400 metres hurdles explained

Event:400 metres hurdles
Image Upright:1.1
Wrmen: Karsten Warholm 45.94 (2021)
Ormen: Karsten Warholm 45.94 (2021)
Crmen: Alison dos Santos 46.29 (2022)
Wrwomen: Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone 50.37 (2024)
Orwomen: Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone 50.37 (2024)
Crwomen: Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone 50.68 (2022)

The 400 metres hurdles is a track and field hurdling event. The event has been on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 for men and since 1984 for women.

On a standard outdoor track, 400 metres is the length of the inside lane, once around the stadium. Runners stay in their lanes the entire way after starting out of the blocks and must clear ten hurdles that are evenly spaced around the track. The hurdles are positioned and weighted so that they fall forward if bumped into with sufficient force, to prevent injury to the runners. Although there is no longer any penalty for knocking hurdles over, runners prefer to clear them cleanly, as touching them during the race slows runners down.

The current men's and women's world record holders are Karsten Warholm with 45.94 seconds and Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone with 50.37 seconds. Compared to the 400 metres run, the hurdles race takes the men about three seconds longer and the women four seconds longer. Men clear hurdles that are 36inches high, while women negotiate 30inches barriers.

The 400 m hurdles was held for both sexes at the inaugural IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The first championship for women came at the 1980 World Championships in Athletics – being held as a one-off due to the lack of a race at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

History

See also: Men's 400 metres hurdles world record progression and Women's 400 metres hurdles world record progression.

The first awards in a men's 400 m hurdles race were given in 1860 when a race was held in Oxford, England, over a course of 440 yards (402.336 m). While running the course, participants had to clear twelve wooden hurdles, over 100 centimetres tall, that had been spaced in even intervals.

To reduce the risk of injury, somewhat more lightweight constructions were introduced in 1895 that runners could push over. However, until 1935 runners were disqualified if they pushed over more than three hurdles in a race and records were only officially accepted if the runner in question had cleared all hurdles clean and left them all standing.

The 400 m hurdles became an Olympic event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. At the same time, the race was standardized; thus, virtually identical races could be held and the finish times compared to one other. As a result, the official distance was fixed to 400 metres, or one lap of the stadium, and the number of hurdles was reduced to ten. The official height of the hurdles was set to 36inches. The hurdles are now placed on the course with a run-up to the first hurdle of 45 metres, distance between the hurdles of 35 metres each, and home stretch from the last hurdle to finish line of 40 metres.

The first documented 400 m hurdles race for women took place in 1971. In 1974, the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF), now known as World Athletics, introduced the event officially as a discipline, with hurdles at the lower height of 30inches. The women's race was not run at the Olympics until the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles where it was first staged with the first Men's World Champion having been crowned the year before at the inaugural World Athletics Championships. A special edition of the Women's 400m Hurdles took place in the 1980 IAAF World Championships in Athletics in response to the Women's 400m Hurdles not being included at the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and Liberty Bell Classic.

Many athletic commentators and officials have often brought up the idea of lifting the height of the women's 400 m hurdles to incorporate a greater requirement of hurdling skill. This is a view held by German athletic coach Norbert Stein, "All this means that the women's hurdles for specialists, who are the target group to be dealt with in this discussion, is considerably depreciated in skill demands when compared to the men's hurdles. It should not be possible in the women's hurdles that the winner is an athlete whose performance in the flat sprint is demonstrably excellent but whose technique of hurdling is only moderate and whose anthropometric characteristics are not optimal. This was the case at the World Championships in Seville and the same problem can often be seen at international and national meetings."

