536 Explained

Year 536 (Roman numerals: DXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year after the Consulship of Belisarius.

In 2018, medieval scholar Michael McCormick nominated 536 as "the worst year to be alive" because of the volcanic winter of 536 caused by a volcanic eruption early in the year, causing average temperatures in Europe and China to decline and resulting in crop failures and famine for well over a year.^{[1] [2]}

Events

By place

Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire

• Spring – Emperor Justinian I appoints his cousin Germanus as magister militum to deal with the crisis in Africa. He sends a mobile force of comitatenses (mostly cavalry) and an elite guard. Solomon, the previous magister militum, returns to Constantinople.^[3]
• Summer – Gothic War (535–554): Belisarius crosses the Strait of Messina and invades Italy. He conquers the city of Rhegium and advances to Naples.
• November – Siege of Naples: Belisarius captures Naples after a month's siege, by sending troops into the city through an abandoned Roman aqueduct.^[4]
• December 9 – Belisarius enters Rome through the Porta Asinaria, and the Gothic garrison of 4,000 men flees the city. He sends an urgent request for reinforcements to Justinian I, meanwhile preparing Rome for a siege, by bringing in great quantities of food and other supplies.^[5]
• Winter – Belisarius sets up his headquarters on the Pincian Hill, and repairs the neglected city walls of Rome. He stations a 5,000-man garrison, of whom half are his personal bodyguard (bucellarii). To hold parts of the city, he recruits 20,000 young Romans to man the walls.

Europe

• Early in 536 (possible) – Volcanic winter of 536: Famine is described in the Annals of Ulster.^[6]
• March – Ostrogothic King Theodahad cedes Provence and upper Alamannia to the Franks, gaining their support in the war. He sends a large Gothic army into Dalmatia. They defeat the Byzantines, Mundus is killed during the fighting at Salona, and the Byzantine army withdraws.
• Summer – Constantinianus, magister militum per Illyricum, retakes Dalmatia. The Goths abandon Salona and withdraw to the north. The Byzantines rebuild its walls and reclaim the province.^[7]
• December – Vitiges deposes his rival Theodahad at Ravenna, and marries Matasuntha (daughter of queen Amalasuntha). He becomes king of the Ostrogoths and assembles an army to fight against Belisarius.

Africa

• March–April – Belisarius sails to Carthage with 1,000 men, to suppress a mutiny against Solomon. Meanwhile, Carthage is besieged by 9,000 rebels, including many Vandals, under Stotzas.
• Battle of the River Bagradas: Belisarius defeats the mutineers, and hurries back to Sicily.^[8]

Asia

• January 26 – Senka succeeds his brother Ankan as the 28th emperor of Japan.
• August – Volcanic winter of 536: Snow falls in China, which causes the harvest to be delayed.^[9]

By topic

Religion

• Before March 13 – Anthimus I is deposed as patriarch of Constantinople in favour of Menas.
• April 22 – Pope Agapetus I dies in Constantinople, after a reign of just ten months. He is succeeded by Silverius as the 58th pope.
• May 2–June 4 – Council of Constantinople.
• September 19 – Council of Jerusalem.
• The Little Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (begun in 527) is completed as the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus.

Climate

• The volcanic winter of 536, thought to have been caused by an extensive veil of dust in the atmosphere, began in the Northern Hemisphere. It continued until the following year, causing unseasonal weather and crop failure worldwide.

Births

• unknown date – Li Ezi, Chinese empress dowager of Northern Zhou (d. 588)
• probable
  • Evagrius Scholasticus, Syrian church historian (or 537) (d. 594)^[10]
  • Venantius Fortunatus, Merovingian bishop and poet (d. c. 600/609)

Deaths

• January 25 – Ankan, emperor of Japan (b. c. 466)
• April 22 – Pope Agapetus I^[11]
• December – Theodahad, king of the Ostrogoths (assassinated) (b. c. 480)
• unknown date – Mundus, Gepid Byzantine general (killed in action)^[12]

Notes and references

References

Notes and References

1. Web site: Despite the coronavirus pandemic, 2020 wasn't the worst year ever – dsacposkcfpoqacokaoby a long shot. Bryan. Walsh. Axios. December 24, 2020 .
2. Gibbons, Ann. 2018-11-15. Why 536 was 'the worst year to be alive. Science. AAAS. 2018-11-16.
3. Bury (1958). pp. 143–144.
4. Book: Massimiliano Vitiello. Theodahad: A Platonic King at the Collapse of Ostrogothic Italy. 1 January 2014. University of Toronto Press. 978-1-4426-4783-1. 157–160.
5. Bury (1923). Vol. II, Ch. XVIII. pp. 174-180.
6. Web site: The Annals of Ulster. Pádraig. Bambury. Stephen. Beechinor. Electronic. 2000. CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College Cork. Cork, Ireland. U536.3n. Failure of bread..
7. Procopius, De Bello Gothico I.VII.
8. Book: Earl Philip Henry Stanhope Stanhope. The Life of Belisarius. 1848. J. Murray. 154–158.
9. Book: Ochoa, George. Jennifer. Hoffman. Tina. Tin. Climate: the force that shapes our world and the future of life on earth. Rodale. Emmaus, Pennsylvania. 2005. 71. 978-1-59486-288-5.
10. Book: Pauline Allen. Evagrius Scholasticus, the Church Historian. 1981. Peeters Publishers & Booksellers. 1. 9789042928091 .
11. Book: J. B. Bury. History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I. to the Death of Justinian. 1 January 1958. Courier Corporation. 978-0-486-20399-7. 172.
12. Book: T. F. Lindsay. Saint Benedict: His Life and Work. 1949. Burns, Oates. 102.