May 31 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 455  - Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome.
• 1215  - Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.^[1]
• 1223  - Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat Kievan Rus' and Cumans.
• 1293  - Mongol invasion of Java was a punitive expedition against King Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of its ministers. However, it ended with failure for the Mongols. Regarded as establish City of Surabaya^{[2] [3]}
• 1578  - King Henry III lays the first stone of the Pont Neuf (New Bridge), the oldest bridge of Paris, France.^[4]

1601–1900

• 1610  - The pageant London's Love to Prince Henry on the River Thames celebrates the creation of Prince Henry as Prince of Wales.^[5]
• 1669  - Citing poor eyesight as a reason, Samuel Pepys records the last event in his diary.^[6]
• 1775  - American Revolution: The Mecklenburg Resolves are adopted in the Province of North Carolina.^[7]
• 1790  - Manuel Quimper explores the Strait of Juan de Fuca.^[8]
• 1790  - The United States enacts its first copyright statute, the Copyright Act of 1790.
• 1795  - French Revolution: The Revolutionary Tribunal is suppressed.
• 1805  - French and Spanish forces begin the assault against British forces occupying Diamond Rock, Martinique.
• 1813  - In Australia, William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth reach Mount Blaxland, effectively marking the end of a route across the Blue Mountains.
• 1859  - The clock tower at the Houses of Parliament, which houses Big Ben, starts keeping time.
• 1862  - American Civil War: Peninsula Campaign: Confederate forces under Joseph E. Johnston and G.W. Smith engage Union forces under George B. McClellan outside the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.
• 1864  - American Civil War: Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor: The Army of Northern Virginia engages the Army of the Potomac.
• 1879  - Gilmore's Garden in New York City is renamed Madison Square Garden by William Henry Vanderbilt and is opened to the public at 26th Street and Madison Avenue.
• 1884  - The arrival at Plymouth of Tāwhiao, King of Maoris, to claim the protection of Queen Victoria.
• 1889  - Johnstown Flood: Over 2,200 people die after a dam fails and sends a 60-foot (18-meter) wall of water over the town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania.

1901–present

• 1902  - Second Boer War: The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the war and ensures British control of South Africa.^[9]
• 1906  - The attempted regicide of Spanish King Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria Eugenie on their wedding day instead kills 24^{[10] [11]}
• 1909  - The National Negro Committee, forerunner to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), convenes for the first time.
• 1910  - The South Africa Act comes into force, establishing the Union of South Africa.
• 1911  - The RMS Titanic is launched in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
• 1911  - The President of Mexico Porfirio Díaz flees the country during the Mexican Revolution.
• 1916  - World War I: Battle of Jutland: The British Grand Fleet engages the High Seas Fleet in the largest naval battle of the war, which proves indecisive.
• 1921  - The Tulsa race massacre kills at least 39, but other estimates of black fatalities vary from 55 to about 300.
• 1924  - Hope Development School fire kills 24 people, mostly disabled children.^[12]
• 1935  - A 7.7 earthquake destroys Quetta in modern-day Pakistan killing 40,000.
• 1941  - Anglo-Iraqi War: The United Kingdom completes the re-occupation of Iraq and returns 'Abd al-Ilah to power as regent for Faisal II.
• 1942  - World War II: Imperial Japanese Navy midget submarines begin a series of attacks on Sydney, Australia.
• 1947  - Ferenc Nagy, the democratically elected Prime Minister of Hungary, resigns from office after blackmail from the Hungarian Communist Party accusing him of being part of a plot against the state. This grants the Communists effective control of the Hungarian government.^[13]
• 1951  - The Uniform Code of Military Justice takes effect as the legal system of the United States Armed Forces.^[14]
• 1955  - The U.S. Supreme Court expands on its Brown v. Board of Education decision by ordering district courts and school districts to enforce educational desegregation "at all deliberate speed."^[15]
• 1961  - The South African Constitution of 1961 becomes effective, thus creating the Republic of South Africa, which remains outside the Commonwealth of Nations until 1 June 1994, when South Africa is returned to Commonwealth membership.
• 1961  - In Moscow City Court, the Rokotov–Faibishenko show trial begins, despite the Khrushchev Thaw to reverse Stalinist elements in Soviet society.
• 1962  - The West Indies Federation dissolves.
• 1970  - The 7.9 Ancash earthquake shakes Peru with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) and a landslide buries the town of Yungay, Peru. Between 66,794 and 70,000 were killed and 50,000 were injured.
• 1971  - In accordance with the Uniform Monday Holiday Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 1968, observation of Memorial Day occurs on the last Monday in May for the first time, rather than on the traditional Memorial Day of May 30.
• 1973  - The United States Senate votes to cut off funding for the bombing of Khmer Rouge targets within Cambodia, hastening the end of the Cambodian Civil War.
• 1973  - Indian Airlines Flight 440 crashes near Palam Airport in Delhi, killing 48.^[16]
• 1977  - The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System is completed.
• 1985  - United States–Canada tornado outbreak: Forty-one tornadoes hit Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario, leaving 76 dead.
• 1991  - Bicesse Accords in Angola lay out a transition to multi-party democracy under the supervision of the United Nations' UNAVEM II peacekeeping mission.
• 2003  - Air France retires its fleet of Concorde aircraft.^[17]
• 2005  - Vanity Fair reveals that Mark Felt was "Deep Throat".
• 2008  - Usain Bolt breaks the world record in the 100m sprint, with a wind-legal (+1.7 m/s) 9.72 seconds
• 2010  - Israeli Shayetet 13 commandos boarded the Gaza Freedom Flotilla while still in international waters trying to break the ongoing blockade of the Gaza Strip; nine Turkish citizens on the flotilla were killed in the ensuing violent affray.
• 2013  - The asteroid 1998 QE2 and its moon make their closest approach to Earth for the next two centuries.
• 2013  - A record breaking 2.6 mile wide tornado strikes near El Reno, Oklahoma, United States, causing eight fatalities (including three storm chasers) and over 150 injuries.
• 2016  - Syrian civil war: The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) launch the Manbij offensive, in order to capture the city of Manbij from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).^{[18] [19] [20] [21]}
• 2017  - A car bomb explodes in a crowded intersection in Kabul near the German embassy during rush hour, killing over 90 and injuring 463.
• 2019  - A shooting occurs inside a municipal building at Virginia Beach, Virginia, leaving 13 people dead, including the shooter, and four others injured.

