400 metres explained

Event:	400 metres
Image Upright:	1.25

The 400 metres, or 400-meter dash, is a sprint event in track and field competitions. It has been featured in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1964 for women. On a standard outdoor running track, it is one lap around the track. Runners start in staggered positions and race in separate lanes for the entire course. In many countries, athletes previously competed in the 440-yard dash (402.336 m)—which is a quarter of a mile (1,760 yards) and was referred to as the "quarter-mile"—instead of the 400 m (437.445 yards), though this distance is now obsolete.

Like other sprint disciplines, the 400 m involves the use of starting blocks. The runners take up position in the blocks on the "ready" command, adopt a more efficient starting posture which isometrically preloads their muscles on the "set" command, and stride forwards from the blocks upon hearing the starter's pistol. The blocks allow the runners to begin more powerfully and thereby contribute to their overall sprint speed capability. Maximum sprint speed capability is a significant contributing factor to success in the event, but athletes also require substantial speed endurance and the ability to cope well with high amounts of lactic acid to sustain a fast speed over a whole lap. While considered to be predominantly an anaerobic event, there is some aerobic involvement and the degree of aerobic training required for 400-metre athletes is open to debate.^[1]

The current men's world record and Olympic record is held by Wayde van Niekerk of South Africa; his time of 43.03 seconds is the fastest 400 m ever run, either in an open 400 m or a relay. While Michael Johnson holds the fastest 400 m relay split with a time of 42.94, relay splits are typically faster because athletes have a running start and do not need to react to the gun if they are not the leadoff leg. Considering van Niekerk's reaction time of 0.181 seconds in his run of 43.03, van Niekerk covered the 400-metre distance itself in 42.85 seconds, therefore being 0.09 s faster than Johnson's relay split.^[2]

Quincy Hall is the reigning men's Olympic champion. Antonio Watson is the current men's world champion. Christopher Morales Williams is the men's world indoor record holder with a time of 44.49 seconds.^[3]

The current women's world record is held by Marita Koch, with a time of 47.60 seconds. Marileidy Paulino is the current women's world champion and women’s Olympic champion, and holds the Olympic record in a time of 48.17 seconds. Femke Bol holds the women's world indoor record at 49.17 (2024). The men's T43 Paralympic world record of 45.07 seconds is held by Oscar Pistorius.^[4]

An Olympic double of 200 metres and 400 m was first achieved by Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984, and later by Marie-José Pérec of France and Michael Johnson from the United States on the same evening in 1996. Alberto Juantorena of Cuba at the 1976 Summer Olympics became the first and so far the only athlete to win both the 400 m and 800 m Olympic titles. Pérec became the first to defend the Olympic title in 1996, Johnson became the first and only man to do so in 2000. From 31 appearances in the Olympic Games, the men's gold medalist came from the US 19 times.

Continental records

• Updated 9 August 2024.^{[5] [6]}

Area	Men			Women
	Time (s)	Athlete	Nation	Time (s)	Athlete	Nation
	43.03	Wayde van Niekerk		49.10	Falilat Ogunkoya
	43.93	Yousef Masrahi		48.14	Salwa Eid Naser
	43.44	Matthew Hudson-Smith		47.60	Marita Koch
	43.18	Michael Johnson		48.17	Marileidy Paulino
	44.38	Darren Clark		48.63	Cathy Freeman
	43.93	Anthony Zambrano		49.64	Ximena Restrepo

All-time top 25

Men (outdoor)

See also: Men's 400 metres world record progression.

• Correct as of 19 August 2024.^{[7] [8]}

The nine athletes with a double asterisk against their names have also broken 20 seconds for 200 metres.

