October 2 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 829  - Theophilos succeeds his father Michael II as Byzantine Emperor.^[1]
• 939  - Battle of Andernach: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard of Franconia and other Frankish dukes.
• 1263  - The Battle of Largs is fought between Norwegians and Scots.^[2]
• 1470  - The Earl of Warwick's rebellion forces King Edward IV of England to flee to the Netherlands,^[3] restoring Henry VI to the throne.^[4]
• 1552  - Russo-Kazan Wars: Russian troops enter Kazan.^[5]

1601–1900

• 1780  - American Revolutionary War: John André, a British Army officer, is hanged as a spy by the Continental Army.^[6]
• 1789  - The United States Bill of Rights is sent to the various States for ratification.^[7]
• 1835  - Texas Revolution: Mexican troops attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.^[8]
• 1864  - American Civil War: Confederates defeat a Union attack on Saltville, Virginia. A massacre of wounded Union prisoners ensues.^[9]
• 1870  - By plebiscite, the citizens of the Papal States accept annexation by the Kingdom of Italy.^[10]

1901–present

• 1920  - Ukrainian War of Independence: Mikhail Frunze orders the Red Army to immediately cease hostilities with the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine.^[11]
• 1928  - The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, is founded.^{[12] [13]}
• 1937  - Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of Haitians living in the border region of the Dominican Republic.^[14]
• 1942  - World War II: Ocean Liner accidentally rams and sinks, killing over 300 crewmen aboard Curacoa.^[15]
• 1944  - World War II: German troops end the Warsaw Uprising.^[16]
• 1958  - Guinea declares its independence from France.
• 1967  - Thurgood Marshall is sworn in as the first African-American justice of the United States Supreme Court.
• 1968  - Mexican President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz orders soldiers to suppress a demonstration of unarmed students, ten days before the start of the 1968 Summer Olympics.^[17]
• 1970  - An aircraft carrying the Wichita State University football team, administrators, and supporters crashes in Colorado, killing 31 people.^[18]
• 1971  - South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu is re-elected in a one-man election.^[19]
• 1971  - British European Airways Flight 706 crashes near Aarsele, Belgium, killing 63.^[20]
• 1980  - Michael Myers becomes the first member of either chamber of Congress to be expelled since the Civil War.^[21]
• 1990  - Xiamen Airlines Flight 8301 is hijacked and lands at Guangzhou, where it crashes into two other airliners on the ground, killing 132.^[22]
• 1992  - Military police storm the Carandiru Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil during a prison riot. The resulting massacre leaves 111 prisoners dead.^[23]
• 1996  - Aeroperú Flight 603 crashes into the ocean near Peru, killing all 70 people on board.^[24]
• 1996  - The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.^[25]
• 2002  - The Beltway sniper attacks begin in Washington, D.C., extending over three weeks and killing 10 people.^[26]
• 2004  - The first parkrun, then known as the Bushy Park Time Trial, takes place in Bushy Park, London, UK.^[27]
• 2006  - Five Amish girls are murdered in a shooting at a school in Pennsylvania, United States.^[28]
• 2007  - President Roh Moo-hyun of South Korea goes to North Korea for an Inter-Korean summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il.^[29]
• 2016  - Ethiopian protests break out during a festival in the Oromia region, killing dozens of people.^[30]
• 2018  - The Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi is assassinated in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey.^[31]
• 2019  - A privately-owned Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress conducting a living history exhibition flight crashes shortly after takeoff from Windsor Locks, Connecticut, killing seven.^[32]

Births

Pre-1600

• 1452  - Richard III of England (d. 1485)^[33]
• 1470  - Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal, Daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1498)^[34]
• 1527  - William Drury, English politician (d. 1579)^[35]
• 1538  - Charles Borromeo, Italian cardinal and saint (d. 1584)^[36]

1601–1900

• 1718  - Elizabeth Montagu, English author and critic (d. 1800)^[37]
• 1768  - William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, English general and politician (d. 1854)^[38]
• 1798  - Charles Albert, King of Sardinia (1831–49) (d. 1849)^[39]
• 1800  - Nat Turner, American slave and uprising leader (d. 1831)^[40]
• 1815  - James Agnew, Irish-Australian politician, Premier of Tasmania (d. 1901)^[41]
• 1821  - Alexander P. Stewart, American general (d. 1908)^[42]
• 1828  - Charles Floquet, French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)^[43]
• 1832  - Edward Burnett Tylor, English anthropologist (d. 1917)^[44]
• 1847  - Paul von Hindenburg, German field marshal and politician, 2nd President of Germany (d. 1934)^[45]
• 1851  - Ferdinand Foch, French field marshal (d. 1929)^[46]
• 1852  - William Ramsay, Scottish chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)^[47]
• 1854  - Patrick Geddes, Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, and philanthropist (d. 1932)^[48]
• 1866  - Swami Abhedananda, Indian mystic and philosopher (d. 1939)^[49]
• 1869  - Mahatma Gandhi, Indian freedom fighter, activist and philosopher (d. 1948)^[50]
• 1871  - Cordell Hull, American politician, United States Secretary of State, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)
• 1871  - Martha Brookes Hutcheson, American landscaper and author (d. 1959)^[51]
• 1873  - Stephen Warfield Gambrill, American lawyer and politician (d. 1924)^[52]
• 1873  - Pelham Warner, English cricketer and manager (d. 1963)^[53]
• 1875  - Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, American suffragist (d. 1935)^[54]
• 1879  - Wallace Stevens, American poet (d. 1955)^[55]
• 1882  - Boris Shaposhnikov, Russian colonel (d. 1945)^[56]
• 1883  - Karl von Terzaghi, Austrian geologist and engineer (d. 1963)^[57]
• 1890  - Groucho Marx, American comedian and actor (d. 1977)
• 1893  - Leroy Shield, American composer and conductor (d. 1962)^[58]
• 1895  - Ruth Cheney Streeter, American colonel (d. 1990)^[59]
• 1900  - Leela Roy Nag, Indian freedom fighter, social reformer and politician (d. 1970)^[60]

