spec'ed for up to 18 volts, though most will operate as low as 3 volts). For CMOS timers, the supply voltage range is typically 2 to 15 volts (some are spec'ed for up to 18 volts, and some are spec'ed as low as 1 volt). See the supply min and max columns in the derivatives table in this article. Decoupling capacitor(s) are generally applied (between this pin and GND) as a good practice.^[14]

Modes

The 555 IC has the following operating modes:

1. Astable (free-running) mode – The 555 operates as an electronic oscillator. Applications include:
   • Light emitting diode and lamp flashers, pulse generation, pulse-width modulation (PWM), logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse-position modulation, etc.
   • Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) from an analog value represented by a resistance or capacitance into a digital pulse length.
     • e.g., selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor with the period of the output pulse determined by the temperature. A microprocessor can then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it, and even provide calibration.
2. Monostable (one-shot) mode – The 555 operates as a "one-shot" pulse generator. Applications include:
   • timers, missing pulse detection, bounce-free switches, touch switches, frequency dividers, triggered measurement of resistance or capacitance, PWM, etc.
3. Bistable (latch) mode – The 555 operates as a set-reset latch. Applications include:
   • switch debouncing.
4. Schmitt trigger (inverter) mode – the 555 operates as a Schmitt trigger inverter gate. Application:
   • Converts a noisy input into a clean digital output.

Astable

See also: Electronic oscillator.

+ Astable mode examples with common values				R2	Duty cycle
0.1Hz (+0.048%)	100μF	8.2kΩ	68kΩ	52.8%
1Hz (+0.048%)	10μF	8.2kΩ	68kΩ	52.8%
10Hz (+0.048%)	1μF	8.2kΩ	68kΩ	52.8%
100Hz (+0.048%)	100nF	8.2kΩ	68kΩ	52.8%
1kHz (+0.048%)	10nF	8.2kΩ	68kΩ	52.8%
10kHz (+0.048%)	1nF	8.2kΩ	68kΩ	52.8%
100kHz (+0.048%)	100pF	8.2kΩ	68kΩ	52.8%

In the astable configuration, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specific period.

The astable configuration is implemented using two resistors,

R _{1} and R _{2} , and one capacitor C . The threshold and trigger pins are both connected to the capacitor; thus they have the same voltage.

Its repeated operating cycle (starting with the capacitor uncharged) is:

1. Since the capacitor's voltage will be below  V_CC, the trigger pin causes the 555's internal latch to change state, causing OUT to go high and the internal discharge transistor to cut-off.
2. Since the discharge pin is no longer short-circuited to ground, the capacitor starts charging via current from Vcc through the resistors

R _{1} and R _{2} .

1. Once the capacitor charge reaches  Vcc, the threshold pin causes the 555's internal latch to change state, causing OUT to go low and the internal discharge transistor to go into saturation (maximal-conductivity) mode.
2. This discharge transistor provides a discharge path, so the capacitor starts discharging through

R _{2} .

1. Once the capacitor's voltage drops below  V_CC, the cycle repeats from step 1.

During the first pulse, the capacitor charges from 0 V to  V_CC, however, in later pulses, it only charges from  V_CC to  V_CC. Consequently, the first pulse has a longer high time interval compared to later pulses. Moreover, the capacitor charges through both resistors but only discharges through

R _{2} , thus the output high interval is longer than the low interval. This is shown in the following equations:

The output high time interval of each pulse is given by:

t _{high} = ln ( 2 ) ⋅ (R _{1} + R _{2)} ⋅ C

The output low time interval of each pulse is given by:

t _{low} = ln ( 2 ) ⋅ R _{2} ⋅ C f of the pulse is given by:f = (1)/(t _{high} + t _{low}) = (1)/(ln ( 2 ) ⋅ (R _{1} +2 R _{2)} ⋅ C) D is given by:D~(\%) = (t _{high})/(t _{high} + t _{low}) ⋅ 100 = (R _{1} + R _{2})/(R _{1} +2 R _{2}) ⋅ 100

where

t is the time in seconds, R is the resistance in ohms, C is the capacitance in farads, and ln ( 2 ) is the natural logarithm of 2.

