4 × 100 metres relay explained

Event:	4 × 100 metres relay
Image Upright:	1.15
Wrmen:	(Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, Yohan Blake, Usain Bolt) 36.84 (2012)
Ormen:	(Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, Yohan Blake, Usain Bolt) 36.84 (2012)
Crmen:	(Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, Yohan Blake, Usain Bolt) 37.04 (2011)
Wrwomen:	(Tianna Bartoletta, Allyson Felix, Bianca Knight, Carmelita Jeter) 40.82 (2012)
Orwomen:	(Tianna Bartoletta, Allyson Felix, Bianca Knight, Carmelita Jeter) 40.82 (2012)
Crwomen:	(Tamari Davis, Twanisha Terry, Gabrielle Thomas, Sha'Carri Richardson) 41.03 (2023)

The 4 × 100 metres relay or sprint relay is an athletics track event run in lanes over one lap of the track with four runners completing 100 metres each. The first runners must begin in the same stagger as for the individual 400 m race. Each runner carries a relay baton. Before 2018, the baton had to be passed within a 20 m changeover box, preceded by a 10-metre acceleration zone. With a rule change effective November 1, 2017, that zone was modified to include the acceleration zone as part of the passing zone, making the entire zone 30 metres in length. The outgoing runner cannot touch the baton until it has entered the zone, and the incoming runner cannot touch it after it has left the zone. The zone is usually marked in yellow, frequently using lines, triangles or chevrons. While the rule book specifies the exact positioning of the marks, the colours and style are only "recommended". While most legacy tracks will still have the older markings, the rule change still uses existing marks.^[1] Not all governing body jurisdictions have adopted the rule change.

The transfer of the baton in this race is typically blind. The outgoing runner reaches a straight arm backwards when entering the changeover box or when the incoming runner makes a verbal signal. The outgoing runner does not look back, and it is the responsibility of the incoming runner to thrust the baton into the outstretched hand and not let go until the outgoing runner takes hold of it without crossing the changeover box and stops after the baton is exchanged.^{[2] [3]} Runners on the first and third legs typically run on the inside of the lane with the baton in their right hand, while runners on the second and fourth legs take the baton in their left. Polished handovers can compensate for lack of basic speed to some extent, and disqualification for dropping the baton or failing to transfer it within the box is common, even at the highest level.^[4] Relay times are typically 2–3 seconds faster than the sum of best times of individual runners.

The United States men and women historically dominated this event through the 20th century, winning Olympic gold medals and the most IAAF/World Athletics championships. Carl Lewis ran the anchor leg on U.S. relay teams that set six world records from 1983 to 1992, including the first team to break 38 seconds.

The current men's world record stands at 36.84, set by the Jamaican team at the final of the 2012 London Olympic Games on 11 August 2012. As the only team to break 37 seconds to date, Jamaica has been the dominant team in the sport, winning two consecutive Olympic Gold Medals and four consecutive World Championships. The Jamaican team also set the previous record of 37.04 seconds at the 2011 World Championships.

The fastest electronically timed anchor leg run is 8.65 seconds by Usain Bolt at the 2015 IAAF World Relays,^[5] while Bob Hayes was hand-timed as running 8.7 seconds on a cinder track in the 1964 Tokyo Games Final. The Tokyo Games also had electronic timing. High-speed modern video analysis shows his time to be a more realistic 8.95-9.0 seconds in the final, a much more consistent time relative to his Fully Automatic Timing 10.06s 100m world record and more in line with the usual +0.25s-0.3s hand time to FAT conversion.^[6]

The women's world record stands at 40.82 seconds, set by the United States in 2012 at the London Olympics. The fastest anchor leg run by a woman was run by Christine Arron of France, timed unofficially at 9.67s.^[7]

According to the IAAF rules, world records in relays can only be set if all team members have the same nationality.

History

From the beginnings to the first official world record

If on the European continent the metric system is the one almost exclusively used (4 × 100 metres, or a lap of 400 m), where the imperial system is still used (UK, USA and Australia, mainly) this relay was rather ran over the distance of 4 × 110 yards, a total of 402.34 m, and that, until the late 1960s. The runway at Hayward Field was shortened to 400 m only in 1987.