1901–present

• 1902  - Leopold Figl, Austrian politician, Chancellor of Austria (d. 1965)^[61]
• 1904  - Graham Greene, English novelist, playwright, and critic (d. 1991)
• 1904  - Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indian and politician, Prime Minister of India (d. 1966)^[62]
• 1905  - Franjo Šeper, Croatian cardinal (d. 1981)^[63]
• 1906  - Thomas Hollway, Australian politician, Premier of Victoria (d. 1971)^[64]
• 1907  - Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Bolivian politician, President of Bolivia (d. 2001)^[65]
• 1907  - Alexander R. Todd, Scottish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997)^[66]
• 1909  - Alex Raymond, American cartoonist, creator of Flash Gordon (d. 1956)^[67]
• 1912  - Frank Malina, American engineer and painter (d. 1981)^[68]
• 1914  - Jack Parsons, American chemist, occultist, and engineer (d. 1952)^[69]
• 1914  - Bernarr Rainbow, English organist, conductor, and historian (d. 1998)^[70]
• 1915  - Chuck Williams, American author and businessman, founded Williams Sonoma (d. 2015)^[71]
• 1917  - Christian de Duve, Belgian cytologist and biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)^[72]
• 1917  - Charles Drake, American actor (d. 1994)^[73]
• 1919  - John W. Duarte, English guitarist and composer (d. 2004)^[74]
• 1921  - Edmund Crispin, English writer and composer (d. 1978)^[75]
• 1921  - Albert Scott Crossfield, American pilot and engineer (d. 2006)^[76]
• 1921  - Robert Runcie, English archbishop (d. 2000)^[77]
• 1925  - Wren Blair, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2013)^[78]
• 1926  - Jan Morris, Welsh historian and author (d. 2020)^[79]
• 1928  - George McFarland, American actor (d. 1993)^[80]
• 1928  - Wolfhart Pannenberg, Polish-German theologian and academic (d. 2014)^{[81] [82]}
• 1929  - Peter Bronfman, Canadian businessman (d. 1996)^[83]
• 1929  - Moses Gunn, American actor (d. 1993)
• 1930  - Dave Barrett, Canadian social worker and politician, 26th Premier of British Columbia (d. 2018)^[84]
• 1932  - Maury Wills, American baseball player and manager (d. 2022)^[85]
• 1933  - John Gurdon, English biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate^[86]
• 1933  - Dave Somerville, Canadian singer (d. 2015)^[87]
• 1934  - Richard Scott, Baron Scott of Foscote, English lawyer and judge^[88]
• 1934  - Earl Wilson, American baseball player (d. 2005)^[89]
• 1935  - Omar Sívori, Italian-Argentine footballer and manager (d. 2005)^[90]
• 1936  - Dick Barnett, American basketball player^[91]
• 1936  - Connie Dierking, American basketball player (d. 2013)^[92]
• 1937  - Johnnie Cochran, American lawyer (d. 2005)^[93]
• 1938  - Waheed Murad, Pakistani actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1983)^[94]
• 1938  - Rex Reed, American film critic^[95]
• 1939  - Budhi Kunderan, Indian cricketer (d. 2006)^[96]
• 1941  - Diana Hendry, English poet and author^[97]
• 1941  - Ron Meagher, American rock bass player^[98]
• 1942  - Steve Sabol, American director and producer, co-founded NFL Films (d. 2012)^[99]
• 1943  - Anna Ford, English journalist^[100]
• 1943  - Henri Szeps, Australian actor^[101]
• 1944  - Vernor Vinge, American author (d. 2024)^[102]
• 1945  - Martin Hellman, American cryptographer and academic^[103]
• 1945  - Don McLean, American singer-songwriter
• 1946  - Sonthi Boonyaratglin, Thai general and politician^[104]
• 1947  - Ward Churchill, American author and activist^[105]
• 1948  - Trevor Brooking, English footballer and manager^[106]
• 1948  - Avery Brooks, American actor^[107]
• 1948  - Donna Karan, American fashion designer, founded DKNY^[108]
• 1948  - Siim Kallas, Estonian politician, Prime Minister of Estonia^[109]
• 1948  - Persis Khambatta, Indian model and actress, (d. 1998)^[110]
• 1949  - Richard Hell, American singer-songwriter and bass player^[111]
• 1949  - Annie Leibovitz, American photographer
• 1950  - Mike Rutherford, English guitarist^[112]
• 1951  - Sting, English singer-songwriter and actor
• 1952  - Robin Riker, American actress
• 1953  - Vanessa Bell Armstrong, American singer^[113]
• 1953  - Tom Boswell, American basketball player^[114]
• 1954  - Lorraine Bracco, American actress^[115]
• 1955  - Philip Oakey, English singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer^[116]
• 1956  - Freddie Jackson, American soul singer^[117]
• 1957  - John Cook, American golfer^[118]
• 1957  - Wade Dooley, English rugby player^[119]
• 1958  - Robbie Nevil, American singer-songwriter
• 1960  - Glenn Anderson, Canadian ice hockey player^[120]
• 1960  - Django Bates, English musician and composer^[121]
• 1960  - Joe Sacco, Maltese-American journalist and cartoonist^[122]
• 1960  - Dereck Whittenburg, American basketball player and coach^[123]
• 1962  - Mark Rypien, Canadian-American football player^[124]
• 1963  - Keith Bradshaw, Australian cricketer^[125]
• 1963  - Maria Ressa, Filipino-American journalist^[126]
• 1964  - Dirk Brinkmann, German field hockey player^[127]
• 1965  - Darren Cahill, Australian tennis player^[128]
• 1965  - Tom Moody, Australian cricketer^[129]
• 1965  - Ferhan and Ferzan Önder, Turkish-Austrian pianists^{[130] [131]}
• 1966  - Yokozuna, American wrestler (d. 2000)^[132]
• 1967  - Frankie Fredericks, Namibian sprinter^[133]
• 1967  - Thomas Muster, Austrian tennis player^[134]
• 1967  - Gillian Welch, American singer-songwriter and guitarist^[135]
• 1968  - Jana Novotná, Czech tennis player and sportscaster (d. 2017)^[136]
• 1968  - Joey Slotnick, American actor
• 1968  - Glen Wesley, Canadian ice hockey player^[137]
• 1968  - Kelly Willis, American country music singer-songwriter^[138]
• 1969  - Badly Drawn Boy, English musician^[139]
• 1970  - Eddie Guardado, American baseball player^[140]
• 1970  - Patricia O'Callaghan, Canadian soprano^[141]
• 1970  - Kelly Ripa, American actress and talk show host
• 1970  - Maribel Verdú, Spanish actress^[142]
• 1971  - Tiffany Darwish, American singer-songwriter^[143]
• 1971  - Jim Root, American guitarist and songwriter^[144]
• 1971  - Chris Savino, American comic book artist, writer, animator and creator of The Loud House^[145]
• 1972  - Aaron McKie, American basketball player^[146]
• 1973  - Melissa Harris-Perry, American journalist, author, and educator^[147]
• 1973  - Lene Nystrøm, Norwegian singer, songwriter, and musician
• 1973  - Efren Ramirez, American actor
• 1973  - Scott Schoeneweis, American baseball player^[148]
• 1974  - Bjarke Ingels, Danish architect^[149]
• 1974  - Brian Knight, American baseball player^[150]
• 1974  - Matthew Nicholson, Australian cricketer^[151]
• 1974  - Sam Roberts, Canadian singer-songwriter and musician^[152]
• 1974  - Paul Teutul Jr., American motorcycle designer, co-founded Orange County Choppers
• 1976  - Mark Chilton, English cricketer^[153]
• 1977  - Didier Défago, Swiss skier^[154]
• 1978  - Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer, songwriter, actress^[155]
• 1979  - Primož Brezec, Slovenian basketball player^[156]
• 1981  - Santi Kolk, Dutch footballer^[157]
• 1981  - Luke Wilkshire, Australian footballer^[158]
• 1982  - Tyson Chandler, American basketball player^[159]
• 1982  - Esra Gümüş, Turkish volleyball player^[160]
• 1984  - Marion Bartoli, French tennis player^[161]
• 1985  - Çağlar Birinci, Turkish footballer^[162]
• 1985  - Brandon Jackson, American football player^[163]
• 1986  - Camilla Belle, American actress^[164]
• 1987  - Bojana Bobusic, Australian tennis player^[165]
• 1987  - Joe Ingles, Australian basketball player^[166]
• 1987  - Phil Kessel, American ice hockey player^[167]
• 1987  - Christopher Larkin, South Korean-American actor
• 1987  - Joel Reinders, American football player^[168]
• 1987  - Ricky Stenhouse Jr., American race car driver^[169]
• 1988  - Kirara Asuka, Japanese model and adult video actress^[170]
• 1988  - Brittany Howard, American singer-songwriter and guitarist^[171]
• 1989  - Frederik Andersen, Danish ice hockey player^[172]
• 1989  - Josh Bailey, Canadian ice hockey player^[173]
• 1989  - Aaron Hicks, American baseball player^[174]
• 1989  - George Nash, English rower^[175]
• 1990  - Samantha Barks, Manx actress and singer
• 1991  - Roberto Firmino, Brazilian footballer^[176]
• 1992  - Alisson Becker, Brazilian footballer^[177]
• 1992  - Shane Larkin, American-Turkish basketball player^[178]
• 1993  - Lance McCullers Jr., American baseball player^[179]
• 1993  - Elizabeth McLaughlin, American actress
• 1994  - Joana Eidukonytė, Lithuanian tennis player^[180]
• 1995  - Tepai Moeroa, Cook Islands rugby league player^[181]
• 1996  - Tom Trbojevic, Australian rugby league player^[182]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 534  - Athalaric, king of the Ostrogoths in Italy^[183]
• 829  - Michael II, Byzantine emperor^[184]
• 939  - Eberhard of Franconia^[185]
• 939  - Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine
• 1264  - Pope Urban IV^[186]
• 1559  - Jacquet of Mantua, French-Italian composer (b. 1483)^[187]

