4 World Trade Center Explained

4 World Trade Center
Alternate Names:4 WTC
150 Greenwich Street
Status:Complete
Location:150 Greenwich Street
Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
Mapframe-Wikidata:yes
Coordinates:40.7104°N -74.0119°W
Architect:Fumihiko Maki
Owner:Silverstein Properties
Cost:USD $1.67 billion[1]
Top Floor:74[2]
Floor Count:78 (including 4 basement floors)
Building Type:Office, Retail
Architectural Style:Modern
Elevator Count:55
Structural Engineer:Leslie E. Robertson Associates
Main Contractor:Tishman Realty & Construction
Opened:[3]
Developer:Silverstein Properties
Engineer:Jaros, Baum & Bolles (MEP)
References:[4] [5]

4 World Trade Center (4 WTC; also known as 150 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on Greenwich Street at the southeastern corner of the World Trade Center site. Fumihiko Maki designed the building.[6] It houses the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).[7]

The current 4 World Trade Center is the second building at the site to bear this address. The original building was a nine-story structure at the southeast corner of the World Trade Center complex. It was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, along with the rest of the World Trade Center. The current building's groundbreaking took place in January 2008, and it opened to tenants and the public on November 13, 2013. The building has of space.

Site

See main article: World Trade Center site. 4 World Trade Center is at 150 Greenwich Street,[8] within the new World Trade Center (WTC) complex, in the Financial District neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The land lot is bounded by Greenwich Street to the west, Cortlandt Way to the north, Church Street to the east, and Liberty Street to the south. Within the World Trade Center complex, nearby structures include St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and Liberty Park to the southwest; the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to the west; One World Trade Center to the northwest; and the World Trade Center Transportation Hub. 2 World Trade Center, and 3 World Trade Center to the north.[9] Outside World Trade Center, nearby buildings include 195 Broadway and the Millennium Hilton New York Downtown hotel to the northeast; the American Stock Exchange Building to the south; One Liberty Plaza to the east; and Zuccotti Park to the southeast.[10] [11]

Original building (1975–2001)

See main article: 4 World Trade Center (1975–2001).

See also: World Trade Center (1973–2001).

The old 4 World Trade Center was a nine-story low-rise office building completed in 1975 that was 118 ft (36 m) tall, and located in the southeast corner of the World Trade Center site. The building was designed by Minoru Yamasaki and Emery Roth & Sons. The first tenants, the Commodities Exchange Center, started to move into the building in January 1977.[12] On July 1, 1977, the Mercantile Traders finalized the move.[13] The building's major tenants were Deutsche Bank (Floor 4, 5, and 6) and the New York Board of Trade (Floors 7, 8, and 9). The building's side facing Liberty Street housed the entrance to The Mall at the World Trade Center on the basement concourse level of the WTC.

4 World Trade Center was home to commodities exchanges on what was at the time one of the world's largest trading floors (featured in the Eddie Murphy movie Trading Places). These commodities exchanges collectively had 12 trading pits.[14] [15]

Destruction

The World Trade Center's Twin Towers were destroyed during the September 11 attacks, creating debris that destroyed or severely damaged nearby buildings, such as the original 4 World Trade Center.[16] Much of the southern two-thirds of the building was destroyed, and the remaining north portion virtually destroyed, as a result of the collapse of the South Tower. The structure was subsequently demolished to make way for reconstruction.

At the time of the September 11 attacks, the building's commodities exchanges had of silver coins and of gold coins in the basement.[17] The coins in the basement were worth an estimated $200 million. Much of the coins had been removed by November 2001;[18] trucks transported the coins out of the basement through an intact but abandoned section of the Downtown Hudson Tubes.[19] Many coins belonging to the Bank of Nova Scotia were purchased in 2002, repackaged by the Professional Coin Grading Service, and resold to collectors.[20]

Gallery

Current building

Site redevelopment

Larry Silverstein had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001.[21] His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks.[22] In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.[23] The architect Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new World Trade Center in February 2003.[24] [25] The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub.[26] [27] By July 2004, two towers were planned on the southeast corner of the site: the 62-story 3 World Trade Center and the 58-story 4 World Trade Center. The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers.[28] The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty bonds for 2, 3, and 4 WTC.[29] [30]

Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki was hired to design the new 4 World Trade Center, on the eastern part of the World Trade Center site at 150 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Meanwhile, Norman Foster and Richard Rogers were selected as the architects for 2 and 3 World Trade Center, respectively.[31] [32] The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006.[33] [34] 4 World Trade Center would be a 61-story, 947-tallNaN-tall building.[35] [36] The building would have contained of retail space in its base and of offices. The lower stories would have had a trapezoidal plan, changing to a parallelogram on the upper stories. The lowest stories of 4 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield World Trade Center Mall.[37] The same month, PANYNJ agreed to occupy within 4 WTC,[38] paying, a lower rental rate than what Silverstein had wanted.[39] [40] The city government offered to rent another,[41] thus allowing Silverstein to obtain a mortgage loan for the tower's construction.[42] Silverstein would be allowed to evict the city government if he could rent out the space at market rate.

As part of the project, Cortlandt Street (which had been closed to make way for the original World Trade Center) was planned to be rebuilt between 3 and 4 WTC.[43] The plans for Cortlandt Street affected the design of the lower stories of both 3 and 4 WTC, as one of the proposals called for an enclosed shopping atrium along the path of Cortlandt Street, connecting the two buildings.[44] The street was eventually rebuilt as an outdoor path.[45] Final designs for 2, 3, and 4 WTC were announced in September 2007.[46] [47] The three buildings would comprise the commercial eastern portion of the new World Trade Center, contrasting with the memorial in the complex's western section.[48] At the time, construction of 4 WTC was planned to begin in January 2008.[49] As part of its agreement with the PANYNJ, Silverstein Properties was obliged to complete 3 and 4 WTC by the end of 2011.[50]

Construction

Initial progress

In 2007, the PANYNJ started constructing the East Bathtub, a 6.7acres site that was to form the foundations of 3 and 4 WTC.[51] The process involved excavating a trench around the site to a depth of, then constructing a slurry wall around the site.[52] The PANYNJ was supposed to give the site to Silverstein Properties at the end of 2007; the contractors would have received a $10 million bonus if they had completed the work early.[53] If Silverstein did not receive the site by January 1, 2008, the PANYNJ would pay Silverstein $300,000 per day until the site was transferred.[54] The agency ultimately gave the site to Silverstein on February 17, 2008.[55] [56] The PANYNJ paid a $14.4 million penalty for turning over the site 48 days after the deadline.

The PANYNJ voted in early 2008 to extend the deadline for 4 WTC's completion to April 2012.[50] [57] Meanwhile, police officials expressed concern that the building's all-glass design posed a security risk.[58] A study published in early 2009 predicted that 4 WTC, the first of Silverstein's three towers at the World Trade Center site, would not be fully leased until 2014 due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[59] 4 WTC's construction was temporarily halted that March after city officials found that workers were operating a construction crane without a permit.[60] Disputes between the PANYNJ and Silverstein continued through late 2008, when Silverstein claimed that the agency owed him $300,000 per day for failing to demolish a barrier around the site, as the barrier prevented him from erecting the tower's foundations. The PANYNJ claimed that the barrier was several feet outside the excavation site and that it did not owe Silverstein anything.[61] That December, an arbitration panel ruled that the PANYNJ owed Silverstein an extra $20.1 million.[62]

By May 2009, Silverstein wanted the PANYNJ to fund the construction of 2 and 4 WTC, but the PANYNJ was only willing to provide funding for 4 WTC, citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein.[63] [64] At the time, the PANYNJ had leased one-third of 4 WTC's office space, but no tenant had been signed for 2 WTC.[65] Silverstein also held an option to lease space to the city government for, but he was reluctant to exercise the option, since he believed that market-rate rents for the space would increase drastically when the building opened. Silverstein expressed confidence that the building would attract financial tenants since it was close to Wall Street.[66] Three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site in November 2010, providing about 30 percent of 4 WTC's power.[67] By the end of that year, the building had reached the tenth story; the project to date had been funded entirely by insurance proceeds.