Paradoxically, the first race recognized as certain, without however being an official world record, dates back to 1897, shortly after the creation, on 8 May, of the Česká amatérská atletická unie (ČAAU). On June 26 of that year, during Sparta's 5th match in Prague, the organizing team, AC Sparta Praha, defeated MAC Budapest, in 48 1/5 seconds.

Unlike the "long" 4×400 m relay, whose origins are clearly American, because it derives from the 4×440 yards, the 4×100 m relay is therefore of European origin. The Scandinavians, in particular, have introduced this new specialty into their programmes, in the hope of being able to play a decisive role in it.

Before World War I, this foundation period of the relay was gradually enhanced by various German or Swedish teams (such as AIK Stockholm), until the semi-finals of the Stockholm Olympic Games (1912) where this event made its Olympic appearance:

• in the 1st semi-final, the Great Britain team (consisting of David Jacobs, Henry Macintosh, Victor d'Arcy, and William Applegarth) reached 43 seconds 0 tenths (43 s) for the first time, behind the Americans who had finished in 42 seconds 5, but who were disqualified for passing the baton out of the area;
• in the second semifinal, the Swedish team (Ivan Möller, Charles Luther, Ture Person and Knut Lindberg) took this record to 42 s 5, ahead of Hungary in 42 s 9.

These two runs have not been recognized by the IAAF as the first world records, despite their official nature. The first officially recognized world record for the fast relay is that of the German team, which on 8 July 1912, during the 3rd semifinal, runs in 42 seconds 3 tenths. The team consisted of Otto Röhr, Max Herrmann, Erwin Kern, and Richard Rau. In the final Great Britain, despite having finished second again, behind the favorites and the new world record holders, still won the gold medal, due to the loss of the German baton. Sweden is second in 42 s 6. The bronze medal is not awarded, because the Americans, still clumsy in passing the baton, were also downgraded. The German record in the semifinal (42"3) will remain the best result of the year. In 1913 it will be recognized by the newly formed IAAF as the first official world record of the specialty.^[8]

After this first Olympic event, in addition to the 4×400 m relay, the 4×100 m relay established itself as a classic Olympic event and will always remain on the programme, first for men, then extended to women. The two relays undergo little transformation over time. However, since 1926, the baton bearer has to remain in the baton transmission area, which is 20 m long. It wasn't until 1963 that the rules were relaxed: a 10m run-up zone, before this zone, allowed him to better tackle the run-up.

Continental records

• Updated 16 August 2024.^[9]

Area	Men			Women
	Time (s)	Athletes	Team	Time (s)	Athletes	Team
	37.57			41.90	Murielle Ahouré-Demps, Marie-Josée Ta Lou, Jessika Gbai, Maboundou Koné
	37.43			42.23		Sichuan
	37.36			41.37
	36.84	Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, Yohan Blake, Usain Bolt		40.82
	38.12			42.48
	37.72			42.29

All-time top 10 by country

Key to tables:
X = annulled due to doping violation

Men

• Updated July 2022^{[10] [11]}

Rank	Time	Team	Nation	Date	Place	Ref
1	36.84	Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, Yohan Blake, Usain Bolt		11 August 2012	London	^[12]
2
	37.04 X	Trell Kimmons, Justin Gatlin, Tyson Gay, Ryan Bailey		11 August 2012	London	^[13]
	37.10	Christian Coleman, Justin Gatlin, Mike Rodgers, Noah Lyles		5 October 2019	Doha	^[14]
3	37.36	Adam Gemili, Zharnel Hughes, Richard Kilty, Nethaneel Mitchell-Blake		5 October 2019	Doha
4	37.43	Shuhei Tada, Kirara Shiraishi, Yoshihide Kiryu, Abdul Hakim Sani Brown		5 October 2019	Doha
5	37.48	Aaron Brown, Jerome Blake, Brendon Rodney, Andre De Grasse		23 July 2022	Eugene	^[15]
6	37.50	Lorenzo Patta, Marcell Jacobs, Fausto Desalu, Filippo Tortu		6 August 2021	Tokyo	^[16]
7	37.62	Darrel Brown, Marc Burns, Emmanuel Callander, Richard Thompson		22 August 2009	Berlin
8	37.65	Thando Dlodlo, Simon Magakwe, Clarence Munyai, Akani Simbine		4 October 2019	Doha	^[17]
9	37.72	Rodrigo do Nascimento, Vitor Hugo dos Santos, Derick Silva, Paulo André de Oliveira		5 October 2019	Doha
10	37.79	Su Bingtian, Xu Zhouzheng, Wu Zhiqiang, Xie Zhenye		4 October 2019	Doha	^[18]
		Tang Xingqiang, Xie Zhenye, Su Bingtian, Wu Zhiqiang		6 August 2021	Tokyo	^[19]
		Max Morinière, Daniel Sangouma, Jean-Charles Trouabal, Bruno Marie-Rose		1 September 1990	Split