1601–1900

• 1626  - Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar, Spanish academic and diplomat (b. 1567)^[188]
• 1629  - Antonio Cifra, Italian composer (b. 1584)^[189]
• 1629  - Pierre de Bérulle, French cardinal and theologian (b. 1575)^[190]
• 1674  - George Frederick of Nassau-Siegen, officer in the Dutch Army (b. 1606)^[191]
• 1678  - Wu Sangui, Qing Chinese general (b. 1612)^[192]
• 1708  - Anne Jules de Noailles, French general (b. 1650)^[193]
• 1709  - Ivan Mazepa, Ukrainian diplomat (b. 1639)^[194]
• 1724  - François-Timoléon de Choisy, French historian and author (b. 1644)^[195]
• 1746  - Josiah Burchett, English admiral and politician (b. 1666)^[196]
• 1764  - William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1720)^[197]
• 1780  - John André, English soldier (b. 1750)
• 1782  - Charles Lee, English-born American general (b. 1732)^[198]
• 1786  - Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, English admiral and politician (b. 1725)^[199]
• 1803  - Samuel Adams, American politician, Governor of Massachusetts (b. 1722)^[200]
• 1804  - Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, French engineer (b. 1725)^[201]
• 1850  - Sarah Biffen, English painter (b. 1784)^[202]
• 1853  - François Arago, French mathematician, physicist, astronomer, and politician (b. 1786)^[203]

