2G spectrum case explained

The 2G spectrum case was a political controversy in which politicians and private officials of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) coalition government India were allegedly involved in [1] selling or allotting 122 2G spectrum licenses on conditions that provided an advantage to specific telecom operators. A. Raja, then Telecom Minister, was accused of selling 2G spectrum licenses at a very low cost which resulted in the loss of ₹1,760 billion (US$25 billion) in government revenue.[2] Raja was also accused of not following rules and regulations as well as not recognizing any advice from the Ministries of Finance and Law and Justice of India while allotting 2G spectrum licenses to telecom operators. Series of allegations were made on allotting 2G spectrum licenses including allegations from Central Bureau of Investigation after investigating the case alleging Raja for intentionally advancing the cut-off date (from 01/10/2007 to 25/09/2007)[3] to favour some specific firms (Unitech Wireless and Swan Telecom), which were allegedly ineligible for applying for telecom licenses, in return for bribes. On 21 December 2017, the special court in New Delhi after thorough examination of the case and hearing what the CBI had to say, acquitted all accused in the 2G spectrum case including prime-accused Raja and Kanimozhi.[4] The court ruled that this case was baseless. As per the judgement, "Some people created a scam by artfully arranging a few selected facts and exaggerating things beyond recognition to astronomical levels."[5] [6]

On 19 and 20 March 2018, the Enforcement Directorate and the CBI respectively filed appeals against this verdict in the Delhi High Court.[7] On 22 March 2024, Delhi High Court's single-judge bench of Justice Dinesh Kumar Sharma agreed that the trial court's judgement requires deeper examination and re-appreciation of entire evidence and admitted the CBI's appeal. The High Court noted that there were several contradictions in the trial court's judgement.[8]

Background

India is divided into 22 telecommunications zones, with 281 zonal licenses.[9] In 2008, 122 new second-generation 2G Unified Access Service (UAS) licenses were granted to telecom companies on a first-come, first-served basis at the 2001 price. According to the CBI charge sheet, several laws were violated and bribes were paid to favour certain firms in granting 2G spectrum licenses. According to a CAG audit, licenses were granted to ineligible corporations, those with no experience in the telecom sector (such as Unitech and Swan Telecom)[10] and those who had concealed relevant information.[11] Although former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh advised Raja to allot 2G spectrum transparently and revise the license fee in a November 2007 letter, Raja rejected many of Singh's recommendations.[12] In another letter that month, the Ministry of Finance expressed procedural concerns to the DOT;[12] these were ignored, and the cut-off date was moved forward from 1 October to 25 September 2007.[12]

On 25 September 2007 the DOT announced on its website that applicants filing between 3:30 and 4:30 pm that day would be granted licenses. Although the policy for awarding licences was first-come, first-served, which was introduced during Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government, Raja changed the rules so it applied to compliance with conditions instead of the application itself.[13] On 10 January 2008, companies were given only a few hours to supply Letters of Intent and payments; some executives were allegedly tipped off by Raja.[14] [15] Although the corporation was ineligible, Swan Telecom was granted a license for and sold a 45-percent share to the UAE-based Etisalat for . Unitech Wireless (a subsidiary of the Unitech Group) obtained a license for, selling a 60-percent share for to Norway-based Telenor.

The following is a list of companies who received 2G licenses during Andimuthu Raja's term as telecom minister;[16] [17] the licenses were later cancelled by the Supreme Court:[18] [19]