Women

• Correct as of August 2023^{[20] [21]}

Rank	Time	Team	Nation	Date	Place	Ref
1	40.82	Tianna Madison, Allyson Felix, Bianca Knight, Carmelita Jeter		10 August 2012	London
2	41.02	Briana Williams, Elaine Thompson-Herah, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, Shericka Jackson		6 August 2021	Tokyo	^[22]
3	41.37	Silke Gladisch-Möller, Sabine Rieger-Günther, Ingrid Auerswald-Lange, Marlies Göhr		6 October 1985	Canberra
4	41.49	Olga Bogoslovskaya, Galina Malchugina, Natalya Voronova, Irina Privalova		22 August 1993	Stuttgart
5	41.55	Asha Philip, Imani Lansiquot, Dina Asher-Smith, Daryll Neita		5 August 2021	Tokyo	^[23]
		Dina Asher-Smith, Imani Lansiquot, Amy Hunt, Daryll Neita		20 July 2024	London	^[24]
6	41.63	Tatjana Pinto, Lisa Mayer, Gina Lückenkemper, Rebekka Haase	^[25]	29 July 2016	Mannheim
7	41.78	Patricia Girard, Muriel Hurtis-Houairi, Sylviane Félix, Christine Arron		30 August 2003	Paris
8	41.90	Murielle Ahouré-Demps, Marie-Josée Ta Lou, Jessika Gbai, Maboundou Koné		25 August 2023	Budapest	^[26]
9	41.92	Savatheda Fynes, Chandra Sturrup, Pauline Davis-Thompson, Debbie Ferguson		29 August 1999	Sevilla
10	42.00	Antonina Pobyubko, Natalya Voronova, Marina Zhirova, Elvira Barbashina		17 August 1985	Moscow

All-time top 25

See also: Men's 4 × 100 metres relay world record progression and Women's 4 × 100 metres relay world record progression.