1901–present

• 1920  - Max Bruch, German composer and conductor (b. 1838)^[204]
• 1927  - Svante Arrhenius, Swedish physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)^[205]
• 1938  - Alexandru Averescu, Romanian military leader and politician, 24th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1859)^[206]
• 1943  - John Evans, English-Australian politician, 21st Premier of Tasmania (b. 1855)^[207]
• 1953  - John Marin, American painter (b. 1870)^[208]
• 1955  - William R. Orthwein, American swimmer and water polo player (b. 1881)^[209]
• 1968  - Marcel Duchamp, French painter and sculptor (b. 1887)^[210]
• 1971  - Jessie Arms Botke, American painter (b. 1883)^[211]
• 1973  - Paul Hartman, American actor and dancer (b. 1904)^[212]
• 1973  - Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (b. 1897)^[213]
• 1974  - Vasily Shukshin, Russian actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1929)^[214]
• 1975  - K. Kamaraj, Indian lawyer and politician (b. 1903)^[215]
• 1981  - Harry Golden, American journalist and author (b. 1902)^[216]
• 1981  - Hazel Scott, Trinidadian-American activist, actress, and musician (b. 1920)^[217]
• 1985  - Rock Hudson, American actor (b. 1925)^[218]
• 1987  - Madeleine Carroll, English actress (b. 1906)^[219]
• 1987  - Peter Medawar, Brazilian-English biologist and zoologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)^[220]
• 1988  - Alec Issigonis, English car designer, designed the Mini (b. 1906)^[221]
• 1988  - Hamengkubuwono IX, Indonesian politician, Vice President of Indonesia (b. 1912)^[222]
• 1991  - Hazen Argue, Canadian politician (b. 1921)^[223]
• 1991  - Demetrios I of Constantinople (b. 1914)^[224]
• 1996  - Robert Bourassa, Canadian lawyer and politician, Premier of Quebec (b. 1933)^[225]
• 1996  - Andrey Lukanov, Bulgarian politician, 40th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1938)^[226]
• 1998  - Gene Autry, American actor, singer, and guitarist (b. 1907)^[227]
• 1999  - Heinz G. Konsalik, German journalist and author (b. 1921)^[228]
• 2000  - David Tonkin, Australian politician, Premier of South Australia (b. 1929)^[229]
• 2001  - Franz Biebl, German composer and academic (b. 1906)^[230]
• 2002  - Heinz von Foerster, Austrian-American physicist and philosopher (b. 1911)^[231]
• 2003  - John Thomas Dunlop, American scholar and politician, United States Secretary of Labor (b. 1914)^[232]
• 2005  - Nipsey Russell, American comedian and actor (b. 1918)^[233]
• 2005  - August Wilson, American author and playwright (b. 1945)^[234]
• 2006  - Helen Chenoweth-Hage, American politician (b. 1938)^[235]
• 2006  - Paul Halmos, Hungarian-American mathematician (b. 1916)^[236]
• 2007  - Tex Coulter, American football player (b. 1924)^{[237] [238]}
• 2007  - George Grizzard, American actor (b. 1928)^[239]
• 2007  - Dan Keating, Irish Republican Army volunteer (b. 1902)^[240]
• 2010  - Kwa Geok Choo, Singaporean lawyer and scholar (b. 1920)^[241]
• 2012  - Nguyễn Chí Thiện, Vietnamese-American poet and activist (b. 1939)^[242]
• 2012  - Charles Roach, Trinidadian-Canadian lawyer and activist (b. 1933)^[243]
• 2012  - J. Philippe Rushton, English-Canadian psychologist, theorist, academic (b. 1943)^[244]
• 2013  - Abraham Nemeth, American mathematician and academic (b. 1918)^[245]
• 2014  - Robert Flower, Australian footballer (b. 1955)^[246]
• 2015  - Brian Friel, Irish author, playwright, and director (b. 1929)^[247]
• 2015  - Coleridge Goode, Jamaican-English bassist and composer (b. 1914)^[248]
• 2015  - Johnny Paton, Scottish footballer and coach (b. 1923)^[249]
• 2016  - Neville Marriner, British conductor (b. 1924)^[250]
• 2017  - Tom Petty, American musician (b. 1950)^[251]
• 2018  - Jamal Khashoggi, Saudi journalist (b. 1958)^[252]
• 2020  - Anne-Marie Hutchinson, British lawyer (b. 1957)^[253]
• 2022 – Sacheen Littlefeather, American actress, model and activist for Native American civil rights (b. 1946)^[254]
• 2023 – Francis Lee, English football player (b. 1944)^[255]

Holidays and observances

• Batik Day (Indonesia)^[256]
• Christian feast day:
  • Denha I of Tikrit (Syriac Orthodox Church)^[257]
  • Memorial of the Holy Guardian Angels^[258]
  • Leodegar^[259]
  • October 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Gandhi's birthday-related observances:
  • Gandhi Jayanti (India)
  • International Day of Non-Violence^[260]
• Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Guinea from France in 1958
• National Grandparents Day (Italy)^[261]

External links

• Web site: On This Day . BBC.
  • Web site: Historical Events on October 2 . OnThisDay.com.

Notes and References

1. Book: Skylitzes . John . Wortley . John . John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057: Translation and Notes . 7 October 2010 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-139-48915-7 . 51 . en.
2. Book: Forte . Angelo . Oram . Richard D. . Oram . Richard . Pedersen . Frederik . Viking Empires . 5 May 2005 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-82992-2 . 256 . en.
3. Book: Wagner . John A. . Wagner . Edward Ed . Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses . 2001 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-85109-358-8 . 102 . en.
4. Web site: Henry VI Biography & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 4 September 2021 . en.
5. Book: Hartley . Janet M. . The Volga: A History . 12 January 2021 . Yale University Press . 978-0-300-24564-6 . 45 . en.
6. Web site: John André British military officer . Encyclopedia Britannica . 4 September 2021 . en.
7. Book: States . U. S. Constitution Council of the Thirteen Original . The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties . 1992 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-0-945612-29-2 . 242 . en.
8. Book: Tucker . Spencer . Arnold . James R. . Wiener . Roberta . Pierpaoli (Jr.) . Paul G. . Cutrer . Thomas W. . Santoni . Pedro . The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History . 2013 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-85109-853-8 . 226 . en.
9. Book: Shaffer . Michael . In Memory of Self and Comrades: Thomas Wallace Colley's Recollections of Civil War Service in the 1st Virginia Cavalry . 2018 . Univ. of Tennessee Press . 978-1-62190-430-4 . 272 . en.
10. Book: Bartolini . Giulio . A History of International Law in Italy . 2 April 2020 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-884293-4 . 311 . en.
11. Book: Malet . Michael . Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War . 1982 . English . 978-0-333-25969-6 . . . 8514426 . 64.
12. Web site: Opus Dei Meaning, Beliefs, Members, & Controversy . Encyclopedia Britannica . 5 September 2021 . en.
13. Web site: Saint Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer Biography & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 5 September 2021 . en.
14. News: 80 Years On, Dominicans And Haitians Revisit Painful Memories Of Parsley Massacre . NPR . 7 October 2017 . 5 September 2021 . en. Bishop . Marlon . Fernandez . Tatiana .
15. Web site: Queen Mary's deadly drama at sea . www.scotsman.com . 17 April 2006 . 5 September 2021 . en.
16. Web site: Warsaw Uprising Polish history . Encyclopedia Britannica . 5 September 2021 . en.
17. News: Mexico's 1968 Massacre: What Really Happened? . NPR . 5 September 2021 . en.
18. Web site: Three generations later, the secrets of Wichita State's devastating plane crash are still unfolding . ESPN.com . 5 September 2021 . en . 1 October 2020.
19. Book: Penniman, Howard R. . Elections in South Vietnam . registration . Washington, D.C. . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research . 1972 . 126 - 146.
20. Web site: Ranter . Harro . ASN Aircraft accident Vickers 951 Vanguard G-APEC Aarsele . 2022-10-01 . aviation-safety.net.
21. Web site: Hunter . Marjorie . Myers Is First Member of House To Be Expelled Since Civil War; 'Support of Rebellion' Two Attempts at Expulsion Powell Was Not Seated . The New York Times . 5 September 2021 . 3 October 1980.
22. Book: Haine . Edgar A. . Disaster in the Air . 2000 . Associated University Presses . 978-0-8453-4777-5 . 53 . en.
23. Web site: Brazil police on trial over 1992 Carandiru jail massacre . BBC News . 5 September 2021 . 18 February 2014.
24. Book: Matthewman . Steve . Disasters, Risks and Revelation: Making Sense of Our Times . 29 April 2016 . Springer . 978-1-137-29426-5 . 65 . en.
25. Book: Commission . United States Federal Communications . FCC Record: A Comprehensive Compilation of Decisions, Reports, Public Notices, and Other Documents of the Federal Communications Commission of the United States . 1997 . The Commission . 8491 . en.
26. Web site: Beltway sniper attacks Description, History, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 5 September 2021 . en.
27. Web site: Our story . www.parkrun.com . 18 August 2019.
28. Web site: 'The happening': 10 years after the Amish shooting . The Guardian . 5 September 2021 . en . 2 October 2016.
29. Web site: South Korean president crosses border for landmark summit . The Guardian . 4 September 2021 . en . 2 October 2007.
30. Web site: Ethiopia: After a year of protests, time to address grave human rights concerns . Amnesty International . 4 September 2021 . en . 9 November 2016.
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33. Web site: Richard III Biography & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 26 June 2020 . en.
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36. Web site: St. Charles Borromeo Italian cardinal and archbishop . Encyclopedia Britannica . 6 September 2021 . en.
37. Web site: Elizabeth Montagu English intellectual . Encyclopedia Britannica . 6 September 2021 . en.
38. Web site: William Carr Beresford, Viscount Beresford British general . Encyclopedia Britannica . 6 September 2021 . en.
39. Web site: Charles Albert king of Sardinia-Piedmont . Encyclopedia Britannica . 6 September 2021 . en.
40. Web site: Nat Turner Biography, Rebellion, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 6 September 2021 . en.
41. Book: Green . F. C. . James Agnew . Agnew, Sir James Willson (1815–1901) . https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/agnew-sir-james-willson-2871 . Australian Dictionary of Biography . National Centre of Biography, Australian National University . 6 September 2021.
42. Book: Tucker . Spencer C. . American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [6 volumes]