		Time (s)	Reaction (s)	Athlete	Nation	Date	Place
1	1	43.03	0.181	Wayde van Niekerk **		14 August 2016		^[9]
2	2	43.18	0.150	Michael Johnson **		26 August 1999		^[10]
3	3	43.29				17 August 1988
	4	43.39		Johnson #2		9 August 1995	Gothenburg
4	5	43.40	0.168	Quincy Hall		7 August 2024	Saint-Denis
	6	43.44	align=center		Johnson #3		19 June 1996
5	6	43.44	0.149	Matthew Hudson-Smith		7 August 2024	Saint-Denis	^[11]
6	8	43.45	0.182			31 August 2007		^[12]
				Michael Norman **		20 April 2019		^[13]
	10	43.48	0.156	van Niekerk #2		26 August 2015		^[14]
8	11	43.48	0.164	Steven Gardiner **		4 October 2019		^[15] ^[16]
	12	43.49		Johnson #4		29 July 1996
9	13	43.50				5 August 1992
	14	43.50		Wariner #2		7 August 2007
	15	43.56		Norman #2		25 June 2022	Eugene	^[17]
	16	43.60	0.130	Norman #3		28 May 2022	Eugene	^[18] ^[19]
	17	43.61		Norman #4		8 June 2018	Eugene
	18	43.62		Wariner #3		14 July 2006
			0.164	van Niekerk #3		6 July 2017		^[20]
10	20	43.64		Fred Kerley **		27 July 2019		^[21]
	21	43.65		Johnson #5		17 August 1993
11	21	43.65	0.195	LaShawn Merritt **		26 August 2015		^[22]
	23	43.66		Johnson #6		16 June 1995
			Johnson #7	3 July 1996
	25	43.68		Johnson #8		12 August 1998
12		43.70		Champion Allison		25 June 2022	Eugene
13		43.72		Isaac Makwala **		5 July 2015		^[23]
14		43.74				3 July 2014		^[24]
			0.185	Muzala Samukonga		7 August 2024	Saint-Denis
16		43.78	0.144	Jereem Richards **		7 August 2024	Saint-Denis
17		43.81		Danny Everett		26 June 1992	New Orleans
18		43.85		Randolph Ross		11 June 2021	Eugene	^[25]
19		43.86		Lee Evans		18 October 1968	Mexico City
20		43.87				28 September 1988
21		43.93				23 August 2015		^[26]
						23 August 2015
						2 August 2021		^[27]
24		43.94		Akeem Bloomfield **		8 June 2018		^[28]
25		43.97		Larry James		18 October 1968

Women (outdoor)

See also: Women's 400 metres world record progression.

• Correct as of August 2024.^{[29] [30]}

		Time (s)	Athlete	Nation	Date	Place
1	1	47.60			6 October 1985
2	2	47.99			10 August 1983
3	3	48.14			3 October 2019		^[31]
	4	48.16	Koch #2		8 September 1982
	Koch #3	16 August 1984
4	6	48.17	Marileidy Paulino		9 August 2024	Saint-Denis	^[32]
	7	48.22	Koch #4		28 August 1986
5	8	48.25	Marie-José Pérec		29 July 1996	Atlanta
	9	48.26	Koch #5		27 July 1984	Dresden
6	10	48.27	Olga Bryzgina		6 October 1985	Canberra
7	11	48.36	Shaunae Miller-Uibo		6 August 2021	Tokyo
	12	48.37	Miller-Uibo #2		3 October 2019
	13	48.45	Kratochvílová #2		23 July 1983	Prague
	14	48.53	Naser #2		9 August 2024	Saint-Denis
8	15	48.57	Nickisha Pryce		20 July 2024	London	^[33]
9	16	48.59			10 August 1983
	17	48.60	Koch #6		4 August 1979
			Bryzgina #2		17 August 1985
	19	48.61	Kratochvílová #3		6 September 1981
10	20	48.63			29 July 1996
	21	48.65	Bryzgina #3		26 September 1988
11	22	48.70			16 September 2006
	23	48.73	Kocembová #2		16 August 1984
12	24	48.74			8 July 2023		^[34]
	25	48.75	McLaughlin-Levrone #2		9 June 2024	New York City	^[35]
13		48.83	Valerie Brisco-Hooks		6 August 1984	Los Angeles
14		48.89			27 August 2003
15		48.90	Natalia Kaczmarek		20 July 2024	London
16		49.05	Chandra Cheeseborough		6 August 1984	Los Angeles
17		49.07	Tonique Williams-Darling		12 September 2004	Berlin
			Rhasidat Adeleke		10 June 2024	Rome	^[36]
19		49.10	Falilat Ogunkoya		29 July 1996	Atlanta
20		49.11			25 September 1988
21		49.13	Britton Wilson		13 May 2023	Baton Rouge	^[37]
			Kaylyn Brown		8 June 2024	Eugene	^[38]
23		49.16	Antonina Krivoshapka		5 July 2012	Cheboksary
24		49.19	Mariya Pinigina		10 August 1983	Helsinki
25		49.22	Christine Mboma		17 April 2021	Windhoek

Annulled marks

• Christine Mboma ran 48.54 in Bydgoszcz on 30 June 2021, but her performance was removed from the World Athletics database because of Testosterone regulations in women's athletics.
• Aminatou Seyni ran 49.19 in Lausanne on 5 July 2019, but her performance was removed from the World Athletics database because of Testosterone regulations in women's athletics.