Resistor

R _{1} requirements:

• The maximum power rating of

R _{1} must be greater than ({V _{CC})/(^{2}{R}) _{1}} , per Ohm's law.

Shorter duty cycle

To create an output high time shorter than the low time (i.e., a duty cycle less than 50%) a fast diode (i.e. 1N4148 signal diode) can be placed in parallel with R₂, with the cathode on the capacitor side. This bypasses R₂ during the high part of the cycle, so that the high interval depends only on R₁ and C, with an adjustment based on the voltage drop across the diode. The low time is unaffected by the diode and so remains $\backslash ln(2)\; \backslash ,\; R\_2\; \backslash ,\; C\; \backslash ,\; .$ But the diode's forward voltage drop V_diode slows charging on the capacitor, so the high time is longer than the often-cited $\backslash ln(2)\; \backslash ,\; R\_1\; \backslash ,\; C$ to become:

t _{high} =ln \left( (2 V _{CC} -3 V _{diode})/(V _{CC} -3 V _{diode}) \right) ⋅ R _{1} ⋅ C,

where V_diode is when the diode's "on" current is of V_CC/R₁ (which depends on the type of diode and can be found in datasheets or measured). When V_diode is small relative to V_cc, this charging is faster and approaches $\backslash ln(2)\; \backslash ,\; R\_1\; \backslash ,\; C$ but is slower the closer V_diode is to V_cc:

As an extreme example, when V_CC = 5 V, and V_diode = 0.7 V, high time is 1.00 R₁C, which is 45% longer than the "expected" 0.693 R₁C. At the other extreme, when V_cc = 15 V, and V_diode = 0.3 V, the high time is 0.725 R₁C, which is closer to the expected 0.693 R₁C. The equation approaches 0.693 R₁C as V_diode approaches 0 V.

Voltage-controlled pulse-width modulation

In the previous example schematics, the control pin was not used, thus it should connected to ground through a 10 nF decoupling capacitor to shunt electrical noise. However if a time-varying voltage source was applied to the control pin, then the pulse widths would be dependent on the control voltage.

Monostable

See also: RC circuit.

Monostable mode produces an output pulse when the trigger signals drops below V_CC. An RC circuit sets the output pulse's duration as the time

t in seconds it takes to charge C to V_CC:t = ln ( 3 ) ⋅ R ⋅ C,

where

R is the resistance in ohms, C is the capacitance in farads, ln ( 3 ) is the natural log of 3 constant. The output pulse duration can be lengthened or shortened as desired by adjusting the values of R and C. Subsequent triggering before the end of this timing interval won't affect the output pulse.

Example Values

+ Monostable mode examples with common values			R
100 μs (−0.026%)	1 nF	91 kΩ
1 ms (−0.026%)	10 nF	91 kΩ
10 ms (−0.026%)	100 nF	91 kΩ
100 ms (−0.026%)	1 μF	91 kΩ
1 s (−0.026%)	10 μF	91 kΩ
10 s (−0.026%)	100 μF	91 kΩ

The timing table (right) shows common electronic component value solutions for various powers of 10 timings.

Scaling R and C by opposite powers of 10 will provide the same timing. For instance:

• 1ms ≅ 1nF and 910kΩ,
• 1ms ≅ 10nF and 91kΩ (values from table),
• 1ms ≅ 100nF and 9.1kΩ.

For each row in the example table (right), additional timing values can easily be created by adding one to three of the same resistor value in parallel and/or series. A second resistor in parallel, the new timing is half the table time. A second resistor in series, the new timing is double the table time.

• 2.5ms (0.25x) ≅ 100nF and 22.75kΩ (four 91kΩ resistors in parallel),
• 5ms (0.5x) ≅ 100nF and 45.5kΩ (two 91kΩ resistors in parallel),
• 10ms (1x) ≅ 100nF and 91kΩ (values from table),
• 15ms (1.5x) ≅ 100nF and 136.5kΩ (one 91kΩ resistor in series with "two 91kΩ resistors in parallel"),
• 20ms (2x) ≅ 100nF and 182kΩ (two 91kΩ resistors in series),
• 25ms (2.5x) ≅ 100nF and 227.5kΩ ("two 91kΩ resistors in series" in series with "two 91kΩ resistors in parallel"),
• 30ms (3x) ≅ 100nF and 273kΩ (three 91kΩ resistors in series),
• 40ms (4x) ≅ 100nF and 364kΩ (four 91kΩ resistors in series).