Births

Pre-1600

• 1443 (or 1441)  - Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (d. 1509)
• 1462  - Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1504)
• 1469  - Manuel I of Portugal (d. 1521)^[22]
• 1535  - Alessandro Allori, Italian painter (d. 1607)^[23]
• 1556  - Jerzy Radziwiłł, Catholic cardinal (d. 1600)
• 1577  - Nur Jahan, Empress consort of the Mughal Empire (d. 1645)

1601–1900

• 1613  - John George II, Elector of Saxony (d. 1680)
• 1640  - Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland (d. 1673)
• 1641  - Patriarch Dositheos II of Jerusalem (d. 1707)
• 1725  - Ahilyabai Holkar, Queen of the Malwa Kingdom under the Maratha Empire (d. 1795)
• 1732  - Count Hieronymus von Colloredo, Austrian archbishop (d. 1812)
• 1753  - Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud, French lawyer and politician (d. 1793)
• 1754  - Andrea Appiani, Italian painter and educator (d. 1817)
• 1773  - Ludwig Tieck, German poet, author, and critic (d. 1853)
• 1801  - Johann Georg Baiter, Swiss philologist and scholar (d. 1887)
• 1812  - Robert Torrens, Irish-Australian politician, 3rd Premier of South Australia (d. 1884)^[24]
• 1815  - Adye Douglas, English-Australian cricketer and politician, 15th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1906)
• 1818  - John Albion Andrew, American lawyer and politician, 25th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1867)
• 1819  - Walt Whitman, American poet, essayist, and journalist (d. 1892)
• 1827  - Kusumoto Ine, first Japanese female doctor of Western medicine (d. 1903)^[25]
• 1835  - Hijikata Toshizō, Japanese commander (d. 1869)
• 1838  - Henry Sidgwick, English economist and philosopher (d. 1900)
• 1842  - John Cox Bray, Australian politician, 15th Premier of South Australia (d. 1894)
• 1847  - William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie, Canadian-Irish businessman and politician, Lord Mayor of Belfast (d. 1924)
• 1852  - Francisco Moreno, Argentinian explorer and academic (d. 1919)^[26]
• 1852  - Julius Richard Petri, German microbiologist, invented the Petri dish (d. 1921)
• 1857  - Pope Pius XI (d. 1939)
• 1858  - Graham Wallas, English socialist, social psychologist, and educationalist (d. 1932)
• 1860  - Walter Sickert, English painter (d. 1942)
• 1863  - Francis Younghusband, Indian-English captain and explorer (d. 1942)
• 1866  - John Ringling, American entrepreneur; one of the founders of the Ringling Brothers Circus (d. 1936)
• 1875  - Rosa May Billinghurst, British suffragette and women's rights activist (d. 1953)
• 1879  - Frances Alda, New Zealand-Australian soprano (d. 1952)
• 1882  - Sándor Festetics, Hungarian politician, Hungarian Minister of War (d. 1956)
• 1883  - Lauri Kristian Relander, Finnish politician, 2nd President of Finland (d. 1942)
• 1885  - Robert Richards, Australian politician, 32nd Premier of South Australia (d. 1967)
• 1887  - Saint-John Perse, French poet and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)
• 1892  - Michel Kikoine, Belarusian-French painter (d. 1968)
• 1892  - Erich Neumann, German lieutenant and politician (d. 1951)
• 1892  - Konstantin Paustovsky, Russian poet and author (d. 1968)
• 1892  - Gregor Strasser, German lieutenant and politician (d. 1934)
• 1894  - Fred Allen, American comedian, radio host, game show panelist, and author (d. 1956)
• 1898  - Norman Vincent Peale, American minister and author (d. 1993)
• 1900  - Lucile Godbold, American athlete (d. 1981)