Hurdling technique

In terms of technique and endurance, the 400-metre hurdles is arguably the most demanding event in the sprints and hurdles group.[1] [2] Athletes must be able to run a fast 400-metre flat time, maintain a good hurdling technique, and have a unique awareness of stride pattern between hurdles. Furthermore, athletes must possess anaerobic endurance over the final 150 to 100 metres of the race as, at this point, lactate (the conjugate base of lactic acid) will accumulate in the body from anaerobic glycolysis.[3]

Block start

When preparing to hurdle, the blocks should be set so that the athlete arrives at the first hurdle leading on the desired leg without inserting a stutter step. A stutter step is when the runner has to chop his or her stride down to arrive on the "correct" leg for take off. Throughout the race, any adjustments to stride length stride speed should be made several strides out from the hurdle because a stutter or being too far from the hurdle at takeoff will result in loss of momentum and speed.

Hurdling

At the beginning of the take-off, the knee must be driven toward the hurdle and the foot then extended. The leg position when extended must be stretched out, in a position of a split. The knee should be slightly bent when crossing the hurdle. Unless an athlete's body has great flexibility, the knee must be slightly bent to allow a forward body lean. Unlike the 110m hurdles, a significant forward body lean is not that necessary due to the hurdles being lower. However, the trail leg must be kept bent and short to provide a quick lever action allowing a fast hurdle clearance. The knee should pull through under the armpit and should not be flat across the top of the hurdle.

It is also important that the hurdler does not reach out on the last stride before the hurdle as this will result in a longer bound being made to clear the hurdle. This will also result in a loss of momentum if the foot lands well in front of the center of gravity.

Stride length

Using a left lead leg on the bends allows the hurdler to run closer to the inside of the lane and cover a shorter distance. Additionally, if the left leg is used for the lead, then the athlete's upper body can be leaned to the left, making it easier to bring the trail leg through. Additionally, an athlete hurdling with a right leg lead around the bends must take care that they do not inadvertently trail their foot or toe around the hurdle rather than passing over the top, which would lead to a disqualification from the race. Depending on the height and strength of the athlete, men work toward a stride pattern of 13 to 15 steps between each hurdle, and women work toward a stride pattern of 15 to 17. This does not include the landing step from the previous hurdle. Edwin Moses was the first man to keep 13 strides throughout an entire race. Weaker athletes will typically hold a longer step pattern throughout the race so that they do not bound or reach with each step, which also results in a loss of speed. These patterns are ideal because it allows the hurdler to take off from their predominant leg throughout the race without switching legs. However, fatigue from the race will knock athletes off their stride pattern and force runners to switch legs. At an early age, many coaches train their athletes to hurdle with both legs. This is a useful skill to learn since as a runner tires, their stride length may decrease, resulting in the need either to add a stutter stride, or to take a hurdle on the other leg.

Continental Records

AreaMenWomen
Time (s)AthleteNationTime (s)AthleteNation
47.10 52.90
46.98 53.96 Han Qing
Song Yinglan
45.94 50.95
46.17 50.37
48.2853.17
46.29 Alison dos Santos53.69

All-time top 25

Men

Time (s) Athlete Nation data-sort-type=dateDate !Place
1 1 45.94 3 August 2021 [8]
2 2 46.17 3 August 2021
3 3 46.29 Alison dos Santos19 July 2022 Eugene[9]
446.39Benjamin #216 September 2023Eugene[10]
546.46Benjamin #330 June 2024Eugene[11]
Benjamin #49 August 2024Saint-Denis[12]
746.51Warholm #221 July 2023Monaco[13]
846.52Warholm #315 June 2023Oslo[14]
946.53Warholm #416 September 2023Eugene
1046.62Benjamin #59 July 2023Eugene[15]
1146.63dos Santos #230 May 2024Oslo[16]
1246.64Benjamin #618 May 2024Los Angeles[17]
1346.67Benjamin #712 July 2024Monaco[18]
14 46.70 Warholm #51 July 2021
Warholm #6 30 May 2024 [19]
1646.72dos Santos #33 August 2021Tokyo
1746.73Warholm #712 July 2024Monaco[20]
1846.76Warholm #86 July 2023Jessheim[21]
4 19 46.78 6 August 1992 Barcelona
2046.80dos Santos #430 June 2022Stockholm[22]
2146.83Benjamin #827 June 2021Eugene
2246.86dos Santos #510 May 2024Doha[23]
23 46.87 Warholm #923 August 2020 Stockholm
2446.89Benjamin #919 July 2022Eugene[24]
Warholm #1023 August 2023 Budapest[25]
5 46.98 30 June 2018 [26]
6 47.02 31 August 1983
7 47.03 21 June 1998
847.08Kyron McMaster3 August 2021Tokyo
9 47.10 7 August 1991 Zürich
10 47.19 25 September 1988 Seoul
11 47.23 25 September 1988
Caleb Dean7 June 2024Eugene[27]
13 47.24 26 June 2005 Carson
14 47.25 29 August 2003
18 August 2008
16 47.30 9 August 2005
17 47.34 21 August 2023 [28]
18 47.37 5 July 1995
19 47.38 10 July 1991
21 August 2023 [29]
2147.41Wilfried Happio19 July 2022Eugene[30]
22 47.42 28 June 2024 [31]
23 47.43 9 August 2005 Helsinki
24 47.48 8 September 1982 Athens
25 47.50 11 June 2024 [32]

