3M Explained

3M Company
Former Name:Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (1902–2002)
Type:Public
Industry:Conglomerate
Foundation: in Two Harbors, Minnesota, U.S.[1]
Location City:Maplewood, Minnesota
Location Country:U.S.
Area Served:Worldwide
Key People:William M. Brown (CEO)
Revenue: (2023)
Operating Income: (2023)
Net Income: (2023)
Assets: (2023)
Equity: (2023)
Num Employees: (2023)
Footnotes:[2]

3M Company (originally the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company) is an American multinational conglomerate operating in the fields of industry, worker safety, healthcare, and consumer goods.[3] The company produces over 60,000 products under several brands,[4] including adhesives, abrasives, laminates, passive fire protection, personal protective equipment, window films, paint protection films, dental, orthodontic products, electrical, electronic connecting, insulating materials, medical products, car-care products,[5] electronic circuits, healthcare software, and optical films.[6] It is based in Maplewood, a suburb of Saint Paul, Minnesota.[7]

3M made $35.4 billion in total sales in 2021 and ranked number 102 in the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[8], the company had approximately 95,000 employees and operations in more than 70 countries.[9] There are a few international subsidiaries, such as 3M India, 3M Japan, and 3M Canada.[10]

In June 2023, 3M reached a settlement to pay more than $10 billion to US public water systems to resolve claims over the company's contamination of water with PFASs (so-called forever chemicals).[11] It has been revealed that the company knew of the health harms of PFAS in the 1990s, yet concealed these harms and continues to sell contaminated products.[12] [13]

History

Five businessmen founded the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company as a mining venture in Two Harbors, Minnesota, making their first sale on June 13, 1902. The goal was to mine corundum, but this failed because the mine's mineral holdings were anorthosite, which had no commercial value. Co-founder John Dwan solicited funds in exchange for stock and Edgar Ober and Lucius Ordway took over the company in 1905. The company moved to Duluth and began researching and producing sandpaper products. William L. McKnight, later a key executive, joined the company in 1907, and A. G. Bush joined in 1909. 3M finally became financially stable in 1916 and was able to pay dividends.[14]

The company moved to Saint Paul in 1910, where it remained for 52 years before outgrowing the campus and moving to its current headquarters at 3M Center in Maplewood, Minnesota, in 1962.[15]

In 1947, 3M began producing perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by electrochemical fluorination.[16] In 1951, DuPont purchased PFOA from then-Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company for use in the manufacturing of teflon, a product that brought DuPont a billion-dollar-a-year profit by the 1990s.[17] DuPont referred to PFOA as C8.[18] The original formula for Scotchgard, a water repellent applied to fabrics, was discovered accidentally in 1952 by 3M chemists Patsy Sherman and Samuel Smith. Sales began in 1956, and in 1973 the two chemists received a patent for the formula.[19]

In the late 1950s, 3M produced the first asthma inhaler,[20] but the company did not enter the pharmaceutical industry until the mid-1960s with the acquisition of Riker Laboratories, moving it from California to Minnesota.[21] 3M retained the Riker Laboratories name for the subsidiary until at least 1985.[22] In the mid-1990s, 3M Pharmaceuticals, as the division came to be called, produced the first CFC-free asthma inhaler in response to adoption of the Montreal Protocol by the United States.[23] [24] In the 1980s and 1990s, the company spent fifteen years developing a topical cream delivery technology which led in 1997 to health authority approval and marketing of a symptomatic treatment for genital warts, Aldara.[25] [26] 3M divested its pharmaceutical unit through three deals in 2006, netting more than .[27] [28] At the time, 3M Pharmaceuticals comprised about 20% of 3M's healthcare business and employed just over a thousand people.

By the 1970s, 3M developed a theatrical blood formula based on red colorfast microbeads suspended in a carrier liquid.[29] This stage blood was sold as Nextel Simulated Blood [30] and was used during the production of the 1978 film Dawn of the Dead.[31] It has since been discontinued.

In the late 1970s, 3M Mincom was involved in some of the first digital audio recordings to see commercial release when a prototype machine was brought to the Sound 80 studios in Minneapolis. In 1979 3M introduced a digital audio recording system called "3M Digital Audio Mastering System".[32]

In 1980, the company acquired Comtal, a manufacturer of digital image processors.[33]

3M launched "Press 'n Peel" a sticky bookmark page holder in stores in four cities in 1977, but the results were disappointing.[34] [35] A year later 3M instead issued free samples of it as a sticky note directly to consumers in Boise, Idaho, with 95% of those who tried them indicating they would buy the product. The product was sold as "Post-Its" in 1979 when the rollout introduction began,[36] and was sold across the United States from April 6, 1980.[37] The following year they were launched in Canada and Europe.[38]

21st century

On April 8, 2002, 3M's 100th anniversary, the company changed its legal name to "3M Company".[39] [40] On September 8, 2008, 3M announced an agreement to acquire Meguiar's, a car-care products company that was family-owned for over a century.[41] In August 2010, 3M acquired Cogent Systems for $943 million,[42] and on October 13, 2010, 3M completed acquisition of Arizant Inc.[43] In December 2011, 3M completed the acquisition of the Winterthur Technology Group, a bonded abrasives company.