Men (indoor)

• Correct as of March 2024.^[39]

Rank	Time	Athlete	Nation	Date	Place	Ref
1	44.49	Christopher Morales Williams		24 February 2024	Fayetteville	^[40]
2	44.52	Michael Norman		10 March 2018	College Station
3	44.57	Kerron Clement		12 March 2005	Fayetteville
4	44.62	Randolph Ross		12 March 2022	Birmingham	^[41]
5	44.63	Michael Johnson		4 March 1995	Atlanta
6	44.71	Noah Williams		13 March 2021	Fayetteville	^[42]
7	44.75	Elija Godwin		25 February 2023	Fayetteville	^[43]
	44.75			11 March 2023	Albuquerque
8	44.80	Kirani James		27 February 2011	Fayetteville
9	44.82	Tyrell Richard		9 March 2019	Birmingham	^[44]
10	44.85	Fred Kerley		11 March 2017	College Station
11	44.86	Akeem Bloomfield		10 March 2018	College Station
12	44.88	Bralon Taplin		3 February 2018	College Station
13	44.91	Auhmad Robinson		9 March 2024	Boston	^[45]
14	44.93	LaShawn Merritt		11 February 2005	Fayetteville
	44.93	Ryan Willie		11 March 2023	Albuquerque	^[46]
16	45.00	Jereem Richards		19 March 2022	Belgrade	^[47]
17	45.02	Danny Everett		2 February 1992	Stuttgart
18	45.03	Torrin Lawrence		12 February 2010	Fayetteville
		Deon Lendore		1 March 2014	College Station
		Kahmari Montgomery		9 March 2019	Birmingham
21	45.04	Champion Allison		26 February 2022	College Station	^[48]
22	45.05	Thomas Schönlebe		5 February 1988	Sindelfingen
		Alvin Harrison		28 February 1998	Atlanta
		Karsten Warholm		2 March 2019	Glasgow	^[49]
		Trevor Bassitt		19 March 2022	Belgrade
		Jacory Patterson		25 February 2023	Fayetteville

Notes

While recognized as world bests, the times of 44.52 by Michael Norman and 44.49 by Christopher Morales Williams are not ratified as world records.^{[50] [51]}

Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 45.05:

• Michael Johnson also ran 44.66 (1996) and 44.97 (1995).
• Christopher Morales Williams also ran 44.67 (2024).
• Randolph Ross also ran 44.83 (2022), 44.99 (2021).
• Michael Norman also ran 45.00 (2018).
• Fred Kerley also ran 45.02 (2017), 45.03 (2021).
• Akeem Bloomfield also ran 45.02 (2018).
• Kahmari Montgomery also ran 45.04 (2019).

Women (indoor)

• Correct as of March 2024.^[52]

Rank	Time	Athlete	Nation	Date	Place	Ref
1	49.17	Femke Bol		2 March 2024	Glasgow	^[53]
2	49.48	Britton Wilson		11 March 2023	Albuquerque	^[54]
3	49.59	Jarmila Kratochvílová		7 March 1982	Milan
4	49.68	Natalya Nazarova		18 February 2004	Moscow
5	49.76	Taťána Kocembová		2 February 1984	Vienna
6	50.01	Sabine Busch		2 February 1984	Vienna
7	50.02	Nicola Sanders		3 March 2007	Birmingham
8	50.04	Olesya Krasnomovets		18 February 2006	Moscow
9	50.10	Lieke Klaver		18 February 2024	Apeldoorn	^[55]
10	50.15	Olga Zaytseva		25 January 2006	Moscow
		Talitha Diggs		25 February 2023	Fayetteville	^[56]
12	50.21	Vania Stambolova		12 March 2006	Moscow
		Shaunae Miller-Uibo		13 February 2021	New York City	^[57]
14	50.23	Irina Privalova		12 March 1995	Barcelona
15	50.24	Alexis Holmes		2 March 2024	Glasgow
16	50.28	Petra Müller		6 March 1988	Budapest
17	50.33	Rhasidat Adeleke		25 February 2023	Lubbock
18	50.34	Christine Amertil		12 March 2006	Moscow
		Kendall Ellis		10 March 2018	College Station
20	50.36	Sydney McLaughlin		10 March 2018	College Station
21	50.37	Natalya Antyukh		18 February 2006	Moscow
22	50.40	Dagmar Neubauer		2 February 1984	Vienna
23	50.41	Svetlana Pospelova		5 March 2005	Madrid
24	50.42	Olga Kotlyarova		27 January 2001	Moscow
25	50.43	Amber Anning		24 February 2024	Fayetteville	^[58]