Company Telecom regions
  1. of licenses
Remarks
Adonis Projects Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (East)6 Adonis Projects, Nahan Properties, Aska Projects, Volga Properties, Azare Properties & Hudson Properties were acquired by Unitech. Since Unitech Infrastructure and Unitech Builders & Estates were subsidiaries of Unitech Group, in 2008 Unitech had 22 2G licenses. Later that year, Telenor bought a majority share in the telecom company from the Unitech Group and provided service as Uninor with 22 licences.
Nahan Properties Assam, Bihar, North East, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh (east), West Bengal 6
Aska Projects Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka 3
Volga Properties Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra 3
Azure Properties Kolkata 1
Hudson Properties Delhi 1
Unitech Builders & Estates Tamil Nadu (including Chennai) 1
Unitech Infrastructures Mumbai 1
Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Kolkata, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha(Orissa), Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh 21
Datacom Solutions Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Kolkata, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Mumbai 21 Operates as Videocon Telecom
Shyam Telelink Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Kolkata, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, North East17 Shyam Telelink & Shyani Telelink have a combined 21 licenses. In late 2008 Russia-based Sistema bought a majority share in the company, which now operates as MTS India.
Shyani Telelink Mumbai, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh 4
Swan Telecom Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Mumbai 13 Swan was a subsidiary of Reliance Telecom established to circumvent the one-company-one-license rule. In 2008, Swan merged with Allianz Infratech; late in the year Abu Dhabi's Etisalat bought about 45 percent of the company, renaming it Etisalat DB Telecom.
Allianz Infratech Bihar, Madhya Pradesh 2
Assam, Punjab, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, North East, Kolkata, West Bengal, Odisha(Orissa), Tamil Nadu (including Chennai) 9 Since Idea Cellular bought Spice Communications in 2008 for,[20] of the 122 spectrum licenses sold in 2008 Idea owns 13. Seven are in use by the company, and the remainder are overlapping licenses.[21]
Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra 4
Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Odisha(Orissa), North East, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh 6 In January 2009, Bahrain Telecommunications agreed to buy 49 percent of S Tel for $225 million. Chinnakannan Sivasankaran owns the remaining share.[22] [23] In May 2009, Sahara Group bought an 11.7-percent share in S Tel.[24]
Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, North East 3 In late 2008 Tata sold a 26-percent share to the Japanese NTT DoCoMo for about, or an enterprise value of .[25]

Accused parties

The selling of the licenses drew attention to three groups: politicians and bureaucrats, who had the authority to sell licenses; corporations buying the licenses, and professionals who mediated between the politicians and corporations.

Politicians

The following charges were filed by the CBI and the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation in the Special CBI Court.[26] [27] [28] [29]

Kanimozhi Karunanidhi

Bureaucrats

A number of bureaucrats were named in the CBI charge sheet filed in its Special Court.[26] [27] [28] [29]

Siddharth Behura

RK Chandolia

Executives

A number of executives were accused in the CBI charge sheet.[26] [27] [28] [29]

Sanjay Chandra

Umashankar

Gautam Doshi

Hari Nair

Surendra Pipara

Vinod Goenka

Shahid Balwa

Asif Balwa

Rajiv Agarwal

Sharath Kumar

Ravi Ruia

Anshuman Ruia

Vikas Saraf

Ishwari Prasad Khaitan

Kiran Khaitan

Karim Morani

Corporations

Several companies were named in the CBI charge sheet.[26] [27] [28] [29]

Unitech Wireless

Reliance Telecom

Swan Telecom

Media role

See main article: Radia tapes controversy. OPEN and Outlook reported that journalists Barkha Dutt (editor of NDTV) and Vir Sanghvi (editorial director of the Hindustan Times) knew that corporate lobbyist Nira Radia influenced Raja's appointment as telecom minister,[81] publicising Radia's phone conversations with Dutt and Sanghvi[82] [83] when Radia's phone was tapped by the Income Tax Department. According to critics, Dutt and Sanghvi knew about the link between the government and the media industry but delayed reporting the corruption.[81]

Chronology

The Centre for Public Interest Litigation filed the first petition against the Union of India for irregularities in awarding 2G spectrum licenses. The petition alleged that the government lost $15.53 billion by issuing spectrum in 2008 based on 2001 prices, and by not following a competitive bidding process. This led to further petitions, and an investigation began in 2010.[84]

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2017

2018

2019

2020

2022

2023

2024

Licence cancellations

On 2 February 2012 the Supreme Court ruled on petitions filed by Subramanian Swamy and the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL) represented by Prashant Bhushan, challenging the 2008 allotment of 2G licenses, cancelling all 122 spectrum licences granted during Raja's term as communications minister.[213] and described the allocation of 2G spectrum as "unconstitutional and arbitrary".[214] The bench of GS Singhvi and Asok Kumar Ganguly imposed a fine of on Unitech Wireless, Swan Telecom and Tata Teleservices and a fine on Loop Telecom, S Tel, Allianz Infratech and Sistema Shyam Tele Services.[215] According to the ruling the current licences would remain in place for four months, after which time the government would reissue the licences.[216]