Women

Time (s) Athlete Nation Date Place
1 1 50.37 8 August 2024 Saint-Denis[34]
2 50.65 30 June 2024
350.6822 July 2022Eugene[35] [36]
2450.9514 July 2024La Chaux-de-Fonds[37] [38]
5 51.30 20 July 2024 [39]
651.4125 June 2022Eugene[40]
7 51.45 23 July 2023 [41]
851.464 August 2021Tokyo[42]
3 9 51.58 4 August 2021 Tokyo
1051.615 June 2022Nashville[43]
1151.688 August 2022Székesfehérvár[44]
1251.7024 August 2023Budapest[45]
align=center 4align=center 13align=center 51.878 August 2024Saint-Denis
1451.9027 June 2021Eugene[46]
1551.9817 September 2023Eugene[47]
16 52.03 4 August 2021 Tokyo
17 52.11 8 September 2023 Brussels[48]
18 52.13 6 August 2024 Saint-Denis[49]
1952.158 August 2024Saint-Denis
2052.164 October 2019Doha[50]
2152.1720 July 2022Eugene[51]
22 52.20 28 July 2019 Des Moines
23 52.23 4 October 2019 Doha
2452.2730 June 2022Stockholm
22 July 2022Eugene[52]
5align=center 52.298 August 2024Saint-Denis
6 52.34 8 August 2003 Tula
7 52.39 4 July 2021 Stockholm[53]
8 52.42 20 August 2009 Berlin
9 52.47 1 September 2011
10 52.51 28 June 2024 [54]
11 52.61 11 August 1995
12 52.62 11 August 1995
13 52.74 19 August 1993
14 52.77 22 August 2004
15 52.79 19 August 1993
5 August 2011
17 52.82 31 July 1996
18 52.83 15 August 2013
19 52.89 25 August 1999
20 52.90 25 August 1999
21 52.9230 July 2010
22 52.94 17 September 1986
23 52.95 11 July 2004
25 June 2017
25 52.96 4 July 2021

Annulled marks

The following athletes have had their personal best annulled due to doping offences:

Milestones

Most successful athletes

American athlete Glenn Davis had a prodigious start to his hurdling career, running his first race in April 1956 in 54.4 s. Two months later, he ran a new world record with 49.5 s and later that year he won the 400 m hurdles at the Olympics, and was also the first to repeat that feat in 1960.

In terms of success and longevity in competition, Edwin Moses' record is significant: he won 122 races in a row between 1977 and 1987 plus two gold medals, at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montréal and the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. He was undefeated for exactly nine years nine months and nine days, from 26 August 1977 until 4 June 1987. He finished third in the 1988 Olympic final, the last race of his career. He also held the world record for sixteen years from when he first broke it at the Olympics on 25 July 1976 until it was finally broken by Kevin Young at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.


