42nd Infantry Division (United States) explained

Unit Name:42nd Infantry Division
Dates:1917–1919
1943–1946
1947–present
Country:United States
Type:Infantry
Size:Division
Current Commander:MG Joseph Biehler
Garrison:Glenmore Road Armory, Troy, NY
Nickname:"Rainbow" (special designation)[1]
Motto:Never Forget!
Battles:World War I

World War II

War on Terror

Notable Commanders:Major General W. A. Mann
Major General Charles T. Menoher
Major General Charles D. Rhodes
Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur
Major General C. A. F. Flagler
Major General George W. Read
Major General Harry J. Collins
Major General Martin H. Foery
Major General Joseph J. Taluto
Identification Symbol Label:Distinctive unit insignia

The 42nd Infantry Division (42ID) ("Rainbow"[1]) is a division of the United States Army National Guard. It was nicknamed the Rainbow Division because, during rapid mobilization for service in WW1, it was formed from 27 National Guard units from across the US. The division was engaged in four major operations between July 1918 and the armistice in November 1918, and demobilized in 1919. Since World War I, the 42nd Infantry Division has served in World War II and the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).

The division is currently headquartered at the Glenmore Road Armory in Troy, New York. The division headquarters is a unit of the New York Army National Guard. The division currently includes Army National Guard units from fourteen different states, including Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont., 67 percent of 42ID soldiers are located in New York and New Jersey.[2]

Rainbow Division

When the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany in April 1917, it federalized the National Guard and its units into divisions to quickly build up the Army. Douglas MacArthur, then a major, suggested to William Abram Mann, the head of the Militia Bureau, that he form a division from the units of several states that had not been assigned to divisions. Secretary of War Newton D. Baker approved the proposal, and recalled MacArthur saying that such an organization would "stretch over the whole country like a rainbow."[3] On 1 August 1917, the War Department directed the formation of a composite National Guard division, comprising units from 26 states and the District of Columbia. As a result, the 42nd Division came to be known as the "Rainbow Division". The name stuck, and MacArthur was promoted to colonel and became the division's chief of staff, with Mann as its commander.[4]

Rainbow unit insignia

The 42nd Division adopted a shoulder patch and distinctive unit insignia acknowledging the nickname.[5] [6] Division lore includes the story that division commander Charles T. Menoher approved the patch after observing a rainbow shortly before a battle, deciding this was a favorable omen. The original version of the patch symbolized a half arc rainbow and contained thin bands in multiple colors.[7] [8] [9] During the latter part of World War I and post war occupation duty in Germany, the patch was changed to a quarter arc.[10] According to the division's official history, Colonel William N. Hughes Jr., who had succeeded MacArthur as chief of staff, was credited with modifying the design to a quarter arc in an attempt to standardize it.[10] According to World War I veterans of the 42nd Division, soldiers removed half the original symbol to memorialize the half of the division's soldiers who had been killed or wounded during the war.[7] [11] They also reduced the number of colors to just red, gold and blue bordered in green, to standardize the design and make the patch easier to reproduce.[10] [9]

Description: The 4th quadrant of a rainbow with three bands of color: red, gold and blue, each 3/8-inch (.95 cm) in width, outer radius 2 inches (5.08 cm); all within a 1/8-inch (.32 cm) Army green border.[5]

Background: The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally authorized by telegram on 29 October 1918.[5] It was officially authorized for wear on 27 May 1922.[5] It was reauthorized for wear when the division was reactivated for World War II.[5] On 8 September 1947, it was authorized for the post-World War II 42nd Infantry Division when it was reactivated as a National Guard unit.[5]

World War I

The 42nd Division was assembled in August 1917 at Camp Mills, New York, four months after the American entry into World War I. The 42nd arrived overseas to the Western Front of Belgium and France in November 1917, one of the first divisions of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) to do so, under the command of Major General William A. Mann although he was soon to be replaced by Major General Charles T. Menoher, who remained in this position for the rest of the war. Colonel Douglas MacArthur was the division's chief of staff until he later went on to command the 84th Brigade of the division.[12] The AEF was commanded by General John Joseph Pershing. After initially landing at St. Nazaire (France), the 42nd was temporarily located at Vaucouleurs, Lorraine (France), from 7 November – 7 December 1917, to preliminarily train before transferring to another training area between Lafauche and Rimaucourt. The day after Christmas, the 42nd, along with other divisions it had now linked up with, departed for another training area near Rolampont, Langres (France). French officers had been attached to the 42nd at Lafauche, Rimaucourt, and Rolampont as instructors in trench warfare who "...seemed, from Menoher and MacArthur's view, to think more highly of the Rainbow's performance than did Pershing and his Chaumont staff".