Funding and completion

A New York state board voted in November 2010 to allow Silverstein to finance 4 WTC and another tower with up to $200 million of bonds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.[68] Silverstein also wanted to sell $1.36 billion worth of Liberty bonds to fund 4 WTC's completion.[69] Silverstein decided in December 2010 to postpone the bond offering because of instability in the municipal bond market.[70] [71] Early the next year, he exercised his option to lease space to the New York City government.[72] [73] After the muni market stabilized, the PANYNJ planned to vote on the Liberty bond offering in early 2011.[74] The vote was delayed after several institutional investors objected to the fact that the Liberty bonds would have greater seniority than a bond offering that had previously been placed on the building.[75] If the Liberty bonds were not sold by the end of that year, Silverstein would not have enough money to complete the tower.[76]

Meanwhile, during early 2011, the building was constructed at an average rate of one floor per week,[77] [78] and the building had reached the 23rd floor by May 2011.[79] After five months of negotiations, the PANYNJ announced a revised financing plan for the tower in September 2011, in which the Liberty bonds were subordinate to the existing bond offering.[80] [81] The agency started selling Liberty bonds in November 2011.[82] [83] The building's steel frame was built first, followed by the concrete core and the exterior curtain wall. The building had reached the 61st story by the beginning of 2012.[84] A cable on one of the building's construction cranes snapped on February 16, 2012, dropping a steel beam 40 stories;[85] [86] no one was seriously injured, and work resumed shortly afterward.[87] The building's superstructure was topped out on June 26, 2012, when workers installed the final steel beam on the 72nd floor.[88] [89] In the two days after the tower's topping-out, there were two construction accidents, neither of which resulted in serious injuries.[90]

The building's basements were flooded in late 2012 during Hurricane Sandy, although the tower was still expected to be completed the following year.[91] Structural steel and concrete completed by June 1, 2013, followed by the removal of construction fencing in September 2013.[92] The building opened on November 13, 2013, along with the neighboring section of Greenwich Street.[93] [94] It was the second tower to open as part of the new World Trade Center, after 7 World Trade Center.[95] 4 World Trade Center had cost US$1.67 billion to build, having been funded by insurance payouts and Liberty bonds.[96] At the time, the PANYNJ and the city government were the building's only tenants.[97] Though the two governmental tenants collectively occupied around 60 percent of the building,[98] [99] the Financial Times reported that some of the space could be subleased. Janno Lieber of Silverstein Properties expressed optimism that the building's design would attract tenants, saying: "We have a building that's going to feel like a tower on Park Avenue."[100]

Usage

The first tenants to move in were the PANYNJ and the city government.[101] The New York City government leased of space in the completed building.[102] The PANYNJ leased approximately for its headquarters,[103] having relocated in 2015 from 225 Park Avenue South in Gramercy Park, Manhattan.[104] When 4 WTC opened, there was relatively low demand for office space in lower Manhattan, in part because many of the area's financial firms were downsizing their spaces.[105] [106] There was so little demand for office space in the new tower that Silverstein rented out the vacant space for events, charging $50,000 per day for each floor.[107] [108] According to The Wall Street Journal, these included a Super Bowl commercial, a film shoot for the 2014 movie Annie, and a wine-tasting event.

By July 2015, the tower was 62 percent leased.[109] A February 2017 announcement by Spotify that it would lease floors 62 through 72 for its United States headquarters, along with a subsequent expansion announcement that July, brought 4 World Trade Center to full occupancy.[110] [111] SportsNet New York, carrier of New York Mets broadcasts, moved its headquarters from 1271 Avenue of the Americas to an facility in 4 WTC.[112] The SportsNet New York studios in 4 WTC also double as the New York City studios for NFL Network, hosting their morning show Good Morning Football.[113]

Silver Art Projects, a nonprofit organization operated by Larry Silverstein's grandson Cory Silverstein, opened 28 art studios on the 28th floor in 2020.[114] [115] Twenty-five of the studios are reserved for the program's artists, who are selected through an annual application process and occupy each studio for free, while the remaining three studios are for the program's mentors.