Notes

Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 50.42:

• Femke Bol also ran 49.24 (2024), 49.26 (2023), 49.63 (2024), 49.69 (2024), 49.85 (2023), 49.96 (2023), 50.20 (2023) and 50.30 (2022).
• Jarmila Kratochvílová also ran 49.64 (1981) and 49.69 (1983).
• Taťána Kocembová also ran 49.97 (1984).
• Natalya Nazarova also ran 49.98 (2006).
• Olesya Krasnomovets also ran 50.04 (2006).
• Lieke Klaver also ran 50.16 (2024) and 50.34 (2023).
• Alexis Holmes also ran 50.34 (2024).

Fastest relay splits

Men

Split	Athlete	Date	Place
42.91		22 August 1993	Stuttgart
42.93		2007	Osaka^[59]
43.04		10 August 2024	Paris^[60]
43.06		27 May 2018	Sacramento^[61]
43.09		10 August 2024	Paris
43.1		8 August 1992	Barcelona
		2 September 2007	Osaka
43.18		10 August 2024	Paris
43.2		20 October 1968	Mexico City
		22 August 1993	Stuttgart
		20 August 2016	Rio de Janeiro^[62]
43.26		10 August 2024	Paris

Women

Split	Athlete	Date	Place
47.6		1982	Athens
47.7		3 June 1984	Erfurt
		30 August 2015	Beijing
47.71		10 August 2024	Paris	^[63]
47.8		18 August 1984	Prague
		1 October 1988	Seoul
47.91		24 July 2022	Eugene
48.00		3 August 2024	Paris	^[64]
48.0		1 October 1988	Seoul

Most successful athletes

3 or more 400-metre victories at the Olympic Games and World Championships:

• 6 wins: Michael Johnson (USA) - Olympic Champion in 1996 and 2000, World Champion in 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999.
• 4 wins: Marie-Jose Perec (FRA) - Olympic Champion in 1992 and 1996, World Champion in 1991 and 1995.
• 3 wins: Cathy Freeman (AUS) - Olympic Champion in 2000, World Champion in 1997 and 1999.
• 3 wins: Jeremy Wariner (USA) - Olympic Champion in 2004, World Champion in 2005 and 2007.
• 3 wins: Christine Ohuruogu (GBR) - Olympic Champion in 2008, World Champion in 2007 and 2013.
• 3 wins: LaShawn Merritt (USA) - Olympic Champion in 2008, World Champion in 2009 and 2013.
• 3 wins: Wayde van Niekerk (RSA) - Olympic Champion in 2016, World Champion in 2015 and 2017.
• 3 wins: Shaunae Miller-Uibo (BAH) - Olympic Champion in 2016 and 2020, World Champion in 2022.

The Olympic champion has frequently won a second gold medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay. This has been accomplished 14 times by men; Charles Reidpath, Ray Barbuti, Bill Carr, George Rhoden, Charles Jenkins, Otis Davis, Mike Larrabee, Lee Evans, Viktor Markin, Alonzo Babers, Steve Lewis, Quincy Watts, Jeremy Wariner and LaShawn Merritt; and 4 times by women; Monika Zehrt, Valerie Brisco-Hooks, Olga Bryzgina and Sanya Richards-Ross. All but Rhoden, Markin, Zehrt and Bryzgina ran on American relay teams. Injured after his double in 1996, Johnson also accomplished the feat in 2000 only to have it disqualified when his teammate Antonio Pettigrew admitted to doping.