"On February 13, 1918, the day that the [3-day] inspection [by General Pershing's [[Headquarters#Military|headquarter's]] staff from Chaumont] was completed, Pershing ordered the 42nd division to move to the Lunéville sector of southern Lorraine for a month's training at the front with the French VII Corps". "Rainbow division entrained for the Lunéville sector on February 16, 1918, and it was joined by the 67th Field Artillery Brigade shortly thereafter. Rainbow's soldiers were distributed over the entire sixteen-mile front of the sector, from Lunéville past St. Clément to Baccarat. As far as administration, supply, and discipline were concerned, the division was part of MG Hunter Liggett's I Corps, A.E.F., but for combat and training purposes it was under Major General Georges de Bazelaire, of the French VII Army Corps, with each of the 42nd's Regiments assigned to one of the French Divisions holding the sector. Each American battalion served one week at a time on the front line, then spent the next week on the second line of defense, and the third week in reserve Acute Shortages of some types of equipment still existed, as evidenced, for example, by Menoher's order that troops of a battalion leaving the front line were to yield their Pistols to the men of the relieving battalion".

On 16 June 1918, General Pershing ordered the 42nd to entrain to "the Champagne region east of Rheims (a sector comparatively more active than Baccarat) to be assigned to General Henri Gouraud's Fourth Army"; relinquishing the current Baccarat sector "to the relieving American 77th and French 61st divisions".

During 1918, Rainbow division, specifically with the 67th Field Artillery's "1650 projectiles" in the Bois des Chiens, engaged German forces with and experienced bombardment by German forces with deadly, poison-gas Bombardments, specifically with German 75-mm. and 105-mm. shells filled with palite and yperite (also known as Mustard gas). The 42nd took part in four major operations: the Champagne-Marne, the Aisne-Marne, the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. In total, it saw 264 days of combat.

The 42nd Division was demobilized in May 1919 at Camp Upton, New York, Camp Grant, Illinois, Camp Dix, New Jersey, and Camp Dodge, Iowa.

Order of battle

Interwar period

As the 42nd was a composite division, it was not contemplated for reorganization after World War I, and all of its former elements were assigned to other National Guard divisions or remained demobilized.

World War II

2.

Order of battle

Combat chronicle

When reconstituted in the Army of the United States on 5 February 1943, the 42ID was a unique unit, as it continued the lineage of the Rainbow Division from World War I. Army Ground Forces filled the division with personnel from every state, and from the division's standup at Camp Gruber on 14 July 1943 until the division stood down in Austria, at every formal assembly, the division displayed not only the national and divisional colors, but all 48 state colors (state flags). To emphasize the 42ID's continued lineage from the 42ID of World War I, division commander Major General Harry J. Collins issued the orders that activated the unit on 14 July, the eve of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Champagne-Marne campaign in France.[14]

Following training at Camp Gruber, Oklahoma and the journey to Europe, the three infantry regiments (222nd, 232nd, & 242nd) and a detachment of the 42ID Headquarters arrived in France at Marseille on 8 to 9 December 1944, and were formed into Task Force (TF) Linden, under Henning Linden, the Assistant Division Commander (ADC).[15] As part of the Seventh Army's VI Corps, TF Linden entered combat in the vicinity of Strasbourg, relieving elements of the 36ID on 24 December 1944.[15]

