2022 Quebec general election explained

Election Name:	2022 Quebec general election
Country:	Quebec
Type:	legislative
Ongoing:	no
Party Colour:	no'
Party Name:	no
Previous Election:	2018 Quebec general election
Previous Year:	2018
Outgoing Members:	42nd Quebec Legislature
Elected Members:	43rd Quebec Legislature
Next Election:	44th Quebec general election
Next Year:	Next
Seats For Election:	125 seats in the National Assembly of Quebec
Majority Seats:	63
Opinion Polls:	Opinion polls
Turnout:	66.05%^[1] (0.40pp)
Image1:	François Legault (2022).jpg
Leader1:	François Legault
Leader Since1:	November 4, 2011
Leaders Seat1:	L'Assomption
Last Election1:	74 seats, 37.42%
Seats Before1:	76
Seats1:	90
Seat Change1:	14
Popular Vote1:	1,685,573
Percentage1:	40.98%
Swing1:	3.56pp
Leader2:	Dominique Anglade
Leader Since2:	May 11, 2020
Leaders Seat2:	Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne
Last Election2:	31 seats, 24.82%
Seats Before2:	27
Seats2:	21
Seat Change2:	6
Popular Vote2:	591,077
Percentage2:	14.37%
Swing2:	10.45pp
Image3:	Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois (crop).jpg
Leader3:	Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois
Leader Since3:	May 21, 2017
Leaders Seat3:	Gouin
Last Election3:	10 seats, 16.10%
Seats Before3:	10
Seats3:	11
Seat Change3:	1
Popular Vote3:	634,535
Percentage3:	15.43%
Swing3:	0.67pp
Image4:	Paul.St-Pierre.Plamondon.cropped.jpg
Leader4:	Paul St-Pierre Plamondon
Leader Since4:	October 9, 2020
Leaders Seat4:	Camille-Laurin (won seat)
Last Election4:	10 seats, 17.06%
Seats Before4:	7
Seats4:	3
Seat Change4:	4
Popular Vote4:	600,708
Percentage4:	14.61%
Swing4:	2.45pp
Image5:	Éric Duhaime 2022-07-05 (cropped).jpg
Leader5:	Éric Duhaime
Leader Since5:	April 17, 2021
Leaders Seat5:	Ran in Chauveau (lost)
Last Election5:	0 seats, 1.46%
Seats Before5:	1
Seats5:	0
Seat Change5:	1
Popular Vote5:	530,786
Percentage5:	12.91%
Swing5:	11.45pp
Map Size:	350px
Premier
Before Election:	François Legault
Posttitle:	Premier after election
After Election:	François Legault
After Party:	Coalition Avenir Québec

The 2022 Quebec general election was held on October 3, 2022, to elect the members of the National Assembly of Quebec.^[2] Under the province's fixed election date law, passed in 2013, "the general election following the end of a Legislature shall be held on the first Monday of October of the fourth calendar year following the year that includes the last day of the previous Legislature",^[3] setting the date for October 3, 2022.

Premier François Legault's Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) increased its parliamentary majority in the election. The Liberals dropped to their lowest raw seat count since 1956, their lowest percentage of seats won since 1948 and recorded their lowest share of the popular vote in their history.^[4] The Parti Québecois (PQ) had its worst general election result in history, losing most of its seats, but nevertheless managed to elect its previously seatless leader Paul St-Pierre Plamondon.^[5]

Previous promised plans for electoral reform were scrapped in 2021; as such, the election produced a highly distorted result which is common in Quebec's first past the post voting system.^[6] As Liberal votes were concentrated on the Island of Montreal, the party received more seats than the rest of the opposition parties combined, remaining the official opposition despite finishing fourth in the popular vote. In contrast, the Conservatives increased their share of the vote to 13%; however, as their support was more spread throughout Quebec, they did not win any seats.^[7] Quebecers elected the highest number of female candidates to the National Assembly in the province's history at 59, roughly 47% of the total number of seats.^[8]

Background

The 2018 general election resulted in a landslide victory for the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) led by François Legault, which won 74 of 125 seats, giving the party a majority and unseating Philippe Couillard's Liberal Party after a single term in office. Couillard subsequently resigned as Liberal leader and was replaced on an interim basis by Pierre Arcand until his successor was chosen.^{[9] [10]}

Both the Parti Québécois and Québec solidaire won ten seats each, fewer than the twelve needed for official party status; Parti Québécois leader Jean-François Lisée, defeated in his bid for re-election, resigned as party leader, replaced on an interim basis by Pascal Bérubé until his permanent successor was chosen.^{[11] [12]} Adrien D. Pouliot, leader of the Conservative Party of Quebec, announced that he was stepping down as leader on October 16, 2020.

Following Couillard's resignation, the Quebec Liberal Party held a leadership race. Dominique Anglade, former Deputy Premier of Quebec, was acclaimed leader of the party after her only rival, former mayor of Drummondville, Alexandre Cusson, stepped down. Following a leadership race, Paul St-Pierre Plamondon was elected leader of the sovereignist party by the members and supporters of the Parti Québécois. Following Pouliot's resignation, the Conservative Party of Quebec held a leadership race. Éric Duhaime, a radio host and former political advisor, was elected as leader with just under 96% of the vote.

Name change of electoral district

In its 2022 amendments to the Charter of the French Language, the National Assembly of Quebec also provided for renaming the electoral district of Bourget as Camille-Laurin,^[13] in honour of the Cabinet minister who promoted the original law.^[14]

Political parties and standings

The table below lists parties represented and seats held in the National Assembly after the 2018 provincial election and at dissolution.

Name		Ideology	Position	Leader	2018 Result		Seats at Dissolution
					Votes (%)	Seats
	Coalition Avenir Québec	Quebec nationalism Quebec autonomism Conservatism	Centre-right	François Legault
	Liberal	Quebec federalism Economic liberalism Liberalism		Dominique Anglade
	Québec solidaire	Quebec sovereigntism Social democracy Environmentalism	Left-wing	Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois
	Parti Québécois	Quebec sovereigntism Quebec nationalism Social democracy Economic nationalism		Paul St-Pierre Plamondon
	Conservative	Conservatism Quebec federalism Fiscal conservatism		Éric Duhaime
	Independents	N/A
	Vacant seats	N/A			–

Timeline

42nd National Assembly of Quebec - Movement in seats held (2018-2022)

Party		2018	Gain/(loss) due to							2022
			Resigned from party	Withdrawn from caucus	Resignation	Expulsion	Reinstatement	Change of allegiance	By-election gain
74		(1)		(2)	2		3	76
31			(2)	(2)				27
10	(1)	(1)		(1)				7
10								10
-						1		1
-	1	2	(1)	5	(2)	(1)		4
Total		125	-	-	(3)	-	-	-	3	125

Changes in seats held (2018–2022)

Seat	Before				Change
	Date	Member	Party	Reason	Date	Member	Party
Roberval	October 4, 2018	Philippe Couillard		Resignation^[15]	December 10, 2018^[16]	Nancy Guillemette
Chomedey	October 5, 2018^[17] ^[18]	Guy Ouellette		Expelled from caucus^[19]
Marie-Victorin	March 11, 2019^[20]	Catherine Fournier		Resigned from caucus^[21]
	November 1, 2021^[22]			Resignation^[23]	April 12, 2022^[24]	Shirley Dorismond
Jean-Talon	August 30, 2019^[25]	Sébastien Proulx		Resignation^[26]	December 2, 2019^[27]	Joëlle Boutin
Rimouski	December 15, 2020^[28]	Harold LeBel		Expelled from caucus^[29]
Rivière-du-Loup–Témiscouata	December 17, 2020^[30]	Denis Tardif		Expelled from caucus^[31]
	April 12, 2021^[32]			Reinstated
Rousseau	March 30, 2021^[33]	Louis-Charles Thouin		Withdrew from caucus^[34]
	September 14, 2021^[35]			Reinstated
Bonaventure	June 4, 2021^[36]	Sylvain Roy		Withdrew from caucus^[37]
Iberville	June 15, 2021^[38]	Claire Samson		Expelled from caucus^[39]
Maurice-Richard	November 1, 2021^[40]	Marie Montpetit		Expelled from caucus^[41]

2018

• October 1, 2018: The Coalition Avenir Québec led by François Legault wins a majority government in the 42nd Quebec general election. Parti Québécois leader Jean-François Lisée, defeated in his bid for re-election, announces his resignation as party leader.
• October 5, 2018: Mont-Royal–Outremont MNA Pierre Arcand is named interim leader of the Quebec Liberal Party.
• October 9, 2018: Matane-Matapédia MNA Pascal Bérubé is named interim leader of the Parti Québécois.