In its ruling the court said that former telecom minister A. Raja "wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer", listing seven steps he took to ensure this:[215] [217]

  1. After becoming telecom minister, Raja directed that all applications for spectrum licences would be held pending Telecom Regulatory Authority of India recommendations.[215] [217]
  2. The 28 August 2007 TRAI recommendations were not presented to the full Telecom Commission, which would have included the finance secretary. Although the TRAI recommendations for allocation of 2G spectrum had serious financial implications (and finance ministry input was required under the Government of India Transaction of Business Rules, 1961), Telecom Commission non-permanent members were not notified of the meeting.[215] [217]
  3. The DoT officers attending 10 October 2007 Telecom Commission meeting were coerced into approving the TRAI recommendations, or they would have "incurred" Raja's "wrath".[215] [217]
  4. Since the Cabinet had approved the Group of Ministers recommendations, the DoT had to discuss the issue of spectrum pricing with the finance ministry. However, Raja did not consult the finance minister or other officials because the finance secretary had objected to allocating 2G spectrum at 2001 rates.[215] [217]
  5. Raja dismissed the law minister's suggestion that the issue should be presented to the Group of Ministers. After receiving the PM's 2 November 2007 letter suggesting transparency in spectrum allocation of the spectrum, Raja said it would be unfair, discriminatory, arbitrary and capricious to auction spectrum to new applicants because it would not give them a level playing field. Although a 24 September DoT press release said that 1 October would be the application deadline, he changed the deadline to 25 September. Raja's arbitrary action, "though appear[ing] to be innocuous was actually intended to benefit some of the real estate firms who did not have any experience in dealing with telecom services and who had made applications only on 24 September 2007, i.e. one day before the cut-off date fixed by the C&IT minister on his own".[215] [217]
  6. The 25 September cut-off date decided by Raja on 2 November was not made public until a 10 January 2008 press release in which he changed the first-come, first-served principle which had been in operation since 2003. "This enabled some of the applicants, who had access either to the minister or DoT officers, get bank drafts prepared towards performance guarantee of about Rs 16 billion".[215] [217]
  7. "The manner in which the exercise for grant of LoIs to the applicants was conducted on 10 January 2008 leaves no room for doubt that everything was stage managed to favour those who were able to know in advance change in the implementation of the first-come-first-served policy." As a result, some companies who had submitted applications in 2004 or 2006 were pushed down the list in favour of those who had applied in August and September 2007.[215] [217]

Companies affected by cancellations

The table below lists the companies whose license were cancelled.[218] [219]

CompanyParent company
  1. of licences cancelled
UninorJoint venture of Unitech Group of India and Telenor of Norway Unitech Group22
Joint venture of the Shyam Group of India and Sistema of Russia21
Loop Mobile (formerly BPL Mobile) Khaitan Holding Group 21
21
Etisalat-DBJoint venture of Swan Telecom of India and Etisalat of the UAE15
Idea CellularAditya Birla Group (49.05%), Axiata (Malaysia, 15%) & Providence Equity Partners (U.S., 10.6%) 13
S TelJoint venture of C Sivasankaran of India and Batelco of Bahrain. After the Supreme Court ruling, Batelco sold its 42.7% share to Sivasankaran-owned Sky City Foundation for 65.8 million Bahraini dinar ($174.5 million).[220] [221] [222] 6
Tata Group3

Aftermath

In addition to Batelco's exit, on 21 February 2012 Telenor (the majority shareholder in Uninor) terminated its agreement with Unitech and sued it for "indemnity and compensation".[223] [224] [225] On 23 February 2012, Etisalat of Etasalat-DB Telecom sued DB Realty corporate promoters Shahid Balwa and Vinod Goenka for fraud and misrepresentation.[226] [227] [228]

After the special CBI court verdict on 21 December 2017 acquitting all the accused, the government faces compensation claims worth over Rs 170 billion from telcos like Videocon Telecom, Loop Telecom and STel who suffered loss of business after the Supreme Court scrapped 122 licences in 2012.[229]