As of 2012, 3M was one of the 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average, added on August 9, 1976, and was 97 on the 2011 Fortune 500 list.[44] On January 3, 2012, it was announced that the Office and Consumer Products Division of Avery Dennison was being bought by 3M for $550 million.[45] The transaction was canceled by 3M in September 2012 amid antitrust concerns.[46]

In May 2013, 3M sold Scientific Anglers and Ross Reels to Orvis. Ross Reels had been acquired by 3M in 2010.[47]

In March 2017, 3M purchased Johnson Controls International Plc's safety gear business, Scott Safety, for $2 billion.[48]

In 2017, 3M had net sales for the year of $31.657 billion, up from $30.109 billion the year before.[49] In 2018, it was reported that the company would pay $850 million to end the Minnesota water pollution case concerning perfluorochemicals.[50]

On May 25, 2018, Michael F. Roman was appointed CEO by the board of directors.[51] On December 19, 2018, 3M announced it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the technology business of M*Modal, for a total enterprise value of $1.0 billion.[52]

In October 2019, 3M purchased Acelity and its KCI subsidiaries for $6.7 billion, including assumption of debt and other adjustments.[53]

On May 1, 2020, 3M divested substantially all of its drug delivery business to an affiliate of Altaris Capital Partners, LLC. for approximately $650 million, including a 17% interest in the new operating company, Kindeva Drug Delivery.[54]

In December 2021, 3M announced that it would merge its food-safety business with food testing and animal healthcare products maker Neogen.[55] The deal, with an enterprise value of about $5.3 billion, closed in September 2022.[56]

In July 2022, the company announced it would spin off its healthcare assets to form a new, independent firm, likely completing the transaction in 2023.[57] 3M will retain an ownership stake of 19.9% in the new, publicly-traded health care company and gradually divest the holdings.[58] The company will be known as Solventum Corporation.[59]

In December 2022, the company announced plans to stop producing and using so-called forever chemicals, which have been commonly used in items such as food packaging, cellphones, nonstick pans, firefighting foams, and clothing. These chemicals are well known for their water-resistant and nonstick properties, but they are also dangerous pollutants that are linked to serious health problems, including ulcerative colitis and cancer.[60] [61] The move comes as governments in the Netherlands and the United States consider actions against 3M.[62] [63]

In March 2024, 3M announced the appointment of William "Bill" Brown as chief executive officer to take effect on May 1, 2024. Michael Roman would remain in the role of executive chairman. Brown, 61, is the former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of L3Harris Technologies[64]

Products and patents

As of 2019, 3M produces approximately 60,000 products.[65] and has four business groups focused on safety and industrial, transportation and electronics, health care, and consumer products.[66] 3M obtained its first patent in 1924 and acquires approximately 3,000 new patents annually. The company surpassed the 100,000-patent threshold in 2014.[67]

Environmental record

3M's Pollution Prevention Pays (3P) program was established in 1975. The program initially focused on pollution reduction at the plant level and was expanded to promote recycling and reduce waste across all divisions in 1989. By the early 1990s, approximately 2,500 3P projects decreased the company's total global pollutant generation by 50 percent and saved 3M $500–600 million by eliminating the production of waste requiring subsequent treatment.[68] [69]

In 1983, the Oakdale Dump in Oakdale, Minnesota, was listed as an EPA Superfund site after significant groundwater and soil contamination by VOCs and heavy metals was uncovered.[70] The Oakdale Dump was a 3M dumping site utilized through the 1940s and 1950s.

During the 1990s and 2000s, 3M reduced releases of toxic pollutants by 99 percent and greenhouse gas emissions by 72 percent. As of 2012, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had awarded 3M with the Energy Star Award each year that it has been presented.[71]

"Forever chemicals" water pollution

In 1999, the EPA began investigating perfluorinated chemicals after receiving data on the global distribution and toxicity of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS).[72] These materials are part of a broad group of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances often referred to as PFAS, each of which has different chemical properties.[73] 3M, the former primary producer of PFOS from the U.S., announced the phase-out of PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, and PFOS-related product production in May 2000.[74] [75] Perfluorinated compounds produced by 3M have been used in non-stick cookware, stain-resistant fabrics, and other products.

The Cottage Grove facility manufactured PFAS from the 1940s to 2002.[76] In response to PFAS contamination of the Mississippi River and surrounding area, 3M stated the area will be "cleaned through a combination of groundwater pump-out wells and soil sediment excavation." The restoration plan was based on an analysis of the company property and surrounding lands.[77] The on-site water treatment facility that handled the plant's post-production water was not capable of removing PFAS, which were released into the nearby Mississippi River. The clean-up cost estimate, which included a granular activated carbon system to remove PFAS from the ground water was $50 to $56 million,[78] funded from a $147 million environmental reserve set aside in 2006.[79]

In 2008, 3M created the Renewable Energy Division within 3M's Industrial and Transportation Business to focus on Energy Generation and Energy Management.[80] [81]

In late 2010, the state of Minnesota sued 3M for 5 billion in punitive damages, claiming they released PFCs—classified a toxic chemical by the EPA—into local waterways.[82] A settlement for $850 million was reached in February 2018.[83] [84] In 2019, 3M, along with the Chemours Company and DuPont, appeared before lawmakers to deny responsibility, with company Senior VP of Corporate Affairs Denise Rutherford arguing that the chemicals pose no human health threats at current levels and that there were no victims.[85]

In 2021, research had determined that 3M's Zwijndrecht (Belgium) factory caused PFOS pollution that may be contaminating agricultural products within a 15 kilometer radius of the plant which includes Antwerp.[86] [87] The Flemish Government has paid 63 million euros for cleanup costs so far with 3M contributing 75,000 euros.[88] The Flemish Government issued measures advising against the consumption of, for example, home-grown eggs within a radius of 5 kilometers.[89]

In 2023, 3M reached an agreement to pay a $10.3bn settlement with numerous US public water systems to resolve thousands of lawsuits over PFAS contamination.