1901–present

• 1901  - Alfredo Antonini, Italian-American conductor and composer (d. 1983)
• 1908  - Don Ameche, American actor (d. 1993)
• 1909  - Art Coulter, Canadian-American ice hockey player (d. 2000)
• 1911  - Maurice Allais, French economist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010)
• 1912  - Chien-Shiung Wu, Chinese-American experimental physicist (d. 1997)
• 1914  - Akira Ifukube, Japanese composer and educator (d. 2006)
• 1916  - Bert Haanstra, Dutch director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1997)
• 1918  - Robert Osterloh, American actor (d. 2001)^[27]
• 1918  - Lloyd Quarterman, African American chemist (d. 1982)
• 1919  - Robie Macauley, American editor, novelist and critic (d. 1995)
• 1921  - Edna Doré, English actress (d. 2014)
• 1921  - Andrew Grima, Anglo-Italian jewellery designer (d. 2007)
• 1921  - Howard Reig, American radio and television announcer (d. 2008)
• 1921  - Alida Valli, Austrian-Italian actress and singer (d. 2006)
• 1922  - Denholm Elliott, English-Spanish actor (d. 1992)
• 1923  - Ellsworth Kelly, American painter and sculptor (d. 2015)
• 1923  - Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (d. 2005)
• 1923  - Claudio Matteini, Italian football player (d. 2003)^[28]
• 1925  - Julian Beck, American actor and director (d. 1986)
• 1927  - James Eberle, English admiral (d. 2018)
• 1927  - Michael Sandberg, Baron Sandberg, English lieutenant and banker (d. 2017)
• 1928  - Pankaj Roy, Indian cricketer (d. 2001)
• 1929  - Menahem Golan, Israeli director and producer (d. 2014)
• 1930  - Clint Eastwood, American actor, director, musician, and producer
• 1931  - John Robert Schrieffer, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019)
• 1931  - Shirley Verrett, American soprano and actress (d. 2010)
• 1932  - Ed Lincoln, Brazilian pianist, bassist, and composer (d. 2012)
• 1932  - Jay Miner, American computer scientist and engineer (d. 1994)
• 1933  - Henry B. Eyring, American religious leader, educator, and author
• 1934  - Jim Hutton, American actor (d. 1979)
• 1935  - Jim Bolger, New Zealand businessman and politician, 35th Prime Minister of New Zealand
• 1938  - Johnny Paycheck, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2003)
• 1938  - John Prescott, British sailor and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2024)^[29]
• 1938  - Peter Yarrow, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1939  - Terry Waite, English humanitarian and author
• 1940  - Anatoliy Bondarchuk, Ukrainian hammer thrower and coach
• 1940  - Augie Meyers, American musician and singer-songwriter
• 1940  - Gilbert Shelton, American illustrator
• 1941  - June Clark, Welsh nurse and educator
• 1941  - Louis Ignarro, American pharmacologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1941  - William Nordhaus, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1943  - Sharon Gless, American actress
• 1943  - Joe Namath, American football player, sportscaster, and actor
• 1945  - Rainer Werner Fassbinder, German actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1982)
• 1945  - Laurent Gbagbo, Ivorian academic and politician, 4th President of Côte d'Ivoire
• 1945  - Bernard Goldberg, American journalist and author
• 1946  - Ted Baehr, American publisher and critic
• 1946  - Steve Bucknor, Jamaican cricketer and umpire
• 1946  - Krista Kilvet, Estonian journalist, politician, and diplomat (d. 2009)
• 1946  - Debbie Moore, English model and businesswoman
• 1947  - Junior Campbell, Scottish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1947  - Gabriele Hinzmann, German discus thrower
• 1948  - Svetlana Alexievich, Belarusian journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1948  - John Bonham, English musician, songwriter and drummer (d. 1980)
• 1948  - Martin Hannett, English bass player, guitarist, and record producer (d. 1991)
• 1948  - Duncan Hunter, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician
• 1949  - Tom Berenger, American actor, film producer and television writer
• 1950  - Jean Chalopin, French director, producer, and screenwriter, founded DIC Entertainment
• 1950  - Gregory Harrison, American actor^[30]
• 1950  - Edgar Savisaar, Estonian politician, Estonian Minister of the Interior (d. 2022)
• 1951  - Karl-Hans Riehm, German hammer thrower
• 1952  - Carole Achache, French writer, photographer and actress (d. 2016)^[31]
• 1952  - Karl Bartos, German singer-songwriter and keyboard player^[32]
• 1953  - Pirkka-Pekka Petelius, Finnish actor and screenwriter
• 1954  - Thomas Mavros, Greek footballer
• 1954  - Vicki Sue Robinson, American actress and singer (d. 2000)
• 1955  - Tommy Emmanuel, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1955  - Susie Essman, American actress, comedian, and screenwriter
• 1956  - Fritz Hilpert, German drummer and composer