Aircel-Maxis deal controversy

On 6 June 2011 former Aircel chief C. Sivasankaran complained to the CBI about not receiving a telecom licence and being forced by telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran to sell Aircel to the Malaysia-based Maxis Communications group, owned by T. Ananda Krishnan. The licences were allegedly issued after the deal was made. Sivasankaran also alleged that brothers Dayanidhi and Kalanithi Maran received kickbacks in the form of investments by the Maxis group through the Astro network in Sun TV Network, owned by the Maran family.[142] [143] [144] In the wake of the allegations, Maran resigned on 7 July.[230]

On 10 October, the CBI registered a case and raided properties owned by the Marans. CBI sources said that although no evidence of coercion was found in the Aircel sale, they found substantial evidence that Maran had favoured the company's takeover by Maxis and deliberately delayed Sivasankar's files.[142] [143] [144] On 8 February 2012, the Enforcement Directorate registered a money-laundering case against the Maran brothers[179] for allegedly receiving illegal compensation of about 5.5 billion in the Aircel-Maxis deal.[180]

During the CBI probe Sivasankaran said that the Maran brothers had forced him to sell his 74% share in Aircel to Maxis by threatening his life, giving the CBI a list of over 10 witnesses. In September 2012, the CBI said it finished its Indian investigation and was awaiting the response to a letter rogatory sent to Malaysia and a questionnaire from T. Ananda Krishnan before filing a chargesheet.[231] On 29 August 2014, the CBI filed a chargesheet against Dayanidhi Maran, his brother Kalanithi Maran, Malaysian businessman T Ananda Krishnan, Malaysian national Augustus Ralph Marshall, six others and four firms — Sun Direct TV Pvt Ltd, Maxis Communication Berhad, Astro All Asia Network PLC and South Asia Entertainment Holding Ltd as accused in the case.[232] On 29 October 2014, special CBI judge OP Saini said that he found enough evidence to proceed with the prosecution and hence summoned former telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran and others as accused.[233] Based on the CBI chargesheet, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) on 1 April 2015, attached Maran brothers' properties worth Rs 7,420 million.[234]

Subramanian Swamy alleged that in 2006 a company controlled by Karti Chidambaram, the son of Minister of Finance P. Chidambaram, received a five-percent share of Aircel to get part of 40 billion paid by Maxis Communications for the 74-percent share of Aircel. According to Swamy, Chidambaram withheld Foreign Investment Promotion Board clearance of the deal until his son received the five-percent share in Siva's company.[235] The issue was raised a number of times in Parliament by the opposition, which demanded Chidambaram's resignation.[236] Although he and the government denied the allegations,[237] The Pioneer and India Today reported the existence of documents showing that Chidambaram delayed approval of the foreign direct investment proposal by about seven months.[235] [238] [239]

In July 2018, the CBI named P Chidambaram and Karti Chidambaram as accused in its supplementary charge sheet. The charge sheet named 16 other co-accused, including former finance secretaries Ashok Chawla, Ashok Jha, former Aircel CEO V Srinivasanand, Maxis owners T Ananda Krishnan and Ralph Marshal.[240]

Response to the allegations

When Indian media began citing the CAG report identifying the loss at 1.76 trillion (short scale), the Indian opposition parties unanimously demanded the formation of a joint parliamentary committee to investigate the allegations.[241] [242] Although the government rejected their demand,[242] when the winter session of Parliament began on 9 November 2010 the opposition again pressed for a JPC; again, their demand was rejected.[242] The demand for a JPC gained further momentum when the CAG report was tabled in Parliament on 16 November 2010.[243] The opposition blocked the proceedings, again pressing for a JPC;[244] the government again rejected their demand, creating an impasse.[245] Speaker of the Lok Sabha Meira Kumar unsuccessfully attempted to resolve the impasse.[246] The winter session of Parliament concluded on 13 December 2010. Although 22 new bills were planned to be introduced, 23 pending bills passed and three bills withdrawn, Parliament functioned for only nine hours.[247] On 22 February 2011, after resisting opposition demands for over three months, the government announced that it would form a JPC.[248] The JPC criticised the CBI for its leniency to the PM, the Attorney General, Dayanidhi Maran and Chidambaram and its reluctance to investigate their roles on 24 July 2012.[249] After questioning former telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran, his brother Kalanithi and the head of Maxis Communications, the CBI alleged that the Maran brothers accrued an illegal 5.50 billion by the sale of Sun Direct TV shares at highly "inflated prices".[250]

