December 31 Explained

It is known by a collection of names including: Saint Sylvester's Day,^[1] New Year's Eve or Old Year’s Day/Night, as the following day is New Year's Day. It is the last day of the year; the following day is January 1, the first day of the following year.

Events

Pre-1600

• 406  - Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gaul.^[2]
• 535  - Byzantine general Belisarius completes the conquest of Sicily, defeating the Gothic garrison of Palermo (Panormos), and ending his consulship for the year.^[3]
• 870  - Battle of Englefield: The Vikings clash with ealdorman Æthelwulf of Berkshire. The invaders are driven back to Reading (East Anglia); many Danes are killed.^[4]
• 1105  - Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV is forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Henry V, in Ingelheim.^[5]
• 1225  - The Lý dynasty of Vietnam ends after 216 years by the enthronement of the boy emperor Trần Thái Tông, husband of the last Lý monarch, Lý Chiêu Hoàng, starting the Trần dynasty.
• 1229  - James I the Conqueror, King of Aragon, enters Medina Mayurqa (now known as Palma, Spain), thus consummating the Christian reconquest of the island of Majorca.^[6]
• 1501  - The First Battle of Cannanore commences, seeing the first use of the naval line of battle.
• 1600  - The British East India Company is chartered.^[7]

1601–1900

• 1660  - James II of England is named Duke of Normandy by Louis XIV of France.
• 1670  - The expedition of John Narborough leaves Corral Bay, having surveyed the coast and lost four hostages to the Spanish.^[8]
• 1687  - The first Huguenots set sail from France to the Cape of Good Hope.
• 1757  - Empress Elizabeth I of Russia issues her ukase incorporating Königsberg into Russia.
• 1759  - Arthur Guinness signs a 9,000-year lease at £45 per annum and starts brewing Guinness.
• 1775  - American Revolutionary War: Battle of Quebec: British forces repulse an attack by Continental Army General Richard Montgomery.
• 1790  - Efimeris, the oldest Greek newspaper of which issues have survived till today, is published for the first time.
• 1796  - The incorporation of Baltimore as a city.
• 1831  - Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City.
• 1844  - The Philippines skipped this date in order to align the country with the rest of Asia, as the trading interest switched to China, Dutch East Indies and neighboring territories after Mexico gained independence from Spain on 27 September 1821. In the islands, Monday, 30 December 1844 was immediately followed by Wednesday, 1 January 1845.^{[9] [10]}
• 1853  - A dinner party is held inside a life-size model of an iguanodon created by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins and Sir Richard Owen in south London, England.
• 1857  - Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa, then a small logging town, as the capital of the Province of Canada.
• 1862  - American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln signs an act that admits West Virginia to the Union, thus dividing Virginia in two.^[11]
• 1862  - American Civil War: The Battle of Stones River begins near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.^[12]
• 1878  - Karl Benz, working in Mannheim, Germany, files for a patent on his first reliable two-stroke gas engine. He was granted the patent in 1879.
• 1879  - Thomas Edison demonstrates incandescent lighting to the public for the first time, in Menlo Park, New Jersey.

1901–present

• 1906  - Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar signs the Persian Constitution of 1906.^[13]
• 1907  - The first ever ball drop in Times Square.^[14]
• 1942  - USS Essex, first aircraft carrier of a 24-ship class, is commissioned.^[15]
• 1942  - World War II: The Royal Navy defeats the Kriegsmarine at the Battle of the Barents Sea. This leads to the resignation of Grand Admiral Erich Raeder a month later.^[16]
• 1944  - World War II: Operation Nordwind, the last major Wehrmacht offensive on the Western Front, begins.
• 1946  - President Harry S. Truman officially proclaims the end of hostilities in World War II.
• 1951  - Cold War: The Marshall Plan expires after distributing more than US$13.3 billion in foreign aid to rebuild Western Europe.
• 1955  - General Motors becomes the first U.S. corporation to make over US$1 billion in a year.
• 1956  - The Romanian Television network begins its first broadcast in Bucharest.
• 1961  - RTÉ, Ireland's state broadcaster, launches its first national television service.
• 1963  - The Central African Federation officially collapses, subsequently becoming Zambia, Malawi and Rhodesia.
• 1965  - Jean-Bédel Bokassa, leader of the Central African Republic army, and his military officers begin a coup d'état against the government of President David Dacko.
• 1968  - The first flight of the Tupolev Tu-144, the first civilian supersonic transport in the world.
• 1968  - MacRobertson Miller Airlines Flight 1750 crashes near Port Hedland, Western Australia, killing all 26 people on board.^[17]
• 1981  - A coup d'état in Ghana removes President Hilla Limann's PNP government and replaces it with the Provisional National Defence Council led by Flight lieutenant Jerry Rawlings.
• 1983  - The AT&T Bell System is broken up by the United States Government.
• 1983  - Benjamin Ward is appointed New York City Police Department's first ever African American police commissioner.
• 1983  - In Nigeria, a coup d'état led by Major General Muhammadu Buhari ends the Second Nigerian Republic.
• 1991  - All official Soviet Union institutions have ceased operations by this date, five days after the Soviet Union is officially dissolved.
• 1992  - Czechoslovakia is peacefully dissolved in what is dubbed by media as the Velvet Divorce, resulting in the creation of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.
• 1994  - This date is skipped altogether in Kiribati as the Phoenix Islands and Line Islands change time zones from to and to, respectively.
• 1994  - The First Chechen War: The Russian Ground Forces begin a New Year's storming of Grozny.
• 1995  - The final comic of Calvin and Hobbes is published.^[18]
• 1998  - The European Exchange Rate Mechanism freezes the values of the legacy currencies in the Eurozone, and establishes the value of the euro currency.
• 1999  - The first President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, resigns from office, leaving Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the acting President and successor.
• 1999  - The U.S. government hands control of the Panama Canal (as well all the adjacent land to the canal known as the Panama Canal Zone) to Panama. This act complied with the signing of the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties.
• 1999  - Indian Airlines Flight 814 hijacking ends after seven days with the release of 190 survivors at Kandahar Airport, Afghanistan.
• 2000  - The last day of the 20th Century and 2nd Millennium.
• 2004  - The official opening of Taipei 101, the tallest skyscraper at that time in the world, standing at a height of 509m (1,670feet).
• 2009  - Both a blue moon and a lunar eclipse occur.
• 2010  - Tornadoes touch down in midwestern and southern United States, including Washington County, Arkansas; Greater St. Louis, Sunset Hills, Missouri, Illinois, and Oklahoma, with a few tornadoes in the early hours. A total of 36 tornadoes touched down, resulting in the deaths of nine people and $113 million in damages.
• 2011  - NASA succeeds in putting the first of two Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory satellites in orbit around the Moon.
• 2014  - A New Year's Eve celebration stampede in Shanghai kills at least 36 people and injures 49 others.
• 2015  - A fire breaks out at the Downtown Address Hotel in Downtown Dubai, United Arab Emirates, located near the Burj Khalifa, two hours before the fireworks display is due to commence. Sixteen injuries were reported; one had a heart attack, another suffered a major injury, and fourteen others with minor injuries.
• 2018  - Thirty-nine people are killed after a ten-story building collapses in the industrial city of Magnitogorsk, Russia.^[19]
• 2019  - The World Health Organization is informed of cases of pneumonia with an unknown cause, detected in Wuhan.^[20] This later turned out to be COVID-19, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic.^[21]
• 2020  - The World Health Organization issues its first emergency use validation for a COVID-19 vaccine.^{[22] [23]}