While defending on a 31-mile sector along the Rhine north and south of Strasbourg in January 1945, TF Linden repulsed a number of enemy counterattacks at Hatten and other locations during the German "Operation Northwind" offensive.[15] At the headquarters of 1st Battalion, 242nd Infantry, Private First Class Vito R. Bertoldo waged a 48-hour defense of the battalion command post, for which he received the Medal of Honor. When the command post was attacked by a German tank with its 88-mm. gun and machine gun fire, Bertoldo remained at his post, and with his own machine gun killed the occupants of the tank when they tried to remove mines which were blocking their advance. On 24 and 25 January 1945, in the Bois D'Ohlungen, and the vicinity of Schweighouse-sur-Moder and Neubourg, the 222nd Infantry Regiment held a position covering a front of 7,500 yards, three times the normal frontage for a regiment in defense. After a two-hour artillery bombardment, the 222nd Infantry Regiment was repeatedly attacked by elements of the German 7th Parachute, 47th Volks Grenadier Division, and the 25th Panzer Grenadier Division. During the ensuing struggle, one company of the 222nd Infantry was surrounded, but withdrew from their position and infiltrated back through the Germans to the regimental lines after exhausting all but 35 rounds of ammunition. For 24 hours, the battle raged, but the Germans were never able to break through the 222nd lines. For this action the 222nd Infantry Regiment was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation (2001). After these enemy attacks, TF Linden returned to reserve of the 7th Army and trained with the remainder of the 42ID which had arrived in the meantime.

On 14 February 1945, the 42ID as a whole entered combat.[15] Initially occupying defensive positions near Haguenau, after a month of patrolling in the Hardt Forest, the division went on the offensive.[15] During the night of 27 February, elements of the German 6th Mountain Division were withdrawn under cover of heavy artillery and mortar fire and replaced by the 221st Volksgrenadier Regiment. In the brief period this unit had been in the line, German soldiers had come to fear the 42nd Division's patrols and raids. "Is your Division a part of Roosevelt's SS?" asked one German when captured. The remark circulated and men kidded each other about being in the Rainbow SS. The 42ID attacked through the Hardt Forest during 15 to 21 March, broke through the Siegfried Line, and cleared Dahn and Busenberg, while Third Army created and expanded bridgeheads across the Rhine.[15] Moving across the Rhine on 31 March, the division captured Wertheim am Main on 1 April and Würzburg on 6 April, following a fierce battle from 2 to 6 April.[15] Schweinfurt fell next after hand-to-hand engagements during the period of 9 to 12 April.[15] Fürth, near Nuremberg, put up fanatical resistance on 18 and 19 April but was taken by the 42ID.[15]

On 25 April, the 42ID captured Donauwörth on the Danube.[15] On 29 April, units of the 42nd Division liberated some 30,000 inmates at Dachau concentration camp.[16] In mid-May, 42nd Division patrols arrested German war criminal Arthur Greiser and Waffen-SS officer Heinz Reinefarth.[17]

Casualties

Assignments in ETO

The 42nd Division ended World War II on occupation duty in Austria and was inactivated by the end of January 1947.[19]

Cold War

On 13 October 1945, the War Department published a postwar policy statement for the entire Army. After the policy statement was published, the Army Staff prepared a postwar National Guard troop basis, which included twenty-four divisions, including the 42nd Infantry Division. Most soldiers considered the 42nd, initially organized with state troops in 1917, as a Guard formation. During the process, New York successfully petitioned the War Department for the 42nd Infantry Division. After the state governors formally notified the National Guard Bureau that they accepted the new troop allotments, the bureau authorized reorganization of the units with 100 percent of their officers and 80 percent of their enlisted personnel. By September 1947, the 42nd Division headquarters, along with all the other new Guard divisional headquarters, had received federal recognition.

In April 1963, the 42nd Division was reorganized under the Reorganization Objective Army Division structure.[20] From 1967 to 1969, the division was briefly part of the Selected Reserve Force, designed to reinforce the active army in Vietnam. In a 1968 reorganization, the division was split between the New York Army National Guard and the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.[21] In 1973–74, the division was converted back into an all-New York organization.

The 42nd Infantry Division absorbed the units of the 26th Infantry Division and the 50th Armored Division of the Massachusetts and New Jersey Army National Guard, respectively, in post-Cold War restructuring. All three divisions were severely understrength, so the assets of the three were combined into one. The 50th Brigade, created from the assets of the disbanding 50th Armored Division, was initially assigned to the 42nd Infantry Division as an armored brigade, but was transformed to an infantry brigade combat team (BCT) in the very first years of the 21st century as part of Army modularity.