2020

• March 20, 2020: The 2020 Quebec Liberal Party leadership election is suspended indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec.^[42]
• May 11, 2020: Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne MNA Dominique Anglade is selected as leader of the Quebec Liberal Party by acclamation following the withdrawal of rival candidate Alexandre Cusson.^[43]
• October 9, 2020: Paul St-Pierre Plamondon wins the 2020 Parti Québécois leadership election.

2021

• April 17, 2021: Éric Duhaime wins the 2021 Conservative Party of Quebec leadership election.

2022

• May 13, 2022: The English language leaders' debate is called off for the election after two party leaders, (CAQ) Coalition Avenir Québec Premier François Legault, and PQ Parti Québécois leader Paul St-Pierre Plamondon refused to participate.^{[44] [45]}

Campaign

Timeline

• August 28, 2022: Campaign period officially begins with the calling of an October 3 election.
• September 1, 2022: PQ Parti Québécois leader Paul St-Pierre Plamondon stages an event in Ottawa.^[46]
• September 4, 2022: Radio-Canada's Five leaders, one election.
• September 7, 2022: (CAQ) Coalition Avenir Québec Premier François Legault apologizes for comments linking immigration and 'extremism,' and 'violence'.^[47]
• September 11, 2022: In a speech in Drummondville (CAQ) Coalition Avenir Québec Premier François Legault, Says that non-French speaking immigration threatens Quebec cohesion. He was criticized by the leaders of Quebec solidaire, Quebec Liberal and Parti Québécois.^[48]
• September 12, 2022: (CAQ) Coalition Avenir Québec Premier François Legault defends the comments he said the day before about immigration.^[49]
• September 15, 2022: First leaders debate TVA Leaders' Debate.^{[50] [51]}
• September 22, 2022: Radio Canada's Leaders' Debate.
• September 28, 2022: (CAQ) Coalition Avenir Québec Premier François Legault says during a speech, that having higher immigration numbers would be suicidal for Quebec and the French language. Legault was criticized by the other party leaders.^{[52] [53] [54]}
  • CAQ Immigration and labour minister Jean Boulet walks back from his past comments during a debate a few days before. He said that 80% of immigrants go to Montreal, don't work, don't speak French and don't adhere to the values of Quebec.^[55]

Party slogans

Party	French	English (translation)
	"Continuons."^[56]	"Now. Our record." ("Maintenant. Notre bilan.")^[57]
	"Votez vrai. Vrais enjeux. Vraies solutions."^[58]	"Vote for Real. Real issues. Real solutions." (identical to French slogan)^[59]
	"Changer d'ère."^[60]	"Let's clear the air" (This is a rhyming pun, "Let's clear the era", in French – the play on words being between "ère", which means "era", and "air", which means the same as it does in English.)^[61]
	"Le Québec qui s’assume. Pour vrai."
	"Libres chez nous."^[62]	"Freedom to choose." ("Libre de choisir.")

Issues

2022 Quebec election – issues and respective party platforms

Issue	align="center" width="20%"	CAQ	align="center" width="20%"	QLP	align="center" width="20%"	PQ	align="center" width="20%"	QS	align="center" width="20%"
Identity, diversity, language, and secularism			PQ would remove the bilingual status of municipalities where Anglophones make up less than 33% of residents.^[63] ^[64] PQ would apply Bill 101 to CEGEPs, which would mean restrictions to access to English-language colleges. PQ would create “an office for the promotion of Quebec cultural content.”^[65]	QS would alter the province’s secularism law to let public sector workers affected by the legislation wear religious symbols at work, as long as their faces are uncovered.^[66]
Immigration^[67] ^[68]	CAQ would maintain immigration at around 50,000 per year which they said would be best matches the province’s “integration capacity.” CAQ wants more control of immigration powers from Canada such as family reunification.^[69]	Liberals would increase immigration target to 70,000 a year.	PQ would reduce the annual number of immigrants to 35,000 from roughly 50,000. A PQ government would also ensure that all economic immigrants have knowledge of French before they arrive
Sovereignty
Economy and public finance				QS has proposed to introduce wealth and inheritance taxes on the wealthiest 5% of Quebecers, which it states would raise $2.65 billion a year. This includes a wealth tax rate of 0.1% for those with net assets of $1 million to $10 million and a tax rate of 1% for those with assets worth $10 million to $99 million.^[70]	The PCQ has proposed to lower gasoline tax and end tax on second-hand goods.^[71]
Health care
Education
Child care and families
Environment				Included within QS' climate plan is to create an intercity transport network that would make it possible to reach all cities by train and bus.^[72] QS wants to support farmers in transitioning towards organic farming. QS has plans to create an air quality auditor position in government, which would be given to an independent scientist who would enjoy powers similar to those of the Auditor General in the National Assembly.^[73]
Transport				QS has planned for an eight-year, $47-billion infrastructure investment in the Montreal region’s public transit network, which would include subway expansion, a new tramway and reserved bus lanes.^[74]
Housing				QS wants to buy 10,000 homes to resell at a discount. QS wants to build 25,000 social housing units within the next four years if it forms a government, with a long term aim of increasing this figure to 50,000.^[75]

Role of disinformation during the campaign

During the campaign, the issue of online political disinformation misleading voters has been raised by outlets including the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). In September 2022, the CBC reported that opponents of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions used Facebook to spread a false rumor that Legault was booed out of a restaurant. According to CBC, "The post is one of many on social media that are misleading or outright false, with real-world consequences to both those who read it and to those involved in the event".^[76]

According to the Centre for Media, Technology and Democracy (MTD) at McGill University, false allegations that polling outlets are unfairly biased against certain parties have spread on social media. Some online supporters of the Conservative Party of Quebec alleged collusion between the governing Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) and polling firm Léger. In response, a citizens' initiative emerged on Facebook urging individuals to file complaints over Léger, despite the fact that Élections Québec has no power to regulate the polling industry.^[77]

Candidates

See main article: Candidates of the 2022 Quebec general election.

The candidates standing for election generally had the following characteristics:

Characteristic !!colspan="5"

Party!	Overall
align="center"		CAQ	align="center"	Lib	align="center"	PQ	align="center"	QS	style="color: white"align="center"	PCQ
Average age (years)	49	46	39	39	46	44
% who are women	55	45	42	55	38	47
% who are parents	81	70	58	54	68	67
% who are visible minority or Indigenous	11	27	6	18	10	14
% with a university degree	84	76	73	80	57	74
% born outside Quebec/Canada	11	28	6	9	16	9