Births

Pre-1600

• 695  - Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, Umayyad general (d. 715)
• 1378  - Pope Callixtus III (d. 1458)
• 1491  - Jacques Cartier, French navigator and explorer (d. 1557)
• 1493  - Eleonora Gonzaga, Duchess of Urbino (d. 1570)
• 1504  - Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1538)
• 1514  - Andreas Vesalius, Belgian anatomist, physician, and author (d. 1564)
• 1539  - John Radcliffe, English politician (d. 1568)
• 1550  - Henry I, Duke of Guise (d. 1588)
• 1552  - Simon Forman, English occultist and astrologer (d. 1611)
• 1572  - Emperor Go-Yōzei of Japan, (d. 1617)
• 1585  - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general and politician, 24th Governor of the Duchy of Milan (d. 1645)

1601–1900

• 1668  - Herman Boerhaave, Dutch botanist and physician (d. 1738)
• 1714  - Arima Yoriyuki, Japanese mathematician and educator (d. 1783)
• 1720  - Charles Edward Stuart, Scottish claimant to the throne of England (d. 1788)
• 1738  - Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, English general and politician, 3rd Governor-General of India (d. 1805)
• 1741  - Gottfried August Bürger, German poet and academic (d. 1794)
• 1763  - Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, French admiral (d. 1806)
• 1776  - Johann Spurzheim, German-American physician and phrenologist (d. 1832)
• 1798  - Friedrich Robert Faehlmann, Estonian physician, philologist, and academic (d. 1850)
• 1805  - Marie d'Agoult, German-French historian and author (d. 1876)^[24]
• 1815  - George Meade, American general and engineer (d. 1872)
• 1830  - Isma'il Pasha, Egyptian ruler (d. 1895)
• 1830  - Alexander Smith, Scottish poet and critic (d. 1867)
• 1833  - Hugh Nelson Scottish-Australian politician, 11th Premier of Queensland (d. 1906)
• 1834  - Queen Kapiolani of Hawaii (d. 1899)
• 1838  - Émile Loubet, French lawyer and politician, 7th President of France (d. 1929)
• 1842  - Giovanni Boldini, Italian painter (d. 1931)
• 1851  - Henry Carter Adams, American economist and academic (d. 1921)
• 1855  - Giovanni Pascoli, Italian poet and scholar (d. 1912)
• 1857  - King Kelly, American baseball player and manager (d. 1894)
• 1860  - Joseph S. Cullinan, American businessman, co-founded Texaco (d. 1937)
• 1864  - Robert Grant Aitken, American astronomer and academic (d. 1951)
• 1869  - Henri Matisse, French painter and sculptor (d. 1954)
• 1872  - Fred Marriott, American race car driver (d. 1956)
• 1873  - Konstantin Konik, Estonian surgeon and politician, 19th Estonian Minister of Education (d. 1936)
• 1874  - Julius Meier, American businessman and politician, 20th Governor of Oregon (d. 1937)
• 1877  - Lawrence Beesley, English journalist and author (d. 1967)
• 1878  - Elizabeth Arden, Canadian businesswoman, founded Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (d. 1966)
• 1878  - Horacio Quiroga, Uruguayan-Argentinian author, poet, and playwright (d. 1937)
• 1880  - Fred Beebe, American baseball player and coach (d. 1957)
• 1880  - George Marshall, American general and politician, 50th United States Secretary of State, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959)
• 1881  - Max Pechstein, German painter and academic (d. 1955)
• 1884  - Bobby Byrne, American baseball and soccer player (d. 1964)
• 1884  - Mihály Fekete, Hungarian actor, screenwriter, and film director (d. 1960)
• 1885  - Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein (d. 1970)
• 1899  - Silvestre Revueltas, Mexican violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1940)