In the 1970s, the division headquarters was located at the armory at 125 West 14th Street in Manhattan. It was relocated in December 1989 to the Glenmore Armory in Troy, New York and remains there to this day.[22]

Global War on Terrorism

Since the 11 September attacks, the 42ID has been extensively involved in the war on terrorism, in both homeland security (HLS) and expeditionary operations. The 42ID's 1–101st Cavalry led the New York Army National Guard's efforts and provided security at Ground Zero during the rescue and then recovery efforts there. 42ID units from the New Jersey Army National Guard provided security at all the major river crossings into New York City and Newark International Airport in the months following 11 September 2001.

The first major overseas effort of the 42ID was the deployment of elements of the 50th BCT/42ID to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba. The 2–102nd Armor Battalion deployed as ILO MP's and served with the Joint Detention Operation Group in the detention facility. The 2nd Battalion, 113th Infantry deployed to Guantanamo Bay as well and provided security for the Joint Task Force at Camp Delta. While there elements of the 2nd Battalion, 102nd Armor supported the first military tribunals held at the Guantanamo Bay Detention Facility. Elements have also deployed to the Horn of Africa and Djibouti. New Jersey's 3/112th Field Artillery and 5/117th Cavalry deployed as an ILO Military Police Company with 89th MP Brigade/759th Military Police Battalion; served in Sadr City, and worked alongside the First Cavalry Division. Stationed out of Camp Cuervo (Al Rustimayah) in Baghdad, platoons also worked with U.S. Marines in Fallujah. On 4 June 2004, SSG Carvill and SGT Duffy were killed and the following day the unit lost SPC Doltz and SSG Timoteo.

The 2/108th Infantry deployed to Iraq in 2004. In 2004–05, the 1/69 Infantry served in Iraq, eventually providing security on the Baghdad International Airport (BIAP) Road. The 42nd Combat Aviation Brigade also deployed to Iraq during this period.

In 2004, the division headquarters and division troops of the 42nd Infantry Division deployed as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) III, relieving the 1st Infantry Division (1ID). The division controlled the north-central Iraq area of operations. Serving as the command and control (C2) of Task Force Liberty, the 42ID took over responsibility for the area known as Multi-National Division North Central (MND-NC) including the provinces of Saladin, Diyala, At Ta'amim (Kirkuk) and As Sulymaniah from the 1st Infantry Division on 14 February 2005. The 42ID directed the operations of: 1st BCT, 3ID; 3rd BCT, 3ID; the 278th RCT; 3rd- 313rd Field Artillery, 56th BCT (Texas Army National Guard); and the 116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team (Idaho, Oregon, and Montana Army National Guard). Soldiers conducted combat actions and raids, seized weapons caches, destroyed improvised explosive devices (IEDs), trained Iraqi army forces, and worked on reconstruction to ensure free elections. 1–69th Infantry of the 42ID manned the checkpoint where Italian SISMI officer Nicola Calipari was shot and killed.

Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Taluto, commanding general of the division during its deployment, commended the many contributions of the 42ID led Task Force Liberty. Vice Chief of Staff of the Army (VCSA), Gen. Richard Cody, saluted members of the 42ID at the unit's homecoming ceremony. The division's Headquarters and Headquarters Company was awarded the Army Meritorious Unit Commendation for its service in Iraq.[23]

In 2008, 26 company-sized elements of the 50th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), headquartered at Fort Dix, New Jersey, deployed to Iraq bringing the total number of NJ National Guard soldiers sent to Iraq and Afghanistan to over 3,200. These elements of the 50th IBCT were mobilized for one year, including stateside training and "boots on the ground" in theater. Premobilization training began in 2007 and took place in New Jersey, with further OIF specific preparation conducted at other Army installations out-of-state. Originally slated to deploy to Iraq in 2010, these elements deployed earlier as a result of changes needed to comply with new Department of Defense (DoD) policies. Earlier, in 2007, the DoD had reduced the amount of time units spend overseas in a combat theater, which in turn shifted mobilization schedules and required earlier deployments than anticipated. Elements of the 50th IBCT had deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) previously in 2004.

In 2008, the 27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), headquartered in Syracuse, New York, was mobilized and deployed to Afghanistan to train Afghan National Army (ANA) and police forces. Initial personnel from the 27th IBCT deployed in late 2007, with the majority of the approximately 1,700 service members deployed by mid-2008.