Carbon footprint

3M reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending December 31, 2020, at 5,280 Kt (-550 /-9.4% y-o-y)[90] and plans to reduce emissions 50% by 2030 from a 2019 base year.[91] The company also aims achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.[92]

Earplug controversy

The Combat Arms Earplugs, Version 2 (CAEv2), was developed by Aearo Technologies for U.S. military and civilian use. The CAEv2 was a double ended earplug that 3M claimed would offer users different levels of protection.[99] Between 2003 and 2015, these earplugs were standard issue to members of the U.S. military.[100] 3M acquired Aearo Technologies in 2008.[101]

In May 2016, Moldex-Metric, Inc., a 3M competitor, filed a whistleblower complaint against 3M under the False Claims Act. Moldex-Metric claimed that 3M made false claims to the U.S. government about the safety of its earplugs and that it knew the earplugs had an inherently defective design.[102] In 2018, 3M agreed to pay $9.1 million to the U.S. government to resolve the allegations, without admitting liability.[103]

Since 2018, more than 140,000 former users of the earplugs (primarily U.S. military veterans) have filed suit against 3M claiming they suffer from hearing loss, tinnitus, and other damage as a consequence of the defective design.[104]

Internal emails showed that 3M officials boasted about charging $7.63 per piece for the earplugs which cost 85 cents to produce. The company's official response indicated that the cost to the government includes R&D costs.[105]

3M settled close to 260,000 lawsuits in August 2023 by agreeing to pay $6 billion to current and former U.S. military members who were affected.[106]

N95 respirators and the COVID-19 pandemic

The N95 respirator mask was developed by 3M and approved in 1972.[107] Due to its ability to filter viral particulates, its use was recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic but supply soon became short. Much of the company's supply had already been sold prior to the outbreak.[108]

The shortages led to the U.S. government asking 3M to stop exporting US-made N95 respirator masks to Canada and to Latin American countries,[109] and President Donald Trump invoked the Defense Production Act to require 3M to prioritize orders from the federal government.[110] The dispute was resolved when 3M agreed to import more respirators, mostly from its factories in China.

3M later struck a CA$70M deal with the federal government of Canada and the Ontario provincial government to produce N95 masks at their plant in Brockville, Ontario.[111]

Operating facilities

3M's general offices, corporate research laboratories, and some division laboratories in the U.S. are in St. Paul, Minnesota. In the United States, 3M operates 80 manufacturing facilities in 29 states, and 125 manufacturing and converting facilities in 37 countries outside the U.S. (in 2017).[112]

During March 2016, 3M completed a 400000ft2 research-and-development building on its Maplewood campus that cost $150 million. Seven hundred scientists from various divisions occupy the building. They were previously scattered across the campus. 3M hopes concentrating its research and development in this manner will improve collaboration. 3M received $9.6 million in local tax increment financing and relief from state sales taxes in order to assist with development of the building.[113]

Selected factory detail information:

Leadership

Board chairs have included: William L. McKnight (1949–1966),[140] [141] Bert S. Cross (1966–1970),[142] [143] Harry Heltzer (1970–1975),[144] Raymond H. Herzog (1975–1980),[145] Lewis W. Lehr (1980–1986), Allen F. Jacobson (1986–1991),[146] Livio DeSimone (1991–2001),[147] James McNerney (2001–2005),[148] George W. Buckley (2005–2012),[149] [150] and Inge Thulin (2012–2018).[151] Thulin continued as executive chairman until Michael F. Roman was appointed in 2019.[152]

3M's CEOs have included: Cross (1966–1970),[153] Heltzer (1970–1975), Herzog (1975–1979),[154] Lehr (1979–1986),[155] Jacobson (1986–1991), DeSimone (1991–2001), McNerney (2001–2005), Robert S. Morrison (2005, interim),[156] Buckley (2005–2012), Thulin (2012–2018), and Roman (2018–present).

3M's presidents have included: Edgar B. Ober (1905–1929),[157] McKnight (1929–1949),[158] Richard P. Carlton (1949–1953),[159] Herbert P. Buetow (1953–1963),[160] Cross (1963–1966),[161] Heltzer (1966–1970), and Herzog (1970–1975).[162] In the late 1970s, the position was separated into roles for U.S. and international operations. The position overseeing domestic operations was first held by Lehr, followed by John Pitblado from 1979 to 1981,[163] then Jacobson from 1984 to 1991.[164] James A. Thwaits led international operations starting in 1979. Buckley and Thulin were president during 2005–2012,[165] and 2012–2018, respectively.