Architecture

4 WTC is described as being either or tall,[116] with of office space.[117]

Form and facade

The facade is a curtain wall with glass panes that span the full height of each story. The facade consists of glass panes measuring wide and 13or tall. Most of the facade is made of reflective glass, except at the lobby, where the facade is made of clear glass.[118] Five of the lowest stories are mechanical floors and contain narrow vertical louvers. The western facade of the tower, which faces the National September 11 Memorial, does not have louvers. The New York Daily News wrote that Maki and Associates wanted the building's design to "pay deference to the memorial". Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the MEP engineer.[119]

According to Engineering News-Record, Maki and Associates had designed 4 WTC as a "minimalist tower with an abstract sculptural presence". The upper floors accommodate offices using two distinct floor shapes. Floors 7 to 46 each span and are parallelogram in plan, reflecting the shape of the World Trade Center site. the shape of a parallelogram. Floors 48 to 63 each cover and are trapezoidal in plan. At the two obtuse angles of the parallelogram, there are deep grooves along the facade. The top story contains a penthouse office.[120]

Structural features

The structural engineer for the building is Leslie E. Robertson Associates, founded by Robertson, the chief engineer for the original Twin Towers in the 1960s.[121] The tower's foundation is composed of concrete footings that descend to the underlying bedrock. When the original World Trade Center was developed, the contractors found that there was a gap in the bedrock at the southeast corner of the site. Although the bedrock under most of the site is deep, the southeast corner contains a pothole, where the bedrock descends to because of erosion during the Last Glacial Period.[122] The current tower's foundation is surrounded by a slurry wall. The slurry wall is largely anchored to the bedrock, except at the southeast corner of the site, where the pothole made this impossible.

DCM Erectors manufactured the steel for the building's superstructure.[123] [124] The superstructure consists of a steel frame weighing 25000ST. In addition, the building uses of concrete and 17000ST of rebar. The center of the tower contains a mechanical core made of reinforced concrete, which includes mechanical equipment, stairs, and elevators. Schindler manufactured the building's elevators, which operate at a speed of .[125] [126] The retail space on the lower stories contains six escalators, two passenger elevators, and two freight elevators. The upper stories are served by 37 elevators, which consist of 34 passenger elevators and three service elevators.

Interior

Lower stories

Six floors are used for retail. They consist of the ground floor, the three floors immediately above the ground floor as well as the two floors below ground. The retail space occupies the eastern part of the ground floor. The lower levels of the building are used by retail businesses, including Eataly.[127] These are connected via an underground shopping mall and concourse, connecting to the PATH and the New York City Subway via the World Trade Center Transportation Hub.[128]

The building's ground-floor lobby is two stories high,[129] with a 46feet ceiling.[130] The lobby occupies the western part of the ground floor, facing the National September 11 Memorial.[131] The space contains wood-beamed ceilings, white-granite floors, and Swedish black granite walls. Suspended from the lobby's ceiling is Kozo Nishino's sculpture Sky Memory,[132] [133] which consists of seven pieces of titanium trusses collectively weighing . Sky Memory measures across and hangs above the floor. The lobby also contains Vandal Gummy, a 7-tallNaN-tall sculpture of a bear by street artist WhIsBe.[134] The artist Ivan Navarro designed an LED sculpture near the bottom of the lobby's escalators.[135] Leading from the lobby are three hallways, where video art is displayed on wood-paneled walls.[136] The Wall Street Journal wrote that 4 WTC's lobby "will be the largest lobby by volume in New York".