1901–present

• 1901  - Karl-August Fagerholm, Finnish politician, valtioneuvos, the Speaker of the Parliament and the Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1984)^[25]
• 1901  - Nikos Ploumpidis, Greek educator and politician (d. 1954)
• 1902  - Lionel Daunais, Canadian singer-songwriter (d. 1982)
• 1902  - Roy Goodall, English footballer (d. 1982)
• 1903  - William Heynes, English engineer (d. 1989)
• 1905  - Helen Dodson Prince, American astronomer and academic (d. 2002)
• 1908  - Simon Wiesenthal, Ukrainian-Austrian Nazi hunter and author (d. 2005)
• 1909  - Jonah Jones, American trumpet player and saxophonist (d. 2000)
• 1910  - Carl Dudley, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1973)
• 1910  - Enrique Maier, Spanish tennis player (d. 1981)^[26]
• 1911  - Dal Stivens, Australian soldier and author (d. 1997)
• 1912  - John Frost, Indian-English general (d. 1993)
• 1914  - Mary Logan Reddick, American neuroembryologist (d. 1966)
• 1915  - Sam Ragan, American journalist, author, and poet (d. 1996)
• 1917  - Evelyn Knight, American singer (d. 2007)
• 1917  - Wilfrid Noyce, English mountaineer and author (d. 1962)
• 1918  - Ray Graves, American football player and coach (d. 2015)
• 1919  - Tommy Byrne, American baseball player, coach, and politician (d. 2007)
• 1919  - Carmen Contreras-Bozak, Puerto Rican-American soldier (d. 2017)
• 1920  - Rex Allen, American actor and singer-songwriter (d. 1999)
• 1922  - Tomás Balduino, Brazilian bishop (d. 2014)
• 1922  - Halina Czerny-Stefańska, Polish pianist and educator (d. 2001)
• 1922  - Luis Zuloaga, Venezuelan baseball player (d. 2013)
• 1923  - Giannis Dalianidis, Greek actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2010)
• 1924  - Taylor Mead, American actor and poet (d. 2013)
• 1925  - Irina Korschunow, German author and screenwriter (d. 2013)
• 1925  - Sri Lal Sukla, Indian author (d. 2011)
• 1925  - Daphne Oram, British composer and electronic musician (d. 2003)
• 1926  - Valerie Pearl, English historian and academic (d. 2016)
• 1926  - Billy Snedden, Australian lawyer and politician, 17th Attorney-General for Australia (d. 1987)
• 1928  - Ross Barbour, American pop singer (d. 2011)
• 1928  - Hugh McElhenny, American football player (d. 2022)^[27]
• 1928  - Veijo Meri, Finnish author and translator (d. 2015)
• 1928  - Tatyana Shmyga, Russian actress and singer (d. 2011)
• 1928  - Siné, French cartoonist (d. 2016)
• 1929  - Mies Bouwman, Dutch television host (d. 2018)
• 1929  - Peter May, English cricketer (d. 1994)
• 1930  - Jaime Escalante, Bolivian-American educator (d. 2010)
• 1930  - Odetta, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress (d. 2008)
• 1931  - Bob Shaw, Northern Irish journalist and author (d. 1996)
• 1932  - Don James, American football player and coach (d. 2013)
• 1932  - Felix Rexhausen, German journalist and author (d. 1992)
• 1933  - Edward Bunker, American author, screenwriter, and actor (d. 2005)
• 1934  - Ameer Muhammad Akram Awan, Indian author, poet, and scholar (d. 2017)
• 1937  - Avram Hershko, Hungarian-Israeli biochemist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1937  - Barry Hughes, Welsh footballer and manager (d. 2019)
• 1937  - Tess Jaray, Austrian-English painter and educator
• 1938  - Rosalind Cash, American singer and actress (d. 1995)
• 1938  - Atje Keulen-Deelstra, Dutch speed skater (d. 2013)
• 1939  - Willye White, American sprinter and long jumper (d. 2007)
• 1940  - Mani Neumeier, German drummer
• 1941  - Sir Alex Ferguson, Scottish footballer and manager
• 1944  - Taylor Hackford, American director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1945  - Connie Willis, American author
• 1946  - Roy Greenslade, English journalist and academic
• 1946  - Bryan Hamilton, Northern Irish footballer and coach
• 1946  - Raphael Kaplinsky, South African international development academic
• 1946  - Pius Ncube, Zimbabwean archbishop
• 1946  - Lyudmila Pakhomova, Russian ice dancer (d. 1986)
• 1946  - Cliff Richey, American tennis player^[28]
• 1946  - Eric Robson, Scottish journalist and author
• 1946  - Nigel Rudd, English businessman, founded Williams Holdings
• 1946  - Tim Stevens, English bishop
• 1948  - Sandy Jardine, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2014)
• 1949  - Ellen Datlow, American anthologist and author
• 1949  - Flora Gomes, Bissau-Guinean filmmaker
• 1949  - Susan Shwartz, American author
• 1950  - Bob Gilder, American golfer
• 1950  - Inge Helten, German sprinter
• 1950  - Cheryl Womack, American businesswoman
• 1951  - Kenny Roberts, American motorcycle racer
• 1952  - Vaughan Jones, New Zealand mathematician and academic (d. 2020)
• 1952  - Jean-Pierre Rives, French rugby player, painter, and sculptor
• 1953  - Jane Badler, American actress
• 1954  - Alex Salmond, Scottish economist and politician, First Minister of Scotland^[29]
• 1954  - Hermann Tilke, German racing driver, architect and engineer
• 1956  - Robert Goodwill, English farmer and politician
• 1956  - Helma Knorscheidt, German shot putter
• 1956  - Steve Rude, American author and illustrator
• 1958  - Geoff Marsh, Australian cricketer and coach
• 1959  - Liveris Andritsos, Greek basketball player
• 1959  - Phill Kline, American lawyer and politician, Kansas Attorney General
• 1959  - Baron Waqa, Nauruan composer and politician, 14th President of Nauru
• 1960  - Steve Bruce, English footballer and manager
• 1961  - Rick Aguilera, American baseball player and coach
• 1961  - Jeremy Heywood, English economist and civil servant (d. 2018)
