| Jurisdiction: | CA |
| #: | 40th |
| Type: | Minority |
| Houseimage: | 40th Can House.svg |
| Senateimage: | 40th Can Senate.svg |
| Status: | inactive |
| Term-Begin: | November 18, 2008 |
| Term-End: | March 26, 2011 |
| Sc: | Hon. Peter Milliken |
| Scterm: | January 29, 2001 – June 2, 2011 |
| Pm: | Rt. Hon. Stephen Harper |
| Pm-Begin: | 2006-02-06 |
| Pm-End: | 2015-11-04 |
| Lo: | Hon. Stéphane Dion |
| Loterm: | December 2, 2006 – December 10, 2008 |
| Lo2: | Hon. Michael Ignatieff |
| Loterm2: | December 10, 2008 – May 2, 2011 |
| Ghl: | Hon. Jay Hill |
| Ghlterm: | October 3, 2008 – August 6, 2010 |
| Ghl2: | Hon. John Baird |
| Ghlterm2: | August 6, 2010 – May 2, 2011 |
| Ohl: | Hon. Ralph Goodale |
| Ohlterm: | February 10, 2006 – September 10, 2010 |
| Ohl2: | David McGuinty |
| Ohlterm2: | September 10, 2010 – May 26, 2011 |
| Ss: | Hon. Noël A. Kinsella |
| Ssterm: | February 8, 2006 – November 26, 2014 |
| Gsl: | Hon. Marjory LeBreton |
| Gslterm: | February 6, 2006 - July 14, 2013 |
| Osl: | Hon. Jim Cowan |
| Oslterm: | November 3, 2008 – November 5, 2015 |
| Party: | Conservative Party |
| Party2: | Liberal Party |
| Party3: | Bloc Québécois |
| Party4: | New Democratic Party |
| Unrecparty1: | Progressive Conservative |
| Partyfootnote1: | Only in the Senate. |
| Sessionbegin: | November 18, 2008 |
| Sessionend: | December 4, 2008 |
| Sessionbegin2: | January 26, 2009 |
| Sessionend2: | December 30, 2009 |
| Sessionbegin3: | March 3, 2010 |
| Sessionend3: | March 26, 2011 |
| Ministry: | 28th Canadian Ministry |
| Ministrybegin: | February 6, 2006 |
| Ministryend: | present |
| Monarchterm: | February 6, 1952 – 8 September 2022 |
| Viceroy: | Rt. Hon. Michaëlle Jean |
| Viceroyterm: | September 27, 2005 – October 1, 2010 |
| Viceroy2: | Rt. Hon. David Johnston |
| Viceroyterm2: | October 1, 2010 – October 2, 2017 |
| Members: | 308 seats |
| Senators: | 105 seats |
| Lastparl: | 39th |
| Nextparl: | 41st |
The 40th Canadian Parliament was in session from November 18, 2008 to March 26, 2011. It was the last Parliament of the longest-running minority government in Canadian history that began with the previous Parliament. The membership of its House of Commons was determined by the results of the 2008 federal election held on October 14, 2008. Its first session was then prorogued by the Governor General on December 4, 2008, at the request of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, who was facing a likely no-confidence motion and a coalition agreement between the Liberal party and the New Democratic Party with the support of the Bloc Québécois (2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute). Of the 308 MPs elected at the October 14, 2008 general election, 64 were new to Parliament and three sat in Parliaments previous to the 39th: John Duncan, Jack Harris and Roger Pomerleau.
There were three sessions of the 40th Parliament. On March 25, 2011, the House of Commons passed a Liberal motion of non-confidence by a vote of 156 to 145, finding the Conservative Cabinet in contempt of parliament, an unprecedented finding in Canadian and Commonwealth parliamentary history.[1] On March 26, 2011, Prime Minister Stephen Harper subsequently asked Governor General David Johnston to dissolve parliament and issue a writ of election.[2]
The party standings as of the election, and at dissolution, were as follows:
| Affiliation | House members | Senate members | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 election results[3] | At dissolution | On election day 2008[4] | At dissolution | 143 | 143 | 21 | 52 | 77 | 77 | 58 | 46 | 49 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 2[5] | 1[6] | 5[7] | 2[8] | 0 | 0 | 3[9] | 2[10] | 0 | 1[11] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1[12] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1[13] | 0 |
| Total members | 308 | 305 | 89 | 102 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total seats | 308 | 105 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See main article: By-elections to the 40th Canadian Parliament.
NDP MP Dawn Black resigned her seat of New Westminster—Coquitlam effective April 13, 2009, to run (successfully) in the provincial riding of New Westminster in the 2009 British Columbia general election.[14] The NDP's Fin Donnelly won the seat left vacant by Black in a by-election on November 9, 2009.[15]
Independent MP Bill Casey resigned his seat of Cumberland—Colchester—Musquodoboit Valley effective April 30, 2009, to accept a job as the Nova Scotia Department of Intergovernmental Affairs' senior representative in Ottawa. He was a former Conservative who voted against the 2007 budget, claiming that it broke the Atlantic Accord with his province and Newfoundland and Labrador, and was subsequently expelled from the Conservative caucus.[16] Scott Armstrong, the Conservative candidate, won the by-election for this seat on November 9, 2009.