Bistable SR latch

A 555 timer can act as an active-low SR latch (though without an inverted output) with two outputs: output pin is a push-pull output, discharge pin is an open-collector output (requires a pull-up resistor).

For the schematic on the right, a input signal connects to the pin and connecting a input signal to the pin. Thus, pulling momentarily low acts as a "set" and transitions the output to the high state (V_CC). Conversely, pulling momentarily low acts as a "reset" and transitions the Out pin to the low state (GND).

No timing capacitors are required in a bistable configuration. The threshold input is grounded because it is unused.^[15] The trigger and reset inputs may be held high via pull-up resistors if they are normally Hi-Z and only enabled by connecting to ground.

Bistable schmitt trigger inverter gate

See also: Inverter gate.

A 555 timer can be used to create a Schmitt trigger inverter gate with two outputs: output pin is a push-pull output, discharge pin is an open-collector output (requires a pull-up resistor).

For the schematic on the right, an input signal is AC-coupled through a low value series capacitor, then biased by identical high-resistance resistors

R _{1} and R _{2} , which causes the signal to be centered at Vcc. This centered signal is connected to both the trigger and threshold input pins of the timer. The input signal must be strong enough to excite the trigger levels of the comparators to exceed the lower V_CC and upper V_CC thresholds in order to cause them to change state, thus providing the schmitt trigger feature.^[16]

No timing capacitors are required in a bistable configuration.

Packages

In 1972, Signetics originally released the 555 timer in DIP-8 and TO5-8 metal can packages, and the 556 timer was released in a DIP-14 package.

In 2006, the dual 556 timer was available in through-hole packages as DIP-14 (2.54 mm pitch), and surface-mount packages as SO-14 (1.27 mm pitch) and SSOP-14 (0.65 mm pitch).

In 2012, the 555 was available in through-hole packages as DIP-8 (2.54 mm pitch), and surface-mount packages as SO-8 (1.27 mm pitch), SSOP-8 / TSSOP-8 / VSSOP-8 (0.65 mm pitch), BGA (0.5 mm pitch).

The MIC1555 is a CMOS 555-type timer with three fewer pins available in SOT23-5 (0.95 mm pitch) surface-mount package.

Specifications

These specifications apply to the original bipolar NE555. Other 555 timers can have different specifications depending on the grade (industrial, military, medical, etc.).

Part number	NE555
IC Process	Bipolar
Supply voltage (VCC)	4.5 to 16 V
Supply current (VCC = +5 V)	3 to 6 mA
Supply current (VCC = +15 V)	10 to 15 mA
Output current (maximum)	200 mA
Maximum Power dissipation	600 mW
Power consumption (minimum operating)	30 mW @ 5 V, 225 mW @ 15 V
Operating temperature	0 to 70 °C

Derivatives

Numerous companies have manufactured one or more variants of the 555, 556, 558 timers over the past decades, under many different part numbers. The following is a partial list:

Manufacturer	Part number	Production status	IC process	Timers total	Supply min. (volt)	Supply max. (volt)	Iq (μA) at 5 V supply	Frequency max. (MHz)	Remarks	Datasheet
Custom Silicon Solutions (CSS)	CSS555			1	1.2	5.5	4.3	1.0	Internal EEPROM, requires programmer	^[17] ^[18] ^[19]
	ZSCT1555		Bipolar	1	0.9	6	150	0.33		^[20]
Japan Radio Company (JRC)	NJM555		Bipolar	1	4.5	16	3000	0.1*	Also available in SIP-8 package.	^[21]
	MIC1555/7		CMOS	1*	2.7	18	240	5.0*	Reduced pins & features (only astable & monostable & no reset for MIC1555, astable only for MIC1557), only available in SOT23-5, TSOT23-5, UTDFN-10 packages.	^[22]
	MC1455		Bipolar	1	4.5	16	3000	0.1*		^[23]
	ICM7555		CMOS	1	2	18	40	1.0		^[24]
Renesas	ICM7556		CMOS	2	2	18	80	1.0
Signetics	NE555		Bipolar	1	4.5	16	3000	0.1*	First 555 timer, DIP-8 or TO5-8 packages.	^[25] ^[26] ^[27] ^[28]
Signetics	NE556		Bipolar	2	4.5	16	6000	0.1*	First 556 timer, DIP-14 package.
Signetics	NE558		Bipolar	4*	4.5	16	4800*	0.1*	First 558 timer, DIP-16 package.
STMicroelectronics (ST)	TS555		CMOS	1	2	16	110	2.7		^[29]
Texas Instruments (TI)	LM555		Bipolar	1	4.5	16	3000	0.1		^[30]
Texas Instruments	LM556		Bipolar	2	4.5	16	6000	0.1		^[31]
Texas Instruments	LMC555		CMOS	1	1.5	15	100	3.0	Also available in DSBGA-8 package.	^[32]
Texas Instruments	NE555		Bipolar	1	4.5	16	3000	0.1*		^[33]
Texas Instruments	NE556		Bipolar	2	4.5	16	6000	0.1*		^[34]
Texas Instruments	TLC551		CMOS	1	1	15	170	1.8		^[35]
Texas Instruments	TLC552		CMOS	2	1	15	340	1.8		^[36]
Texas Instruments	TLC555		CMOS	1	2	15	170	2.1		^[37]
Texas Instruments	TLC556		CMOS	2	2	15	340	2.1		^[38]
X-REL	XTR655			1	2.8	5.5	170	4.0	Extreme (−60 °C to +230 °C), ceramic DIP-8 package or bare die.	^[39]

Table notes

• All information in the above table was pulled from references in the datasheet column, except where denoted below.
• For the "Total timers" column, a "*" denotes parts that are missing 555 timer features.
• For the "I_q" column, a 5-volt supply was chosen as a common voltage to make it easier to compare. The value for Signetics NE558 is an estimate because NE558 datasheets don't state I_q at 5 V.^[28] The value listed in this table was estimated by comparing the 5 V to 15 V ratio of other bipolar datasheets, then derating the 15 V parameter for the NE558 part, which is denoted by the "*".
• For the "Frequency max." column, a "*" denotes values that may not be the actual maximum frequency limit of the part. The MIC1555 datasheet discusses limitations from 1 to 5 MHz.^[22] Though most bipolar timers don't state the maximum frequency in their datasheets, they all have a maximum frequency limitation of hundreds of kHz across their full temperature range. Section 8.1 of the Texas Instruments NE555 datasheet^[33] states a value of 100 kHz, and their website shows a value of 100 kHz in timer comparison tables. Signetics App Note 170 states that most devices will oscillate up to 1 MHz; however, when considering temperature stability, it should be limited to about 500 kHz.^[28] The application note from HFO mentions that at higher supply voltages the maximum power dissipation of the circuit might limit the operating frequency, as the supply current increases with frequency.^[40]
• For the "Manufacturer" column, the following associates historical 555 timer manufacturers to current company names.
  • Fairchild Semiconductor was sold to ON Semiconductor in 2016.^[41] ON Semiconductor was founded in 1999 as a spinoff of Motorola Semiconductor Components Group.^[42] The MC1455 started as a Motorola product.
  • Intersil was sold to Renesas Electronics in 2017.^[43] The ICM7555 and ICM7556 started as Intersil products.
  • Micrel was sold to Microchip Technology in 2015.^[44] The MIC1555 started as a Micrel product.
  • National Semiconductor was sold to Texas Instruments in 2011.^[45] The LM555 and LM556 started as a National Semiconductor products.
  • Signetics was sold to Philips Semiconductor in 1975, later to NXP Semiconductors in 2006.^[46]
  • Zetex Semiconductors was sold to Diodes Incorporated in 2008.^[47] The ZSCT1555 started as a Zetex product.^[48]

556 dual timer

The dual version is called 556. It features two complete 555 timers in a 14-pin package; only the two power-supply pins are shared between the two timers.^{[34] [26]} In 2020, the bipolar version was available as the NE556,^[34] and the CMOS versions were available as the Intersil ICM7556 and Texas Instruments TLC556 and TLC552. See derivatives table in this article.^{[24] [38] [36]}