Incumbents not running for reelection

Electoral district	Date announced	Incumbent at dissolution and subsequent nominee			New MNA
Anjou–Louis-Riel	August 30, 2021^[78]			Lise Thériault	Chantal Gagnon^[79]			Karine Boivin Roy
La Pinière	November 14, 2021^[80]			Gaétan Barrette	Linda Caron			Linda Caron
Mille-Îles	December 17, 2021^[81]			Francine Charbonneau	Virginie Dufour			Virginie Dufour
Iberville	January 13, 2022^[82]			Claire Samson	Anne Casabonne^[83]			Audrey Bogemans
Duplessis	January 19, 2022^[84]			Lorraine Richard	Marilou Vanier			Kateri Champagne Jourdain
Jonquière	March 1, 2022^[85]			Sylvain Gaudreault	Caroline Dubé			Yannick Gagnon
Rimouski	March 3, 2022^[86]			Harold LeBel	–			Maïté Blanchette Vézina
Acadie	March 21, 2022^[87]			Christine St-Pierre	André A. Morin			André A. Morin
Fabre	March 26, 2022^[88]			Monique Sauvé	Sonia Baudelot			Alice Abou-Khalil
Verchères	March 31, 2022^[89]			Suzanne Dansereau	Suzanne Roy^[90]			Suzanne Roy
Taschereau	April 1, 2022			Catherine Dorion	Étienne Grandmont			Étienne Grandmont
Marguerite-Bourgeoys	April 2, 2022			Hélène David	Fred Beauchemin			Fred Beauchemin
Laporte	April 2, 2022^[91]			Nicole Ménard	Mathieu Gratton			Isabelle Poulet
Vimont	April 2, 2022			Jean Rousselle	Anabela Monteiro			Valérie Schmaltz
Sanguinet	April 8, 2022^[92]			Danielle McCann	Christine Fréchette			Christine Fréchette
Prévost	April 8, 2022			Marguerite Blais	Sonia Bélanger			Sonia Bélanger
D'Arcy-McGee	April 11, 2022^[93]			David Birnbaum	Elisabeth Prass^[94]			Elisabeth Prass
Rivière-du-Loup–Témiscouata	April 15, 2022^[95]			Denis Tardif	Amélie Dionne^[96]			Amélie Dionne
Charlevoix–Côte-de-Beaupré	April 19, 2022^[97]			Émilie Foster	Kariane Bourassa			Kariane Bourassa
Joliette	April 21, 2022^[98]			Véronique Hivon	Véronique Venne			François St-Louis
Huntingdon	April 29, 2022			Claire IsaBelle	Carole Mallette			Carole Mallette
Bourassa-Sauvé	May 6, 2022			Paule Robitaille	Madwa-Nika Cadet			Madwa-Nika Cadet
Mont-Royal–Outremont	May 8, 2022			Pierre Arcand	Michelle Setlakwe			Michelle Setlakwe
Châteauguay	May 20, 2022			MarieChantal Chassé	Marie-Belle Gendron			Marie-Belle Gendron
Maurice-Richard	May 24, 2022			Marie Montpetit	–			Haroun Bouazzi
Lévis	June 3, 2022^[99]			François Paradis	Bernard Drainville^[100]			Bernard Drainville
Robert-Baldwin	June 4, 2022^[101]			Carlos Leitão	Brigitte Garceau			Brigitte Garceau
Notre-Dame-de-Grâce	June 6, 2022^[102]			Kathleen Weil	Désirée McGraw			Désirée McGraw
René-Lévesque	June 14, 2022			Martin Ouellet	Jeff Dufour-Tremblay			Yves Montigny
Bonaventure	July 4, 2022			Sylvain Roy	–			Catherine Blouin
Repentigny	July 5, 2022			Lise Lavallée	Pascale Déry			Pascale Déry
Bertrand	July 12, 2022			Nadine Girault	France-Élaine Duranceau			France-Élaine Duranceau
Chutes-de-la-Chaudière	August 3, 2022			Marc Picard	Martine Biron			Martine Biron
Côte-du-Sud	August 22, 2022			Marie-Eve Proulx	Mathieu Rivest			Mathieu Rivest
Chomedey	August 29, 2022			Guy Ouellette	–			Sona Lakhoyan Olivier

Candidate controversies

Quebec Liberal Party

• Deepak Awasti, the party's candidate in Laurier-Dorion, for denying Quebec's right to register itself as a nation within the Canadian constitution and to have French as its sole official language, contrary to his party's official position.^[103]

Parti Québécois

• Pierre Vanier, the party's candidate in Rousseau, for past social media posts emerged where Vanier expressed anti-Islamic views. He was suspended as a candidate.^[104]
• Catherine Provost, the party's candidate in L’Assomption, for past social media posts emerged where Provost expressed Anti-Islam views.^[105]
• Lyne Jubinville, the party's candidate in Sainte-Rose, for past social media posts emerged where Jubinville expressed Anti-Islam views.^{[106] [107]}
• Andréanne Fiola, candidate for Laval-des-Rapides, previously made porn. Party leader Paul St-Pierre Plamondon defended Fiola and condemned the individuals who outed her.^[108]
• Paul St-Pierre Plamondon's use of the word nègre during a televised debate. ^[109]

Québec Solidaire

• Marie-Eve Rancourt, the party's candidate in Camille-Laurin, withdrew from the race after she was caught removing PQ leaflets.^[110]
• Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois' use of the nègre during a televised debate.

Coalition Avenir Québec

• Shirley Dorismond, the party's candidate in Marie-Victorin, for blocking numerous constituents and electors on social media after facing criticisms on her comments about the September 13, 2022 floods in Longueuil.^[111]

Opinion polls

This chart depicts opinion polls conducted since the 2018 election, using a local regression. The table below provides a list of scientific, public opinion polls that were conducted from the 2018 Quebec general election leading up to the 2022 Quebec general election, which was held on October 3, 2022.