• 1961  - Nina Li Chi, Hong Kong actress^[30]
• 1962  - Tyrone Corbin, American basketball player and coach
• 1962  - Chris Hallam, English-Welsh swimmer and wheelchair racer (d. 2013)
• 1962  - Jennifer Higdon, American composer^[31]
• 1964  - Winston Benjamin, Antiguan cricketer
• 1964  - Michael McDonald, American comedian, actor, and director
• 1965  - Tony Dorigo, Australian-English footballer and sportscaster
• 1965  - Julie Doucet, Canadian cartoonist and author
• 1965  - Laxman Sivaramakrishnan, Indian cricketer
• 1967  - Paul McGregor, Australian rugby league player and coach
• 1968  - Gerry Dee, Canadian comedian, actor, and screenwriter
• 1968  - Junot Diaz, Dominican-born American novelist, short story writer, and essayist
• 1970  - Jorjão, Brazilian footballer
• 1970  - Danny McNamara, English singer-songwriter
• 1970  - Carlos Morales Quintana, Spanish-Danish architect and sailor
• 1970  - Bryon Russell, American basketball player
• 1971  - Brent Barry, American basketball player and sportscaster
• 1971  - Esteban Loaiza, Mexican baseball player
• 1971  - Heath Shuler, American football player and politician^[32]
• 1972  - Grégory Coupet, French footballer
• 1972  - Scott Manley, Scottish YouTube personality
• 1973  - Shandon Anderson, American basketball player
• 1973  - Malcolm Middleton, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1973  - Curtis Myden, Canadian swimmer
• 1974  - Joe Abercrombie, English author
• 1974  - Mario Aerts, Belgian cyclist
• 1974  - Tony Kanaan, Brazilian race car driver
• 1974  - Ryan Sakoda, Japanese-American wrestler and trainer
• 1975  - Rami Alanko, Finnish ice hockey player
• 1975  - Toni Kuivasto, Finnish footballer and coach
• 1975  - Rob Penders, Dutch footballer
• 1975  - Sander Schutgens, Dutch runner
• 1976  - Luís Carreira, Portuguese motorcycle racer (d. 2012)
• 1976  - Matthew Hoggard, English cricketer
• 1977  - Wardy Alfaro, Costa Rican footballer and coach
• 1979  - Paul O'Neill, English racing driver
• 1979  - Jeff Waldstreicher, American lawyer and politician
• 1980  - Jesse Carlson, American baseball player
• 1980  - Matt Cross, American wrestler
• 1980  - Richie McCaw, New Zealand rugby player
• 1980  - Carsten Schlangen, German runner
• 1981  - Jason Campbell, American football player
• 1981  - Francisco García, Dominican basketball player^[33]
• 1981  - Matthew Pavlich, Australian footballer
• 1981  - Margaret Simpson, Ghanaian heptathlete
• 1981  - Ricky Whittle, English actor
• 1982  - Julio DePaula, Dominican baseball player
• 1982  - Craig Gordon, Scottish footballer
• 1982  - Luke Schenscher, Australian basketball player
• 1982  - The Rocket Summer, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1983  - Jana Veselá, Czech basketball player^[34]
• 1984  - Corey Crawford, Canadian ice hockey player^[35]
• 1984  - Ben Hannant, Australian rugby league player
• 1984  - Édgar Lugo, Mexican footballer
• 1984  - Calvin Zola, Congolese footballer
• 1985  - Jonathan Horton, American gymnast
• 1985  - Jan Smit, Dutch singer and television host
• 1986  - Nate Freiman, American baseball player
• 1986  - Kade Snowden, Australian rugby league player
• 1987  - Javaris Crittenton, American basketball player
• 1987  - Danny Holla, Dutch footballer
• 1987  - Nemanja Nikolić, Hungarian footballer
• 1988  - Michal Řepík, Czech ice hockey player^[36]
• 1989  - Ryo Aitaka, Japanese kickboxer and professional wrestler^[37]
• 1989  - Kelvin Herrera, Dominican baseball player^[38]
• 1991  - Dennis Everberg, Swedish ice hockey player^[39]
• 1991  - ND Stevenson, American cartoonist
• 1992  - Amy Cure, Australian track cyclist
• 1992  - Karl Kruuda, Estonian racing driver
• 1995  - Gabby Douglas, American gymnast^[40]
• 1995  - Edmond Sumner, American basketball player^[41]
• 1996  - J. J. Arcega-Whiteside, Spanish-American football player^[42]
• 1997  - Cameron Carter-Vickers, English-American soccer player^[43]
• 2000  - Alycia Parks, American tennis player^[44]
• 2001  - Katie Volynets, American tennis player^[45]
• 2002  - Joe Scally, American soccer player^[46]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 45 BC  - Quintus Fabius Maximus, consul suffectus
• 192  - Commodus, Roman emperor (b. 161)^[47]
• 335  - Pope Sylvester I
• 669  - Li Shiji, Chinese general (b. 594)
• 914  - Ibn Hawshab, founder of the Isma'ili community in Yemen^[48]
• 1032  - Ahmad Maymandi, Persian statesman, vizier of the Ghaznavid Empire^[49]
• 1164  - Ottokar III of Styria (b. 1124)
• 1194  - Leopold V, Duke of Austria (b. 1157)
• 1298  - Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, English politician, Lord High Constable of England (b. 1249)
• 1299  - Margaret, Countess of Anjou (b. 1273)
• 1302  - Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1238)
• 1384  - John Wycliffe, English philosopher, theologian, and translator (b. 1331)
• 1386  - Johanna of Bavaria, Queen of Bohemia (b. c. 1362)
• 1426  - Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter (b. 1377)
• 1439  - Margaret Holland, English noblewoman (b. 1385)
• 1460  - Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician, Lord Chancellor of the United Kingdom (b. 1400)
• 1510  - Bianca Maria Sforza, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1472)
• 1535  - William Skeffington, English-Irish politician, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. 1465)
• 1568  - Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese daimyō (b. 1493)
• 1575  - Pierino Belli, Italian commander and jurist (b. 1502)
• 1583  - Thomas Erastus, Swiss physician and theologian (b. 1524)