Critical reception

When the building was being constructed, David W. Dunlap of The New York Times wrote that 4 WTC was "the biggest skyscraper New Yorkers have never heard of".[137] The Wall Street Journal wrote that the lobby "offers a grand front to the World Trade Center Memorial" and that the effect of the lobby's design "is intriguingly calming for a building soon to rest at the heart of the Financial District." Upon the tower's opening, Daniel Libeskind wrote: "The WTC site has emerged from 12 years of contention and construction to become what we all hoped it would be: a place that will show the world everything that is great about cities, especially New York."[138]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: A 977-Foot Tower You May Not See, Assuming You've Even Heard of It . Dunlap . David W. . City Room . June 24, 2012 . October 26, 2016 . September 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210909005351/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/24/a-dematerializing-4-world-trade-center-reaches-a-material-977-feet/ . live .
  2. Web site: Stacking Diagram | 4 World Trade Center | Silverstein Properties . 4wtc.com . February 3, 2014 . November 16, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131116153611/http://4wtc.com/leasingcenter/stackingdiagram . dead.
  3. Web site: || World Trade Center || . Wtc.com . December 31, 2013 . February 3, 2014 . December 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181226121734/http://www.wtc.com/%20 . live .
  4. Web site: Emporis building ID 252969 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203155/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/252969 . dead . March 6, 2016 . Emporis.
  5. Web site: 4 World Trade Center . Skyscraper Center . CTBUH . January 18, 2017 . May 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210506011536/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/4-world-trade-center/545 . live .
  6. Lower Manhattan Development Corporation . September 7, 2006 . Designs for the Three World Trade Center Towers Unveiled . May 23, 2010 . October 17, 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061017100348/http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=c96eb975-ecbc-4faf-94ec-250f0692a4e1 . live .
  7. Web site: Contact Us. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. January 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191210150357/http://www.panynj.gov/contact/contact-us.html. December 10, 2019. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Corporate Offices 4 World Trade Center 150 Greenwich Street New York, NY 10007.
  8. News: Satow . Julie . 2012-07-18 . Sundered Greenwich Street Will Be Rejoined . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-02 . 0362-4331.
  9. Web site: May 6, 2019 . The World Trade Center . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200330160312/https://officialworldtradecenter.com/content/wtc/en/local.html . March 30, 2020 . August 14, 2022 . Official World Trade Center.
  10. Web site: 185 Greenwich Street, 10007 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814155319/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/58/1 . August 14, 2022 . March 25, 2021 . New York City Department of City Planning.
  11. 37.
  12. Web site: History of the Twin Towers. PANYNJ.gov. 2013. September 11, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20131228040848/http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/history-twin-towers.html. December 28, 2013.
  13. News: Mercantile Traders Move to Trade Center and a New Place to Shout About . February 19, 2022 . The New York Times . July 2, 1977 . New York City . 32 . en-US . February 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220219205638/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/02/archives/mercantile-traders-move-to-trade-center-and-a-new-place-to-shout.html . live .
  14. News: Kershaw . Sarah . October 9, 2001 . Glad to Be in the Pits, Wherever They Are; Commodity Traders Had Backup Plan . en-US . The New York Times . September 10, 2022 . 0362-4331 . September 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220910160227/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/09/nyregion/glad-to-be-in-the-pits-wherever-they-are-commodity-traders-had-backup-plan.html . live .
  15. Colkin . Eileen . September 9, 2002 . One year later: Forward strides . 905 . 32–34 . . InformationWeek.
  16. News: Glanz . James . Lipton . Eric . February 12, 2002 . Rescuing the Buildings Beyond Ground Zero . en-US . The New York Times . September 10, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190401004744/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/12/nyregion/rescuing-the-buildings-beyond-ground-zero.html . live .
  17. News: Fuerbringer . Jonathan . September 15, 2001 . After the Attacks: The Commodities; Hoard of Metals Sits Under Ruins Of Trade Center . en-US . The New York Times . September 10, 2022 . 0362-4331 . September 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920184237/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/15/business/after-attacks-commodities-hoard-metals-sits-under-ruins-trade-center.html . live .
  18. Web site: November 1, 2001 . Millions in Gold, Silver Recovered From Rubble . September 10, 2022 . Los Angeles Times . September 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220910160229/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-nov-01-mn-64176-story.html . live .
  19. News: Dunlap . David W. . 2005-07-25 . Below Ground Zero, Stirrings of Past and Future . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-09-18 . 0362-4331 . January 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031502/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/25/nyregion/below-ground-zero-stirrings-of-past-and-future.html . live .