Timeline of opinion polls
Polling organisation	Last date of polling	Source	Sample size		CAQ	PLQ	PQ	QS		Other	Lead
2022 election			4,169,137	N/A	41.0	14.4	14.6	15.4	12.9	1.7	25.6
Mainstreet (Exit Poll)	October 3, 2022	PDF	6109	±1.3%	50.2	8.8	21.0	8.9	10.1	1.2	29.2
Forum	October 2, 2022	PDF	981	±3%	36.8	15.4	17.2	14.3	14.4	1.9	19.6
Research Co.	October 2, 2022	HTML	708	±3.7%	41	16	12	14	16	1	25
Mainstreet	October 2, 2022	PDF	1,508	±2.5%	41.4	14.8	14.0	12.0	16.7	1.2	24.7
Mainstreet	October 1, 2022	PDF	1,445	±2.6%	41.7	14.9	13.1	11.6	17.8	1.1	23.9
Mainstreet	September 30, 2022	PDF	1,463	±2.6%	41.3	15.4	12.8	11.2	18.4	1.0	22.9
Léger	September 30, 2022	URL	950	±3.1%	38	17	15	15	14	2	21
Mainstreet	September 29, 2022	PDF	1,516	±2.5%	40.3	17.7	12.9	12.5	14.9	1.9	22.6
Mainstreet	September 28, 2022	PDF	1,523	±2.5%	40.3	15.7	11.9	13.5	16.4	2.3	23.9
Mainstreet	September 27, 2022	PDF	1,533	±2.5%	39.1	16.8	12.4	12.8	16.5	2.4	22.6
Mainstreet	September 26, 2022	PDF	1,555	±2.5%	42.1	16.0	10.7	11.3	17.3	2.6	24.8
Main party leaders attend "Tout le monde en parle." (September 25, 2022)
Léger	September 25, 2022	URL	1,023	±3.1%	37	16	15	17	15	0	20
Mainstreet	September 25, 2022	PDF	1,529	±2.5%	41.8	16.5	10.0	9.9	18.7	3.1	23.1
Mainstreet	September 24, 2022	PDF	1,209	±2.8%	43.5	15.5	7.8	11.0	19.1	3.1	24.4
Mainstreet	September 23, 2022	PDF	1,114	±2.8%	38.8	16.8	9.4	14.1	19.3	2.6	19.5
EKOS	September 23, 2022	PDF	589	±4.0%	34.6	14.3	14.9	20.6	12.3	3.6	14.0
Radio Canada's Leaders' Debate. (September 22, 2022)
Angus Reid	September 22, 2022	PDF	1,221	±2.5%	34	16	12	16	19	2	15
Mainstreet	September 22, 2022	PDF	1,192	±2.8%	39.2	15.4	9.7	14.4	19.2	2.9	20.0
Research Co.	September 21, 2022	HTML	700	±3.7%	40	17	10	14	18	1	22
Mainstreet	September 21, 2022	PDF	1,472	±2.6%	39.3	15.1	10.3	14.2	18.3	2.7	21.0
Mainstreet	September 20, 2022	PDF	1,467	±2.6%	39.2	14.3	10.6	14.0	19.0	2.9	20.3
Segma	September 20, 2022	HTML	1,080	±3%	40	14	14	16	14	1	26
Mainstreet	September 19, 2022	PDF	1,538	±2.5%	38.7	15.6	9.9	12.9	19.8	3.1	18.9
Léger	September 18, 2022	URL	1,046	±3.0%	38	16	13	16	16	1	22
Mainstreet	September 18, 2022	PDF	1,538	±2.5%	39.5	16.5	9.9	11.9	19.7	2.5	19.8
Mainstreet	September 17, 2022	PDF	1,846	±2.5%	41.8	17.7	8.1	11.2	17.8	3.3	24.0
Mainstreet	September 16, 2022	PDF	1,641	±2.5%	41.0	17.5	8.1	11.0	18.7	3.7	22.3
TVA Leaders' Debate. (September 15, 2022)
Mainstreet	September 15, 2022	PDF	1,523	±2.5%	42.4	17.6	7.0	10.8	18.3	3.9	24.1
Mainstreet	September 14, 2022	PDF	1,530	±2.5%	41.8	17.3	7.4	10.8	18.9	3.8	22.9
Mainstreet	September 13, 2022	PDF	1,529	±2.5%	41.4	17.8	7.5	10.5	19.3	3.5	22.1
Léger	September 12, 2022	PDF	3,100	±1.8%	38	18	11	17	15	2	20
Mainstreet	September 12, 2022	PDF	1,525	±2.5%	43.0	17.6	7.1	10.6	18.5	3.2	24.5
Mainstreet	September 11, 2022	PDF	1,499	±2.5%	40.8	18.4	8.0	10.9	18.5	3.5	22.3
Mainstreet	September 10, 2022	PDF	1,489	±2.5%	40.9	17.6	7.5	10.6	19.7	3.7	21.2
Mainstreet	September 9, 2022	PDF	1,500	±2.5%	40.6	18.1	8.8	9.7	19.2	3.7	21.4
Mainstreet	September 8, 2022	PDF	1,534	±2.5%	38.3	18.4	9.2	10.4	19.2	4.5	19.1
Mainstreet	September 7, 2022	PDF	1,548	±2.5%	37.5	18.1	10.2	11.4	18.6	4.3	18.9
Mainstreet	September 6, 2022	PDF	1,569	±2.5%	37.9	17.6	11.4	11.0	17.5	4.7	20.3
Mainstreet	September 5, 2022	PDF	1,537	±2.5%	37.6	18.4	10.6	12.0	16.3	5.1	19.2
Radio-Canada's Five leaders, one election. (September 4, 2022)
Mainstreet	September 4, 2022	PDF	1,511	±2.6%	38.5	18.1	10.5	11.8	17.5	3.6	20.4
Mainstreet	September 3, 2022	PDF	1,497	±2.6%	37.5	18.3	9.4	12.5	18.3	4.1	19.2
Mainstreet	September 2, 2022	PDF	1,462	±2.6%	37.4	18.1	7.6	12.8	20.3	3.9	17.1
Mainstreet	September 1, 2022	PDF	1,417	±2.6%	38.2	17.6	7.5	13.4	19.9	3.4	18.3
Mainstreet	August 31, 2022	PDF	1,210	±2.8%	38.9	19.7	6.6	13.3	16.8	4.7	19.2
Mainstreet	August 30, 2022	PDF	1,676	±2.4%	40.9	17.7	6.9	12.0	18.2	4.3	22.7
Mainstreet	August 29, 2022	PDF	1,386	±2.6%	40.4	18.7	7.8	11.6	17.7	3.7	21.7
Mainstreet	August 28, 2022	PDF	1,067	±3%	38.1	17.4	7.0	12.1	21.5	3.9	16.6
Campaign period officially begins with the calling of an October 3 election. (August 28, 2022)
Léger	August 26, 2022	PDF	1,000	±3.1%	42	17	9	15	14	3	25
Léger	July 31, 2022	PDF	985	±3.1%	44	18	10	15	13	1	26
Léger	June 22, 2022	PDF	1,019	±3.1%	41	18	9	14	15	3	23
Angus Reid	June 13, 2022	PDF	1,211	±2.5%	35	18	10	14	19	4	16
Mainstreet	June 10, 2022	PDF	1,404	±3%	39.9	20.8	8.3	12.3	16.6	2	19.1
Léger	May 22, 2022	PDF	1,019	±3.1%	46	18	8	13	14	2	28
CAQ passes Bill 96, strengthening Bill 101, the French language law. (May 24, 2022)
Léger	April 17, 2022	PDF	1,020	±3.1%	44	17	9	15	13	2	27
Synopsis Recherche	March 17, 2022	PDF	1,000		44	15	8	15	16	2	28
Angus Reid	March 15, 2022	URL	761	±3%	33	19	9	16	19	4	14
Mainstreet	March 15, 2022	PDF	1,200	±3%	36.2	16.1	6.8	17.3	23.6		12.6
Léger	March 6, 2022	HTML	1,017	±3.1%	41	18	10	14	14	3	23
Léger	February 13, 2022	PDF	1,017	±3.1%	41	20	11	12	14	2	21
Léger	January 16, 2022	HTML	1,032	±3.1%	42	20	11	14	11	3	22
Angus Reid	January 12, 2022	PDF	760	±3%	37	20	12	16	9	5	17
Mainstreet	January 8, 2022	HTML	1,024		38	20	10	19	13		16
Léger	November 28, 2021	PDF	1,024	±3.1%	46	20	13	13	5	3	26
Angus Reid	October 3, 2021	HTML	716		37	21	10	15	11	6	16
Léger	September 29, 2021	PDF	1,008	±3.1%	47	20	11	11	8	3	27
Synopsis Recherche	August 30, 2021	HTML	1,500		49	16	9	14	9	3	33
Angus Reid	June 8, 2021	PDF	679	±3%	41	21	11	14	8	4	20
CAQ announce Bill 96 which will be strengthening Bill 101, the French language law. (May 12, 2021)
Leger	May 1, 2021	HTML	1,015	±3.1%	46	20	12	14	6	3	26
Éric Duhaime is elected as leader of the Conservative Party of Quebec (April 17, 2021)
Mainstreet	February 9, 2021	PDF	1,012	±3.08%	48	21	11	12		8	27
Leger	December 13, 2020	PDF	1,004	±3.1%	49	22	14	11		5	27
Angus Reid	November 30, 2020	PDF	768		38	23	15	10	9	3	13
Leger	November 25, 2020	HTML	1,000	±3.1%	44	23	14	12		7	21
Leger	October 18, 2020	PDF	1,011	±3.1%	50	18	16	13		3	32
Paul St-Pierre Plamondon is elected as leader of the Parti Québécois (October 9, 2020)
Leger	September 3, 2020	PDF	1,000	±3.1%	48	22	17	11		3	26
EKOS	August 28, 2020	HTML	5,039	±1.53%	57	17	11	9		6	40
Innovative Research Group	July 20, 2020	PDF	565		38	29	17	9		8	11
EKOS	July 3, 2020	HTML	1,870	±2.5%	59	19	8	9		5	40
Innovative Research Group	June 23, 2020	PDF	263		39	29	21	5		7	10
Leger	June 21, 2020	PDF	1,002	±3.0%	51	22	14	10		4	29
Innovative Research Group	June 1, 2020	PDF	257		38	28	16	9		9	10
Leger	May 25, 2020	HTML	1,203		54	22	11	8		5	32
Angus Reid	May 24, 2020	HTML	739		50	22	11	10	3	4	28
Dominique Anglade is elected as leader of the Quebec Liberal Party (May 11, 2020)
Innovative Research Group	May 5, 2020	PDF	257		35	32	17	8		6	3
EKOS	March 26, 2020	HTML	578	±4.1%	51.9	19.2	14.4	10.4		4	32.7
Leger	March 16, 2020	PDF	1,006	±3.1%	46	22	18	10		3	24
State of emergency declared due to the COVID-19 pandemic (March 13, 2020)
Angus Reid	February 28, 2020	PDF	638	±3.7%	36	22	17	16	3	6	14
Leger	February 17, 2020	PDF	1,017	±3.1%	40	28	18	15			12
Leger	January 15, 2020	HTML	1,202	±2.8%	42	23	19	11		5	19
CAQ wins the by-election in Jean-Talon (December 2, 2019)
Leger	November 25, 2019	HTML	1,000	±3.1%	38	27	19	10		6	11
Forum	July 24, 2019	PDF	977	±3%	42	22	12	15		10	20
Mainstreet		HTML	871	±3.32%	47.8	21.7	10.5	14.5		5.6	26.1
CAQ passes Bill 21 "An Act respecting the laicity of the State" (June 16, 2019)
Forum	June 12, 2019	PDF	1,407–71	±2.5%	46	16	13	19		6	24
Leger	May 21, 2019	HTML	979	±3%	46	23	14	13		4	23
Mainstreet		PDF	940	±3.20%	45.3	22.3	10.4	14.7		7.2	23.0
Leger		PDF	1,014	±3.08%	44	21	15	15		5	23
Leger		PDF	1,007	±3.09%	42	22	18	15		3	20
Mainstreet		PDF	979	±3.13%	44.5	26.1	8.9	15.8		4.8	18.4
CAQ wins the by-election in Roberval (December 10, 2018)
Mainstreet		HTML	896	±3.27%	39.4	22.8	14.1	19.0		4.7	16.6
2018 election			4,033,538		37.4	24.8	17.1	16.1	1.5	3.1	12.6

Cancelled electoral reform referendum

Québec's 2022 Electoral reform Referendum (government proposal)

Do you agree with replacing the first-past-the-post electoral system by the mixed electoral system with regional compensation set out in the Act to establish a new electoral system? French: Êtes-vous en accord avec le remplacement du mode de scrutin majoritaire uninominal à un tour par le mode de scrutin mixte avec compensation régionale prévu par la Loi établissant un nouveau mode de scrutin?