1601–1900

• 1610  - Ludolph van Ceulen, German-Dutch mathematician and academic (b. 1540)
• 1637  - Christian, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen, German count (b. 1585)^[50]
• 1650  - Dorgon, Chinese emperor (b. 1612)
• 1655  - Janusz Radziwiłł, Polish–Lithuanian politician (b. 1612)
• 1655  - Sir John Wray, 2nd Baronet, English politicians and Roundheads supporter (b. 1586) ^[51]
• 1673  - Oliver St John, English judge and politician, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (b. 1598)
• 1679  - Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian physiologist and physicist (b. 1608)
• 1691  - Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish chemist and physicist (b. 1627)^[52]
• 1691  - Dudley North, English merchant and economist (b. 1641)
• 1705  - Catherine of Braganza (b. 1638)
• 1719  - John Flamsteed, English astronomer and academic (b. 1646)
• 1730  - Carlo Gimach, Maltese architect, engineer and poet (b. 1651)
• 1742  - Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine (b. 1661)
• 1775  - Richard Montgomery, American general (b. 1738)
• 1799  - Jean-François Marmontel, French historian and author (b. 1723)
• 1818  - Jean-Pierre Duport, French cellist (b. 1741)
• 1872  - Aleksis Kivi, Finnish author and playwright (b. 1834)
• 1876  - Catherine Labouré, French nun and saint (b. 1806)
• 1877  - Gustave Courbet, French-Swiss painter and sculptor (b. 1819)
• 1888  - Samson Raphael Hirsch, German rabbi and scholar (b. 1808)
• 1889  - Ion Creangă, Romanian author and educator (b. 1837)
• 1889  - George Kerferd, English-Australian politician, 10th Premier of Victoria (b. 1831)
• 1890  - Pancha Carrasco, Costa Rican soldier (b. 1826)
• 1891  - Samuel Ajayi Crowther, Nigerian bishop and linguist (b. 1809)
• 1894  - Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, Dutch mathematician and academic (b. 1856)

