| 46 cm/45 Type 94 | |
| Origin: | Japan |
| Type: | Naval gun |
| Is Ranged: | YES |
| Is Artillery: | YES |
| Is Uk: | YES |
| Design Date: | 1934 |
| Service: | 1940–1945 |
| Used By: | Imperial Japanese Navy |
| Wars: | World War II |
| Designer: | C. Hada[1] |
| Manufacturer: | Kure Naval Arsenal |
| Number: | ~27 |
| Weight: | 147.3 tonnes |
| Part Length: | 20.7m (67.9feet), (45 calibres) |
| Cartridge: | AP Type 91: 14601NaN1 AP Type 1 14601NaN1? HE Type 0: 13601NaN1 AA Type 3: 13601NaN1 |
| Caliber: | 461NaN1 |
| Rate: | 1.5 - 2 rounds/min |
| Velocity: | 780m/s |
| Range: | 25km (16miles) |
| Max Range: | 42km (26miles) at 45° elevation |
| Breech: | Welin breech block |
| Recoil: | Hydraulic recoil mechanism |
| Carriage: | Yamato-class battleship |
| Elevation: | +45/-5 degrees. 10°/s |
| Traverse: | 300°, 2°/s |
| Diameter: | 461NaN1 |
The Japanese 46 cm/45 Type 94 naval gun was a 461NaN1 naval gun, the largest calibre gun to ever be mounted on a warship. Only two ships carried them, the Imperial Japanese Navy's World War II battleships Yamato and Musashi. They were officially designated as, a much smaller gun (40cm (20inches)) in an effort to hide their true size.
The gun was designed in accordance with the prevailing Japanese naval strategy of Kantai Kessen, the Decisive Battle Doctrine, which presupposed Japan would win a war by fighting and winning a single, decisive naval action. Essential to that victory was being able to out-gun and out-fight its adversary. No other ship built could match the firepower and broadside weight of a Yamato-class battleship.
In spite of this, there were no battleship-to-battleship engagements involving either completed vessel of the Yamato-class and an enemy warship. Both were sunk by aerial attack.
The 461NaN1 46 cm/45 Type 94 naval rifle was a wire-wound gun. Mounted in three 3-gun turrets (nine per ship), they served as the main armament of the two s that were in service with the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. When the turrets and the guns were mounted, each weighed 2,510 tons, which is about the same tonnage as an average sized destroyer of the era. Unlike most of the very large guns of other navies, they could fire special anti-aircraft shells (Sanshiki), referred to as "beehive" shells.
The Japanese guns were of a slightly larger bore than the three British 18-inch naval guns built during World War I, although the shells were not as heavy. Britain had later designed the with 18-inch guns, but none were built, leaving no Allied naval guns to compare with the Type 94. The nearest comparison would have been the prototyped and fire-tested 18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, although that caliber was never selected for production. Even the proposed Montana-class super-battleship of the United States Navy would not have matched the Type 94 guns, mounting twelve of the tested 16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 guns found on the Iowa-class battleships, rather than the prototype 18-inch Mark 1.
Six 20-inch guns were the proposed armament of HMS Incomparable, a very large battlecruiser design of the British Royal Navy; The design remained theoretical, and 20-inch guns were never pursued seriously by any navy.
Some 27 guns were built for the three battleships of the Yamato class. Only 18 were ever shipped, nine each aboard the and ; the third vessel of the class, the, was converted into an aircraft carrier and sunk before it entered combat. The complex Type 94 barrels were constructed in three autofrettaged stages. A half-length tube was fitted over the first tube and shrunk onto it. The assembly was then wire wound and two additional tubes shrunk over the entire length of the gun tubes. A final inner tube was then inserted down the gun and expanded into place. This inner tube was then rifled to finish the gun. As designed, this gun could not cost effectively be relined but instead the entire gun tube would have been replaced due to wear.[2]
Unlike previous designs, when examined by a US naval technical team, the turrets were found to have nothing in common with previous British Vickers designs used in other Japanese battleships. Each gun was independently sleeved allowing for separate elevation. The shell hoists and powder rams were found to be ingenious though unduly heavy designs that allowed a relatively rapid rate of reload.[2] 180 shells (60 rounds per gun) were stored in the turret's rotating structure. The shells were stored vertically, and an innovative system of geared mechanical conveyors was employed to move the extremely large and heavy shells from the shell rooms. The mechanical advantage required to move the heavy shells meant these conveyors operated extremely slowly but the 180 shells stored in each turret were considered sufficient for a surface engagement.[3]
With Type 91 AP shell
| Elevation[4] | Range | Time of flight | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10° | 18410yd | 26.05 sec | |
| 20° | 30530yd | 49.21 sec | |
| 30° | 39180yd | 70.27 sec | |
| 40° | 44510yd | 89.42 sec | |
| 45° | 45960yd | 98.6 sec |
With Type 91 AP shell
| Elevation | Range | Impact angle | Velocity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.4° | 5470yd | 3.3° | 2264ft/s | |
| 5.4° | 10940yd | 7.2° | 2034ft/s | |
| 8.6° | 16400yd | 11.5° | 1844ft/s | |
| 12.6° | 21870yd | 16.5° | 1709ft/s | |
| 17.2° | 27340yd | 23° | 1608ft/s | |
| 23.2° | 32810yd | 31.4° | 1558ft/s |