Men

• Updated Aug 2024^{[27] [11]}

Rank	Time	Team	Nation	Date	Place	Ref
1	36.84	Nesta Carter Michael Frater Yohan Blake Usain Bolt		11 August 2012	London
2	37.04	Nesta Carter Michael Frater Yohan Blake Usain Bolt		4 September 2011	Daegu
	37.04 X	Trell Kimmons Justin Gatlin Tyson Gay Ryan Bailey		11 August 2012	London
3
	37.10 X	Nesta Carter Michael Frater Usain Bolt Asafa Powell		22 August 2008	Beijing	^[28]
	37.10	Christian Coleman Justin Gatlin Michael Rodgers Noah Lyles		5 October 2019	Doha
4	37.27	Asafa Powell Yohan Blake Nickel Ashmeade Usain Bolt		19 August 2016	Rio de Janeiro
5	37.31	Steve Mullings Michael Frater Usain Bolt Asafa Powell		22 August 2009	Berlin
6	37.36	Nesta Carter Kemar Bailey-Cole Nickel Ashmeade Usain Bolt		18 August 2013	Moscow
	37.36	Nesta Carter Asafa Powell Nickel Ashmeade Usain Bolt		29 August 2015	Beijing
	37.36	Adam Gemili Zharnel Hughes Richard Kilty Nethaneel Mitchell-Blake		5 October 2019	Doha
9
	37.38 X	Jeff Demps Darvis Patton Trell Kimmons Justin Gatlin		10 August 2012	London	^[29]
	37.38	Mike Rodgers Justin Gatlin Tyson Gay Ryan Bailey		2 May 2015	Nassau
		Christian Coleman Fred Kerley Brandon Carnes Noah Lyles		26 August 2023	Budapest	^[30]
11	37.39	Nesta Carter Michael Frater Yohan Blake Kemar Bailey-Cole		10 August 2012	London
12	37.40	Michael Marsh Leroy Burrell Dennis Mitchell Carl Lewis		8 August 1992	Barcelona
		Jon Drummond Andre Cason Dennis Mitchell Leroy Burrell		21 August 1993	Stuttgart
		Courtney Lindsey Kenneth Bednarek Kyree King Noah Lyles		5 May 2024	Nassau	^[31]
15	37.41	Nesta Carter Asafa Powell Rasheed Dwyer Nickel Ashmeade		29 August 2015	Beijing
16	37.43	Shuhei Tada Kirara Shiraishi Yoshihide Kiryu Abdul Hakim Sani Brown		5 October 2019	Doha
17	37.45	Trell Kimmons Wallace Spearmon Tyson Gay Mike Rodgers		19 August 2010	Zürich
18	37.46	Daniel Bailey Yohan Blake Mario Forsythe Usain Bolt		25 July 2009	London
19	37.47	Chijindu Ujah Adam Gemili Danny Talbot Nethaneel Mitchell-Blake		12 August 2017	London	^[32]
20	37.48	Jon Drummond Andre Cason Dennis Mitchell Leroy Burrell		22 August 1993	Stuttgart
		Aaron Brown Jerome Blake Brendon Rodney Andre De Grasse		23 July 2022	Eugene	^[33]
22	37.49	Courtney Lindsey Kenneth Bednarek Kyree King Noah Lyles		4 May 2024	Nassau	^[34]
23	37.50	Andre Cason Leroy Burrell Dennis Mitchell Carl Lewis		1 September 1991	Tokyo
		Lorenzo Patta Marcell Jacobs Eseosa Desalu Filippo Tortu		6 August 2021	Tokyo	^[35]
		Aaron Brown Jerome Blake Brendon Rodney Andre De Grasse		9 August 2024	Paris

Note:

• A USA team ran 37.04 in London in 2012 but the performance was annulled due to use of performance-enhancing drugs by Tyson Gay
• A Jamaican team ran 37.10 in Beijing in 2008 but the performance was annulled due to use of performance-enhancing drugs by Nesta Carter
• A USA team ran 37.38 in the heats in London in 2012 but the performance was retrospectively disqualified following drug test failure by Tyson Gay, even though Gay only ran in the final and not the heat.