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://www.lakecountyhistoricalsociety.org/museums/view/3m-museum "3M Birthplace Museum"
  2. Web site: 3M Company 2023 Annual Report . February 8, 2024 . SEC.gov . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
  3. Web site: 3M Company Profile . Vault.com . July 17, 2018.
  4. Web site: Why 3M Company Finds It Hard to Keep Up With Investor Expectations . Chamaria . Neha . October 24, 2018 . The Motley Fool . October 10, 2019.
  5. Web site: 3M U.S.: Health Care . Solutions.3m.com . March 29, 2012.
  6. Web site: Who We Are – 3M US Company Information . Solutions.3m.com . July 14, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080913044751/http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/our/company/information/about-us/ . September 13, 2008 .
  7. Web site: 3M Center, Maplewood 55144 – Google Maps . Google Maps . July 14, 2013 .
  8. Web site: Fortune 500: 3M . September 20, 2022. Fortune .
  9. Web site: 3M Company 2021 Annual Report . February 9, 2021 . SEC.gov . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
  10. Web site: 3M Company and Consolidated Subsidiaries (Parent and Subsidiaries) as of December 31, 2016 . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
  11. News: 2023-06-22 . 3M pays $10.3bn to settle water pollution suit over 'forever chemicals' . en-GB . The Guardian . 0261-3077.
  12. Web site: Sakaguchi . Sharon . Lerner. Haruka . 2024-05-20 . Toxic Gaslighting: How 3M Executives Convinced a Scientist the Forever Chemicals She Found in Human Blood Were Safe . ProPublica . en.
  13. Lerner . Sharon . 2024-05-20 . How 3M Discovered, Then Concealed, the Dangers of Forever Chemicals . The New Yorker . en-US . 0028-792X.
  14. Web site: 1999 . 3M . https://web.archive.org/web/20130518022821/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3427200011.html . May 18, 2013 . October 4, 2012 . Company Profiles for Students . Gale.
  15. Web site: 900 Bush Avenue: The House that Research Built: Early Years in Saint Paul . Saint Paul Historical . Historic Saint Paul . February 27, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170301005419/http://saintpaulhistorical.com/items/show/354 . March 1, 2017 .
  16. Prevedouros . Konstaninos . Cousins . Ian T. . Buck . Robert C. . Korzeniowski . Stephen H. . Sources, Fate and Transport of Perfluorocarboxylates . Environmental Science & Technology . 40 . 1 . 32–44 . January 2006 . 10.1021/es0512475 . 16433330 . 2006EnST...40...32P.
  17. Web site: The Lawyer Who Became DuPont's Worst Nightmare . January 6, 2016 . January 8, 2016 . Rich . Nathaniel . The New York Times.
  18. Emmett . Edward . Shofer . Frances . Zhang . Hong . Freeman . David . Desai . Chintan . Shaw . Leslie . Community exposure to Perfluorooctanoate: Relationships Between Serum Concentrations and Exposure Sources . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine . 48 . 8 . 759–70 . August 2006 . 16902368 . 3038253 . 10.1097/01.jom.0000232486.07658.74.
  19. Web site: 2021-12-17 . Scotchgard vs Scotchguarding . 2023-06-01 . Stain Protection Services . en-US.
  20. News: Inhalers become environmentally friendly . February 3, 1998 . The StarPhoenix . Canadian Press . Saskatoon, Saskatchewan . D3 . Newspapers.com.
  21. Book: Rainsford, K. D. . https://books.google.com/books?id=KFM0t9Q8LZoC&pg=PA4 . Nimesulide: Actions and Uses . Birkhäuser Verlag . 2005 . 978-3-7643-7068-8 . Rainsford . K. D. . Basel . 4 . The discovery, development and novel actions of nimesulide . Google Books (Preview).
  22. News: Space Drug . Slovut . Gordon . November 19, 1985 . Minneapolis Star and Tribune . 1A, 11A . Newspapers.com.
  23. News: 3M urges closer look at inhalers . Staff . October 12, 1996 . Kenosha News . C6 . Newspapers.com.
  24. News: Airing out the EPA, 3M inhaler scam . Anderson . Jack . January 12, 1998 . The Daily Chronicle . Moller . Jan . DeKalb, Illinois . 4 . Opinion . Jack Anderson (columnist) . Newspapers.com.
  25. News: 3M gets approval for warts treatment . March 4, 1997 . La Crosse Tribune . Associated Press . B3 . Newspapers.com.
  26. Book: Strategic Management: Theory & Cases: An Integrated Approach . Hill . Charles W. L. . Jones . Gareth R. . Schilling . Melissa A. . Cengage Learning . 2015 . 978-1-285-18448-7 . 11th . Stamford, Connecticut . C-322 . Google Books (Preview).
  27. News: Drug units to fetch 3M $2.1 billion . November 10, 2006 . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Associated Press . City . D2 . Newspapers.com.
  28. News: Graceway Inc. acquires 3M's branded pharmaceuticals in $875 million deal . November 10, 2006 . Johnson City Press . NET News Service . 7C . Newspapers.com.
  29. Book: Theatre Crafts, Volume 23, Issues 1-5. 1989. 12. Rodale Press . September 15, 2020. "Schaefer Applied Technology of Norwood, Massachusetts, has put Nextel Brand Simulated Blood back on the market. This stage blood developed by 3M, is based on colorfast red microbeads suspended in a carrier liquid, and contains no dyes, detergents, or sugar syrup, and will not cause staining or damage to existing dyes.".
  30. CrypticPictures. 3M. 1134580753113726976. May 31, 2019. Hi there – Thank you for reaching out! Unfortunately, Nextel simulated blood has pulled a permanent vanishing act. We're sorry to disappoint; hope there's no bad blood between us. https://twitter.com/3M/status/1134580753113726976 . September 15, 2020.
  31. Book: Savini, Tom. Tom Savini. 1983. Grande Illusions: A Learn-By-Example Guide to the Art and Technique of Special Make-Up Effects from the Films of Tom Savini. Imagine, Inc.. 43. 0-911137-00-9.