Olympic medalists

Women

World Championships medalists

Women

Season's bests

+ Men's
YearTimeAthletePlace
197148.9halign=left Helsinki
197247.82align=left Munich
197348.54align=left Lagos
197448.1halign=left Milan
197548.4halign=left Milan
197647.63align=left Montreal
197747.45align=left Westwood
197847.94align=left Zürich
197947.53align=left Montreal
198047.13align=left Milan
198147.14align=left Lausanne
198247.48align=left Athens
198347.02align=left Koblenz
198447.32align=left Koblenz
198547.63align=left Zürich
198647.38align=left Lausanne
198747.46align=left Rome
198847.19align=left Seoul
198947.86align=left Berlin
199047.49align=left Lausanne
199147.10align=left Zürich
199246.78align=left Barcelona
199347.18align=left Stuttgart
199447.70align=left Linz
199547.37align=left Lausanne
199647.54align=left Atlanta
199747.64align=left Monaco
199847.03align=left New Orleans
199947.72align=left Seville
200047.50align=left Sydney
200147.38align=left Zürich
200247.35align=left Zürich
200347.25align=left Saint-Denis
200447.63align=left Athens
200547.24align=left Carson
200647.39align=left Indianapolis
200747.61align=left Osaka
200847.25align=left Beijing
200947.91align=left Berlin
201047.32align=left Des Moines
201147.66
Ostrava
201247.63align=left London
201347.69align=left Moscow
201448.03align=left New York City
201547.79align=left Beijing
201647.73align=left Rio de Janeiro
201747.80align=left Kingston
201846.98align=left Paris
201946.92align=left Zürich
202046.87align=left Stockholm
202145.94align=left Tokyo
202246.29align=left Eugene
202346.39align=left Eugene
202446.46align=left Eugene
+ Women's
YearTimeAthletePlace
1971
1972
197356.7halign=left Warsaw
197456.51align=left Augsburg
1975
1976
197755.63align=left Helsinki
197854.89align=left Prague
197954.78align=left Moscow
198054.28align=left Jena
198154.79align=left Jena
198254.57align=left Athens
198354.02align=left Moscow
198453.58align=left Kyiv
198553.55align=left Berlin
198652.94align=left Tashkent
198753.24align=left Potsdam
198853.17align=left Seoul
198953.37align=left New York City
199053.62align=left Split
199153.11align=left Tokyo
199253.23align=left Barcelona
199352.74align=left Stuttgart
199453.33align=left Helsinki
199552.61align=left Gothenburg
199652.82align=left Atlanta
199752.97align=left Indianapolis
align=left Athens
199852.74align=left Monaco
199952.89align=left Seville
200053.02align=left Sydney
200153.34align=left Edmonton
200253.10align=left Tula
200352.34align=left Tula
200452.77align=left Athens
200552.90align=left Helsinki
200653.02align=left Athens
200753.28align=left Indianapolis
200852.64align=left Beijing
200952.42align=left Berlin
201052.82align=left Rome
201152.47align=left Daegu
201252.77align=left London
201352.83align=left Moscow
201453.41align=left Kingston
201553.50align=left Beijing
201652.88align=left Eugene
201752.64align=left Sacramento
201852.75align=left Knoxville
201952.16align=left Doha
202053.79align=left Arnhem
202151.46Tokyo
202250.68Eugene
202351.45London
202450.37Paris

National records

Men

Equal or superior to 48.00 s:

NationTimeAthleteDatePlace
45.94Karsten Warholm3 August 2021Tokyo
46.17Rai Benjamin3 August 2021Tokyo
46.29Alison dos Santos19 July 2022Eugene
46.98Abderrahman Samba30 June 2018Paris
47.08Kyron McMaster3 August 2021Tokyo
47.10Samuel Matete7 August 1991Zürich
47.23Amadou Dia Ba25 September 1988Seoul
47.25Félix Sánchez29 August 2003Saint-Denis
47.34Roshawn Clarke21 August 2023Budapest
47.37Stéphane Diagana5 July 1995Lausanne
47.48Harald Schmid8 September 1982Athens
47.50Alessandro Sibilio11 June 2024Rome
47.53Hadi Soua'an Al-Somaily27 September 2000Sydney
47.66L. J. van Zyl25 February 2011Pretoria
47.69Jehue Gordon15 August 2013Moscow
47.72Javier Culson8 May 2010Ponce
47.78Boniface Mucheru18 August 2016Rio de Janeiro
47.81Yasmani Copello9 August 2018Berlin
47.82John Akii-Bua2 September 1972Munich
47.82Kriss Akabusi6 August 1992Barcelona
47.82Periklis Iakovakis6 May 2006Osaka
47.82Rasmus Mägi14 June 2022Turku
47.84Bayano Kamani7 August 2005Helsinki
47.89Dai Tamesue10 August 2001Edmonton
47.93Omar Cisneros13 August 2013Moscow
47.94Carl Bengtström11 June 2024Rome
47.97Thomas Barr18 August 2016Rio de Janeiro
48.00Ezekiel Nathaniel11 May 2024Waco

Women

Equal or superior to 54.00 s:

NationTimeAthleteDatePlace
50.37Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone8 August 2024Paris
50.95Femke Bol14 July 2024La Chaux-de-Fonds
52.34Yuliya Pechonkina8 August 2003Tula
52.42Melaine Walker20 August 2009Berlin
52.74Sally Gunnell19 August 1993Stuttgart
52.77Fani Halkia22 August 2004Athens
52.83Zuzana Hejnová15 August 2013Moscow
52.89Daimí Pernía25 August 1999Seville
52.90Nezha Bidouane25 August 1999Seville
52.94Marina Stepanova17 September 1986Tashkent
52.96Anna Ryzhykova4 July 2021Stockholm
53.09Kemi Adekoya24 August 2023Budapest
53.17Debbie Flintoff-King28 September 1988Seoul
53.20Josanne Lucas20 August 2009Berlin
53.21Marie-José Pérec16 August 1995Zürich
53.24Sabine Busch21 August 1987Potsdam
53.25Ionela Târlea7 July 1999Rome
53.26Savannah Sutherland8 June 2024Eugene
53.36Andrea Blackett25 August 1999Sevilla
53.55Sara Slott Petersen18 August 2016Rio de Janeiro
53.68Vanya Stambolova5 June 2011Rabat
53.69Gianna Woodruff20 July 2022Eugene
53.74Myrtle Bothma18 April 1986Johannesburg
53.86Anna Jesień28 August 2007Osaka
53.89Ayomide Folorunso22 August 2023Budapest
53.91Line Kloster3 July 2022La Chaux-de-Fonds
53.96Han Qing9 September 1993Beijing
Song Yinglan17 November 2001Guangzhou