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45. Web site: Paul von Hindenburg German president . Encyclopedia Britannica . 6 September 2021 . en.
46. Web site: Ferdinand Foch Biography, World War I, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 6 September 2021 . en.
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48. Web site: Sir Patrick Geddes Scottish biologist and sociologist . Encyclopedia Britannica . 7 September 2021 . en.
49. Web site: Swami Abhedananda. belurmath.org.
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51. Book: Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women . 1 May 1997 . Syracuse University Press . 978-0-8156-0418-1 . 155 . en.
52. Book: House . United States Congress . Memorial Services Held in the House of Representatives of the United States: Together with Remarks Presented in Eulogy of Stephen Warfield Gambrill, Late a Representative from Maryland . 1939 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 5 . en.
53. Web site: Pelham Warner profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos . ESPNcricinfo . 7 September 2021 . en.
54. Web site: Jacobs, Pattie Ruffner (1875-1935), suffragist and social reformer . American National Biography . 2000 . 7 September 2021 . en . 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501042. 978-0-19-860669-7 . Johnson . Joan Marie .
55. Web site: Wallace Stevens American poet . Encyclopedia Britannica . 7 September 2021 . en.
56. Book: Tucker . Spencer C. . World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]

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57. Web site: Karl Terzaghi American engineer . Encyclopedia Britannica . 7 September 2021 . en.
58. Web site: LeRoy Shields . https://web.archive.org/web/20201202161523/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2badb00157 . dead . December 2, 2020 . BFI . 7 September 2021 . en.
59. Book: Frank . Lisa Tendrich . An Encyclopedia of American Women at War: From the Home Front to the Battlefields [2 volumes] ]. 17 January 2013 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-59884-444-3 . 520 . en.
60. Web site: Leela Roy: Bengal's Only Woman In The Constituent Assembly. Feminism in India. 13 August 2018.
61. Book: Tucker . Spencer C. . The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes] ]. 27 October 2020 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-4408-6076-8 . 539 . en.
62. Web site: Lal Bahadur Shastri Biography & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 10 September 2021 . en.
63. Web site: Franjo Seper Croatian prelate . Encyclopedia Britannica . 10 September 2021 . en.
64. Book: Jones . Barry O. . Thomas Hollway . Hollway, Thomas Tuke (Tom) (1906–1971) . https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hollway-thomas-tuke-tom-10524 . Australian Dictionary of Biography . National Centre of Biography, Australian National University . 10 September 2021.
65. Web site: Estenssoro . Hugo . Obituary: Víctor Paz Estenssoro . The Guardian . 10 September 2021 . en . 11 June 2001.
66. Web site: Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd British biochemist . Encyclopedia Britannica . 10 September 2021 . en.
67. Web site: Alex Raymond American cartoonist . Encyclopedia Britannica . 10 September 2021 . en.
68. Web site: FRANK J. MALINA IS DEAD IN PARIS; CO-FOUNDER OF JET PROPULSION LAB . The New York Times . 10 September 2021 . 12 November 1981.
69. Book: Baker . Alan . The Edge of Science: Mysteries of Mind, Space and Time . 17 January 2013 . Random House . 978-1-78057-759-3 . 55 . en.
70. Web site: Obituary: Bernarr Rainbow . The Independent . 10 September 2021 . en . 23 October 2011.
71. Web site: Chuck Williams, Founder of Williams-Sonoma, Dies at 100 . NBC News . 6 December 2015 . 10 September 2021 . en.
72. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 . NobelPrize.org . 10 September 2021.
73. Book: Wilson . Scott . Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. . 22 August 2016 . McFarland . 978-0-7864-7992-4 . 207 . en.
74. Web site: Celebrating the Centenary of Jack Duarte: An Appreciation of the Composer and Classical-Guitar Champion . Classical Guitar . 10 September 2021 . 8 October 2019.
75. Web site: Authors : Crispin, Edmund : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia . www.sf-encyclopedia.com . 10 September 2021.
76. Web site: Albert S. Crossfield . New Mexico Museum of Space History . 10 September 2021.
77. Web site: Robert Runcie archbishop of Canterbury . Encyclopedia Britannica . 7 September 2021 . en.
78. News: Wren Blair: 'A great hockey man' who never let up . The Globe and Mail . 30 January 2013 . 11 September 2021. Renzetti . Elizabeth .
79. Web site: Jan Morris obituary . The Guardian . 11 September 2021 . en . 20 November 2020.
80. Web site: Obituary: George McFarland . The Independent . 11 September 2021 . en . 23 October 2011.
81. Book: Hasel . Frank M. . Scripture in the Theologies of W. Pannenberg and D.G. Bloesch . 1 March 2004 . Wipf and Stock Publishers . 978-1-59244-571-4 . 97 . en.
82. Book: McGrath . Alister E. . Theology: The Basic Readings . 5 February 2018 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-1-119-15815-8 . 219 . en.
83. Web site: Bronfman Family The Canadian Encyclopedia . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . 11 September 2021.
84. Web site: Dave Barrett The Canadian Encyclopedia . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . 11 September 2021.
85. Web site: Maury Wills American baseball player . Encyclopedia Britannica . 11 September 2021 . en.
86. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 . NobelPrize.org . 11 September 2021.
87. News: Singer David Somerville was known as the voice that propelled the Diamonds . The Globe and Mail . 3 August 2015 . 11 September 2021. Csillag . Ron .
88. Web site: Profile: Hunter of the truth: Lord justice Scott: With the Government . The Independent . 11 September 2021 . en . 22 October 2011.
89. Web site: Earl Wilson . Society for American Baseball Research . 11 September 2021.
90. Web site: Omar Sivori . The Independent . 11 September 2021 . en . 19 February 2005.