François Legault was elected on a promise to reform the electoral system within a year of his victory. On September 25, 2019, Minister of Justice Sonia LeBel presented Bill 39, An Act to establish a new electoral system which aims to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system in favour of a mixed-member proportional representation system. According to the bill, the National Assembly would have kept 125 members. Of the 125 members, 80 would have been elected by receiving a plurality of votes in single-member districts, similar to the existing system, matching the 78 federal ridings with the addition of 2 unique districts: Îles-de-la-Madeleine and Ungava. The remaining 45 members would have been chosen according to their order in a regional party list. All 17 regions of Québec would have been guaranteed at least one MNA.^[112]

The proposed system was as such:

Federal region		District seats	Regional seats	% of electors	% of MNAs
Eastern Quebec		2	1	1.2%	2.4%
		2	1	2.6%	2.4%
Quebec City		7	4	9.2%	8.8%
		4	3	5.4%	5.4%
Eastern Townships	Centre-du-Québec	3	2	3.1%	4.0%
		3	2	4.0%	4.0%
Montérégie		14	8	18.9%	17.6%
Hochelaga (East Montreal, West Montreal, North Montreal & Laval)		16	8	21.5%	19.2%
		4	2	5.0%	4.8%
Côte-Nord and Saguenay		3	2	3.6%	4.0%
		1	1	1.1%	1.6%
Central Quebec		3	2	3.5 %	4.0%
		5	3	6.3 %	6.4%
The Laurentides, Outaouais and Northern Quebec		6	3	7.6 %	7.2%
		4	2	4.6 %	4.8%
		2	1	1.9%	2.4%
	Nord-du-Québec	1	0	0.5%	0.8%
TOTAL		80	45

Bill 39 was intended to be debated in the legislature before June 2021. The bill's implementation would have been contingent on popular support expressed in a referendum held on the same day as the general election.^[113] Had this referendum been successful, then the first legislature to be elected under mixed-member proportional would have been the 44th, in October 2026 at the latest. On April 28, 2021, Justice Minister LeBel informed a legislative committee hearing that the government would not move forward with a referendum on electoral reform in 2022. LeBel blamed the COVID-19 pandemic for altering the government's timeline and could not or would not commit to providing an alternate date for the referendum, effectively ending discussions about electoral reform in Quebec.^[114]

Results

See main article: 43rd Quebec Legislature. All parties experienced uneven results across the province:

• While the CAQ saw its share of the vote rise by over 10 percentage points from 2018 in 21 ridings, its support also declined in 38 ridings, most significantly in those in Centre-du-Québec and Chaudière-Appalaches.^[115] In those regions, and in Mauricie, the contests were between the CAQ and the Conservatives. In Quebec City, the QS is also a significant player. In the Côte-Nord and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean its principal opponent is the PQ.

• The Liberal Party lost support in all ridings, with the exception of Marquette, and its decline in the ridings along the Orange Line in Montreal worsened from 2014.^[115] In Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, its share of the vote fell to 4%, and in the Côte-Nord it dropped to 3%.^[116]

• Québec Solidaire lost the riding of Rouyn-Noranda–Témiscamingue only because of a swing from the Liberals to the CAQ.^[115]

• While the PQ lost several strongholdsnotably in Jonquière, René-Lévesque and Rimouskiits support remained stable in 29 ridings and showed small gains in 28 others.^[115]

• The Conservative Party saw its total share of the vote increase ninefold with its percentage vote share rising in all contests, and in 12 ridings it increased by more than 20 percentage points. In addition to its strong gains in the regions south of Quebec Citywith several second-place resultsit also received significant anglophone support in the West Island ridings of Nelligan, Robert-Baldwin and D'Arcy-McGee.^[115]

In Beauce-Nord, the Conservatives sought a judicial recount as they had come within 202 votes of defeating the CAQ incumbent Luc Provençal. The application was dismissed by the Court of Quebec.^[117]

Overview

Elections to the 43rd Quebec Legislature (2022)

Party		Leader	Candidates	Votes						Seats
					±	%	Change (pp)			2018	2022	±	François Legault	125	1,685,573	176,124	40.98		74		16	Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois Manon Massé	125	634,535	14,968	15.43		10		1	Paul St-Pierre Plamondon	125	600,708	87,287	14.61		10		7	Dominique Anglade	125	591,077	409,960	14.37		31		10	Éric Duhaime	125	530,786	471,731	12.91		Alex Tyrrell	73	31,054	36,816	0.75		Colin Standish	20	12,981	12,981	0.32	New	Martine Ouellet	54	8,644	8,644	0.21	New	Balarama Holness	13	7,774	7,774	0.19	New
	Democratie directe	Jean Charles Cléroux	28	2,421	2,421	0.06	New		14	2,121	4,341	0.05	-0.11	Renaud Blais	9	1,074	2,585	0.03	-0.06	Georges Samman	9	1,042	1,042	0.03	New
	Parti 51	Hans Mercier	5	689	428	0.02	-0.01	Pierre Chénier	12	675	1,033	0.02	-0.02	Stéphane Pouleur	10	556	582	0.01	-0.02
	Parti culinaire	Jean-Louis Thémistocle	2	356	187	0.01	0.01
	Parti humain	Marie-Ève Ouellette	2	262	262	0.01	New	Jonathan Blanchette	1	159	159	-	Returned
	Alliance for family and communities	Alain Rioux	2	148	148	-	New	Charles-Olivier Bolduc	1	116	116	-	New
	Access to property and equity	Shawn Lalande McLean	1	70	70	-	New
	did not campaign
						Changement intégrité pour notre Québec
						Citoyens au pouvoir du Québec
Total			880	4,112,821		100.00%
Rejected ballots				56,316	9,769
Turnout				4,169,137	69,514	66.15%	0.30
Registered electors				6,302,789	133,017

Results summary by region

Region!colspan="4"

Seats	Vote share (%)					Change (pp)
align="center"	CAQ	align="center"	Lib	align="center"	QS	align="center"	PQ	align="center"	CAQ	align="center"	Lib	align="center"	QS	align="center"	PQ	Cons	align="center"	CAQ	align="center"	Lib	align="center"	QS	align="center"	PQ	Cons	Major swing
Abitibi-Témiscamingue	3	-	-	-	46.23	7.61	21.42	14.52	9.74	+11.13	-7.89	-1.10	-8.77	+9.05	→ 9.95
Bas-Saint-Laurent	2	-	-	1	38.01	3.09	13.92	36.50	8.01	+12.20	-16.48	+2.40	-5.08	+7.46	→ 14.34
Capitale-Nationale	9	-	2	-	42.18	6.00	16.26	13.53	20.84	-1.23	-16.02	-0.64	+1.81	+17.53	→ 16.78
Centre-du-Québec	4	-	-	-	51.02	3.94	10.73	13.80	19.87	-7.21	-8.30	-2.60	+1.65	+17.69	→ 13.00
Chaudière-Appalaches	7	-	-	-	45.94	4.63	7.90	9.26	31.91	-12.15	-14.32	-1.37	+1.17	+28.60	→ 21.46
Côte-Nord	2	-	-	-	52.00	2.81	8.46	22.98	12.93	+18.30	-12.64	-2.87	-15.15	+11.54	→ 16.73
Estrie	6	-	1	-	46.33	8.08	21.57	11.53	12.07	+9.86	-14.41	-0.71	-3.52	+11.55	→ 12.98
Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine	2	-	-	1	42.54	7.71	9.20	35.62	4.64	+26.25	-22.79	-5.12	-0.96	+4.64	→ 24.52
Lanaudière	7	-	-	-	51.09	6.17	13.01	20.08	9.14	+3.76	-3.21	-0.77	-6.70	+8.62	→ 5.92
Laurentides	10	-	-	-	48.51	7.79	14.28	17.50	10.65	+3.37	-5.66	-0.92	-4.30	+9.79	→ 7.73
Laval	4	2	-	-	32.49	30.23	12.43	10.83	12.71	+0.16	-6.83	+0.15	-2.32	+11.24	→ 9.04
Mauricie	4	-	-	-	53.06	5.17	11.15	14.07	15.71	+7.59	-17.07	-3.24	+0.08	+14.00	→ 15.54
Montérégie	18	2	-	-	45.73	13.63	14.07	15.73	9.01	+3.42	-6.97	-0.93	-2.46	+8.21	→ 7.59
Montreal	2	16	8	1	18.66	34.92	22.52	10.71	8.82	+1.71	-8.03	+0.59	-1.33	+7.48	→ 7.76
Nord-du-Québec	1	-	-	-	36.27	18.19	24.23	12.55	8.76	+9.76	-6.73	+7.70	-13.42	+6.52	→ 11.59
Outaouais	4	1	-	-	43.04	21.30	14.04	9.30	10.48	+6.97	-12.57	-0.64	-0.35	+8.65	→ 10.61
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean	5	-	-	-	57.50	3.01	9.28	19.37	10.29	+22.37	-18.02	-2.24	-10.05	+8.80	→ 20.20
Total	90	21	11	3	40.98	14.37	15.43	14.61	12.91	+3.56	-10.45	-0.67	-2.45	+11.45	→ 10.95