Olympic medalists

Women

World Championships medalists

Women

World Indoor Championships medalists

Men

1985 Paris
1987 Indianapolis
1989 Budapest
1991 Seville
1993 Toronto
1995 Barcelona
1997 Paris
1999 Maebashi
2001 Lisbon
2003 Birmingham
2004 Budapest
2006 Moscow
2008 Valencia
2010 Doha
2012 Istanbul
2014 Sopot
2016 Portland
2018 Birmingham
2022 Belgrade
2024 Glasgow

Women

1985 Paris
1987 Indianapolis
1989 Budapest
1991 Seville
1993 Toronto
1995 Barcelona
1997 Paris
1999 Maebashi
2001 Lisbon
2003 Birmingham
2004 Budapest
2006 Moscow
2008 Valencia
2010 Doha
2012 Istanbul
2014 Sopot
2016 Portland
2018 Birmingham
2022 Belgrade
2024 Glasgow

• Known as the World Indoor Games

Season's bests

Men

Year	Time	Athlete	Place
1966	44.82		Kingston
1967	44.74		San Jose
1968	43.86		Mexico City
1969	44.67		Knoxville
1970	45.01		Edinburgh
1971	44.44		Eugene
1972	44.34		Eugene
1973	44.85		Baton Rouge
1974	44.94		Mexico City
1975	44.45		Mexico City
1976	44.26		Montreal
1977	44.65		La Habana
1978	44.27		Medellin
1979	44.92		Stuttgart
1980	44.60		Moscow
1981	44.58		Baton Rouge
1982	44.68		Indianapolis
1983	44.50		München
1984	44.27		Los Angeles
1985	44.47		Canberra
1986	44.30		Indianapolis
1987	44.10		Columbus
1988	43.29		Zürich
1989	44.27		Houston
1990	44.06		Seville
1991	44.17		Lausanne
1992	43.50		Barcelona
1993	43.65		Stuttgart
1994	43.90		Madrid
1995	43.39		Gothenburg
1996	43.44		Atlanta
1997	43.75		Waco
1998	43.68		Zürich
1999	43.18		Sevilla
2000	43.68		Sacramento
2001	44.28		Los Angeles
2002	44.45		Belém
2003	44.33		Palo Alto
2004	44.00		Athens
2005	43.93		Helsinki
2006	43.62		Rome
2007	43.45		Osaka
2008	43.75		Beijing
2009	44.06		Berlin
2010	44.13		Zürich
2011	44.35		Daegu
2012	43.94		London
2013	43.74		Moscow
2014	43.74		Lausanne
2015	43.48		Beijing
2016	43.03		Rio de Janeiro
2017	43.62		Lausanne
2018	43.61		Eugene
2019	43.45		Torrance
2020	44.91		Marietta
2021	43.85		Eugene
			Tokyo
2022	43.56		Eugene
2023	43.74		Székesfehérvár
2024	43.40		Saint-Denis

Women

Year	Time	Athlete	Place
1966
1967
1968	52.03		Mexico City
1969	51.72		Athens
1970	51.02		Edinburgh
1971	52.14		Helsinki
1972	51.08		Munich
1973	51.27		Helsinki
1974	50.14		Rome
1975	50.50		Nice
1976	49.28		Montreal
1977	49.52		Düsseldorf
1978	48.94		Prague
1979	48.60		Potsdam
1980	48.88		Moscow
1981	48.61		Rome
1982	48.16		Athens
1983	47.99		Helsinki
1984	48.16		Prague
1985	47.60		Canberra
1986	48.22		Stuttgart
1987	49.38		Rome
1988	48.65		Seoul
1989	50.01		Duisburg
1990	49.50		Split
1991	49.32		Frankfurt
1992	48.83		Frankfurt
1993	49.81		Beijing
1994	49.77		Paris
1995	49.28		Gothenburg
1996	48.25		Atlanta
1997	49.39		Oslo
1998	49.29		Rome
1999	49.62		Lagos
2000	49.11		Sydney
2001	49.59		Athens
2002	49.16		Zürich
2003	48.89		Saint-Denis
2004	49.07		Berlin
2005	48.92		Zürich
2006	48.70		Athens
2007	49.27		Berlin
			Stuttgart
2008	49.62		Beijing
2009	48.83		Brussels
2010	49.64		Des Moines
2011	49.35		Cheboksary
2012	49.16		Cheboksary
2013	49.33		Monaco
2014	49.48		Sacramento
2015	49.26		Beijing
2016	49.44		Rio de Janeiro
2017	49.46		Brussels
2018	48.97		Monaco
2019	48.14		Doha
2020	50.42		Pretoria
2021	48.36		Tokyo
2022	48.99		Zürich
2023	48.74		Eugene
2024	48.17		Saint-Denis

External links

• IAAF list of 400-metres records in XML
• All-time Masters men's 400 m list
• All-time Masters women's 400 m list