In conjunction around February 2008, soldiers of the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team were beginning to receive notification of their upcoming deployment. The Brigade Commander at the time was Colonel William F. Roy. In 2009, the brigade did a rotation at JRTC in Fort Polk, LA. In December 2009, the brigade was officially mobilized and to report to Camp Atterbury, IN. While in Indiana, the brigade trained and prepped for their future deployment to Afghanistan. After receiving numerous replacements and volunteer soldiers, the brigade was sent back to JRTC for one more rotation before they left the country.

The majority of the brigade landed in Afghanistan in early March. The brigade headquarters was on Bagram Airfield in RC-East. The brigade was tasked with numerous missions across eastern Afghanistan. The missions included partnering with the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), assisting in the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, and securing over 30,000 soldiers on Bagram Airfield while ensuring the base was continuing its daily operations. The brigade left Afghanistan in early December returning to Camp Atterbury, IN. The brigade was released from federal service and returned to the northeast to continue their respective state missions. Several component units of the brigade were awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for their service from 8 March 2010 – 4 December 2010 while deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.

Deaths of Esposito and Allen

See main article: Deaths of Phillip Esposito and Louis Allen.

Captain Phillip Esposito and First Lieutenant Louis Allen were killed on 7 June 2005, at Forward Operating Base Danger in Tikrit, Iraq by a M18A1 Claymore mine placed in the window of Esposito's office. Esposito was commander, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 42ID. Allen had recently arrived in Iraq to serve as Esposito's executive officer, or second in command.

Military investigators determined that the mine was deliberately placed and detonated with the intention of killing Esposito and Allen. Staff Sergeant Alberto B. Martinez from the officers' unit was charged in the killing but was acquitted in a court-martial trial at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, on 4 December 2008. The case was one of only two publicly announced alleged fragging incidents among U.S. forces during the Iraq War.

Subsequently, Siobhan Esposito and Barbara Allen, the widows of the officers, continued to pursue justice for their husbands' deaths, pushing for the military to strictly enforce regulations that prohibit threats against superiors and require soldiers to report violations of "good order and discipline."[24]

Homeland security

During the Cold War and through the present, the 42ID and its soldiers have been regularly called upon for homeland security missions including disaster relief (such as Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Floyd), emergency preparedness (such as Y2K missions), airport security, critical infrastructure protection, border security, bridge and tunnel security, as well as rail/train station security.

Several first responders to the 11 September 2001 attacks were members of the 42ID, and led much of the military support to the relief and recovery efforts. The 42ID was part of the relief team for the duration of the effort at Ground Zero in New York City. The 42ID has also been actively engaged in missions supporting Operation Noble Eagle.

In October 2005, elements of the 50th Armored Brigade/42 ID were activated for Operation Hurricane Katrina relief in the city of New Orleans. The 2–102nd Armor and the 1–114th Infantry were called to active duty and the combined unit was dispatched to Louisiana to provide security for FEMA. The 50th Brigade arrived at Belle Chase Naval Air Station and from there went to the New Orleans Convention Center. From there, the elements of the 42nd ID sent teams to various parts of the city on various missions of security ranging from roving patrol to security escort for the New Orleans Fire Department and other relief agencies

Organization

The 42nd Infantry Division exercises training and readiness oversight of the following units:[25]

Attached units

Commanders of the 42nd Infantry Division

World War II

World War I

Notable former members

In popular culture

The soldiers who provide security around the ghost-contaminated apartment building in the 1984 film Ghostbusters wear the uniform of the 42nd Infantry Division.[110] The 42nd Infantry Division was featured in the 2008 monster film Cloverfield.