Detailed analysis

Party candidates in 2nd place

Party in 1st place		Party in 2nd place					Total
		CAQ	Lib	QS	PQ	PCQ
-	15	12	41	22	90
12	-	6	-	3	21
5	3	-	3	-	11
3	-	-	-	-	3
Total		20	18	18	44	25	125

Principal races, according to 1st and 2nd-place results

Parties		Seats
		44
		27
		22
		17
		9
		3
		3
Total		125

Party rankings (1st to 5th place)

Party		1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th
90	20	11	4	-
21	18	6	16	64
11	18	52	41	2
3	44	28	28	18
-	25	28	35	37
-	-	-	1	2
-	-	-	-	1
-	-	-	-	1

Seats changing hands

Elections to the National Assembly of Quebec – seats won/lost by party, 2018–2022

Party		2018	Gain from (loss to)								2022
			CAQ		Lib		PQ		QS
74			8		8	(1)	1		90
31		(8)						(2)	21
10	1	(8)							3
10		(1)	2						11
Total	125	1	(17)	10	-	8	(1)	1	(2)	125

The following seats changed allegiance from the 2018 election:

PQ to CAQ

• Bonaventure
• Duplessis
• Gaspé
• Joliette
• Jonquière
• Marie-Victorin*
• René-Lévesque
• Rimouski

Liberal to CAQ

• Anjou–Louis-Riel
• Fabre
• Hull
• Jean-Talon*
• Laporte
• Laval-des-Rapides
• Roberval*
• Vimont

CAQ to PQ

• Camille-Laurin

Liberal to QS

• Maurice-Richard
• Verdun

QS to CAQ

• Rouyn-Noranda–Témiscamingue

• - byelection gains held

Source !!colspan="5"

Party
align="center"	CAQ	align="center"	Lib	align="center"	PQ	align="center"	QS	Total
Seats retained	Incumbents returned	60	11	2	8	81
	Open seats held	13	10		1	24
Seats changing hands	Incumbents defeated	4		1	1	6
	Open seats gained	10			1	11
	Byelection gains held	3				3
Total		90	21	3	11	125

Incumbent MNAs who were defeated

MNAs defeated (2022)

Party	Riding	MNA	Position held	First elected	Defeated by	Party
	Camille-Laurin	Richard Campeau	Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Environment and the Fight Against Climate Change, 20182022	2018
	Hull	Maryse Gaudreault	Third Vice-President of the National Assembly, 20182022	2008
	Rouyn-Noranda–Témiscamingue	Émilise Lessard-Therrien		2018	Daniel Bernard
	Verdun	Isabelle Melançon	Deputy Official Opposition House Leader, 20182020	2016	Alejandra Zaga Mendez
	Gaspé	Méganne Perry Mélançon		2018	Stéphane Sainte-Croix
	Laval-des-Rapides	Saul Polo	PLQ President, 20122014 Temporary Chair, 20182022	2014	Céline Haytayan

Significant results among independent and minor party candidates

Those candidates not belonging to a major party, receiving more than 1,000 votes in the election, are listed below:

Riding	Party	Candidates	Votes	Placed
		Marc Perez	1,285	5th
		Virginie Beaudet	1,074	6th
		Arthur Fischer	1,462	4th
		Jean Marier	1,014	6th
			1,701	5th
		Jonathan Gray	1,231	5th
		Colin Standish	1,029	6th