Notes and References

1. http://coachsci.sdsu.edu/csa/vol11/shepard.htm Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences
2. Web site: Škraba . Žiga P. . 2016-08-15 . 43.03 – The Fastest 400m in History . 2024-08-04 . Žiga P. Škraba . en.
3. Web site: Canadian teenager Christopher Morales Williams denied 400m indoor world record due to starting block issue. George. Ramsay. 26 February 2024. CNN.
4. Web site: Who is Oscar Pistorius ??? « Flightunit : News, Tips, Music, video, games & more . 2 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120817032800/http://www.flightunit.com/uncategorized/who-oscar-pistorius-is/ . 17 August 2012 . dead . dmy-all.
5. Web site: Men's outdoor 400 Metres . iaaf.org . . 21 December 2018.
6. Web site: Women's outdoor 400 Metres . iaaf.org . . 9 August 2024.
7. Web site: Senior Outdoor 400 Metres Men . . 12 June 2021.
8. Web site: All-time men's best 400m. alltime-athletics.com. 8 January 2017. 31 January 2017.
9. Web site: Men's 400m Results . Rio 2016 official website . 14 August 2016 . 15 August 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160920130147/https://smsprio2016-a.akamaihd.net/_odf-documents/A/T/ATM004101_Results_2016_08_14_ff3d0a74_10b4_4382_91f3_8783d2c9311c.pdf . 20 September 2016 .
10. Web site: 400 Metres Result 7th IAAF World Championships in Athletics . worldathletics.org . 1 June 2023 . en.
11. Web site: Men's 400m - Final results . Olympics . 8 August 2024 . 7 August 2024.
12. Web site: 400 Metres Result 11th IAAF World Championships in Athletics . worldathletics.org . 1 June 2023 . en.
13. Web site: 61st ANNUAL MT. SAC RELAYS . rtspt.com . RecordTiming . 20 April 2019 . 20 April 2019.
14. Web site: 400 Metres Result 15th IAAF World Championships . worldathletics.org . 1 June 2023 . en.
15. Web site: 400m Results. IAAF. 4 October 2019. 6 October 2019.
16. Web site: 400 Metres Result IAAF World Athletics Championships, DOHA 2019 . worldathletics.org . 1 June 2023 . en.
17. News: McLaughlin breaks world 400m hurdles record with 51.41 at US Championships. World Athletics. Karen Rosen. 26 June 2022. 28 June 2022.
18. News: Norman reigns in fierce 400m clash with record run in Eugene. World Athletics. Cathal Dennehy. 29 May 2022. 15 June 2022.
19. Web site: Wanda Diamond League Hayward Field - Eugene, OR (USA) 27th - 28th May 2022 Results 400m Men . 1 June 2023.
20. Web site: IAAF DIAMOND LEAGUE Lausanne (SUI) 6 July 2017 Results 400m Men . 1 June 2023.
21. News: Kendricks tops 6.06m in Des Moines. IAAF. Roy Jordan. 28 July 2019. 29 July 2019.
22. Web site: 400m Results. IAAF. 26 August 2015. 26 August 2015.
23. Web site: 400m Results . www.sep-olympic.ch . 5 July 2015 . 5 July 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150714102404/http://www.sep-olympic.ch/resisprintdoc/400m3.pdf . 14 July 2015 .
24. Web site: 400m . 2014-07-03 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140708001133/http://www.diamondleague-lausanne.com/en/Live-StartlistsResults/Overview/400m/ . 8 July 2014 .
25. News: Burrell breaks world U20 400m hurdles record in Eugene. World Athletics. Jess Whittington. 12 June 2021. 29 June 2021.
26. Web site: 400m Men - Heats Results. IAAF. 23 August 2015. 23 August 2015.
27. Web site: Men's 400m Semifinal Results Summary. olympics.com. 2 August 2021. 17 August 2021. 9 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211009132117/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C74A_ATHM400M--------------SFNL--------.pdf. dead.
28. News: Benjamin and Norman break collegiate records at NCAA Championships. IAAF. Roy Jordan. 9 June 2018. 13 June 2018.
29. Web site: Toplists - All time Top lists - Senior Outdoor 400 Metres Women . . 17 April 2021.
30. Web site: All-time women's best 400m. alltime-athletics.com. 26 November 2016. 31 January 2017.
31. Web site: 400m Results. IAAF. 3 October 2019. 4 October 2019.
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