See also

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Special Designation Listing. United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. 14 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100609010028/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-arng.html. 9 June 2010 . live.
  2. Web site: 42nd Infantry Division History . https://web.archive.org/web/20041022033950/http://www.42id.army.mil/history/index.html . 22 October 2004 . 28 July 2014 .
  3. Book: Gilbert, Martin . 400. 1994. The First World War: a complete history . Henry Hold and Company, Inc., New York . 0-8050-1540-X . registration .
  4. Book: Duffy . Bernard K. . Carpenter . Ronald H. . 1997 . Douglas MacArthur: Warrior as Wordsmith . Westport, CT . Greenwood Press . 127 . 978-0-313-29148-7.
  5. Web site: Origin of the Rainbow Patch . 42nd Infantry Division . dmna.ny.gov . New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs . Latham, NY . 11 June 2019.
  6. Smith . Herbert E. . A.E.F. Divisional Insignia: 42nd Division . Recruiting News . 1935 . Governors Island, NY . U.S. Army Recruiting Publicity Bureau . 3 . Google Books.
  7. Book: Dann, Sam . 1998 . Dachau 29 April 1945: The Rainbow Liberation Memoirs . registration . . Lubbock, TX . Texas Tech University Press . ix . 978-0-8967-2391-7.
  8. News: Staff Report . 27 July 2017 . 42nd Infantry "Rainbow" Division to be 100 years old . NJ Today . Rahway, NJ . 11 June 2019 . 17 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200817124712/http://njtoday.net/2017/07/27/42nd-infantry-rainbow-division-100-years-old/ .
  9. Book: Davis, Martin L. . 1985 . Insignia of the 42nd Rainbow Division . Rainbow Division Veterans Association . 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 19, 25 . B00071T6W0.
  10. News: Watson . Elmo Scott . 5 August 1943 . Historic Rainbow Division is Born Anew . The Hope Pioneer . Hope, ND . 2 . Newspapers.com.
  11. 2001 . The Return of Paul Jarrett: Photo Gallery . 26 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200920162626/http://www.clarkjarrett.com/PhotoGallery.htm . 20 September 2020 . Los Angeles, CA . Jarrett Entertainment Group.
  12. Book: James . D. Clayton . The Years of MacArthur . 1 . 1 October 1970 . Houghton Mifflin Company . Boston, Massachusetts . 978-0-3951-0948-9 . 146–148 . 1st . 1 January 2020 . .
  13. Daly . Hugh C. . 1946 . 42nd "Rainbow" Infantry Division: A Combat History of World War II . World War Regimental Histories . Baton Rouge, LA . Army and Navy Publishing Company . 177 . .
  14. Book: Wilson, John B. . http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/chapter7.htm . Chapter VII: The Crucible – Combat . Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades . . 1998 . CMH Pub 60-14 . Army Lineage Series . https://web.archive.org/web/20121226124441/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/index.htm . 26 December 2012 .
  15. Web site: Combat Chronicle, 42d Infantry Division . January 31, 2021 . World War II Divisional Combat Chronicles . U.S. Army Center of Military History . Washington, DC . April 17, 2024.
  16. Book: Dann, Sam . 1998 . Dachau 29 April 1945: The Rainbow Liberation Memoirs . registration . Lubbock, TX . Texas Tech University Press . 14 . 978-0-89672-391-7.
  17. Book: Epstein, Catherine.. Wzorcowy nazista: Arthur Greiser i okupacja Kraju Warty. 2011. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. Włodarczyk, Jarosław (tłumacz).. 978-83-245-9005-6. Wrocław. 802945568.
  18. Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)
  19. Book: Wilson, John B. . http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/chapter8.htm . Chapter VIII: An Interlude of Peace . Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades . . 1998 . CMH Pub 60-14 . Army Lineage Series . https://web.archive.org/web/20121226124441/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/index.htm . 26 December 2012 .
  20. Web site: Chapter XI: A New Direction – Flexible Response . History.army.mil . 19 December 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100117120716/http://www.history.army.mil/books/lineage/M-F/chapter11.htm . 17 January 2010.
  21. Web site: Chapter XII: Flexible Response . History.army.mil . 19 December 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080604031156/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/chapter12.htm . 4 June 2008.
  22. 42d Infantry "Rainbow" Division . State of New York – Division of Military and Naval Affairs . 1990 . Annual Report 1990 . 29–30 . 14 July 2020.