• 1956  - John Young, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player
• 1957  - Jim Craig, American ice hockey player
• 1959  - Andrea de Cesaris, Italian race car driver (d. 2014)
• 1959  - Phil Wilson, English politician
• 1960  - Greg Adams, Canadian ice hockey player and businessman
• 1960  - Chris Elliott, American actor, comedian, and screenwriter
• 1960  - Peter Winterbottom, English rugby player
• 1961  - Ray Cote, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1961  - Justin Madden, Australian footballer and politician
• 1961  - Lea Thompson, American actress, director, and producer
• 1962  - Dina Boluarte, Peruvian politician, 64th President of Peru^[33]
• 1962  - Corey Hart, Canadian singer-songwriter and producer
• 1963  - David Leigh, holder of the Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry at the University of Manchester
• 1963  - Viktor Orbán, Hungarian politician, 38th Prime Minister of Hungary
• 1963  - Wesley Willis, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player (d. 2003)
• 1964  - Leonard Asper, Canadian lawyer and businessman
• 1964  - Stéphane Caristan, French hurdler and coach
• 1964  - Yukio Edano, Japanese politician, Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs
• 1964  - Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels, American rapper and producer
• 1965  - Brooke Shields, American model, actress, and producer
• 1966  - Diesel, American-Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist^[34]
• 1966  - Roshan Mahanama, Sri Lankan cricketer and referee
• 1967  - Phil Keoghan, New Zealand television host and producer
• 1967  - Kenny Lofton, American baseball player, coach, and sportscaster
• 1971  - Arun Luthra, Indo-Anglo-American saxophonist, konnakol artist, composer, and arranger
• 1972  - Frode Estil, Norwegian skier
• 1972  - Christian McBride, American bassist and record producer
• 1972  - Antti Niemi, Finnish international footballer and coach^[35]
• 1972  - Archie Panjabi, British actress
• 1972  - Dave Roberts, American baseball player and coach
• 1974  - Hiroiki Ariyoshi, Japanese comedian and singer
• 1975  - Mac Suzuki, Japanese baseball player
• 1976  - Colin Farrell, Irish actor ^[36]
• 1976  - Matt Harpring, American basketball player and sportscaster
• 1977  - Domenico Fioravanti, Italian swimmer
• 1977  - Moses Sichone, Zambian footballer
• 1979  - Jean-François Gillet, Belgian footballer
• 1980  - Andy Hurley, American musician^[37]
• 1981  - Mikael Antonsson, Swedish footballer
• 1981  - Daniele Bonera, Italian footballer
• 1981  - Jake Peavy, American baseball player
• 1981  - Marlies Schild, Austrian skier
• 1982  - Brett Firman, Australian rugby league player^[38]
• 1984  - Andrew Bailey, American baseball player
• 1984  - Milorad Čavić, Serbian swimmer
• 1984  - Nate Robinson, American basketball player
• 1985  - Jordy Nelson, American football player
• 1986  - Waka Flocka Flame, American rapper^[39]
• 1986  - Robert Gesink, Dutch cyclist
• 1989  - Marco Reus, German footballer^[40]
• 1990  - Erik Karlsson, Swedish ice hockey player
• 1991  - Azealia Banks, American singer-songwriter and rapper^[41]
• 1992  - Michaël Bournival, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1992  - Laura Ikauniece, Latvian heptathlete
• 1992  - Jóhann Páll Jóhannsson, Icelandic politician^[42]
• 1995  - Shane Bieber, American baseball player^[43]
• 1995  - Matthew Lodge, Australian rugby league player^[44]
• 1996  - Normani Kordei Hamilton, American singer^[45]
• 1996  - Brandon Smith, New Zealand rugby league player^[46]
• 1997  - Woo Jin-young, South Korean singer and rapper^[47]
• 1998  - Santino Ferrucci, American race car driver^[48]
• 2000  - Gable Steveson, American wrestler^[49]
• 2001  - Breece Hall, American football player^[50]
• 2001  - Iga Świątek, Polish tennis player^[51]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 455  - Petronius Maximus, Roman emperor (b. 396)
• 930  - Liu Hua, princess of Southern Han (b. 896)
• 960  - Fujiwara no Morosuke, Japanese statesman (b. 909)
• 1076  - Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, English politician (b. 1050)
• 1089  - Sigwin von Are, archbishop of Cologne
• 1162  - Géza II, king of Hungary (b. 1130)
• 1321  - Birger, king of Sweden (b. 1280)
• 1326  - Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley (b. 1271)
• 1329  - Albertino Mussato, Italian statesman and writer (b. 1261)
• 1349  - Thomas Wake, English politician (b. 1297)
• 1370  - Vitalis of Assisi, Italian hermit and monk (b. 1295)
• 1408  - Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1358)
• 1410  - Martin of Aragon, Spanish king (b. 1356)
• 1504  - Engelbert II of Nassau (b. 1451)
• 1558  - Philip Hoby, English general and diplomat (b. 1505)
• 1567  - Guido de Bres, Belgian pastor and theologian (b. 1522)
• 1594  - Tintoretto, Italian painter and educator (b. 1518)