91. Web site: Dick Barnett . NBA Stats . 11 September 2021 . en.
92. Web site: Connie Dierking, 77, Journeyman Who Was Linked to N.B.A. Greats, Dies . The New York Times . 11 September 2021 . 1 January 2014.
93. Web site: Johnnie Cochran . Oxford Reference . 11 September 2021 . en .
94. Web site: Waheed Murad . https://web.archive.org/web/20210911091644/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2baae87eb1 . dead . September 11, 2021 . BFI . 11 September 2021 . en.
95. Web site: Williams . Alex . Rex Reed Bangs a Gong on the Mediocrity of Modern Life . The New York Times . 11 September 2021 . 10 January 2018.
96. Web site: Budhi Kunderan profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos . ESPNcricinfo . 11 September 2021 . en.
97. Book: Publications . Europa . International Who's Who in Poetry 2005 . 2 August 2004 . Routledge . 978-1-135-35519-7 . 710 . en.
98. Larkin 2011, p. 2490
99. Web site: Steve Sabol dies at 69; president of NFL Films . Los Angeles Times . 11 September 2021 . 18 September 2012.
100. Web site: Anna Ford . https://web.archive.org/web/20180607030653/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba0a400c2 . dead . June 7, 2018 . BFI . 11 September 2021 . en.
101. Web site: Freud Meets CS Lewis . www.abc.net.au . 11 September 2021 . en-AU . 12 August 2013.
102. Web site: Authors : Vinge, Vernor : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia . www.sf-encyclopedia.com . 11 September 2021.
103. Book: Mollin . Richard A. . Codes: The Guide to Secrecy From Ancient to Modern Times . 24 May 2005 . CRC Press . 978-1-4200-3508-7 . 165 . en.
104. Book: Liow . Joseph . Leifer . Michael . Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia . 20 November 2014 . Routledge . 978-1-317-62233-8 . 345 . en.
105. Book: Chapman . Roger . Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices . 2010 . M.E. Sharpe . 978-0-7656-2250-1 . 92 . en.
106. Book: Sharratt . Ben . Blows . Kirk . Claret and Blue Blood: Pumping Life into West Ham United . 7 December 2012 . Random House . 978-1-78057-764-7 . 43 . en.
107. Book: Hellmann . Paul T. . Historical Gazetteer of the United States . 14 February 2006 . Routledge . 978-1-135-94859-7 . 315 . en.
108. Web site: Donna Karan American designer . Encyclopedia Britannica . 4 September 2021 . en.
109. Book: East . Roger . Thomas . Richard J. . Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders . 3 June 2014 . Routledge . 978-1-317-63940-4 . 166 . en.
110. Web site: Persis Khambatta . https://web.archive.org/web/20180608050955/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba17371e0 . dead . June 8, 2018 . BFI . 11 September 2021 . en.
111. Book: Hannon . Sharon M. . Punks: A Guide to an American Subculture . 2010 . ABC-CLIO . 978-0-313-36456-3 . 98 . en.
112. Web site: Mike Rutherford . Oxford Reference . 11 September 2021 . en .
113. Book: McNeil . W. K. . Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music . 18 October 2013 . Routledge . 978-1-135-37700-7 . 17 . en.
114. Web site: Tom Boswell . . 1 October 2023.
115. Web site: Rose . Mike . Today's famous birthdays list for October 2, 2022 includes celebrities Sting, Kelly Ripa . . . 1 October 2023 . 2 October 2022.
116. Larkin 2011, p. 1897
117. Web site: Freddie Jackson . Oxford Reference . 11 September 2021 . en .
118. Web site: John Cook - Ohio Golf Association . www.ohiogolf.org . 11 September 2021.
119. Web site: Wade Dooley Rugby Union Players and Officials . ESPN scrum . 11 September 2021.
120. Web site: Glenn Anderson . Team Canada - Official Olympic Team Website . 18 September 2011 . 11 September 2021.
121. Web site: Django Bates . https://web.archive.org/web/20180602075739/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bae47406a . dead . June 2, 2018 . BFI . 11 September 2021 . en.
122. Book: Duncan . Randy . Smith . Matthew J. . Icons of the American Comic Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman . 2013 . ABC-CLIO . 978-0-313-39923-7 . 638 . en.
123. Book: Peeler . Tim . Legends of N.C. State Basketball: Dick Dickey, Tommy Burleson, David Thompson, Jim Valvano, and Other Wolfpack Stars . 3 March 2015 . Simon and Schuster . 978-1-61321-790-0 . 272 . en.
124. Web site: Mark Rypien Facts & Stats . Encyclopedia Britannica . 11 September 2021 . en.
125. Web site: Keith Bradshaw profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos . ESPNcricinfo . 11 September 2021 . en.
126. Web site: The Nobel Peace Prize 2021 . NobelPrize.org . 29 May 2022.
127. Web site: Olympedia – Dirk Brinkmann . www.olympedia.org . 11 September 2021.
128. Web site: Olympedia – Darren Cahill . www.olympedia.org . 11 September 2021.
129. Web site: Tom Moody profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos . ESPNcricinfo . 11 September 2021 . en.
130. Web site: Önder, Ferhan. Catalogue.bnf.fr. Bibliothèque nationale de France. 30 January 2015. 7 May 2024. fr.
131. Web site: Önder, Ferzan. Catalogue.bnf.fr. Bibliothèque nationale de France. 30 January 2015. 7 May 2024. fr.
132. Web site: Former pro wrestling champion Yokozuna dies at 34 . . 1 October 2023 . 25 October 2000.
133. Web site: Frankie FREDERICKS . Olympics.com . 11 September 2021.
134. Web site: Thomas Muster Biography, Titles, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 11 September 2021 . en.
135. Book: McCall . Michael . Rumble . John . Kingsbury . Paul . The Encyclopedia of Country Music . 1 February 2012 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-992083-9 . 575 . en.
136. Web site: Jana Novotná obituary . The Guardian . 11 September 2021 . en . 21 November 2017.
137. Web site: Glen Wesley Stats and News . NHL.com . 11 September 2021.
138. Web site: Kelly Willis . Oxford Reference . 7 September 2021 . en .
139. Web site: Badly Drawn Boy . Oxford Reference . 11 September 2021 . en .
140. Web site: Eddie Guardado . Society for American Baseball Research . 11 September 2021.
141. Book: Inc . Nielsen Business Media . Billboard . 17 April 1999 . 3 . en.
142. Web site: Maribel Verdú . https://web.archive.org/web/20160720113412/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba23df885 . dead . July 20, 2016 . BFI . 11 September 2021 . en.