Women

• Correct as of July 2024^{[36] [21]}

Rank	Time	Team	Nationality	Date	Place	Ref
1	40.82	Tianna Bartoletta Allyson Felix Bianca Knight Carmelita Jeter		10 August 2012	London
2	41.01	Tianna Bartoletta Allyson Felix English Gardner Tori Bowie		19 August 2016	Rio de Janeiro
3	41.02	Briana Williams Elaine Thompson-Herah Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce Shericka Jackson		6 August 2021	Tokyo	^[37]
4	41.03	Tamari Davis Twanisha Terry Gabrielle Thomas Sha'Carri Richardson		26 August 2023	Budapest
5	41.07	Veronica Campbell-Brown Natasha Morrison Elaine Thompson Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce		29 August 2015	Beijing
6	41.14	Melissa Jefferson Abby Steiner Jenna Prandini Twanisha Terry		23 July 2022	Eugene	^[38]
7	41.18	Kemba Nelson Elaine Thompson-Herah Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce Shericka Jackson		23 July 2022	Eugene	^[39]
8	41.21	Natasha Morrison Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce Shashalee Forbes Shericka Jackson		26 August 2023	Budapest
9	41.29	Carrie Russell Kerron Stewart Schillonie Calvert Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce		18 August 2013	Moscow
10	41.36	Christania Williams Elaine Thompson Veronica Campbell-Brown Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce		19 August 2016	Rio de Janeiro
11	41.37	Silke Gladisch-Möller Sabine Rieger-Günther Ingrid Auerswald-Lange Marlies Göhr		6 October 1985	Canberra
12	41.41	Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce Sherone Simpson Veronica Campbell-Brown Kerron Stewart		10 August 2012	London
13	41.44	Natalliah Whyte Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce Jonielle Smith Shericka Jackson		5 October 2019	Doha	^[40]
14	41.45	Javianne Oliver Teahna Daniels Jenna Prandini Gabrielle Thomas		6 August 2021	Tokyo	^[41]
15	41.47	Chryste Gaines Marion Jones Inger Miller Gail Devers		9 August 1997	Athens
16	41.49	Olga Bogoslovskaya Galina Malchugina Natalya Pomoshchnikova-Voronova Irina Privalova		22 August 1993	Stuttgart
		Michelle Finn-Burrell Gwen Torrence Wendy Vereen Gail Devers		22 August 1993	Stuttgart
18	41.52	Chryste Gaines Marion Jones Inger Miller Gail Devers		8 August 1997	Athens
19	41.53	Silke Gladisch-Möller Marita Koch Ingrid Auerswald-Lange Marlies Göhr		31 July 1983	Berlin
20	41.55	Alice Brown Diane Williams Florence Griffith-Joyner Pam Marshall		21 August 1987	Berlin
		Asha Philip Imani Lansiquot Dina Asher-Smith Daryll Neita		5 August 2021	Tokyo	^[42]
		Texas Longhorns Julien Alfred Ezinne Abba Rhasidat Adeleke Kevona Davis		8 June 2023	Austin	^[43]
		Dina Asher-Smith Imani Lansiquot Amy Hunt Daryll Neita		20 July 2024	London	^[44]
24	41.56	Bianca Knight Allyson Felix Marshevet Myers Carmelita Jeter		4 September 2011	Daegu
		Melissa Jefferson Aleia Hobbs Jenna Prandini Twanisha Terry		22 July 2022	Eugene	^[45]

Olympic Games medalists

See also: 4 × 100 metres relay at the Olympics.

Women

World Championships medalists

Women

See also

• Men's 4 × 100 metres relay world record progression
• Women's 4 × 100 metres relay world record progression
• Italy national relays team at the international athletics championships
• List of fastest anchor legs