1601–1900

• 1601  - Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne (b. 1547)
• 1640  - Zeynab Begum, Safavid princess (date of birth unknown)
• 1665  - Pieter Jansz. Saenredam, Dutch painter (b. 1597)
• 1680  - Joachim Neander, German theologian and educator (b. 1650)
• 1740  - Frederick William I of Prussia (b. 1688)
• 1747  - Andrey Osterman, German-Russian politician, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1686)
• 1809  - Joseph Haydn, Austrian pianist and composer (b. 1732)
• 1809  - Jean Lannes, French general (b. 1769)
• 1831  - Samuel Bentham, English architect and engineer (b. 1757)
• 1832  - Évariste Galois, French mathematician and theorist (b. 1811)
• 1837  - Joseph Grimaldi, English actor, comedian and dancer, (b. 1779)
• 1846  - Philip Marheineke, German pastor and philosopher (b. 1780)
• 1847  - Thomas Chalmers, Scottish minister and economist (b. 1780)
• 1848  - Eugénie de Guérin, French author (b. 1805)
• 1899  - Stefanos Koumanoudis, Greek archaeologist, teacher and writer (b. 1818)

1901–present

• 1908  - Louis-Honoré Fréchette, Canadian author, poet, and politician (b. 1839)
• 1909  - Thomas Price, Welsh-Australian politician, 24th Premier of South Australia (b. 1852)
• 1910  - Elizabeth Blackwell, English-American physician and educator (b. 1821)
• 1931  - Felix-Raymond-Marie Rouleau, Canadian cardinal (b. 1866)
• 1931  - Willy Stöwer, German author and illustrator (b. 1864)
• 1945  - Odilo Globocnik, Italian-Austrian SS officer (b. 1904)
• 1954  - Antonis Benakis, Greek art collector and philanthropist, founded the Benaki Museum (b. 1873)
• 1957  - Stefanos Sarafis, Greek general and politician (b. 1890)
• 1957  - Leopold Staff, Polish poet and academic (b. 1878)
• 1960  - Willem Elsschot, Flemish author and poet (b. 1882)
• 1960  - Walther Funk, German economist, journalist, and politician, German Minister of Economics (b. 1890)
• 1962  - Henry F. Ashurst, American lawyer and politician (b. 1874)
• 1967  - Billy Strayhorn, American pianist and composer (b. 1915)
• 1970  - Terry Sawchuk, Canadian-American ice hockey player (b. 1929)
• 1970  - Clare Sheridan, English sculptor and author (b. 1885)^[52]
• 1976  - Jacques Monod, French biologist and geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
• 1977  - William Castle, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1914)
• 1978  - József Bozsik, Hungarian footballer and manager (b. 1925)
• 1981  - Barbara Ward, Baroness Jackson of Lodsworth, English economist and journalist (b. 1914)
• 1982  - Carlo Mauri, Italian mountaineer and explorer (b. 1930)
• 1983  - Jack Dempsey, American boxer and lieutenant (b. 1895)
• 1985  - Gaston Rébuffat, French mountaineer and author (b. 1921)
• 1986  - Jane Frank, American painter and sculptor (b. 1918)
• 1986  - James Rainwater, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917)
• 1987  - John Abraham, Indian director and screenwriter (b. 1937)
• 1989  - C. L. R. James, Trinidadian journalist and historian (b. 1901)^[53]
• 1989  - Owen Lattimore, American author and academic (b. 1900)
• 1993  - Honey Tree Evil Eye, or, Spuds MacKenzie, Bud Light Bull Terrier mascot (b. 1983)^[54]
• 1994  - Uzay Heparı, Turkish actor, producer, and composer (b. 1969)
• 1994  - Herva Nelli, Italian-American soprano (b. 1909)
• 1995  - Stanley Elkin, American novelist, short story writer, and essayist (b. 1930)
• 1996  - Timothy Leary, American psychologist and author (b. 1920)
• 1998  - Charles Van Acker, Belgian-American race car driver (b. 1912)
• 2000  - Petar Mladenov, Bulgarian diplomat, 1st President of Bulgaria (b. 1936)