1901–present

• 1909  - Spencer Trask, American financier and philanthropist (b. 1844)
• 1910  - Archibald Hoxsey, American pilot (b. 1884)
• 1910  - John Moisant, American pilot and engineer (b. 1868)
• 1921  - Boies Penrose, American lawyer and politician (b. 1860)
• 1934  - Cornelia Clapp, American marine biologist (b. 1849)^[53]
• 1936  - Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish philosopher, author, and poet (b. 1864)
• 1948  - Malcolm Campbell, English racing driver and journalist (b. 1885)
• 1949  - Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı, Turkish philosopher, poet, and politician (b. 1869)
• 1949  - Raimond Valgre, Estonian pianist and composer (b. 1913)
• 1950  - Charles Koechlin, French composer and educator (b. 1867)
• 1951  - Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri, Indian Muslim scholar (b. 1868)
• 1953  - Albert Plesman, Dutch businessman, founded KLM (b. 1889)
• 1964  - Bobby Byrne, American baseball and soccer player (b. 1884)
• 1964  - Ólafur Thors, Icelandic lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1892)
• 1964  - Henry Maitland Wilson, English field marshal (b. 1881)
• 1968  - George Lewis, American clarinet player and composer (b. 1900)
• 1970  - Cyril Scott, English composer, writer, and poet (b. 1879)
• 1972  - Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and Marine (b. 1934)
• 1972  - Henry Gerber, German-American activist, founded the Society for Human Rights (b. 1892)
• 1978  - Basil Wolverton, American illustrator (b. 1909)
• 1980  - Marshall McLuhan, Canadian philosopher and theorist (b. 1911)
• 1980  - Raoul Walsh, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1887)
• 1983  - Sevim Burak, Turkish author and playwright (b. 1931)
• 1985  - Ricky Nelson, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1940)
• 1987  - Jerry Turner, American journalist (b. 1929)
• 1988  - Nicolas Calas, Greek-American poet and critic (b. 1907)
• 1990  - George Allen, American football player and coach (b. 1918)
• 1990  - Vasily Lazarev, Russian physician, colonel, and astronaut (b. 1928)
• 1990  - Giovanni Michelucci, Italian architect and urban planner, designed the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station (b. 1891)
• 1993  - Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Georgian anthropologist and politician, 1st President of Georgia (b. 1939)
• 1993  - Brandon Teena, American murder victim (b. 1972)
• 1993  - Big Bertha, Irish cattle and twice Guinness World Record holder (oldest cow, cow with most offspring) (b. 1945)^[54]
• 1994  - Woody Strode, American football player, wrestler, and actor (b. 1914)
• 1996  - Wesley Addy, American actor (b. 1913)
• 1997  - Floyd Cramer, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1933)
• 1997  - Billie Dove, American actress (b. 1903)
• 1998  - Ted Glossop, Australian rugby league player and coach (b. 1934)
• 1999  - Elliot Richardson, American lawyer and politician, 69th United States Attorney General (b. 1920)
• 1999  - Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi, Indian Muslim scholar and author (b. 1914)
• 2000  - Alan Cranston, American journalist and politician (b. 1914)
• 2000  - José Greco, Italian-American dancer and choreographer (b. 1918)
• 2000  - Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane, American-Israeli rabbi and scholar (b. 1966)
• 2001  - Eileen Heckart, American actress (b. 1919)
• 2002  - Kevin MacMichael, Canadian guitarist, songwriter, and producer (b. 1951)^[55]
• 2003  - Arthur R. von Hippel German-American physicist and author (b. 1898)
• 2004  - Gérard Debreu, French economist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1921)
• 2005  - Enrico Di Giuseppe, American tenor and educator (b. 1932)
• 2005  - Phillip Whitehead, English screenwriter, producer, and politician (b. 1937)
• 2006  - Ya'akov Hodorov, Israeli footballer (b. 1927)^[56]
• 2006  - Seymour Martin Lipset, American sociologist, author, and academic (b. 1922)
• 2006  - George Sisler, Jr., American businessman (b. 1917)
• 2007  - Roy Amara, American scientific researcher (b. 1925)
• 2007  - Michael Goldberg, American painter and educator (b. 1924)
• 2007  - Bill Idelson, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1919)
• 2007  - Milton L. Klein, Canadian lawyer and politician (b. 1910)
• 2007  - Ettore Sottsass, Austrian-Italian architect and designer (b. 1917)
• 2008  - Donald E. Westlake, American author and screenwriter (b. 1933)
• 2009  - Cahal Daly, Irish cardinal and philosopher (b. 1917)
• 2009  - Justin Keating, Irish surgeon, journalist, and politician, Minister for Industry and Commerce (b. 1930)
• 2010  - Raymond Impanis, Belgian cyclist (b. 1925)
• 2010  - Per Oscarsson, Swedish actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1927)
• 2012  - Peter Ebert, English director and producer (b. 1918)
• 2012  - Tarak Mekki, Tunisian businessman and politician (b. 1958)
• 2012  - Jovette Marchessault, Canadian author and playwright (b. 1938)
• 2012  - Günter Rössler, German photographer and journalist (b. 1926)
• 2013  - James Avery, American actor (b. 1945)
• 2013  - Roberto Ciotti, Italian guitarist and composer (b. 1953)
• 2013  - Bob Grant, American radio host (b. 1929)
• 2013  - Irina Korschunow, German author and screenwriter (b. 1925)
• 2014  - Edward Herrmann, American actor (b. 1943)
• 2014  - Abdullah Hussain, Malaysian author (b. 1920)
• 2014  - Norm Phelps, American author and activist (b. 1939)
• 2014  - S. Arthur Spiegel, American captain, lawyer, and judge (b. 1920)
• 2014  - Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington, British soldier and politician (b. 1915)
• 2015  - Natalie Cole, American singer-songwriter and actress (b. 1950)^[57]
• 2015  - Wayne Rogers, American actor and investor (b. 1933)^{[58] [59]}
• 2016  - William Christopher, American actor (b. 1932)^[60]
• 2018  - Kader Khan, Indian actor (b. 1937)^[61]
• 2021  - Betty White, American actress, comedian and producer (b. 1922)^[62]
• 2022  - Pope Benedict XVI, German Roman Catholic cardinal and theologian, pope (2005–2013) and archbishop of Munich and Freising (1977–1982) (b. 1927)^[63]
• 2022  - Barry Lane, English golfer (b. 1960)^[64]
• 2023  - Cale Yarborough, American Hall of Fame racing driver and founder of Cale Yarborough Motorsports, NASCAR Cup Series champion (1976, 1977, 1978) (b. 1939)^[65]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Pope Sylvester I (Catholic Church)
  • December 31 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• International Solidarity Day of Azerbaijanis (Azerbaijan)
• New Year's Eve (International observance), and its related observances:
  • First Night (United States)
  • Last Day of the Year or Bisperás ng Bagong Taón, special holiday between Rizal Day and New Year's Day (Philippines)
  • Novy God Eve (Russia)
  • Ōmisoka (Japan)
  • The first day of Hogmanay or "Auld Year's Night" (Scotland)
• The seventh of the Twelve Days of Christmas (Western Christianity)
• The sixth and penultimate day of Kwanzaa (United States)