  32. Web site: 1978 3M Digital Audio Mastering System-Mix Inducts 3M Mastering System Into 2007 TECnology Hall of Fame . Mixonline.com . September 1, 2007 . March 29, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120313125926/http://mixonline.com/TECnology-Hall-of-Fame/1978-EM-Mastering/ . March 13, 2012 .
  33. Barnfather . Maurice . March 1, 1982 . Can 3M Find Happiness in the 1980s? . Forbes . 129 . ?--> . 113–116 . Google Books.
  34. First Person: 'We invented the Post-It Note' . Art . Fry . Spencer . Silver . December 20, 2010 . FT Magazine.
  35. Web site: TV News Headlines – Yahoo TV . Yahoo TV.
  36. News: Right on the $800,000 Question, They Lost Anyway . The New York Times . September 21, 2015 . December 24, 2010 . Stelter . Brian.
  37. Book: Szycher, Michael. Szycher's Practical Handbook of Entrepreneurship and Innovation. September 4, 2018. CRC Press. 978-1-351-73636-7 .
  38. Web site: The Evolution of the Post-it Note . February 13, 2010 . 3M.
  39. Web site: Timeline of 3M History. 3M . March 20, 2020.
  40. Web site: 3M raises 1Q estimates. CNN Money . March 20, 2020. April 4, 2002 . https://web.archive.org/web/20020612131519/https://money.cnn.com/2002/04/04/news/companies/mmm/index.htm . June 12, 2002. live.
  41. Web site: 3M to Acquire Meguiar's, Inc . Meguiar's Online . September 8, 2008 . March 29, 2012.
  42. News: Sayer . Peter . 3M Offers $943M for Biometric Security Vendor Cogent Systems . February 16, 2013 . . August 30, 2010.
  43. Web site: 3M Completes Acquisition of Arizant Inc. . 3M . October 15, 2010 . March 9, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140309055532/http://news.3m.com/press-release/company/3m-completes-acquisition-arizant-inc .
  44. News: Fortune 500 2011: Fortune 1,000 Companies 1–100 . Fortune Magazine . March 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120102224441/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/full_list/ . January 2, 2012 . live.
  45. Web site: 3M buys office supply unit of Avery Dennison for $550M . Minnesota Public Radio News . January 3, 2012 . March 29, 2012.
  46. News: Robinson . Will . 3M Drops Avery Dennison Unit Buyout Amid Antitrust Worry . https://web.archive.org/web/20120908062750/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-09-04/3m-drops-avery-dennison-unit-buyout-amid-antitrust-worry . dead . September 8, 2012 . April 14, 2014 . Bloomberg News . September 5, 2012.
  47. News: Anderson . Dennis . 3M to sell two fly-fishing businesses to Orvis . Minneapolis . StarTribune . May 2, 2013.
  48. News: 3M to buy Johnson Controls' safety gear business for $2 billion . March 16, 2017 . Reuters . March 16, 2017.
  49. Web site: Why Is 3M Company (MMM) Down 6.1% Since its Last Earnings Report? . February 26, 2018 . Yahoo.
  50. Web site: 3M will pay $850 million in Minnesota to end water pollution case . February 21, 2018 . CNN.
  51. Web site: 3M COMPANY (NYSE:MMM) Files An 8-K Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers; Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers . Market Exclusive.com . May 25, 2018 . May 25, 2018.
  52. Web site: 3M to Acquire M*Modal's Technology Business . December 19, 2018 . businesswire.com . October 28, 2019.
  53. Web site: 3M Completes Acquisition of Acelity, Inc.. 3M News United States . October 19, 2019.
  54. Web site: 3M Completes Sale of Substantially All of Its Drug Delivery Business . April 26, 2022 . investors.3m.com .
  55. News: UPDATE 2-3M to combine food-safety business with Neogen . . December 14, 2021 . Aishwarya . Nair.
  56. News: Memo: 3M plans to cut jobs in response to slowing economy . September 1, 2022 . . Ryan . Beene.
  57. News: Beene . Ryan . Larkin . Catherine . 3M Plans to Spin Off Health-Care Business by End of Next Year . July 26, 2022 . Bloomberg.com . July 26, 2022 .
  58. News: Stebbins . Jack . 3M will spin off its health-care business into a new public company . July 26, 2022 . CNBC . July 26, 2022 .
  59. News: Johnson . Brooks . 3M's health care spinoff becomes Minnesota's newest public company on April 1 . . 2024-02-21 . 2024-03-06 .
  60. News: 3M manufacturing giant to stop making 'forever chemicals' . December 20, 2022 . . December 21, 2022.
  61. Web site: 3M sets 2025 deadline to stop making 'forever chemicals' . . December 20, 2022 . February 8, 2024 . .
  62. News: 2022-12-13 . 3M Faces Dutch Claim Over 'Forever Chemicals' Pollution . en . Bloomberg.com . 2022-12-21.
  63. Web site: Bond . David . 2021-10-24 . Lethal 'forever chemicals' taint our food, water and even blood. The EPA is stalling David Bond . 2022-12-21 . the Guardian . en.
  64. News: Agarwal . Ananta . 3M hires outsider Bill Brown as CEO, shares jump . 3 June 2024 . 12 March 2024.
  65. News: Hufford . Austen . 3M Sticks Together, as Rivals Break Apart . January 21, 2020 . . April 11, 2019 . But St. Paul, Minn.,-based 3M continues adding to its stable of 60,000 products and increasing its research budget....
  66. News: 3M to restructure business into four units . May 11, 2020 . CNBC . March 18, 2019.
  67. News: Alexander . Steve . 3M, the corporate inventor, surpasses 100,000 patents worldwide . January 21, 2020 . . May 9, 2014.
  68. News: Holusha . John . Hutchinson No Longer Holds Its Nose . January 8, 2020 . . February 3, 1991.
  69. News: Oster . Patrick . Going 'Green' and the Bottom Line . January 8, 2020 . . January 23, 1993 .
  70. Web site: Superfund Site: Oakdale Dump Oakdale, MN . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . July 18, 2017 .
  71. Winston . Andrew . 3M's Sustainability Innovation Machine . . May 15, 2012 . January 8, 2020.
