| 3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37 | |
| Origin: | Nazi Germany |
| Type: | Anti-aircraft gun |
| Is Ranged: | yes |
| Is Explosive: | yes |
| Is Artillery: | yes |
| Service: | 1936–1945 |
| Used By: | Nazi Germany, Romania, Bulgaria |
| Wars: | World War II |
| Designer: | Rheinmetall |
| Production Date: | 1936–1945 |
| Number: | 20,243[1] (Germany) 360[2] (Romania) |
| Variants: | BK 37 aircraft gun |
| Spec Label: | 3.7 cm Flak 36/37[3] |
| Weight: | 1550kg (3,420lb) (combat) 1250kg (2,760lb) (Flak 43) |
| Part Length: | 2.11m (06.92feet) (57 calibers) |
| Crew: | 6–7 |
| Cartridge: | 37 × 263 mm B |
| Cartridge Weight: | 623- |
| Caliber: | 37mm |
| Rate: | 160 rpm (cyclic) |
| Velocity: | 770- |
| Range: | 4200m (13,800feet) (anti-aircraft) |
| Max Range: | 7995m (26,230feet) (ground range) |
| Feed: | 6-round clips |
| Breech: | gas-operated bolt |
| Carriage: | three-legged platform |
| Elevation: | -8° to +85° |
| Traverse: | 360° |
The 3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37 was a series of anti-aircraft guns produced by Nazi Germany that saw widespread service in the Second World War. The cannon was fully automatic and effective against aircraft flying at altitudes up to 4,200 m.[4] The cannon was produced in both towed and self-propelled versions. Having a flexible doctrine, the Germans used their anti-aircraft pieces in ground support roles as well; 37 mm caliber guns were no exception to that. With Germany's defeat, production ceased and, overall, 37 mm caliber anti-aircraft cannon fell into gradual disuse, being replaced by the Bofors 40 mm gun and later, by 35-mm anti-aircraft pieces produced in Switzerland.
The original 37 mm gun was developed by Rheinmetall in 1935 as the 3.7 cm Flak 18. The cannon had an overall length of 89 calibers (hence the additional designation L/89), which allowed 4800m (15,700feet) maximum ceiling.[1] The armour penetration was considerable when using dedicated[5] ammunition, at 100 m distance it could penetrate 36 mm of a 60°-sloped armour, and at 800 m distance correspondingly 24 mm.[1] It used a mechanical bolt for automatic fire, featuring a practical rate of fire of about 80 rounds per minute (rpm). The gun, when emplaced for combat, weighed 1750kg (3,860lb), and complete for transport, including the wheeled mount, 3560kg (7,850lb).
The Flak 18 was only produced in small numbers, and production had already ended in 1936. Development continued, focusing on replacement of the existing cumbersome dual-axle mount with a lighter single-axle one, resulting in a 3.7 cm Flak 36 that cut the complete weight to 1550kg (3,420lb) in combat and 2400kg (5,300lb) in transport.[1] The gun's ballistic characteristics were not changed, although the practical rate of fire was raised to 120 rpm (180 rpm theoretical).[1] A new, simplified sighting system introduced the next year produced the otherwise-identical 3.7 cm Flak 37.[1] The Flak 37 was known as 37 ITK 37 in Finland.
The Flak 36/37 were the most-produced variants of the weapon.
In 1938, the Kingdom of Romania acquired the license to locally produce 360 guns, officially known as "Tun antiaerian Rheinmetall calibru 37 mm model 1939" ("37 mm Rheinmetall anti-aircraft cannon model 1939") at the Astra Works in Brașov. By May 1941, 102 guns had been delivered.[6] The production rate was of 6 pieces per month as of October 1942.[7]
See main article: BK 3,7. The earlier Flak 18 version of the 37mm autoloading gun was adapted for aviation use as the BK 3,7, the lightest-calibre model of the Bordkanone series of heavy caliber cannon used in Luftwaffe aircraft during the war. The BK 3,7 was usually employed for strike against ground targets, or for bomber destroyer duties. Mounted within self-contained gun pods or in conformal gondola-style flat-surface mounted gunpod housings, the BK 3,7 saw use on the Ju 87G panzerknacker ("tank-cracker") version of the Stuka dive bomber as flown with considerable success by Hans-Ulrich Rudel, the Ju 88P-2 and P-3 subtypes, and the Hs 129 B-2/R3 twin-engined strike aircraft.
The closest Allied counterpart to the 3.7 cm Flak series was the 40 mm Bofors L/60, which was designated the "4 cm Flak 28" in German service. The Bofors fired a larger shell of 900g, as opposed to around 650g, at a slightly higher muzzle velocity of around 880m/s as opposed to just under 800m/s. This gave the Bofors an effective ceiling of about 4900m (16,100feet) compared to 4200m (13,800feet) for the Flak series.[8] Firing rates for the earlier models were similar, although the Flak 43's improved rates beat the Bofors. The most notable difference is the size and weight of the two weapons; the Bofors weighed just under 2000kg (4,000lb) and required a two-axle trailer, while the earlier Flak models weighed 1550kg (3,420lb) on a single-axle mount, and the Flak 43 reduced this even further to 1250kg (2,760lb).
The 37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K) was the closest Soviet counterpart, firing a shell very similar to the Flak with a similar rate of fire from a gun of generally similar weight and size. The US's 37 mm Gun M1 was similar to the Flak as well, but was considered inferior to the Bofors and saw relatively limited use. The Japanese had nothing similar, their largest AA autocannon being the Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Gun. The Italian counterpart was the Breda Cannone-Mitragliera da 37/54.
| Country | Gun Model | RPM | Projectile Weight | Weight of fire per minute | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37 | 120 | 0.64sp=usNaNsp=us | 76.8sp=usNaNsp=us | ||
| 3.7 cm SK C/30 | 30 | 0.74sp=usNaNsp=us[9] | 22.2sp=usNaNsp=us | ||
| Canon de 37 mm Modèle 1925 | 15–21 | 0.72sp=usNaNsp=us[10] | NaNsp=usNaNsp=us | ||
| Cannone-Mitragliera da 37/54 (Breda) | 60–120 | 0.82sp=usNaNsp=us[11] | NaNsp=usNaNsp=us | ||
| 37 mm Gun M1 | 120 | 0.87sp=usNaNsp=us | 104.4sp=usNaNsp=us | ||
| 37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K) | 80[12] | 0.73sp=usNaNsp=us[13] | 58.4sp=usNaNsp=us | ||
| QF 2-pounder naval gun | 115 | 0.91sp=usNaNsp=us[14] | 104.6sp=usNaNsp=us | ||
| Bofors 40 mm gun | 120 | 0.9sp=usNaNsp=us[15] | 108sp=usNaNsp=us |