143. Book: Mansour . David . From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . 1 June 2011 . Andrews McMeel Publishing . 978-0-7407-9307-3 . 488 . en.
144. Larkin 2011, p. 1991
145. Book: The Loud House #1: There Will Be Chaos . 2017 . Papercutz . 9781629919515 . 23 October 2020.
146. Book: Addy . Steve . Karzen . Jeffrey F. . The Detroit Pistons: More Than Four Decades of Motor City Memories . 2002 . Sports Publishing LLC . 978-1-58261-553-0 . 218 . en.
147. Web site: Bryan . Erika . Melissa Harris-Perry (1973-) • . blackpast.org . 11 September 2021 . 19 March 2016.
148. Web site: Scott Schoeneweis Stats, Fantasy & News . MLB.com . 11 September 2021 . en.
149. Web site: Waite . Richard . Serpentine picks five architects for expanded pavilion show . The Architects’ Journal . 11 September 2021 . en . 10 February 2016.
150. Book: Goldblatt . Andrew . Major League Umpires' Performance, 2007-2010: A Comprehensive Statistical Review . 10 January 2014 . McFarland . 978-0-7864-8687-8 . 111 . en.
151. Web site: Matthew Nicholson profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos . ESPNcricinfo . 11 September 2021 . en.
152. Web site: Sam Roberts The Canadian Encyclopedia . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . 11 September 2021.
153. Web site: Mark Chilton profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos . ESPNcricinfo . 11 September 2021 . en.
154. Web site: Olympedia – Didier Défago . www.olympedia.org . 11 September 2021.
155. Web site: Ayumi hamasaki（浜崎あゆみ） official website.
156. Web site: Primoz Brezec . . 1 October 2023.
157. Web site: Santi Kolk . SkySports . 7 September 2021 . en.
158. Web site: Olympedia – Luke Wilkshire . www.olympedia.org . 7 September 2021.
159. Web site: Tyson Chandler . . 1 October 2023.
160. Web site: Olympedia – Esra Gümüş . www.olympedia.org . 7 September 2021.
161. Web site: Marion Bartoli . ESPN.co.uk . 7 September 2021.
162. Web site: Çağlar Birinci . SkySports . 7 September 2021 . en.
163. Web site: Brandon Jackson Game by Game Stats and Performance . ESPN . 7 September 2021 . en.
164. Web site: Famous birthdays for Oct. 2: Sting, Don McLean . . 1 October 2023 . 2 October 2022.
165. Web site: Bojana Bobusic Bio Bio & Career – WTA Official . Women's Tennis Association . 7 September 2021 . en.
166. Web site: Joe Ingles Utah Jazz NBA.com . www.nba.com . 7 September 2021.
167. Web site: Olympedia – Phil Kessel . www.olympedia.org . 6 September 2021.
168. Web site: Joel Reinders Stats, News, Bio . ESPN . 6 September 2021 . en.
169. Web site: Ricky Stenhouse Jr. . ESPN.com . 6 September 2021.
170. Infobox data from Web site: 明日花キララ 株式会社キラティス. 10 August 2022. 株式会社キラティス. ja.
171. Web site: Brittany Howard American musician . Encyclopedia Britannica . 6 September 2021 . en.
172. Web site: Frederik Andersen . . 1 October 2023.
173. Web site: Josh Bailey . . 1 October 2023.
174. Web site: Aaron Hicks Stats, Fantasy & News . MiLB.com . 6 September 2021 . en.
175. Web site: George Nash . British Rowing . 4 September 2021.
176. Web site: Roberto Firmino . www.eurosport.com . 6 September 2021.
177. Web site: Alisson Becker: Overview . Premier League . 25 October 2023.
178. Web site: Shane Larkin . . 1 October 2023.
179. Web site: Lance McCullers Jr. . . 1 October 2023.
180. Web site: Tennis Joana Eidukonyte - ESPN . m.espn.com . 6 September 2021 . EN.
181. Web site: Tepai Moeroa . New South Wales Rugby League . May 2016 . 6 September 2021 . en.
182. Web site: Tom Trbojevic . National Rugby League . 6 September 2021 . en.
183. Book: Vitiello . Massimiliano . Amalasuintha: The Transformation of Queenship in the Post-Roman World . 26 September 2017 . University of Pennsylvania Press . 978-0-8122-9434-7 . 29 . en.
184. Web site: Michael II Byzantine emperor . Encyclopedia Britannica . 11 September 2021 . en.
185. Book: Bachrach . David S. . Bachrach . Bernard S. . Writing the Military History of Pre-Crusade Europe: Studies in Sources and Source Criticism . 29 December 2020 . Routledge . 978-1-000-30013-0 . 91 . en.
186. Web site: Urban IV pope . Encyclopedia Britannica . 11 September 2021 . en.
187. Web site: Milsom . John . Jachet of Mantua . The Oxford Companion to Music . Oxford University Press . 11 September 2021 . en . 10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001 . 1 January 2011. 978-0-19-957903-7 .
188. Web site: Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, count de Gondomar Spanish diplomat and ambassador . Encyclopedia Britannica . 11 September 2021 . en.
189. Book: Unger . Melvin P. . Historical Dictionary of Choral Music . 17 June 2010 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7392-6 . 82 . en.
190. Web site: Pierre de Bérulle French cardinal and statesman . Encyclopedia Britannica . 11 September 2021 . en.
191. (2004). "Die Fürstengruft zu Siegen und die darin von 1669 bis 1781 erfolgten Beisetzungen". In: u.a. (Redaktion), Siegener Beiträge. Jahrbuch für regionale Geschichte (in German). Vol. 9. Siegen: Geschichtswerkstatt Siegen – Arbeitskreis für Regionalgeschichte e.V. p. 192; Book: Huberty . Michel . Giraud . Alain . Magdelaine . F. & B. . l'Allemagne Dynastique . fr . Le Perreux . Alain Giraud . 1981 . Tome III: Brunswick-Nassau-Schwarzbourg . 234 . ; Book: Dek, A.W.E. . Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau . nl . Zaltbommel . Europese Bibliotheek . 1970 . 89 . ; Dek . A.W.E. . 1968 . De afstammelingen van Juliana van Stolberg tot aan het jaar van de Vrede van Münster . nl . Spiegel der Historie. Maandblad voor de geschiedenis der Nederlanden . 1968 . 7/8 . 245, 249 .
192. Web site: Wu Sangui Chinese general . Encyclopedia Britannica . 11 September 2021 . en.
193. Web site: Anne-Jules, 2e duke de Noailles French duke . Encyclopedia Britannica . 11 September 2021 . en.
194. Book: Ivan Katchanovski. Kohut . Zenon E. . Nebesio . Bohdan Y. . Yurkevich . Myroslav . Historical Dictionary of Ukraine . 11 July 2013 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7847-1 . 361 . en.