558 quad timer

The quad version is called 558 and has four reduced-functionality timers in a 16-pin package designed primarily for monostable multivibrator applications.^{[49] [28]} By 2014, many versions of 16-pin NE558 have become obsolete.^[50]

Partial list of differences between 558 and 555 chips:^[28]

• One V_CC and one GND, similar to 556 chip.
• Four "Reset" are tied together internally to one external pin (558).
• Four "Control Voltage" are tied together internally to one external pin (558).
• Four "Triggers" are falling-edge sensitive (558), instead of level sensitive (555).
• Two resistors in the voltage divider (558), instead of three resistors (555).
• One comparator (558), instead of two comparators (555).
• Four "Output" are open-collector (O.C.) type (558), instead of push–pull (P.P.) type (555).

See also

• RC circuit
• Counter (digital)
• Operational amplifier
• List of LM-series integrated circuits
• List of linear integrated circuits
• 4000-series integrated circuits, List of 4000-series integrated circuits
• 7400-series integrated circuits, List of 7400-series integrated circuits
• Push–pull output, Open-collector/drain output, Three-state output

Further reading

Books

• 555 Timer Applications Sourcebook With Experiments; 2nd Ed; Howard Berlin; BPB Publications; 218 pages; 2008; . (1st Ed in 1978)
• Timer/Generator Circuits Manual; 1st Ed; R.M. Marston; Newnes; 276 pages; 1990; .
• Engineer's Mini-Notebook – 555 Timer IC Circuits; 3rd Ed; Forrest Mims III; Radio Shack; 33 pages; 1989; ASIN B000MN54A6. (1st Ed in 1984)
• IC Timer Cookbook; 2nd Ed; Walt Jung; Sams Publishing; 384 pages; 1983; . (1st Ed in 1977)
• 110 IC Timer Projects; Jules Gilder; Hayden; 115 pages; 1979; .
• IC 555 Projects; E.A. Parr; Bernard Babani Publishing; 144 pages; 1978; .

Books with timer chapters

• Lessons in Electric Circuits - Volume VI - Experiments; Tony Kuphaldt; Open Book Project; 423 pages; 2010. (Chapter 6 and 8)
• Designing Analog Chips; Hans Camenzind (inventor of 555 timer); Virtual Bookworm; 244 pages; 2005; . (Chapter 11)
• Timer, Op Amp, and Optoelectronic Circuits and Projects; Forrest Mims III; Master Publishing; 128 pages; 2004; . (Chapter 1)
• Linear LSI Data and Applications Manual; Signetics; 1250 pages; 1985. (Appnotes AN170/171 and Datasheets NE555/6/8)
• Analog Applications Manual; Signetics; 418 pages; 1979. (Chapter 6)
• TTL Cookbook; Don Lancaster; Sams Publishing; 412 pages; 1974; . (Chapter 4, pages 171-188)

Datasheets

• See links in "Derivatives" table and "References" section in this article.

External links

• Using the 555 Timer IC in Special or Unusual Circuits - Nuts & Volts magazine
• 555 Timer Tutorial - Tony van Roon
• Common Mistakes When Using a 555 Timer
• 555 timing calculators: astable, monostable
• Teardown of a bipolar RCA LM555CH chip
• Teardown of a CMOS TI LMC555 chip