See also

• January 0

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on December 31

Notes and References

1. Web site: Calendar of Feast Days.
2. Book: Empires besieged : time frame--AD 200-600 . 1988 . Alexandria, Va. : Time-Life Books . 978-0-8094-6416-6 . 38 . 5 September 2022.
3. Book: Kruse . Marion . The Politics of Roman Memory: From the Fall of the Western Empire to the Age of Justinian . 4 October 2019 . University of Pennsylvania Press . 978-0-8122-5162-3 . 117 . en.
4. Book: Albert Hugh Smith. The Parker Chronicle 832-900. 1980. University of Exeter. 978-0-85989-099-1. 26.
5. Book: Robinson, I. S. . 1999 . 2003 . Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106 . Cambridge University Press . 0-521-54590-0 . 336.
6. Book: Breve Historia de la guerra antigua y medieval (Brief history of the old and medieval war) . 211 . F. Xavier Hernández Cardona . Xavier Rubio Campillo . October 2010 . Fareso . es. 9788497639743 .
7. Low . C. R. . History of the Indian Navy: Chapter I. 1600-1622 . The United Service Magazine . 1875 . 3 . 148 . 5 September 2022 . H. Colburn . en.
8. Urbina . María Ximena. Ximena Urbina . La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: defensa de Valdivia, rumores de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la ciudad de los Césares . John Narborough Expedition to Chile, 1670: Defense of Valdivia, Indian Rumors, Information on Prisoners, and the Belief in the City of the Césares . Magallania . 45 . 2 . 2017 . 11–36 . 10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011 . free .
9. Web site: In 1844, the Philippines Skipped a Day, And It Took Decades for the Rest of the World to Notice. Sarah. Laskow. Atlas Obscura. December 30, 2015. EN. 2023-04-19.
10. Web site: Missing date in Philippines history: 31 December 1844. faroutliers.com. Far Outliers. en-US. 27 August 2007. 7 March 2022.
11. Book: Rice . Otis K. . Brown . Stephen Wayne . West Virginia: A History . Lexington, Ky. . University Press of Kentucky . 1993 . 9780813118543 . 149–150 . none.

    Kesavan . Vasan . Paulsen . Michael Stokes . 2002 . Is West Virginia Unconstitutional? . California Law Review . 90 . 2 . 319–325 . 10.2307/3481282 . 3481282 .