External links

• IAAF list of 4x100-metres-relay records in XML

Notes and References

1. Web site: Library World Athletics World Athletics. 2021-12-05. www.worldathletics.org.
2. Web site: Price. Satchel. How do track relay handoffs work?. SB Nation. 23 March 2018.
3. Web site: Keys to secure a smooth baton handoff. Human Kinetics. 23 March 2018.
4. Web site: Ellis. Aaron. Why Do Baton Drops Happen So Often in Professional Relay Races?. Huffington post. 23 March 2018.
5. Web site: Men's 4x100m relay. 2020-11-12. alltime-athletics.com.
6. Web site: Bob Hayes. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20200309033811/http://www.espn.com/olympics/summer08/fanguide/athlete?athlete=5325. 9 March 2020. 5 December 2021. ESPN.
7. Web site: 50 Golden Moments: Arron’s brilliance in Budapest . European Athletics . 23 June 2022.
8. La Fabuleuse Histoire de l'athlétisme, Robert Parienté, éditions O.D.I.L., Paris 1978, p. 1006.
9. Web site: World Athletics. 2024-08-09. www.worldathletics.org.
10. Web site: All-time men's best 4 × 100m Relay. IAAF. 13 August 2017. 24 August 2019.
11. Web site: All-time men's best 4×100m Relay. alltime-athletics.com. 27 July 2019. 28 July 2019.
12. Web site: The XXX Olympic Games - 4x100 metres Relay Men Final - Results. IAAF. 11 August 2012. 13 August 2017.
13. Web site: 4x100 Metres Relay Results. IAAF. 11 August 2012. 10 September 2021.
14. Web site: 4×100m Relay Men − Final − Results. IAAF. 5 October 2019. 6 October 2019.
15. Web site: Men's 4×100m Relay Final Results. World Athletics. 23 July 2022. 24 July 2022.
16. Web site: Men's 4×100m Relay Final Result. olympics.com. 6 August 2021. 26 August 2021. 9 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211009211355/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73E_ATHM4X100M------------FNL-000100--.pdf. dead.
17. https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/iaaf-world-athletics-championships-doha-2019-6033/results/men/4x100-metres-relay/heats/result 2019 Heats
18. Web site: 4×100m Relay Round 1 Results. IAAF. 4 October 2019. 5 October 2019.
19. Web site: Men's 4×100m Relay Final Result. olympics.com. 6 August 2021. 26 August 2021. 9 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211009211355/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73E_ATHM4X100M------------FNL-000100--.pdf. dead.
20. Web site: All-time women's best 4 × 100m Relay. IAAF. 24 August 2019. 19 August 2017.
21. Web site: All-time women's best 4×100m Relay. alltime-athletics.com. 21 July 2019. 28 July 2019.
22. Web site: Women's 4×400m Relay Final Results. olympics.com. 6 August 2021. 25 August 2021. 6 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006064405/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73E_ATHW4X100M------------FNL-000100--.pdf. dead.
23. Web site: Women's 4×100m Relay Round 1 Results Summary. olympics.com. 5 August 2021. 24 August 2021. 8 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210808073310/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C74A_ATHW4X100M------------RND1--------.pdf. dead.
24. Web site: Women's 4 × 100m Relay Results. swisstiming.com. 20 July 2024. 20 July 2024.
25. Germany is considered the same state as the former 'West Germany', with the official title Federal Republic of Germany. Germany did not inherit the results of the former 'East Germany' or 'German Democratic Republic' on unification.
26. Web site: Women's 4×100m Relay Round 1 Results Summary. World Athletics. 25 August 2023. 28 August 2023.
27. Web site: All-time men's best 4 × 100m Relay. 16 August 2024.
28. Web site: 2017-01-25. Usain Bolt stripped of 2008 Olympic relay gold after Nesta Carter fails drug test. 2022-02-14. the Guardian. en.
29. Web site: The XXX Olympic Games World Athletics. 2022-02-14. www.worldathletics.org.
30. Web site: Treble for Lyles and a relay championship record on night when Kipyegon and Duplantis shine News Budapest 23 World Athletics Championships . 2023-08-27 . worldathletics.org.
31. Web site: FINAL 4x100 Metres Relay Results Bahamas 24 World Athletics Relays . 2024-05-06 . worldathletics.org.
32. Web site: 4×100m Relay Results. IAAF. 12 August 2017. 13 August 2017.
33. Web site: Men's 4×100m Relay Final Results. World Athletics. 23 July 2022. 24 July 2022.
34. Web site: OLYMPIC-QUALIFYING-ROUND-1 4x100 Metres Relay Results Bahamas 24 World Athletics Relays . 2024-05-05 . worldathletics.org.
35. Web site: Men's 4×100m Relay Final Result. olympics.com. 6 August 2021. 26 August 2021. 9 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211009211355/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73E_ATHM4X100M------------FNL-000100--.pdf. dead.
36. Web site: All-time women's best 4 × 100m Relay. IAAF. 19 August 2017. 19 August 2017.
37. Web site: Women's 4×400m Relay Final Results. olympics.com. 6 August 2021. 25 August 2021. 6 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006064405/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73E_ATHW4X100M------------FNL-000100--.pdf. dead.
38. Web site: Women's 4×100m Relay Final Results. World Athletics. 23 July 2022. 24 July 2022.
39. Web site: 23 July 2022 . Women's 4×100m Relay Final Results . 24 July 2022 . World Athletics.
40. Web site: 4×400m Relay Women − Final − Results. IAAF. 5 October 2019. 6 October 2019.
41. Web site: Women's 4×400m Relay Final Results. olympics.com. 6 August 2021. 25 August 2021. 6 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006064405/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73E_ATHW4X100M------------FNL-000100--.pdf. dead.
42. Web site: Women's 4×100m Relay Round 1 Results Summary. olympics.com. 5 August 2021. 24 August 2021. 8 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210808073310/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C74A_ATHW4X100M------------RND1--------.pdf. dead.
43. Web site: 4×100m Relay Semifinals Results. flashresults.ncaa.com. 8 June 2023. 9 June 2023.
44. Web site: Women's 4 × 100m Relay Results. swisstiming.com. 20 July 2024. 20 July 2024.
45. Web site: Women's 4×100m Relay Round 1 Results Summary. World Athletics. 22 July 2022. 23 July 2022.