Notes and References

1. News: Fuller. Brian. 15 August 2012. Hans Camenzind, 555 timer inventor, dies. EE Times. 27 December 2016.
2. Book: Lowe, Doug. Electronics All-in-One For Dummies. 2017-02-06. Wiley . 978-1-119-32079-1. 339. The 555 timer chip, developed in 1970, is probably the most popular integrated circuit ever made. By some estimates, more than a billion of them are manufactured every year..
3. Carmenzind. Hans. 三宅. 和司. 2010. タイマIC 555 誕生秘話. The birth of the 555 timer IC. トランジスタ技術 (Transistor Technology). ja. CQ出版. 47. 12. 73, 74. 0040-9413.
4. Brian . Santo. 25 Microchips That Shook the World. May 2009 . IEEE Spectrum. 46. 5. 34–43. 10.1109/MSPEC.2009.4907384. 20539726.
5. Web site: The 555 Timer IC – An Interview with Hans Camenzind . Ward . Jack . 2004 . The Semiconductor Museum . 2010-04-05.
6. Book: Scherz. Paul. Practical Electronics for Inventors . 4th . Monk. Simon. 2016 . McGraw Hill . 978-1-259-58755-9. 687. The 555 gets its name from the three 5-kW +VCC R1 discharging path 555 R 2 C 6 resistors shown in the block diagram. These resistors act as a three-step voltage..
7. Book: Kleitz, William. Digital electronics : a practical approach. Prentice Hall. 1990. 0-13-211657-X. 2nd. 401. 20218185. The 555 got its name from the three 5-kOhm resistors.
8. Book: Simpson, Colin D. . Industrial electronics. Prentice Hall. 1996. 0-02-410622-4. 357. 33014077. The reference voltage for the comparators is established by a voltage divider consisting of three 5 - k2 resistors, which is where the name 555 is derived.
9. Harry . GoldStein . March 3, 2003. The Irresistible Transistor. 2020-08-29. IEEE Spectrum. 40 . 3 . 42–47 . 10.1109/MSPEC.2003.1184435 .
10. Web site: Oral History Hans Camenzind Historic 555 IC Page2. 2020-08-28. The Semiconductor Museum.
11. Web site: Oral History Hans Camenzind Historic 555 Integrated Circuit Page6 . Semiconductor Museum . 2022-02-27.
12. Book: Lancaster . Don . Don Lancaster . TTL Cookbook . 1974 . Sams . 978-0672210358 .
13. Book: Jung . Walt . Walt Jung . IC Timer Cookbook . 1977 . Sams Publishing . 978-0672219320 . 1.
14. Book: Carr, Joseph. Linear IC Applications: A Designer's Handbook. 1996-12-19. Newnes. 978-0-7506-3370-3. 119. en.
15. Book: Buiting, Jan . 308 Circuits . 2003 . Elektor International Media . 978-0-905705-66-8 . en.
16. Web site: 555 Timer as Schmitt Trigger . Electronics Hub . https://web.archive.org/web/20230315063926/https://www.electronicshub.org/555-timer-as-schmitt-trigger/ . March 15, 2023 . June 19, 2015 . live.
17. Web site: CSS555 Datasheet . July 2012 . Custom Silicon Solutions . https://web.archive.org/web/20170629194001/http://www.customsiliconsolutions.com/downloads/Revised%20Standard%20products/CSS555_Spec_2.pdf . June 29, 2017 . live.
18. Web site: CSS555 Part Search . Jameco Electronics .
19. James . Senft . The Remarkable CSS555 . Nuts & Volts Magazine . https://web.archive.org/web/20200527061138/https://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/february2016_CSS555TimerICs . May 27, 2020 . February 2016 . live.
20. Web site: ZSCT1555 Datasheet . July 2006 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170629181234/https://www.diodes.com/assets/Datasheets/ZSCT1555.pdf . June 29, 2017 . live.
21. Web site: NJM555 Datasheet . November 2012 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170629170934/http://www.njr.com/semicon/PDF/NJM555_E.pdf . June 29, 2017 . dead.
22. Web site: MIC1555 Datasheet . March 2017 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210421210319/http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/20005730A.pdf . April 21, 2021 . live.
23. Web site: MC1455 Datasheet . December 2009 . ON Semiconductor . https://web.archive.org/web/20200522114538/https://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/MC1455-D.PDF . May 22, 2020 . live.
24. Web site: ICM7555-556 Datasheet . June 2016 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170629211905/http://www.intersil.com/content/dam/Intersil/documents/icm7/icm7555-56.pdf . June 29, 2017 . dead.
25. Web site: Linear Vol1 Databook . 1972 . Signetics.
26. Web site: 555/556 Timers Databook . 1973 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210511041359/https://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/cool-products/Signetics-555-556-Timer-1973-Databook.pdf . May 11, 2021 . live.
27. Web site: Analog Applications Manual . 1979 . Signetics.
28. Web site: Linear LSI Data and Applications Manual . 1985 . Signetics.
29. Web site: TS555 Datasheet . June 2015 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200526095316/https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/datasheet/45/d5/c6/11/46/d3/4b/a3/CD00000893.pdf/files/CD00000893.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.CD00000893.pdf . May 26, 2020 . live.