12. Book: Ann E. Holmes. Diverse Excursions in the Southeast: Paleozoic to Present. 9 March 2015. Geological Society of America. 978-0-8137-0039-7. 4.
13. Book: Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. British and Foreign State Papers. 1927. H.M. Stationery Office. 75.
14. News: Deconstructed – Times Square Ball – Lots of Sparkle for a Swift Fall. The New York Times. January 15, 2013. Alan. Feuer. December 27, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211125103445/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/27/nyregion/27ball.html?ref=nyregion&gwh=DFA1FDC3A94D96DE864D020AB6405314 . 25 November 2021 . live.
15. Web site: Essex IV (CV-9) . 2020-12-26 . NHHC . en-US .
16. Web site: Kappes . Irwin . The Battle of the Barents Sea . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211006170208/https://www.german-navy.de/kriegsmarine/articles/feature5.html . 2021-10-06 . 2021-12-31 . www.german-navy.de.
17. Web site: Ranter. Harro. ASN Aircraft accident Vickers 720C Viscount VH-RMQ Port Hedland, WA. live. 2021-12-29. aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. https://web.archive.org/web/20050527210458/http://aviation-safety.net:80/database/record.php?id=19681231-2 . 2005-05-27 .
18. [Calvin and Hobbes#CITEREFWatterson2005|Watterson (2005)]
19. News: Death toll rises to 39 in Russian apartment block collapse . 2019-01-03 . . 2019-01-07.
20. Web site: Pneumonia of unknown cause – China . WHO.
21. Zhou . Peng . Yang . Xing-Lou . Wang . Xian-Guang . Hu . Ben . Zhang . Lei . Zhang . Wei . Si . Hao-Rui . Zhu . Yan . Li . Bei . Huang . Chao-Lin . Chen . Hui-Dong . Chen . Jing . Luo . Yun . Guo . Hua . Jiang . Ren-Di . Liu . Mei-Qin . Chen . Ying . Shen . Xu-Rui . Wang . Xi . Zheng . Xiao-Shuang . Zhao . Kai . Chen . Quan-Jiao . Deng . Fei . Liu . Lin-Lin . Yan . Bing . Zhan . Fa-Xian . Wang . Yan-Yi . Xiao . Geng-Fu . Shi . Zheng-Li . A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin . Nature . March 2020 . 579 . 7798 . 270–273 . 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 . 32015507 . 7095418 . 2020Natur.579..270Z .
22. Web site: WHO issues its first emergency use validation for a COVID-19 vaccine and emphasizes need for equitable global access. 2021-02-16. www.who.int. en.
23. Web site: 2020-12-31. WHO clears Pfizer coronavirus vaccine for emergency use. 2021-02-16. PBS NewsHour. en-us.
24. Book: Smith, Marylnn J.. Marie (-Catherine-Sophie de Flavigne), Comtesse d'Agoult. Katharina M.. Wilson. An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers Volume 1. New York. Garland. 1991. 7. 978-0-82408-547-6.
25. Web site: FAGERHOLM, Karl-August (1901–1984). Mikko. Majander. Biografiskt lexikon för Finland. December 31, 2021. sv.
26. Web site: Davis Cup Player Profile: Enrique Maier . 2022-10-21 . www.daviscup.com.
27. Web site: UW Football Mourns Passing Of Husky Legend Hugh McElhenny . . 28 December 2022 . 23 June 2022.
28. Web site: Cliff Richey Overview ATP Tour Tennis . 2022-10-21 . ATP Tour.
29. Web site: Alex Salmond Biography & Facts Britannica . www.britannica.com . 9 January 2023 . en.
30. Web site: Hong Kong Cinemagic - Nina Li Chi.
31. Web site: About Jennifer Higdon. jenniferhigdon.com. en. 2 June 2018.
32. Web site: Heath Shuler . . 29 December 2023.
33. Web site: Francisco Garcia . . 29 December 2023.
34. Web site: Jana Vesela . . 29 December 2023.
35. Web site: Corey Crawford . . 29 December 2023.
36. Web site: Michal Repik . . 29 December 2023.
37. Web site: Aitaka Ryo . 17 March 2023 . . 31 December 2023.
38. Web site: Kelvin Herrera . . 29 December 2023.
39. Web site: Dennis Everberg . . 29 December 2023.
40. Web site: Gabrielle Douglas. IOC. 31 December 2020.
41. Web site: Edmond Sumner . . 29 December 2023.
42. Web site: J.J. Arcega-Whiteside . . 29 December 2023.
43. Web site: Cameron Carter-Vickers. 31 December 2023.
44. Web site: Alycia Parks Player Stats & More – WTA Official . 2022-10-17 . Women's Tennis Association . en.
45. Web site: Katie Volynets Player Stats & More – WTA Official . 2022-10-17 . Women's Tennis Association . en.
46. Web site: Joseph Michael Scally. Bundesliga. 31 December 2023.
47. Book: Anthony R Birley. Marcus Aurelius: A Biography. 6 December 2012. Routledge. 978-1-134-69569-0. 15.
48. Book: Halm, Heinz . Heinz Halm . Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden . de . The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids . C. H. Beck . Munich . 1991 . 978-3-406-35497-7 . 176–179 .
49. Encyclopedia: Aḥmad Maymandī . Yusofi . G. H. . http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-b-19 . Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6 . 650–652 . 1984 .
50. Book: Haarmann, Torsten . Das Haus Waldeck und Pyrmont. Mehr als 900 Jahre Gesamtgeschichte mit Stammfolge . de . Werl . Börde-Verlag . 2014 . Deutsche Fürstenhäuser . Heft 35 . 48 . 978-3-981-4458-2-4 .
51. Web site: House of Commons. https://web.archive.org/web/20080501225021/http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage/baronetsW3.htm. 1 May 2008. Leigh Rayment. usurped. 9 October 2023.
52. Web site: Robert Boyle Biography, Contributions, Works, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 4 December 2020 . en.
53. Book: Reynolds, Moira Davison. American Women Scientists: 23 Inspiring Biographies, 1900-2000. Jefferson NC. McFarland. 2004. 8. 978-0-78642-161-9.
54. News: My Travels: Turtle Bunbury in Ireland. A wake for a cow in a pub in rural Ireland sounds like an episode of Father Ted. We knew we'd get no further that night.. 4 December 2010. 21 June 2023. The Guardian.
55. Web site: Remembering the Cutting Crew and Their Guitarist, Darmouth's (Nova Scotia) Kevin MacMichael. cjls.com. 24 January 2020. 31 December 2020. en.
56. News: Soccer / Yaacov Hodorov, age 79, Israel's greatest 'keeper. Haaretz.
57. News: Pareles . Jon . Natalie Cole, 'Unforgettable' Voice and Million-Selling Hitmaker, Dies at 65 . 31 December 2019 . . 1 January 2016.
58. News: 'MASH' Star Wayne Rogers Dies at 82 . . January 1, 2016 . Antoinette . Bueno . 31 December 2014 . . CBS Studios Inc..
59. News: M*A*S*H star Wayne Rogers dead at 82 . . January 1, 2016 . 31 December 2015.
60. Web site: Dunham. Will. Actor William Christopher, M*A*S*H chaplain, dead at 84. Reuters. December 31, 2016.
61. News: Actor-screenwriter Kader Khan passes away . 1 January 2019. 1 January 2019 . Indian Express.
62. News: Beloved TV Icon Betty White Dead on Cusp of 100th Birthday . . December 31, 2021 . Jon . Blistein . 31 December 2021.
63. News: Former Pope Benedict XVI dies at 95 . . McGarvey . Emily . 1 January 2023 . 1 January 2023.
64. Web site: Barry Lane: 1960 – 2022. PGA European Tour. 1 January 2023. 1 January 2023.
65. https://www.espn.com/racing/nascar/story/_/id/39215537/cale-yarborough-three-nascar-champion-70s-dies-84 Cale Yarborough, three-time NASCAR champion in '70s, dies at 84