195. Book: The New American Cyclopaedia: a Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge . 1864 . 158 . en.
196. Web site: BURCHETT, Josiah (c.1666-1746), of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Mdx. History of Parliament Online . www.historyofparliamentonline.org . 12 September 2021.
197. Cavendish, William, fourth duke of Devonshire (bap. 1720, d. 1764), prime minister . 2004 . 12 September 2021 . en . 10.1093/ref:odnb/4949. 978-0-19-861412-8 . Schweizer . Karl Wolfgang .
198. Web site: Charles Lee (U.S. National Park Service) . www.nps.gov . 12 September 2021 . en.
199. Web site: Augustus Keppel, Viscount Keppel British admiral . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
200. Web site: Samuel Adams Biography, History, Accomplishments, Boston Tea Party, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
201. Web site: Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot Facts, Invention, & Steam Car . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
202. Web site: Sarah Biffin: the celebrated nineteenth-century artist born without arms or legs Art UK . artuk.org . 12 September 2021 . en.
203. Web site: François Arago French physicist . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
204. Web site: Max Bruch German composer . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
205. Web site: Svante Arrhenius Swedish chemist . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
206. Web site: Alexandru Averescu premier of Romania . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
207. Book: Townsley . W. A. . Evans, Sir John William (1855–1943) . Sir John William Evans (1855–1943) . Australian Dictionary of Biography . National Centre of Biography, Australian National University . 12 September 2021.
208. Book: Gallery . University of Rochester Memorial Art . Seeing America: Painting and Sculpture from the Collection of the Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester . 2006 . University Rochester Press . 978-1-58046-246-4 . 217 . en.
209. Web site: Olympedia – Bill Orthwein . www.olympedia.org . 12 September 2021.
210. Web site: Marcel Duchamp Biography & Artwork . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
211. Book: Mattingly . Paul H. . An American Art Colony . 16 July 2019 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-1-68393-195-9 . 98–99 . en.
212. Book: Slide . Anthony . The Encyclopedia of Vaudeville . 12 March 2012 . Univ. Press of Mississippi . 978-1-61703-250-9 . 230 . en.
213. Web site: Paavo Nurmi Finnish athlete . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
214. Book: Cornwell . Neil . Reference Guide to Russian Literature . 2 December 2013 . Routledge . 978-1-134-26070-6 . 734 . en.
215. Web site: Kumaraswami Kamaraj Indian statesman . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
216. Book: Gale . Steven H. . Encyclopedia of American Humorists . 14 April 2016 . Routledge . 978-1-317-36227-2 . 178 . en.
217. Web site: Biography: Hazel Scott . womenshistory.org . 12 September 2021 . en.
218. The Role of Her Life . Vanity Fair . Kate Andersen . Brower . 77 . February 2023 . 2 . 65 . 0733-8899 . Magzter . en.
219. Web site: Madeleine Carroll . https://web.archive.org/web/20180109171910/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba134439d . dead . January 9, 2018 . BFI . 12 September 2021 . en.
220. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960 . NobelPrize.org . 12 September 2021.
221. Web site: Sir Alec Issigonis British automobile designer . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
222. Web site: Olympedia – Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX . www.olympedia.org . 12 September 2021.
223. Web site: Hazen Robert Argue The Canadian Encyclopedia . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . 4 September 2021.
224. Web site: Dimitrios Greek patriarch . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
225. Web site: Robert Bourassa The Canadian Encyclopedia . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . 12 September 2021.
226. Web site: Obituary: Andrei Lukanov . The Independent . 12 September 2021 . en . 23 October 2011.
227. Book: Ellenberger . Allan R. . Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory . 1 May 2001 . McFarland . 978-0-7864-5019-0 . 80 . en.
228. Web site: Heinz G. Konsalik . https://web.archive.org/web/20170724030016/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bab1eacf9 . dead . July 24, 2017 . BFI . 12 September 2021 . en.
229. Book: Martin . Robert . Responsible Government in South Australia, Volume 2 . 2009 . Wakefield Press . 978-1-86254-844-2 . 176 . en.
230. Book: Unger . Melvin P. . Historical Dictionary of Choral Music . 17 June 2010 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7392-6 . 39 . en.
231. Web site: Markoff . John . Heinz von Foerster, 90, Dies; Was Information Theorist . The New York Times . 12 September 2021 . 9 November 2002.
232. Book: Hall . Mitchell K. . Historical Dictionary of the Nixon-Ford Era . 22 February 2008 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-6410-8 . 66 . en.
233. Web site: Nipsey Russell Biography, TV Shows, Movies, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
234. Web site: August Wilson Biography, Plays, Movies, Ma Rainey, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 September 2021 . en.
235. Web site: Ex-Rep. Chenoweth-Hage dies in car crash . The Denver Post . 12 September 2021 . 2 October 2006.
236. Web site: Pearce . Jeremy . Paul Halmos, 90, Mathematician Known for Simplifying Concepts . The New York Times . 20 October 2006.
237. Web site: Tex Coulter Stats . Pro-Football-Reference.com . 12 September 2021 . en.
238. Web site: Dewitt Coulter, Football Star, Is Dead at 83 . The New York Times . 12 September 2021 . 15 October 2007.
239. Web site: George Grizzard: Dapper, personable actor . The Independent . 12 September 2021 . en . 1 January 2008.
240. Web site: Obituary: Dan Keating . The Guardian . 4 September 2021 . en . 15 October 2007.
241. Web site: Wife of Singapore's founder dies - CNN.com . CNN . 12 September 2021 . en.
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