External links

Notes and References

  1. Lindeman . Ralph . McGill . Kevin . 1995 . 400 Meter Hurdle Theory . Track Coach . Track & Field News . 131 . 41694171, 4196 . El Camino Real . en . 0041-0314 . 477310277 . 3 August 2021 . registration . Formerly Track Technique. Spring 1995 edition. Reprinted from the October 1994 edition of the Hurdle Times newsletter published by the USATF Men's Development Committee..
  2. Schiffer . Jürgen . . 2012 . The 400m Hurdles . New Studies in Athletics . Meyer & Meyer Sport . 27 . 12 . 925 . Aachen . en . 0961-933X . 751170802 . 3 August 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210803094708/https://www.worldathletics.org/download/downloadnsa?filename=56881597-0299-4468-8b52-afa3636eea9b.pdf&urlslug=the-400m-hurdles . 3 August 2021.
  3. Iskra . Janus . . 1991 . Endurance in the 400 metres Hurdles . New Studies in Athletics . Meyer & Meyer Sport . 6 . 2 . 4350 . Aachen . en . 0961-933X . 751170802 . 4 August 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210804055933/https://www.worldathletics.org/download/downloadnsa?filename=cbd830c1-bddd-48a6-bd8c-84c60bd785f3.pdf&urlslug=endurance-in-the-400m-hurdles . 4 August 2021.
  4. Web site: Men's outdoor 400 Metres Hurdles Records . worldathletics.org . . 20 July 2022.
  5. Web site: Women's outdoor 400 Metres Hurdles Records . worldathletcs.org . . 20 July 2022.
  6. Web site: Larsson. Peter. 10 August 2019. All-time men's best 400m hurdles. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200915011228/http://www.alltime-athletics.com/m_400hok.htm. 15 September 2020. 12 August 2019. Track and Field all-time Performances.
  7. Web site: All time Top Lists: Senior Outdoor, 400 Metres Hurdles, Men . . 21 November 2021. (select the "All" option when filtering by athlete)
  8. Web site: Men's 400m Hurdles Results. olympics.com. 3 August 2021. 18 August 2021. 3 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210803042807/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73A_ATHM400MHURD----------FNL-000100--.pdf. dead.
  9. Web site: Men's 400m Hurdles Final Results. World Athletics. 19 July 2022. 22 July 2022.
  10. Web site: 400m Hurdles Result. sportresult.com. 16 September 2023. 19 September 2023.
  11. Web site: McLaughlin-Levrone breaks world 400m hurdles record at US Trials. Jessi Gabriel. 30 June 2024. 1 July 2024. World Athletics.
  12. Web site: Paulino and Benjamin dazzle over one lap to win Olympic golds in Paris News Paris 24 Olympic Games . 2024-08-09 . worldathletics.org.
  13. Web site: 400m Hurdles Results. sportresult.com. 21 July 2023. 21 July 2023.
  14. Web site: Warholm and Ingebrigtsen outstanding in Oslo. World Athletics. Cathal Dennehy. 15 June 2023. 16 June 2023.
  15. Web site: 400m Hurdles Results. watchathletics.com. 9 July 2023. 10 July 2023.
  16. Web site: 400m Hurdles Result. swisstiming.com. 30 May 2024. 30 May 2024.
  17. Web site: Benjamin and McLaughlin-Levrone impress in Los Angeles REPORT World Athletics . 2024-05-19 . worldathletics.org.
  18. Web site: 400m Hurdles Result. swisstiming.com. 12 July 2024. 17 July 2024.
  19. Web site: 400m Hurdles Result. swisstiming.com. 30 May 2024. 30 May 2024.
  20. Web site: 400m Hurdles Result. swisstiming.com. 12 July 2024. 17 July 2024.
  21. Web site: Fystro-Gjerde . Yngve . 2023-07-06 . Karsten Warholm med sitt fjerde raskaste løp nokosinne: – Det er tullete . 2023-07-06 . NRK . nn-NO.
  22. News: Duplantis scales 6.16m in Stockholm for highest ever outdoor vault. World Athletics. Simon Turnbull. 30 June 2022. 1 July 2022.
  23. Web site: 400m Hurdles Results. swisstiming.com. 10 May 2024. 11 May 2024.
  24. Web site: Men's 400m Hurdles Final Results. World Athletics. 19 July 2022. 22 July 2022.
  25. Web site: Men's 400m Hurdles Final Results. World Athletics. 23 August 2023. 24 August 2023.
  26. Web site: 400m Hurdles Results. sportresult.com. 30 June 2018. 1 July 2018.
  27. Web site: Men 400 M Hurdles . 2024-06-08 . flashresults.ncaa.com.
  28. Web site: 400m Hurdles Semifinal Results Summary. World Athletics. 21 August 2023. 21 August 2023.