  72. Web site: Aziz . Ullah . The Fluorochemical Dilemma: What the PFOS/PFOA Fuss Is All About . Cleaning & Restoration . October 2006 . October 25, 2008.
  73. Web site: What are PFCs and How Do They Relate to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)? . . July 13, 2020.
  74. Web site: 3M . PFOS-PFOA Information: What is 3M Doing? . https://web.archive.org/web/20080922004724/http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/PFOS/PFOA/Information/Action/ . September 22, 2008 . October 25, 2008.
  75. News: Fellner . Carrie . Toxic Secrets: Professor 'bragged about burying bad science' on 3M chemicals . June 25, 2018 . . June 16, 2018.
  76. Web site: Perfluorochemicals and the 3M Cottage Grove Facility . Minnesota Dept. of Health . December 15, 2011 . March 29, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120429112519/http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/sites/washington/3Mcottagegrove.html . April 29, 2012 .
  77. Web site: Health Consultation: 3M Chemolite: Perfluorochemicals Releases at the 3M – Cottage Grove Facility Minnesota Department of Health, Jan. 2005 . March 29, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160808161547/http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/sites/washington/3mcg0205.pdf . August 8, 2016 .
  78. Web site: Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Sites in Minnesota . Minnesota Department of Health.
  79. Web site: State's lawsuit against 3M over PFCs at crossroads . StarTribune . Minneapolis . January 13, 2014 . May 20, 2015 .
  80. Web site: Sustainability at 3M . 3M . March 29, 2012 .
  81. Web site: 3M Forms Renewable Energy Division . Renewable Energy World.com . March 29, 2012 . February 4, 2009 .
  82. News: Minnesota sues 3M over pollution claims . Reuters . December 30, 2010.
  83. News: Minnesota settles water pollution suit against 3M for $850 million . Dunbar . Elzabeth . February 20, 2018 . February 20, 2018 . MPR News . Marohn . Kirsti.
  84. News: Fellner . Carrie . Toxic Secrets: The town that 3M built – where kids are dying of cancer . June 25, 2018 . . June 15, 2018.
  85. News: Companies deny responsibility for toxic 'forever chemicals' contamination . Holden . Emily . September 11, 2019 . The Guardian . October 10, 2019 . 0261-3077 .
  86. Web site: van den Buijs. Dennis. Schepen leefmilieu Zwijndrecht: "Verbod op het eten van eieren van eigen kippen staat zo goed als vast" . Alderman for the environment of Zwijndrecht: "Ban on eating eggs from our own chickens is almost fixed" . nl . June 10, 2021. VRT.
  87. Web site: New guidelines to mitigate health risks for people living near Antwerp factory . . June 15, 2021.
  88. Web site: van den Buijs . Dennis . Burgeractivist in PFOS-dossier Thomas Goorden: "3M chanteerde Vlaamse regering met vertrek in 2017" . VRT. Civilian activist in PFOS file Thomas Goorden: "3M blackmailed the Flemish government with departure in 2017" . nl. June 15, 2021.
  89. Web site: Lantis mag 3M niet meer aansprakelijk stellen voor PFOS-vervuiling . 2022-10-24 . De Standaard . nl-BE.
  90. Web site: 3M's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210720195004/https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/2006066O/2021-sustainability-report.pdf . July 20, 2021. Alt URL
  91. Web site: 3M's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210720195004/https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/2006066O/2021-sustainability-report.pdf . July 20, 2021. Alt URL
  92. Web site: 3M to Invest $1 Billion to Achieve Carbon Neutrality, Reduce Water Use, and Improve Water Quality . February 16, 2021 . 3M News Center .
  93. Web site: 3M's Sustainability Report for 2018Q4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201031051216/https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1691941O/2019-sustainability-report.pdf . October 31, 2020. Alt URL
  94. Web site: 3M's Sustainability Report for 2019Q4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200927012608/https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1836747O/2020-sustainability-report.pdf . September 27, 2020. Alt URL
  95. Web site: 3M's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210720195004/https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/2006066O/2021-sustainability-report.pdf . July 20, 2021. Alt URL
  96. Web site: 3M's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210720195004/https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/2006066O/2021-sustainability-report.pdf . July 20, 2021. Alt URL
  97. Web site: 3M's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210720195004/https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/2006066O/2021-sustainability-report.pdf . July 20, 2021. Alt URL
  98. Web site: 3M's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210720195004/https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/2006066O/2021-sustainability-report.pdf . July 20, 2021. Alt URL
  99. Web site: Veterans sue 3M, claim faulty ear plugs caused hearing damage. Hinds. Haley. October 29, 2019. FOX 13 News . April 20, 2020.
  100. Web site: Vets Tormented by Hearing Loss Face 3M in Earplug Mass Lawsuit. Bloomberg Government . April 20, 2020.
  101. Web site: 3M to Acquire Aearo Technologies Inc., Global Leader in Personal Protection Equipment. 3M News United States . April 20, 2020 . May 19, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170519232526/http://news.3m.com/press-release/company/3m-acquire-aearo-technologies-inc-global-leader-personal-protection-equipment .