  23. Web site: General Orders No. 2009–13 . Casey . George W. Jr. . 16 December 2009 . 2 . Army Publishing Directorate . U.S. Department of the Army . Washington, DC . https://web.archive.org/web/20110929062314/http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/go0913.pdf . 19 March 2021 . 29 September 2011 . Wayback Machine.
  24. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-apr-08-la-na-fragging-widows9-2010apr09-story.html David Zucchino, "Widows pursue justice in soldiers' slayings"
  25. AUSA, Torchbearer Special Report, 7 November 2005; Web site: Archived copy . 20 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111112094030/http://www.ausa.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/ILW%20Web-ExclusivePubs/Torchbearer/TBearComp1v12.pdf . 12 November 2011.
  26. Web site: 24 August 2007 . 27 Infantry Brigade Combat Team . 21 Feb 2024 . Tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil.
  27. Web site: NY National Guard Brigade Special Troops Battalion becomes Brigade Engineer Brigade during reflagging ceremony . Durr . Eric . Valenza . Andrew . 20 October 2018 . DVIDS . Defense Visual Information Distribution Service . Washington, DC.
  28. Web site: Lineage and Honors: Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Aviation Brigade, 42d Infantry Division . 27 April 2017 . Lineages and Honors Information, Divisions and Brigades . U.S. Army Center of Military History.
  29. Web site: Kratzer. Jean. NY National Guard senior leader takes command of 42nd Infantry Division. 2024-02-03. 2024-02-06. New York National Guard. Latham, New York. DVIDS.
  30. Web site: National Guard Thomas Spencer Biography . Guard . National . 8 March 2021 . National Guard . National Guard . Washington, DC.
  31. Web site: MG Steven Ferrari takes command of New York National Guard's 42nd Infantry Division . Durr . Eric . 3 March 2017 . Defense Video Imagery Distribution System (DVIDS) . Defense Media Activity . Washington, DC.
  32. Web site: Nashua Resident Becomes Two-Star General: Major General Harry Miller was promoted in a ceremony 24 June at Fort Drum . Robidoux . Carol . 25 June 2013 . Nashua Patch . Patch.com . Nashua, NH.
  33. Web site: Rainbow Division Welcomes New Commander . Sanzo . Rachel . 15 April 2013 . www.army.mil/ . United States Army . Washington, DC.
  34. Web site: New Leadership For 42nd Infantry Division . Goldenberg . Richard . 3 May 2009 . New York State Military and Naval Affairs News . Office of Public Affairs, New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs . Latham, NY.
  35. Web site: New York Adjutant General to Retire . 28 January 2010 . www.army.mil/ . United States Army . Washington, DC.
  36. Web site: 42nd Infantry Division Welcomes Brigadier General Joseph J. Taluto as Commander . 6 October 2002 . 42nd Infantry Division . New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs . Latham, NY.
  37. Book: 1997 . New York Red Book . Albany, NY . New York Legal Publishing Corp. . 540 . The 42nd Infantry Division with headquarters in Troy, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas D. Kinley..
  38. Book: 1995 . New York Red Book . Albany, NY . New York Legal Publishing Corp. . 478 . The 42nd Infantry Division with headquarters in Troy, commanded by Major General Robert J. Byrne..
  39. Book: 1993 . New York Red Book . Albany, NY . New York Legal Publishing Corp. . 527 . The 42nd Infantry Division with headquarters in Troy, commanded by Major General John W. Cudmore..
  40. Book: 1991 . New York Red Book . Albany, NY . New York Legal Publishing Corp. . 528.
  41. Book: Flynn, Lawrence P. . 1988 . Annual Report for 1987 . Latham, NY . New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs . 26.
  42. Book: 1987 . The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal . Tavistock, England . West of England Press . 216.
  43. Book: 1988 . New York Red Book . Albany, NY . New York Legal Publishing Corp. . 463.
  44. News: Rat . Jacquie . 15 December 2005 . Final salute to a hero . Long Island Herald . Garden City, NY.
  45. Book: Office of Public Affairs . 1977 . General Officers of the Army and Air National Guard . Washington, DC . National Guard Bureau . 232.
  46. Book: 1975 . New York Red Book . Albany, NY . New York Legal Publishing Corp. . 492.
  47. News: 31 July 1973 . Gen. Baker Commands Rainbow . Times Record . Troy, NY . 5 . subscription .
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  49. Web site: Annual Report for the Division of Military and Naval Affairs . O'Hara . Almerin C. . 1964 . New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs . Williams Press . Albany, NY . 17.
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