30. Web site: LM555 Datasheet . January 2015 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170629043122/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdf . June 29, 2017 . live.
31. Web site: LM556 Datasheet . October 2015 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170629111822/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm556.pdf . June 29, 2017 . dead .
32. Web site: LMC555 Datasheet . July 2016 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170628232001/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lmc555.pdf . June 28, 2017 . live.
33. Web site: NE555 Datasheet . September 2014 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170628232239/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ne555.pdf . June 28, 2017 . live.
34. Web site: NE556 Datasheet . June 2006 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170629045640/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ne556.pdf . June 29, 2017 . live.
35. Web site: TLC551 Datasheet . September 1997 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170629111015/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tlc551.pdf . June 29, 2017 . live.
36. Web site: TLC552 Datasheet . May 1988 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170629111022/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tlc552.pdf . June 29, 2017 . live.
37. Web site: TLC555 Datasheet . August 2016 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170628232326/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tlc555.pdf . June 28, 2017 . live.
38. Web site: TLC556 Datasheet . September 1997 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170629111759/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tlc556.pdf . June 29, 2017 . live.
39. Web site: XTR655 Datasheet . August 2021 . X-REL Semiconductor . https://web.archive.org/web/20230710152544/https://www.easii-ic.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/EASii-IC-DS-XTR650-Versatile-Timer-Rev-3-August-21-DS-00100-11.pdf . July 10, 2023 . live.
40. Book: Reick, Ullrich . Zeitgeber-IS B 555 / B 556 . de . Halbleiterwerk Frankfurt (Oder) . 1986-03-01 .
41. Web site: ON Semiconductor Successfully Completes Acquisition of Fairchild Semiconductor . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200128124808/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160919005796/en/Semiconductor-Successfully-Completes-Acquisition-Fairchild-Semiconductor-2.4 . January 28, 2020 . September 19, 2016 . live.
42. Web site: Former Motorola group emerges as ON Semiconductor . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200608011400/https://www.eetimes.com/former-motorola-group-emerges-as-on-semiconductor/ . June 8, 2020 . August 5, 1999 . live.
43. Web site: Renesas and Intersil Announce Final Regulatory Approval for Renesas' Acquisition of Intersil . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200613181551/https://www.renesas.com/us/en/about/press-center/news/2017/news20170222.html . June 13, 2020 . February 22, 2017 . live.
44. Web site: Microchip Technology Completes Micrel Acquisition . Power Electronics . https://web.archive.org/web/20200522100320/https://www.powerelectronics.com/news/industry/article/21862805/microchip-technology-completes-micrel-acquisition . May 22, 2020 . August 12, 2015 . live.
45. Web site: Texas Instruments completes acquisition of National Semiconductor . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200522101031/https://investor.ti.com/news-releases/news-release-details/texas-instruments-completes-acquisition-national-semiconductor . May 22, 2020 . September 23, 2011 . live.
46. Web site: NXP Semiconductors history . Silicon Valley Historical Association . https://web.archive.org/web/20200321080200/https://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/nxp-semiconductors-history . March 21, 2020 . 2008 . live.
47. Web site: Diodes Incorporated closes acquisition of Zetex . LEDs Magazine . https://web.archive.org/web/20200522102057/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/leds-ssl-design/driver-ics/article/16697918/diodes-incorporated-closes-acquisition-of-zetex-plc . May 22, 2020 . June 13, 2008 . live.
48. H.R. . Camenzind . Redesigning the old 555 [timer circuit] . IEEE Spectrum . 34 . 9 . 80–85 . September 1997 . 10.1109/6.619384 .
49. Book: Horn, Delton . Amplifiers, waveform generators, and other low-cost IC projects . TAB Books . 1994 . 0-07-030415-7 . New York . 27 . 28676554 . Not all functions are brought out to the 558's pins. This chip is designed primarily for monostable multivibrator applications.
50. Book: Platt . Charles . LEDs, LCDs, Audio, Thyristors, Digital Logic, and Amplification . Encyclopedia of Electronic Components . 2 . Jansson . Fredrik . 2014-11-13 . Maker Media . 978-1-4493-3414-7 . en.

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