  29. Web site: 400m Hurdles Semifinal Results Summary. World Athletics. 21 August 2023. 21 August 2023.
  30. Web site: Men's 400m Hurdles Final Results. World Athletics. 19 July 2022. 22 July 2022.
  31. Web site: Thompson and Jackson win 100m titles at Jamaican Championships. World Athletics. Noel Francis. 29 June 2024. 30 June 2024.
  32. Web site: 400m Hurdles Results. World Athletics. 11 June 2024.
  33. Web site: 400 Metres Hurdles Women All Time . . 27 September 2019.
  34. Web site: Women's 400m Hurdles - Final results . Olympics . 9 August 2024 . 8 August 2024.
  35. Web site: 400m Hurldes Final Results. World Athletics. 22 July 2022. 23 July 2022.
  36. News: Karen Rosen . 26 July 2022 . McLaughlin breaks world 400m hurdles record with 50.68 at US Championships . World Athletics . 28 June 2022.
  37. Web site: 14 July 2024 . Bol breaks European 400m hurdles record in La Chaux-de-Fonds . 14 July 2024 . World Athletics.
  38. Web site: 14 July 2024 . 400m Hurdles Women Results . 14 July 2024.
  39. Web site: 400m Hurdles Results. swisstiming.com. 20 July 2024. 20 July 2024.
  40. News: Karen Rosen . 26 June 2022 . McLaughlin breaks world 400m hurdles record with 51.41 at US Championships . World Athletics . 28 June 2022.
  41. Web site: 400m Hurldes Results. sportresult.com. 23 July 2023. 23 July 2023. 15 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240315185632/https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/LONDON2023/PDF_ATHW400MHURDDIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73B1.PDF?h=H8myhbZlb%202qnoFbV2tiZjY7qVU%3D. dead.
  42. Web site: Athletics - Final Results . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210731032409/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-women-s-400m-hurdles-fnl-000100-.htm . 2021-07-31 . 2021-08-04 . olympics.com . en-us.
  43. News: Sydney McLaughlin runs 51.61 seconds in her first 400m hurdles race this year in Nashville. watchathletics.com. 5 June 2022. 28 June 2022.
  44. News: McLaughlin sets European all-comers' record of 51.68 in Szekesfehervar. World Athletics. Chris Broadbent. 8 August 2022. 22 August 2022.
  45. Web site: 400m Hurdles Final Results. World Athletics. 24 August 2023. 26 August 2023.
  46. Web site: Ron Dicker. 28 June 2021. Sydney McLaughlin Shatters World Record in 400-Meter Hurdles at U.S. Olympic Trials. 28 June 2021. HuffPost.
  47. Web site: 400m Hurdles Results. sportresult.com. 17 September 2023. 20 September 2023.
  48. Web site: 400m Hurdles Result. sportresult.com. 8 September 2023. 8 September 2023.
  49. Web site: Women's 400m Hurdles - Semi-Final 2/3 results . Olympics . 8 August 2024.
  50. Web site: 400m Hurdles Results. IAAF. 4 October 2019. 6 October 2019.
  51. Web site: Women's 400m Hurdles Semi-Final Results. World Athletics. 20 July 2022. 22 July 2022.
  52. Web site: 400m Hurldes Final Results. World Athletics. 22 July 2022. 23 July 2022.
  53. News: Duplantis soars over meeting record in Stockholm. World Athletics. Jess Whittington. 4 July 2021. 16 July 2021.
  54. Web site: Thompson and Jackson win 100m titles at Jamaican Championships. World Athletics. Noel Francis. 29 June 2024. 29 June 2024.
  55. Web site: 400 Metres Hurdles Results. IAAF. 8 August 2012. 9 August 2012.
  56. Web site: Abrahamson. Alan. 3 August 2021. Abrahamson: Warholm, Benjamin deliver greatest 400m hurdle race in human history NBC Olympics. live. 2021-08-04. nbcolympics.com. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20210803073151/https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/abrahamson-warholm-benjamin-deliver-greatest-400m-hurdle-race-human-history . 3 August 2021 .
  57. http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/wc.htm IAAF World Championships in Athletics
  58. Web site: 400 Metres Hurdles - men - senior - outdoor . 17 September 2023 . worldathletics.org.
  59. Web site: 400 Metres Hurdles - women - senior - outdoor . 8 August 2024. worldathletics.org.

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