Notes and References

1. Web site: Résultats des élections générales provinciales 2022 .
2. Web site: Quebec fall election campaign to be launched Sunday . August 23, 2022 . August 26, 2022 . August 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220826155620/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/quebec-fall-election-campaign-to-be-launched-sunday-1.6039193 . live .
3. An Act to amend the Election Act for the purpose of establishing fixed-date elections. L.Q.. 2013. 13. 3. http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=5&file=2013C13A.PDF.
4. Web site: Le PLQ formera l'opposition officielle . TVA Nouvelles . October 3, 2022 . fr . October 4, 2022.
5. Web site: Lachance. Nicolas. PSPP fait son entrée à l'Assemblée nationale . TVA Nouvelles . October 3, 2022 . fr . October 4, 2022.
6. Web site: 2022-10-04 . Votes vs. seats: Quebec party leaders point to 'broken,' 'distorted' electoral system . 2022-10-11 . . en.
7. Web site: Serebrin . Jacob . Quebec opposition parties call for electoral reform after vote, seat results . The Globe and Mail . October 4, 2022 . October 4, 2022.
8. Web site: Quebec's historic 2022 election results . 2022-10-17 . www.federalretirees.ca . en.
9. News: Philippe Couillard steps down, making way for a 'new generation' of Quebec Liberals. Hinkson. Kamila. October 4, 2018. CBC News. April 24, 2019. en-CA. January 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117065517/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/philippe-couilard-liberal-leader-1.4850132. live.
10. News: New interim Liberal leader Pierre Arcand takes aim at CAQ and QS. Authier. Philip. October 5, 2018. Montreal Gazette. April 24, 2019. en-CA. April 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190424182003/https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/quebec-liberals-have-picked-pierre-arcand-as-their-new-interim-leader. live.
11. News: Parti Québécois Leader Jean-François Lisée steps down after losing own riding of Rosemont. Stober. Eric. October 1, 2018. Global News. April 24, 2019. Laframboise. Kalina. en. April 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190424182004/https://globalnews.ca/news/4507270/parti-quebecois-leader-jean-francois-lisee-rosemont/. live.
12. News: Pascal Bérubé named interim Parti Québécois leader. October 9, 2018. CBC News. April 24, 2019. April 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190424182007/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/pascal-b%25C3%25A9rub%25C3%25A9-named-interim-parti-qu%25C3%25A9b%25C3%25A9cois-leader-1.4856014. live.
13. An Act respecting French, the official and common language of Québec. 2022. 14. 178-179. https://www.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_client/lois_et_reglements/LoisAnnuelles/en/2022/2022C14A.PDF.
14. News: Carabin. François. March 9, 2024. L’héritage de Camille Laurin, objet constant de disputes politiques. The legacy of Camille Laurin, a constant object of political disputes. French. Le Devoir.
15. from positions of Liberal Party leader and MNA
16. News: Roberval elects CAQ candidate Nancy Guillemette. December 11, 2018. CTV News. April 24, 2019.
17. News: Guy Ouellette expelled from Liberal caucus. October 5, 2018. CBC News. April 24, 2019.
18. News: 'Destroyed' by investigation, Guy Ouellette sues Quebec government for $550K. November 22, 2018. CBC News. April 24, 2019.
19. for allegedly leaking confidential information to the CAQ in 2016
20. News: 'They've lost their way': PQ MNA Catherine Fournier quits party. March 11, 2019. CTV Montreal. April 24, 2019.
21. claiming that the party had lost its way ideologically
22. Web site: Élection de Catherine Fournier | QS ne laissera pas le champ libre à St-Pierre Plamondon dans Marie-Victorin. November 8, 2021.
23. after winning the election for Mayor of Longueuil
24. News: CAQ's Shirley Dorismond wins byelection in Marie-Victorin, a PQ stronghold. April 12, 2022. CBC News. April 12, 2022.
25. News: Former Liberal minister Sébastien Proulx announces he's leaving politics . Authier. Philip . Montreal Gazette . August 31, 2019 . September 12, 2019 .
26. to spend more time with family
27. https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/liberal-stronghold-in-quebec-city-falls-to-the-caq-in-by-election-1.4712436 "Liberal stronghold in Quebec City falls to the CAQ in by-election"
28. News: Harold LeBel removed from Parti Québécois caucus following arrest. Global News. Rimouski. December 15, 2020. April 20, 2021.
29. amid further investigations relating to sexual assault allegations
30. News: Quebec MNA out of CAQ caucus after flouting coronavirus rules. Global News. Rivière-du-Loup. December 17, 2020. April 20, 2021.
31. for breaking COVID-19 restrictions
32. News: Denis Tardif réintègre le caucus caquiste. Le Journal de Québec. Rivière-du-Loup. April 12, 2021. April 20, 2021. fr-ca.
33. Web site: Rousseau MNA Louis-Charles Thouin withdraws from CAQ caucus amid ethics probe. montrealgazette. December 23, 2022.
34. amid an ethics probe
35. News: Fin de l'enquête de l'UPAC : le député Louis-Charles Thouin réintègre le caucus de la CAQ. Le Journal de Montréal. 14 September 2021.
36. Web site: Roy . Sylvain . Sylvain Roy on Twitter . Twitter . June 4, 2021.
37. amid disagreements with party leadership
38. News: Claire Samson booted from CAQ caucus over donation to rival party. June 16, 2021. June 17, 2021.
39. after giving a donation to the Conservative Party of Quebec
40. Web site: Quebec Liberals eject Marie Montpetit from caucus over harassment allegations CBC News.
41. after allegations of workplace harassment
42. News: Quebec Liberal Party suspends its leadership contest due to COVID-19 pandemic . March 29, 2020 . CTV News . Canadian Press . March 20, 2020 . May 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200522045727/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/quebec-liberal-party-suspends-its-leadership-contest-due-to-covid-19-pandemic-1.4861644 . live .
43. Web site: Dominique Anglade couronnée à la tête du Parti libéral. TVA Nouvelles. May 11, 2020. May 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200519230219/https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2020/05/11/dominique-anglade-couronnee-a-la-tete-du-parti-liberal. live.
44. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/legault-english-invite-debate-declines-1.6452273 Archived copy
45. Web site: English leaders' debate axed after snub by Legault and the PQ . July 18, 2022 . May 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516140534/https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/premier-francois-legault-declines-invitation-to-participate-in-english-debate . live .
46. Web site: Parti Québécois campaigns for sovereignty ... In Ottawa .
47. News: Verity Stevenson . Antoni Nerestant . Legault apologizes for comments citing 'extremism,' 'violence' as reasons to limit immigration . December 23, 2022 . CBC . September 7, 2022 . Montreal.
48. Web site: Non-Francophone immigration a threat to 'tightly woven' Quebec cohesion: Legault . September 11, 2022 .
49. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/non-french-immigration-a-threat-to-national-cohesion-legault-1.6579649 Legault defends saying non-French speaking immigration could threaten Quebec cohesion
50. Web site: Quebec election: Leaders square off on immigration, taxes and COVID in first debate | Globalnews.ca .
51. Web site: First Quebec election debate: Leaders clash on immigration, referendums, taxes .
52. News: Quebec premier: Adding immigrants who do not speak French would be 'suicidal' . Reuters . September 28, 2022 .
53. Web site: Quebec election: Legault, Boulet criticized for comments on immigration | Globalnews.ca .
54. Web site: 'Dangerous' and 'pathetic': Legault, Boulet blasted for immigration comments .
55. Web site: '80 per cent of immigrants go to Montreal, don't work, don't speak French': CAQ immigration minister . September 28, 2022 .
56. Web site: Coalition Avenir Quebec . 2022-08-19 . La CAQ, c'est un parti qui continue à faire plus et à faire mieux. . Twitter . August 19, 2022 . August 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220819113128/https://twitter.com/coalitionavenir/status/1560589899002269697 . live .
57. Web site: Home - Coalition Avenir Quebec . Coalition Avenir Quebec . February 11, 2019 . August 19, 2022 . August 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220819184323/https://coalitionavenirquebec.org/en/ . live .
58. Web site: Anglade . Dominique . 2022-08-13 . Le 3 octobre, le Québec vote Libéral. . Twitter . August 19, 2022 . August 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813142359/https://twitter.com/DomAnglade/status/1558458903884709888 . live .
59. Web site: Authier . Philip . 2022-08-13 . Here is the English version of campaign slogan ⁦@LiberalQuebec . Twitter . August 19, 2022 . August 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813220950/https://twitter.com/PhilipAuthier/status/1558459585324879874 . live .
60. Web site: Nadeau-Dubois . Gabriel . 2022-08-19 . Changer d'ère, c'est notre slogan... . Twitter . August 19, 2022 . August 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220819221933/https://twitter.com/GNadeauDubois/status/1560590549500977153 . live .
61. Web site: Nadeau-Dubois . Gabriel . 2022-08-29 . It's time to clear the air . Québec Solidaire . August 28, 2022 .
62. Web site: Quebec Conservative Party unveils freedom-oriented platform ahead of election . Cantin-Nantel . Elie . August 15, 2022 . True North . August 19, 2022 . August 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220816233918/https://tnc.news/2022/08/15/pq-platform1/ . live .
63. Web site: Quebec election: Parti Québécois pledges new Bill 101 to fight 'steep decline' of French | Globalnews.ca .
64. Web site: PQ wants to remove bilingual status of some cities in Quebec . August 30, 2022 .
65. Web site: Quebec election, Aug. 29: PQ promises 'new Bill 101' focused on CEGEPs, immigration, bilingual status for cities .
66. News: 28 August 2022 . The 5 major parties taking part in Quebec's provincial election . Globalnews.ca . The Canadian Press . 10 September 2022.
67. Web site: Quebec election: Party leaders offer competing views on immigration amid labour shortage | Globalnews.ca .
68. Web site: Parti Québécois would reduce immigration to Quebec if elected .
69. Web site: Legault hopes for 'strong mandate' in election to pressure Ottawa on immigration .
70. News: Rolland . Stéphane . 6 September 2022 . Québec solidaire promises wealth tax to raise $2.65B a year . Montreal Gazette . 10 September 2022.
71. Web site: Liberty 2022 .
72. News: Charbonneau . Jacaudrey . 4 September 2022 . Québec solidaire dévoile son plan climat Vision 2030 . Radio Canada . 10 September 2022.
73. News: Gagné . Louis . 8 September 2022 . Québec solidaire propose un vérificateur de la qualité de l'air . Radio Canada . 10 September 2022.
74. News: Lowrie . Morgan . 8 September 2022 . Québec solidaire is the preferred choice among province's youth, but will they vote? . Globalnews.ca . The Canadian Press . 10 September 2022.
75. News: Rolland . Stéphane . 8 September 2022 . Québec solidaire says it would build 25,000 social housing units in first term . Montreal Gazette . 10 September 2022.
76. Web site: Leavitt . Sarah . Ngala . John . September 28, 2022 . Booed in Beauceville: False Facebook post highlights Quebec election online misinformation . September 30, 2022 . CBC.
