| Unit Name: | 366th Infantry Regiment |
| Dates: | November 1917–25 March 1919 10 February 1941 - 28 March 1945 |
| Branch: | United States Army |
| Type: | Infantry |
| Size: | Regiment |
| Garrison: | Fort Devens, Massachusetts |
| Motto: | "Labor Conquers All Things." |
| Battles: | World War I, World War II |
| Battle Honours: | Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Rome-Arno Campaign |
The 366th Infantry Regiment was an all Colored (segregated) unit of the United States Army that served in both World War I and World War II. In the latter war, the unit was exceptional for having all negro officers as well as troops. The U.S. military did not desegregate until after World War II. During the war, for most of the segregated units, all field grade (majors and above) and most of the company grade officers (second lieutenants, first lieutenants, and captains) were white.
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The 366th Infantry was constituted 16 August 1917 in the National Army as the 366th Infantry, assigned to the 92nd Division, and organized at Camp Dodge, Iowa, in November 1917.
In World War I the regiment served overseas as a part of the 92nd Division, National Army and earned credit for battle participation as follows:
The 366th Infantry was demobilized 25 March 1919 at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, and reconstituted 16 December 1940 in the Regular Army.
It was activated 10 February 1941 at Fort Devens, Massachusetts and assigned to the Eastern Defense Command on 30 April 1942.
Colonel Howard Donovan Queen was the commanding officer (CO) at the time of embarkation in March 1944. Although the 366th Infantry had been at "combat readiness", after a prolonged period which was devoted only to guard duty, Queen felt that they needed at least three months for preparation to be "combat ready". Queen wrote a significant request for withdrawal from active command and included his guarded reservations in regard to his deeply held tenets. In spite of this upper officials decided in November 1944 to attach the 366th Infantry to the 92nd Division.
After continuing poor combat performance, including many instances of unauthorized withdrawals upon meeting the enemy, low morale, and malingering, the 92nd Infantry Division was believed by both German and American commands to be fit for only defensive roles. The division was completely withdrawn from the front in early 1945, with the infantry components of the division being reorganized from the ground up. Two of the 366th Infantry's three battalions were recommended "not be used again for offensive action unless urgent military necessity required it." The 92nd Division commanders proposed that the "366th be removed from the front lines and disposed of as higher headquarters might direct," which was accepted. The 366th Infantry Regiment was disbanded on 28 March 1945, with personnel transferred to the 224th and 226th Engineer General Service regiments.
First African American after Reconstruction elected to the United States Senate. (World War II veteran)
first African American US Army Major General and division commander (World War II veteran)
First African American to chair a committee of the United States Congress (1949) (World War I veteran)
Distinguished Service Cross recipient, World War I
Medal of Honor (posthumous) recipient, World War II
second African American US Army Major General (World War II veteran)
The 366th Infantry Regiment was awarded two campaign streamers for the Colors; the first for Meuse-Argonne Lorraine (September 1918 to November 1918), and the second for Rome-Arno (January 1944 to September 1944).
The Regimental Shield incorporated the Cross of Lorraine. The Regimental Motto was, "Labor Conquers All Things."