• 2000  - A. Jeyaratnam Wilson, Sri Lankan historian, author, and academic (b. 1928)
• 2001  - Arlene Francis, American actress, talk show host, game show panelist, and television personality (b. 1907)
• 2002  - Subhash Gupte, Indian cricketer (b. 1929)
• 2004  - Aiyathurai Nadesan, Sri Lankan journalist (b. 1954)
• 2004  - Robert Quine, American guitarist (b. 1941)
• 2004  - Étienne Roda-Gil, French screenwriter and composer (b. 1941)
• 2006  - Miguel Ortiz Berrocal, Spanish sculptor (b. 1933)
• 2006  - Raymond Davis, Jr., American physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914)
• 2009  - Danny La Rue, Irish-British drag queen performer and singer (b. 1927)
• 2009  - George Tiller, American physician (b. 1941)
• 2010  - Louise Bourgeois, French-American sculptor and painter (b. 1911)
• 2010  - Brian Duffy, English photographer and producer (b. 1933)
• 2010  - William A. Fraker, American director, producer, and cinematographer (b. 1923)
• 2010  - Rubén Juárez, Argentinian singer-songwriter and bandoneón player (b. 1947)
• 2010  - Merata Mita, New Zealand director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1942)
• 2011  - Pauline Betz, American tennis player (b. 1919)
• 2011  - Jonas Bevacqua, American fashion designer, co-founded the Lifted Research Group (b. 1977)
• 2011  - Derek Hodge, Virgin Islander lawyer and politician, Lieutenant Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (b. 1941)
• 2011  - Hans Keilson, German-Dutch psychoanalyst and author (b. 1909)
• 2011  - John Martin, English admiral and politician, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey (b. 1918)
• 2011  - Andy Robustelli, American football player and manager (b. 1925)
• 2012  - Christopher Challis, English cinematographer (b. 1919)
• 2012  - Randall B. Kester, American lawyer and judge (b. 1916)
• 2012  - Paul Pietsch, German race car driver and publisher (b. 1911)
• 2012  - Orlando Woolridge, American basketball player and coach (b. 1959)
• 2013  - Gerald E. Brown, American physicist and academic (b. 1926)
• 2013  - Frederic Lindsay, Scottish author and educator (b. 1933)
• 2013  - Miguel Méndez, American author and poet (b. 1930)
• 2013  - Tim Samaras, American engineer and storm chaser (b. 1957)
• 2013  - Jairo Mora Sandoval, Costa Rican environmentalist (b. 1987)
• 2013  - Jean Stapleton, American actress (b. 1923)
• 2014  - Marilyn Beck, American journalist (b. 1928)
• 2014  - Marinho Chagas, Brazilian footballer and coach (b. 1952)
• 2014  - Hoss Ellington, American race car driver (b. 1935)
• 2014  - Martha Hyer, American actress (b. 1924)
• 2014  - Lewis Katz, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1942)
• 2014  - Mary Soames, Baroness Soames, English author (b. 1922)
• 2015  - Gladys Taylor, Canadian author and publisher (b. 1917)
• 2016  - Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976 - 2016) (b. 1947)
• 2016  - Jan Crouch, American televangelist, co-founder of the Trinity Broadcasting Network (b. 1938)
• 2016  - Carla Lane, English television writer (b. 1928)
• 2016  - Rupert Neudeck, German journalist and humanitarian (b. 1939)
• 2022  - Colin Cantwell, American concept artist and director (b.1932)^[55]
• 2022  - Krishnakumar Kunnath, Indian singer (b. 1968)^[56]
• 2022  - Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, Colombian drug lord (b.1939)^[57]
• 2022  - Jim Parks, English cricketer (b. 1931)^[58]
• 2024  - Robert Pickton, Canadian serial killer (b. 1949)^[59]
• 2024  - Marian Robinson, Mother of Michelle Obama (b. 1937)^[60]