  102. Web site: Contractor settles for $9.1 million after providing defective earplugs for servicemembers. Stars and Stripes. April 20, 2020. July 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200724194257/https://www.stripes.com/news/contractor-settles-for-9-1-million-after-providing-defective-earplugs-for-servicemembers-1.540137. dead.
  103. Web site: 3M Company Agrees to Pay $9.1 Million to Resolve Allegations That it Supplied the United States With Defective Dual-Ended Combat Arms Earplugs. July 26, 2018. Justice.gov . April 20, 2020.
  104. Web site: Pensacola judge weighing lawsuit claiming 3M earplugs damaged veterans' hearing. Robinson. Kevin. Pensacola News Journal . April 20, 2020.
  105. News: 2020. 3M billed government $7.63 for 85-cent earplugs. It now has $1 billion COVID contract. McClatchy.
  106. News: Pierson . Brendan . August 28, 2023 . 3M agrees to pay $6 bln to settle lawsuits over US military earplugs . Reuters.
  107. Web site: Wilson. Mark. March 24, 2020. The untold origin story of the N95 mask. March 27, 2020. Fast Company .
  108. News: March 16, 2020. The World Needs Masks. China Makes Them — But Has Been Hoarding Them. The New York Times.
  109. News: April 3, 2020. Trump 'Wants to Stop Mask Exports to Canada' . BBC News. April 4, 2020.
  110. News: April 6, 2020. 3M will import masks from China for U.S. to resolve dispute with the Trump administration. The New York Times.
  111. Web site: August 20, 2020 . 3M to make critical N95 masks at Brockville, Ont., plant . August 25, 2020 . CBC News .
  112. 3M Company 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K . 13 . June 4, 2018 .
  113. News: DePass . Dee . 3M Co. opens new $150 million R&D lab in Maplewood . December 4, 2017 . Minneapolis . StarTribune . March 11, 2016 .
  114. Web site: Cynthiana, Kentucky Plant . 3M . September 21, 2014 .
  115. News: Hufford . Austen . 3M Sticks Together, as Rivals Break Apart . April 14, 2020 . The Wall Street Journal . April 11, 2019 .
  116. Book: Reinventing Environmental Regulation: Lessons from Project XL . September 30, 2010 . Routledge . March 30, 2020 . Alfred A. . Marcus . Donald A. . Geffen . Ken . Sexton. 978-1-136-52598-8 .
  117. News: Hagerty . James R. . 3M Begins Untangling Its 'Hairballs' . March 30, 2020 . The Wall Street Journal . May 16, 2012 .
  118. News: Cable . Josh . 3M Completes Expansion in Asia . March 30, 2020 . . July 12, 2011 .
  119. News: Malone . Scott . 3M to lay off 240 workers at Missouri facility . March 30, 2020 . Reuters . September 27, 2007 .
  120. News: Currier . Joel . Ryan . Erin . 3M announces record layoffs . March 30, 2020 . . July 18, 2008 .
  121. News: Lauzon . Michael . 3M may expand solar films plant in Missouri . April 18, 2020 . . March 28, 2013 .
  122. News: Barker . Jacob . 3M's expansion might add 50 jobs . April 17, 2020 . Columbia Daily Tribune . March 25, 2013 .
  123. News: Allen . Brian . 3M, Walmart mark economic successes in Brookings . March 30, 2020 . . December 5, 2017 .
  124. News: Schwan . Jodi . 3M stokes boom in Brookings with $70M deal . March 30, 2020 . . October 2, 2014 .
  125. Dennis . Tom . Makers: Manufacturing matters, and these three standout regional companies show why . Prairie Business . August 1, 2018 . April 17, 2020 .
  126. News: Sneve, Sioux Falls Argus Leader . Joe . Coronavirus has Sioux Falls stores struggling to keep respiratory masks stocked . April 17, 2020 . Argus Leader . February 28, 2020 .
  127. News: Gounley . Thomas . Manufacturer 3M makes planned Springfield expansion official . March 30, 2020 . . May 24, 2017 .
  128. News: 3M receives state aid for expansion of Ames plant . March 30, 2020 . . January 18, 2013 . July 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200724193743/https://www.amestrib.com/sections/business/ames-and-story-county/3m-receives-state-aid-expansion-ames-plant.html . dead .
  129. News: State awards aid to Story County businesses . March 30, 2020 . Ames Tribune . September 21, 2018 . May 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210518233249/https://www.amestrib.com/news/20180921/state-awards-aid-to-story-county-businesses . dead .
  130. News: Finan . Pat . 3M expansion will near $35 million, bring 30 jobs . March 30, 2020 . . March 13, 2018 . May 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200516095723/https://www.pellachronicle.com/gallery/m-expansion-will-near-million-bring-jobs/article_81106586-26d6-11e8-aa72-1fcf8c526655.html .
  131. News: 3M to spend $135m to expand Tuas plant . October 28, 2019 . . July 26, 2016 .
  132. News: Tan . Elyssa . 3M opens new headquarters in Singapore . October 28, 2019 . . June 28, 2018 .
  133. News: 3M to double China manufacturing capacity in five years . October 28, 2019 . . . October 29, 2007 .
  134. News: Xin . Zheng . 3M to invest in safety, healthcare sector . October 28, 2019 . . September 21, 2018 .
  135. News: 3M's Seventh Plant in China to Be Its First for Health Care . October 28, 2019 . The Wall Street Journal . February 7, 2007 .
  136. News: Quanlin . Qiu . 3M starts new plant in GZ . October 28, 2019 . China Daily . July 20, 2007 .
  137. News: 3M Adds Solar Products Mfg. Plant in China . October 28, 2019 . Twin Cities Business . April 8, 2011 .
  138. News: DePass . Dee . 3M to open tech center in western China . October 28, 2019 . Star Tribune . March 20, 2015 .
  139. News: 3M opens design center in Shanghai . October 28, 2019 . . March 13, 2019 .
  140. News: Cummings . Judith . William L. McKnight, Who Built A Sandpaper Company Into 3M . August 28, 2019 . . March 5, 1978 . He had retired as chairman of the board of 3M in 1966, but had continued to serve on the board and received the title of director emeritus in 1973..