77. Web site: The Role of Misinformation in the 2022 Quebec Election: Mid-Election Analysis . 2022-09-30 . Centre for Media, Technology and Democracy . en-US.
78. Web site: La libérale Lise Thériault ne sollicitera pas un nouveau mandat. August 30, 2021. February 3, 2022. Radio-Canada. fr-ca. January 28, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220128024113/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1820341/plq-depart-lise-theriault-fin-mandat. live.
79. Web site: Official Candidates. Quebec Liberal Party. February 3, 2022. February 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220203234440/https://plq.org/en/official-candidates/. live.
80. Web site: Boisclair. Valérie. Gaétan Barrette ne sera pas candidat aux élections de 2022. November 14, 2021. February 3, 2022. Radio-Canada. fr-ca. January 16, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220116101211/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1839726/gaetan-barrette-liberal-pas-mandat-elections-automne-2022. live.
81. Web site: La députée lavalloise Francine Charbonneau ne se représentera pas en 2022. December 17, 2021. February 3, 2022. Radio-Canada. fr-ca. December 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211221074551/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1848547/circonscription-mille-iles-laval-depart-deputee-liberale-plq. live.
82. Web site: Parent. Nicolas. Claire Samson ne sera pas des prochaines élection. January 13, 2022. February 3, 2022. Le Soleil. fr-ca. February 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220203234442/https://www.lesoleil.com/2022/01/13/claire-samson-ne-sera-pas-des-prochaines-elections-d2a2d21fcc4af74501b1c654dedf6b68. live.
83. Web site: Anne Casabonne défendra les couleurs du Parti conservateur du Québec dans Iberville. Radio-Canada. 21 June 2022. 21 June 2022. fr. June 22, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220622183336/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1892768/quebec-elections-provinciales-parti-conservateur. live.
84. Web site: La députée Lorraine Richard quittera la vie politique à la fin de son mandat. January 19, 2022. February 3, 2022. Radio-Canada. fr-ca. January 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220121155022/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1855682/politique-cote-nord-parti-quebecois-pq-duplessis. live.
85. Web site: Larin. Vincent. Parti Québécois: le péquiste Sylvain Gaudreault annonce son départ. March 1, 2022. March 1, 2022. Le Journal de Québec. fr-ca. March 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220301152009/https://www.journaldequebec.com/2022/03/01/parti-quebecois-sylvain-gaudreault-ne-se-representera-pas-aux-prochaines-elections. live.
86. Web site: Charest. Cimon. Harold Lebel ne sera pas candidat aux prochaines élections. March 3, 2022. March 4, 2022. TVA Nouvelles. fr-ca. March 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220303221700/https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2022/03/03/harold-lebel-ne-sera-pas-candidat-aux-prochaines-elections. live.
87. Web site: Labbé. Jérôme. La députée libérale Christine St-Pierre ne se représentera pas. March 21, 2022. April 4, 2022. Radio-Canada. fr-ca. March 22, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220322034202/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1870595/christine-st-pierre-parti-liberal-pas-candidate-acadie?fromApp=appInfoIos&partageApp=appInfoiOS&accesVia=partage. live.
88. Web site: PLQ: Monique Sauvé ne sollicitera pas un troisième mandat en octobre. March 26, 2022. April 4, 2022. La Tribune. fr-ca. March 26, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220326175944/https://www.latribune.ca/2022/03/26/plq-monique-sauve-ne-sollicitera-pas-un-troisieme-mandat-en-octobre-3c3fd99ee876dcb5cf3999a0d985a397. live.
89. Web site: La caquiste Suzanne Dansereau ne sera pas candidate en 2022. March 31, 2022. April 4, 2022. TVA Nouvelles. fr-ca. April 6, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220406233258/https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2022/03/31/la-caquiste-suzanne-dansereau-ne-sera-pas-candidate-en-2022-1. live.
90. News: Suzanne Roy sera candidate de la CAQ dans Verchères. April 4, 2022. April 8, 2022. La Presse. fr-ca. April 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220408175010/https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/2022-04-04/suzanne-roy-sera-candidate-de-la-caq-dans-vercheres.php. live. Dussault . Lila .
91. Web site: 3 Liberal MNAs, QS MNA Catherine Dorion won't seek re-election this fall. April 2, 2022. April 2, 2022. CBC News. en-ca. April 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220402141300/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/catherine-dorion-quebec-provincial-election-1.6406444. live.
92. Web site: Lajoie. Geneviève. Les Ministres McCann et Blais ne reviendront pas. April 8, 2022. April 8, 2022. Le Journal de Montréal. fr-ca. April 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220408043707/https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2022/04/08/deux-ministres-ne-reviendront-pas. live.
93. News: Le libéral David Birnbaum ne sera pas candidat. April 11, 2022. April 17, 2022. La Presse. fr-ca. April 18, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220418032135/https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/2022-04-11/elections-provinciales/le-liberal-david-birnbaum-ne-sera-pas-candidat.php. live.
94. Web site: Elisabeth Prass will run for Liberals in stronghold riding of D'Arcy-McGee . August 20, 2022 . August 21, 2022 . . August 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220820120954/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/elisabeth-prass-will-run-for-liberals-in-stronghold-riding-of-darcy-mcgee/wcm/51f6b712-e308-433f-924a-8b5bc8c7da51/amp/ . live .
95. Web site: Denis Tardif ne sera pas candidat aux élections provinciales. April 15, 2022. April 17, 2022. Radio-Canada. fr-ca. April 16, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220416212312/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1876803/denis-tardif-depute-riviere-du-loup-temiscouata-caq-election-octobre-2022. live.
96. News: François Legault mise sur deux femmes dans le Bas-Saint-Laurent. April 19, 2022. April 22, 2022. La Presse. fr-ca. April 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220421221537/https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/2022-04-19/elections-provinciales/francois-legault-mise-sur-deux-femmes-dans-le-bas-saint-laurent.php. live. Chouinard . Tommy .
97. Web site: La députée caquiste Émilie Foster cède sa place dans Charlevoix. April 19, 2022. April 22, 2022. Radio-Canada. fr-ca. April 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220421161438/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1877206/quebec-elections-charlevoix-caq-foster. live.
98. News: Véronique Hivon ne sollicitera pas de nouveau mandat. April 21, 2022. April 22, 2022. La Presse. fr-ca. April 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220421215155/https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/2022-04-21/parti-quebecois/veronique-hivon-ne-sollicitera-pas-de-nouveau-mandat.php. live. Pilon-Larose . Hugo .
99. Web site: Le président de l'Assemblée nationale, François Paradis, tire sa révérence. June 3, 2022. June 6, 2022. Le Devoir. fr-ca. June 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220607023303/https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/718713/le-president-de-l-assemblee-le-caquiste-francois-paradis-annonce-son-depart. live.
100. News: Bernard Drainville sera candidat de la CAQ. June 3, 2022. June 6, 2022. La Presse. fr-ca. June 5, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220605141148/https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/2022-06-03/elections-provinciales/bernard-drainville-sera-candidat-de-la-caq.php. live. Chouinard . Tommy .
101. Web site: L'ex-ministre des Finances Carlos Leitao ne sollicitera pas un nouveau mandat. June 4, 2022. June 6, 2022. La Presse. fr-ca. June 6, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220606163624/https://www.journaldequebec.com/2022/06/04/lex-ministre-des-finances-carlos-leitao-ne-sollicitera-pas-un-nouveau-mandat. live.
102. Web site: Kathleen Weil bows out of Quebec politics after 14 years. June 6, 2022. June 6, 2022. Montreal Gazette. June 6, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220606100439/https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/kathleen-weil-bows-out-of-politics-desiree-mcgraw-new-candidate-for-n-d-g-riding. live.
103. Web site: Un candidat libéral rejette la nation québécoise et sa langue dans la Constitution JDQ . Le Journal de Québec . fr . September 5, 2022 . October 19, 2022 .
104. Web site: PQ suspends candidate for controversial anti-Muslim remarks . September 30, 2022 .
105. Web site: PQ leader dismisses loss of editorial endorsement from le Devoir, defends decisions on excluded candidates .
106. Web site: September 28, 2022 . Une candidate péquiste rétracte des propos critiques sur l'islam .
107. Web site: September 27, 2022 . PQ candidate walks back anti-Islam remarks after ultimatum from party leader .
108. Accessed 17 April 2023, https://web.archive.org/web/20220930083219/https://globalnews.ca/news/9117882/quebec-election-pq-leader-supports-candidate-porn/
109. Web site: Why using the N-word was a tactic during the Quebec leaders' debate .
110. Web site: September 26, 2022 . Québec Solidaire candidate seen switching out leaflets withdraws from race . September 30, 2022 . CBC.
111. Web site: Le Courrier du Sud Bloqués sur Twitter par Shirley Dorismond après des commentaires sur les inondations . 2022-10-06 . Le Courrier du Sud . fr.
112. Web site: Réforme du mode de scrutin : Montréal perdra trois sièges au bénéfice des régions. April 8, 2021. April 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210410214413/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1484171/reforme-mode-scrutin-montreal-regions-quebec-politique. live.
113. Web site: Bill 39 An act to establish a new electoral system . . October 22, 2019 . October 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191015045219/http://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_149283en&process=Original&token=ZyMoxNwUn8ikQ+TRKYwPCjWrKwg+vIv9rjij7p3xLGTZDmLVSmJLoqe%2FvG7%2FYWzz . live .
114. News: Quebec backtracks on promise, no referendum on electoral reform in 2022 . Jonathan . Montpetit . April 28, 2021 . CBC Montreal . April 28, 2021 . April 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210428204943/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-electoral-reform-referendum-2022-1.6005897 . live .
115. News: Croteau. Laurianne. Tanguay. Sébastien. October 7, 2022. Où les principaux partis du Québec ont-ils fait des gains et essuyé des pertes?. Where did the main parties make gains and suffer losses?. French. Le Devoir. Montreal.
116. News: Montigny. Éric. October 8, 2022. Des élections qui confirment le réalignement du système partisan québécois. Elections that confirm the realignment of Quebec's partisan system. French. La Presse. Montreal.
117. News: Laberge. Thomas. October 14, 2022. Pas de dépouillement judiciaire pour Beauce-Nord. No judicial recount for Beauce-Nord. French. Le Soleil. Quebec.