Holidays and observances

• Anniversary of Royal Brunei Malay Regiment (Brunei)
• Christian feast day:
  • Camilla Battista da Varano
  • Hermias
  • Petronella
  • Visitation of Mary (Western Christianity)
  • May 31 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• The beginning of Gawai Dayak (Dayaks in Sarawak, Malaysia and West Kalimantan, Indonesia)
• World No Tobacco Day (International)^[61]

Sources

• Encyclopedia: ZAYNAB BEGUM . Ghereghlou . Kioumars . Encyclopaedia Iranica . 2016 . 2020-03-17 . 2017-01-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170117144130/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zaynab-begum . live .

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on May 31

Notes and References

1. Book: Harl, Kenneth W.. Empires of the Steppes: A History of the Nomadic Tribes Who Shaped Civilization. Toronto. Hanover Square Press. 2023. 9781335429278. 91.
2. Web site: History of Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Knoji. indonesia.knoji.com. 2018-10-16. 2018-10-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165121/https://indonesia.knoji.com/history-of-surabaya-east-java-indonesia/. live.
3. News: How a Javanese King Defeated a Powerful Mongolian Emperor? Seasia.co. Good News from Southeast Asia. 2018-10-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20181016204759/https://seasia.co/2017/11/16/how-a-javanese-king-defeated-a-powerful-mongolian-emperor . 2018-10-16.
4. Lasteyrie, R. de (1882). "Documents inédits sur la construction du Pont-Neuf," Mémoires de la Société de l'Histoire de Paris et de l'Ile de France, vol. 9 (1882), p. 47.
5. David M. Bergeron, 'Creating Entertainments for Prince Henry's Creation (1610)', Comparative Drama, vol. 42, No. 4 (Winter 2008), pp. 433–449.
6. Book: Samuel Pepys. The Diary of Samuel Pepys, Vol. 10: Companion. 29 March 2001. University of California Press. 978-0-520-22715-6. 178–.
7. Book: Hugh Talmage Lefler. North Carolina History Told by Contemporaries. 1956. University of North Carolina Press. 100.
8. Book: Dennis Reinhartz. Gerald D. Saxon. Mapping and Empire: Soldier-Engineers on the Southwestern Frontier. 1 January 2010. University of Texas Press. 978-0-292-77441-4. 54.
9. Web site: BBC - History: British History Timeline . www.bbc.co.uk . 8 October 2020 . 27 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015243/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/worldwars_timeline_noflash.shtml . live .
10. Book: Avrich . Paul . Paul Avrich . . The Martyrdom of Ferrer . 1980 . 0-691-04669-7 . . Princeton . 489692159 . mdy-all . https://books.google.com/books?id=X6X_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 . April 17, 2018 . 27–28.
11. Book: Sanabria . Enrique A. . Republicanism and Anticlerical Nationalism in Spain . 2009 . Republicanism, Anarchism, Anticlericalism, and the Attempted Regicide of 1906 . 978-0-230-61331-7 . . New York . mdy-all . 101.
12. Web site: 1924-06-02 . 23 Burn to Death in California Home for Deficient Girls . 2022-11-01 . New York Times . en.
13. The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution: Hungary 1944-1953, Part 2.Communist take-over, 1946–1949
14. Web site: Court-Martial Fast Facts. 2024-05-31. CNN. CNN Editorial. 11 July 2013. 2023-11-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20231110023455/https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/11/us/court-martial-fast-facts/index.html. live.
15. Web site: Riding Freedom: 10 Milestones in U.S. Civil Rights History Britannica. 2022-01-13. www.britannica.com. en. 2022-01-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20220113064814/https://www.britannica.com/list/riding-freedom-10-milestones-in-us-civil-rights-history. live.
16. Web site: Ranter . Harro . ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2A8 VT-EAM Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL) . 2022-05-30 . aviation-safety.net . . 2022-06-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220604033004/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19730531-0 . live .
17. Web site: Musée de l'Air et de Espace on Twitter . 2022-05-31 . 2022-05-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220531203635/https://twitter.com/museeairespace/status/1531515820580405249 . live .
18. News: Exclusive: U.S.-backed Syria forces launch offensive for Manbij pocket – U.S. officials. 1 June 2016. 6 June 2016. Reuters. 12 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190412184735/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-offensive-idUSKCN0YN377. live.
19. News: Turkey not contributing to U.S.-backed Syria operation near Manbij – source. 6 June 2016. Reuters. June 2016. 7 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201107175853/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-idUKKCN0YN4HA. dead.
20. Web site: US-backed Syria forces launch offensive for Manbij pocket: US officials. 6 June 2016. 27 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200427125629/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2016/Jun-01/354666-us-backed-syria-forces-launch-offensive-for-manbij-pocket-us-officials.ashx.
21. News: US, PYD hit ISIL in Syria, Turkey doesn't take part. Hürriyet Daily News. 2021-07-20. 2017-10-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019070942/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/us-pyd-hit-isil-in-syria-turkey-doesnt-take-part.aspx?pageID=238&nID=99956&NewsCatID=510. live.
22. Book: Clayton J. Drees. The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary. 2001. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-30588-7. 317.
23. Book: Ian Chilvers. Harold Osborne. The Oxford dictionary of art. 1988. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-860476-1. 17.
24. Croucher, Rosalind F. (2008) 'Delenda Est Carthago!' Sir Robert Richard Torrens and his attack on the evils of conveyancing and dependent land titles: a reflection on the sesquicentenary of the introduction of his great law reforming initiative Alex Castles Memorial Legal History Lecture for Flinders University Law School, Adelaide, 26 August 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
25. Nakamura. Ellen. Working the Siebold Network: Kusumoto Ine and Western Learning in Nineteenth-Century Japan. Japanese Studies. 1469-9338. 28. 2. 2008. 197–211. 10.1080/10371390802249172. 145221289.
26. Book: Rougier . Guillermo W. . Martinelli . Agustín G. . Forasiepi . Analía M. . Mesozoic Mammals from South America and Their Forerunners . 22 February 2021 . Springer Nature . 978-3-030-63862-7 . 10 . en.
27. Book: Lentz . Harris M. III . Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2001: Film, Television, Radio, Theatre, Dance, Music, Cartoons and Pop Culture . 2008 . McFarland . 978-0-7864-5206-4 . 227–228 . 28 December 2018 . en.
28. Web site: Claudio Matteini. 26 August 2020. Almanacco giallorosso. it. 30 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220630141503/https://www.almanaccogiallorosso.it/Giocatori/Matteini.html. live.