  141. News: 3M A Mining Company Built on a Mistake Stick It Out Until a Young Man Came Along with Ideas About How to Tape Those Blunders Together as Innovations--Leading to Decades of Growth. . August 28, 2019 . . April 1, 2003 . Paul . Lukas . Maggie . Overfelt . When he became general manager in 1914, 3M was a $264,000 company; by the time he was made president in 1929, annual revenues were $5.5 million; in 1943, 3M generated $47.2 million, and by the time of McKnight's retirement as chairman in 1966, he had grown 3M into a $1.15 billion operation..
  142. Heltzer and Herzog Move to Top at 3M . August 22, 1970 . 17 . August 28, 2019 . Commercial West . 140.
  143. News: John F. . Berry . William H. . Jones . Boxes of SEC Documents Reveal Secret Dealings . August 28, 2019 . . May 18, 1977.
  144. News: Martin . Douglas . Harry Heltzer, 94, Inventor of Reflective Signs, Dies . August 28, 2019 . The New York Times . September 28, 2005 . Nearly a third of that increase came after he rose from president to chairman and chief executive in October 1970..
  145. News: 3M Says Reputation Is Still Strong One . August 28, 2019 . The New York Times . May 14, 1975 . Mr. Herzog was elected chairman at a board meeting after the stockholder session, succeeding Harry Heltzer. Mr. Herzog will continue as president and chief executive officer..
  146. News: Schmitt . Eric . Business People; 2 Top 3M Posts Go to Domestic Head . August 28, 2019 . The New York Times . February 11, 1986 . The Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company announced yesterday that Allen F. Jacobson, president of the concern's domestic operations, had been named chairman and chief executive, effective March 1..
  147. News: Hagerty . James R. . Livio DeSimone, a Former 3M CEO, Dies at 80 . August 28, 2019 . . January 18, 2017 . He served as chairman and CEO from 1991 to 2001..
  148. News: General Electric's McNerney Will Become 3M Chairman . August 28, 2019 . The Wall Street Journal . December 5, 2000 . Joann . Lublin . Matthew . Murray . Joe . Hallinan.
  149. News: Dash . Eric . 3M Finds Chief Without Reaching for a Star . August 28, 2019 . The New York Times . December 8, 2005 . And yesterday, 3M named George W. Buckley, the low-profile leader of the Brunswick Corporation, as its new chairman and chief executive..
  150. News: 3M CEO Buckley to retire; Thulin to succeed him . August 28, 2019 . . February 8, 2012.
  151. News: 3M appoints Michael Roman as CEO; Inge Thulin will take new position as executive chairman of the board . August 28, 2019 . . March 5, 2018 . Thulin has served as 3M's chairman of the board, president and chief executive officer since 2012..
  152. Web site: Ruvo . Christopher . Thulin To Retire As 3M Chairman . . August 29, 2019 . February 7, 2019.
  153. News: Jensen . Michael C. . How 3M Got Tangled Up in Politics . August 28, 2019 . The New York Times . March 9, 1975 . Bert S. Cross, who was chairman and chief executive of 3M from 1966 to 1970, and a board member thereafter, will not seek re‐election to the board where he serves as chairman of the finance committee..
  154. News: Herzog Shifts His Role at 3M . August 28, 2019 . The New York Times . February 13, 1979.
  155. News: Eccher . Marino . For former 3M CEO Lew Lehr, mistakes were stepping stones . August 28, 2019 . . August 3, 2016 . Lehr was chief executive of 3M from 1979 to 1986..
  156. News: Schmeltzer . John . Quaker Oats ex-chief takes control at 3M . August 28, 2019 . . July 1, 2005.
  157. Book: Bustin . Greg . How Leaders Decide: A Timeless Guide to Making Tough Choices . 2019 . Naperville, Illinois . Sourcebooks . 41 . August 28, 2019 . At the May 1905 annual meeting, Over was named 3M's new president. Apart from one three-year break, Over served as president until 1929—the first eleven years without compensation. . 978-1-4926-6759-9.
  158. News: Byrne . Harlan S. . A Changed Giant . August 28, 2019 . The Wall Street Journal . July 3, 2000 . The patient approach may have originated with W. L. McKnight, a legendary CEO who joined the company in 1907 and became president in 1929..
  159. Book: Betz . Frederick . 3M Diversifies Through Innovation . 2011 . Hoboken, New Jersey . John Wiley & Sons . 154 . August 28, 2019 . The award was named after Richard Carlton, president of 3M from 1949 to 1953. . 978-0-470-92757-1.
  160. News: Herbert Buetow, Manufacturer, 73 . August 28, 2019 . The New York Times . January 11, 1972 . He was president of 3‐M from 1953 to 1963 and retired from its board in 1968..
  161. News: 3M Names Heltzer President and Cross as New Chairman; 2 High Positions Are Filled by 3M . August 28, 2019 . The New York Times . August 11, 1966.
  162. News: Raymond Herzog, Helped Start 3M Copier Business . August 28, 2019 . . July 23, 1997 . He was president of the company from 1970 until 1975, when he became chairman and chief executive..
  163. News: Sloane . Leonard . Business People . August 28, 2019 . The New York Times . August 17, 1981.
  164. News: Gilpin . Kenneth . Business People; 3M Fills Top Post at Major Division . August 28, 2019 . November 5, 1984 . The New York Times . Mr. Jacobson... fills a post that has been vacant since the end of 1981, when John Pitblado retired..
  165. News: Dash . Eric . 3M Names Chief, Ending 5-Month Search . August 28, 2019 . The New York Times . December 7, 2005.
  166. Web site: How 3M Discovered, Then Concealed, the Dangers of Forever Chemicals . Lerner . Sharon . New Yorker Magazine . 21 May 2024.

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