Bloc Québécois MP Paul Crête resigned his seat of Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup on May 21, 2009, to run in a provincial by-election in Rivière-du-Loup. Conservative Bernard Généreux won the November 9, 2009 by-election for this seat.
Bloc Québécois MP Réal Ménard resigned his seat of Hochelaga on September 16, 2009, to run in Montreal's municipal elections.[17] On November 9, 2009, Daniel Paillé won this seat for the Bloc in a by-election.
New Democratic Party MP Judy Wasylycia-Leis (Winnipeg North) resigned from the House on April 30, 2010, to run (unsuccessfully) for the mayoralty of Winnipeg.[18] Liberal Kevin Lamoureux won the by-election to replace her on November 29, 2010.[19]
Liberal MP Maurizio Bevilacqua (Vaughan) resigned from the House effective August 25, 2010 to successfully run for mayor in Vaughan.[20] Conservative Julian Fantino won the November 29, 2010 by-election to replace him.
Conservative MP Inky Mark (Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette) resigned from the House effective September 15, 2010 to run for mayor in Dauphin.[21] Robert Sopuck held the seat for the Conservatives in a by-election held on November 29, 2010.
Bloc Québécois MP Jean-Yves Roy resigned from the House effective October 22, 2010,[22] followed by Conservative MP Jay Hill effective October 25, 2010.[23] Conservative MP Jim Prentice resigned from the House effective November 14, 2010 to take a position with CIBC.[24] By-elections in these three ridings were not scheduled prior to the issue of the writ for the 41st general election.
See main article: 2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute. The first session of the 40th parliament opened on November 18, 2008, after Prime Minister Stephen Harper and the Conservatives won a slightly stronger minority government in the 2008 election. With a new government in session, Finance Minister Jim Flaherty tabled a fiscal update nine days later. Among other things, the update cut government spending, suspended the ability of civil servants to strike, sold off some Crown assets, and eliminated existing political party subsidies. This fiscal update was rejected by the opposition, and became a catalyst for talks of a coalition government. Stéphane Dion of the Liberal Party and Jack Layton of the New Democratic Party, signed an accord stating that in the event that the government lost the confidence of the house, they would form a coalition with the support of Gilles Duceppe and the Bloc Québécois, if asked to do so by the Governor General of Canada Michaëlle Jean. However, Stephen Harper delayed the vote of non-confidence scheduled for December 1, and the Governor General prorogued parliament on Harper's advice on December 4, 2008, until January 26, 2009.
After prorogation, calls came from within the Liberal Party for Dion to resign immediately. Dion initially scheduled his resignation for the party's leadership convention in May 2009, but on December 8, 2008, he announced that he would step down upon the selection of an interim leader. After the withdrawal of Bob Rae and Dominic LeBlanc from the 2009 leadership race, Michael Ignatieff became the only leadership candidate, and therefore was appointed interim leader of the Liberals and the opposition on December 10, 2008.
The Governor-in-Council recalled parliament on January 26, 2009. Its first business (after the Throne Speech) was to present the federal budget, which included a large deficit. After negotiations with new opposition leader Michael Ignatieff, the government promised to present regular updates on the stimulus budget, and the Liberals and Conservatives joined to pass the budget and keep the Conservative government in power. The Conservative government made crime a major focus of the session. The Conservatives reintroduced their former mandatory minimums bill, known as Bill C-15.[25]
On December 30, 2009, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that he would advise the Governor General to prorogue parliament during the 2010 Winter Olympics, until March 3, 2010. He telephoned Governor General Michaëlle Jean to ask her permission to end the parliamentary session and Jean signed the proclamation later that day.[26] [27] According to Harper's spokesman, he sought his second prorogation to consult with Canadians about the economy.[26] In an interview with CBC News, Prince Edward Island Liberal member of parliament Wayne Easter accused the Prime Minister of "shutting democracy down".[28] [29] The second prorogation in a year also received some international criticism as being not very democratic.[30]
In response to the prorogation, demonstrations took place on January 23, 2010, in over 60 Canadian cities, and at least four cities in other countries. The protests attracted thousands of participants, many who had joined a group on Facebook.[31] [32]
The Senate of Canada has seen new members appointed in blocs of 18, 9, and 5; all were appointed to the Conservative caucus. The balance of power shifted for the first time on August 27, 2009, when the Liberal caucus was reduced to holding a plurality of 52 seats. On January 29, 2010, the balance shifted again as five vacancies were filled by appointed Conservatives, giving them a plurality of 51, with the Liberals holding the next-highest number of seats at 49. The Conservatives achieved an absolute majority when Don Meredith and Larry Smith were appointed on December 20, 2010. After dissolution, Smith and Fabian Manning resigned to run in the 2011 election. That reduced the Conservative caucus to 52, but they retained a majority of sitting senators as there were 50 senators of other parties and 3 vacancies.
The Senate of Canada posthumously awarded the title of Honorary Senator during the 40th Parliament to five pioneering women known as The Famous Five.[33]
| Emily Murphy | |
| Henrietta Muir Edwards | |
| Nellie McClung | |
| Irene Parlby | |
| Louise McKinney |
See main article: List of House members of the 40th Parliament of Canada and List of senators in the 40th Parliament of Canada.
See main article: 2009 Canadian incumbents and 2010 Canadian incumbents.
Senate
House of Commons
Senate
House of Commons
Senate
House of Commons
See main article: By-elections to the 40th Canadian Parliament.