29. News: Castle . Stephen . November 21, 2024 . John Prescott, Ex-Deputy Prime Minister of Britain, Dies at 86 . November 21, 2024 . The New York Times.
30. News: In Step With: Gregory Harrison . . 2018-05-23 . James . Brady . 1990-02-25 . 2023-11-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110023501/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LuVPAAAAIBAJ&pg=5079,6505478&dq=randi-oakes&hl=en . live .
31. Web site: Achache, Carole (1952-....) . 1 December 2023 . . fr . 22 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220122055616/https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14406672c . live .
32. Book: Pascal Bussy. Mick Fish. Man, machine and music. 1993. SAF. 978-0-946719-09-9. 60.
33. Web site: Dina Boluarte: los datos poco conocidos de la primera presidenta del Perú. Infobae. 9 December 2022. 15 June 2023. es. 26 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230126045613/https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/10/dina-boluarte-los-datos-poco-conocidos-de-la-primera-presidenta-del-peru/. live.
34. Web site: Primary description of item 7737900. National Archives of Australia. 4 December 2009.
35. Web site: Antti Niemi . soccerbase.com . 31 May 2020 . 24 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200724193316/https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=10913 . live .
36. Web site: Colin Farrell Biography (1976–) . Filmreference.com . 25 January 2011 . 10 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190910110117/http://www.filmreference.com/film/28/Colin-Farrell.html . live .
37. Web site: Olson . Drew . Milwaukee native Hurley keeps the beat for Fall Out Boy . . 29 May 2023 . 17 May 2007 . 29 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529015858/https://onmilwaukee.com/articles/andyhurley . live .
38. Web site: Brett Firman - Career Stats & Summary - Rugby League Project. Shawn Dollin and Andrew. Ferguson. www.rugbyleagueproject.org. 5 November 2017. 8 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171208162100/http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/brett-firman/summary.html. live.
39. Web site: Happy Birthday, Waka Flocka Flame! . . 29 May 2023 . 31 May 2012 . 29 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529015848/https://www.xxlmag.com/happy-birthday-waka-flocka-flame/ . live .
40. Web site: Marco Reus: Facts . Marco Reus . 30 May 2020 . 24 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200724190933/https://www.marcoreus.de/en/facts . live .
41. Web site: Happy Birthday, Azealia Banks! . . 29 May 2023 . 31 May 2013 . 22 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220322100311/https://www.xxlmag.com/today-in-hip-hop-azealia-banks-celebrates-22nd-birthday/ . live .
42. Web site: Þingmenn: Alþingismannatal - Æviágrip þingmanna frá 1845 - Jóhann Páll Jóhannsson . . 15 October 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240420191636/https://www.althingi.is/altext/cv/is/?nfaerslunr=1416 . 20 April 2024 . Reykjavík, Iceland . is.
43. Web site: Shane Bieber . . 29 May 2023 . 29 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529015848/https://www.mlb.com/player/shane-bieber-669456 . live .
44. Web site: Matt Lodge - Career Stats & Summary - Rugby League Project. Shawn Dollin and Andrew. Ferguson. www.rugbyleagueproject.org. 5 November 2017. 15 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181215042931/http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/matt-lodge/summary.html. live.
45. Watch Fifth Harmony Sing Happy Birthday to Normani Hamilton . May 31, 2016 . Billboard . June 13, 2018 . June 14, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180614081340/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7386173/fifth-harmony-sing-happy-birthday-normani-hamilton-facebook-live . live .
46. Web site: Brandon Smith - Career Stats & Summary - Rugby League Project. Shawn Dollin and Andrew. Ferguson. www.rugbyleagueproject.org. 5 November 2017. 15 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190315060012/http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/brandon-smith/summary.html. live.
47. Web site: Ji. Na-yun. ko:아이돌 커플 탄생 아니었다…영상 하나로 불거진 '열애설'. https://ent.sbs.co.kr/news/article.do?article_id=E10010242681. SBS Entertainment News. Seoul Broadcasting System. November 2, 2022. ko. December 29, 2021. November 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221102132117/https://ent.sbs.co.kr/news/article.do?article_id=E10010242681. live.
48. Web site: Santino Ferrucci. 28 September 2018. 29 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180929090019/https://www.racing-reference.info/driver/Santino_Ferrucci. live.
49. Web site: Gable Steveson . https://web.archive.org/web/20210809224430/https://www.teamusa.org/usa-wrestling/athletes/Gable-Steveson . August 9, 2021 . . 29 May 2023.
50. Web site: Breece Hall . 2024-09-25 . pro-football-reference.com.
51. Web site: WTAtennis.com Profile: Iga Świątek. Women's Tennis Association. 16 October 2022. 5 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190705044830/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/326408/title/iga-swiatek-0. live.
52. 36064 . Sheridan [née Frewen], Clare Consuelo.
53. C. Gerald Fraser, "C. L. R. James, Historian, Critic And Pan-Africanist, Is Dead at 88", The New York Times, 2 June 1989.
54. Web site: Spuds MacKenzie is dead. 2020-06-02. UPI. en. 2020-11-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125085638/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/10/06/Spuds-MacKenzie-is-dead/6095749880000/. live.
55. Web site: 2022-06-02 . Colin Cantwell obituary . 2022-06-02 . the Guardian . en.
56. Newsmakers 2022 . 72 . Filmfare . January 2023 . 0971-7277 . 116 . Tanisha . Bhattacharya . Magzter.
57. News: Obituaries . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-06-02 . 0362-4331 . 2022-06-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220601192148/https://www.nytimes.com/section/obituaries . live .
58. Web site: 2022-06-12 . Letter: Jim Parks obituary . 2022-06-16 . the Guardian . en.
59. Web site: Orie . Amarachi . 2024-06-01 . Canadian serial killer Robert Pickton dies aged 74 after prison assault . 2024-06-01 . CNN . en . 2024-06-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601155627/https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/01/americas/serial-killer-robert-pickton-dies-intl/index.html . live .
60. News: Rogers . Katie . 2024-05-31 . Marian Robinson, Michelle Obama's Steadfast Mother, Dies at 86 . 2024-06-01 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
61. Web site: International Days . www.un.org . 2 January 2021 . en . 6 January 2015 . 28 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150328001659/https://www.un.org/en/sections/observances/international-days/ . live .