  20. News: Martinez . Alejandro J. . August 6, 2003 . 'Sept. 11' Coins Carry Hefty Markups, Baggage . en-US . Wall Street Journal . September 10, 2022 . 0099-9660 . March 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308205605/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB106012198859689500 . live.
  21. News: Smothers . Ronald . July 25, 2001 . Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects, Pataki Says . en-US . The New York Times . live . August 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220821220938/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/25/nyregion/leasing-of-trade-center-may-help-transit-projects-pataki-says.html . August 21, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  22. News: Bagli . Charles V. . November 22, 2003 . Silverstein Will Get Most of His Cash Back In Trade Center Deal . en-US . The New York Times . live . August 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813164509/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/22/nyregion/silverstein-will-get-most-of-his-cash-back-in-trade-center-deal.html . August 13, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  23. McGuigan . Cathleen . November 12, 2001 . Up From The Ashes . Newsweek . 138 . 20 . 62–64 . .
  24. Book: Libeskind, Daniel . Breaking Ground . . 2004 . 1-57322-292-5 . New York . 164, 166, 181, 183 . registration.
  25. News: Wyatt . Edward . February 27, 2003 . Libeskind Design Chosen for Rebuilding at Ground Zero . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 27, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220821220938/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/27/nyregion/libeskind-design-chosen-for-rebuilding-at-ground-zero-2003022792302581507.html . August 21, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  26. News: Dunlap . David W. . Collins . Glenn . July 4, 2004 . A Status Report: As Lower Manhattan Rebuilds, a New Map Takes Shape . en-US . The New York Times . September 10, 2022 . 0362-4331 . August 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813164508/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/04/nyregion/a-status-report-as-lower-manhattan-rebuilds-a-new-map-takes-shape.html . live .
  27. News: Frangos . Alex . October 20, 2004 . Uncertainties Soar At Ground Zero . en-US . Wall Street Journal . September 10, 2022 . 0099-9660 . September 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220910162659/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109822119054149780 . live .
  28. Satow . Julie . 20 Feb 2006 . Ground Zero Showdown: Freedom Tower puts downtown in bind . Crain's New York Business . 22 . 8 . 1 . .
  29. News: Dunlap . David W. . April 28, 2006 . Freedom Tower Construction Starts After the Beginning . The New York Times . live . November 19, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090415232645/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/nyregion/28rebuild.html . April 15, 2009 . 0362-4331.
  30. Todorovich . Petra . March 24, 2006 . At the Heart of Ground Zero Renegotiations, a 1,776-Foot Stumbling Block . Spotlight on the Region . Regional Plan Association . 5 . 6 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052142/http://www.rpa.org/spotlight/issues/spotlightvol5_06.html . June 5, 2008 . November 19, 2008.
  31. Jun 2006 . Rogers, Maki to design towers at Ground Zero . 194 . 6 . 44 . . Architectural Record . September 10, 2022 . September 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220910155546/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2006-06.pdf . live .
  32. News: Frangos . Alex . May 18, 2006 . Triplet Towers . en-US . Wall Street Journal . September 10, 2022 . 0099-9660 . September 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220910153629/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114782463231554827 . live .
  33. News: Dunlap . David W. . September 8, 2006 . A First Look at Freedom Tower's Neighbors . en-US . The New York Times . live . August 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220821220939/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/08/nyregion/08towers.html . August 21, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  34. Web site: Chung . Jen . September 7, 2006 . Vision of World Trade Center in the Future . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210422134353/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/vision-of-world-trade-center-in-the-future . April 22, 2021 . August 13, 2022 . Gothamist.
  35. Designs for three World Trade Center Towers Unveiled . Lower Manhattan Development Corporation . September 7, 2006 . February 19, 2011 . May 28, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130528175635/http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=c96eb975-ecbc-4faf-94ec-250f0692a4e1 . live.
  36. News: Frangos . Alex . September 8, 2006 . Plans for Three Trade Center Towers Are Unveiled; Details Need to Be Finalized For Designs and Outlays; 'Beacon,' Spires, Simplicity . B2 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  37. News: Hudson . Kris . January 17, 2008 . At Ground Zero, Optimism Returns . en-US . Wall Street Journal . live . August 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813211709/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120044956724393227 . August 13, 2022 . 0099-9660.
  38. News: McGeehan . Patrick . 2006-09-19 . Employees Say No to Freedom Tower . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-09-18 . 0362-4331 . September 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173955/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/19/nyregion/employees-say-no-to-freedom-tower.html . live .
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