In early November 2010 Jayalalithaa accused state chief minister M Karunanidhi of protecting Raja from corruption charges, calling for Raja's resignation.[251] By mid-November, Raja resigned.[252] At that time, comptroller Vinod Rai issued show-cause notices to Unitech, S Tel, Loop Mobile, Datacom (Videocon) and Etisalat to respond to his assertion that the 85 licenses granted to these companies did not have the capital required at application or were otherwise illegal.[253] It was speculated that because these companies provide some consumer service, they would receive large fines but retain their licenses.[253]

In June 2011 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh criticised the CAG for commenting on policy issues, warning it "to limit the office to the role defined in the constitution."[254] After Singh's criticism the CAG conducted a "rigorous internal appraisal" and stood by its findings, citing additional events as corroboration. The CAG reiterated that there was "an undeniable loss to the exchequer", the calculation of which was based on three estimates: the 3G auctions and the Swan and Unitech transactions. It cited the Supreme Court ruling of 2 February 2012 that the actions of Raja and officers at the Department of Telecom were "wholly arbitrary, capricious and contrary to the public interest, apart from being violative of the doctrine of equality. The material produced for the quote showed that the Minister for C&IT wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer." It said its estimate of loss of 1.76 trillion was justified, since the May 2012 TRAI collation of reserve prices for 2G spectrum was about the same as that in the November 2010 CAG report. TRAI had recommended a reserve price for 2G spectrum of 180 billion for a pan-India 5 MHz licence, higher than the 3G value of 167.50 billion for 5 MHz used by the CAG for arriving at a loss figure of 1,760 billion. It concluded that it was only examining the "implementation of policy", and policy-making was the government's prerogative.[255]

Joint parliamentary committee

The JPC consisted of half United Progressive Alliance members and half opposition members. Twelve were from the Lok Sabha, and eight from the Rajya Sabha. Of the Lok Sabha MPs, eight were from the Congress Party and four from the BJP. The following JPC members investigated the 2G allegations:

Name Party
Congress
Congress
Congress
Congress
Congress
Congress
Congress
Congress
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Kalyan Banerjee Trinamool Congress
BJP
BJP
BJP
BJP
Janata Dal (United)
Bahujan Samaj Party
Samajwadi Party
Communist Party of India
Biju Janata Dal
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Trial Court Verdict

On 21 December 2017, a Special CBI Court acquitted all the persons accused in the case.[206] [256] [257] [258]

Special Judge OP Saini stated in his judgement: "There is no evidence on the record produced before the Court indicating any criminality in the acts allegedly committed by the accused persons.” He added that “the chargesheet of the instant case is based mainly on misreading, selective reading, non-reading and out of context reading of the official record” and that "the chargesheet is based on some oral statements made by the witnesses during investigation, which the witnesses have not owned up in the witness box.”[259]

Delhi High Court Appeal

On 19 and 20 March 2018, the Enforcement Directorate and the CBI respectively filed appeals against trial court verdict in the Delhi High Court.[260] On 22 March 2024, Delhi High Court's single-judge bench of Justice Dinesh Kumar Sharma agreed that the trial court's judgement requires deeper examination and re-appreciation of entire evidence and admitted the CBI's appeal. The court said that detailed arguments on the case will take place on 20 May.

In his 120-page judgement, Justice Sharma observed that, "The allegation is not about an “ordinary criminal offence” but an “economic offence” which is a separate class and is “required to be handled with a different approach”. The evidence has to be weighed and not counted. The court during the hearing has also noticed some contradictions in the (trial court's) judgment itself, which requires deeper examination. The trial judge had “repeatedly noted” that the prosecution should have given an opportunity to the witness to explain the statement made by them." The high court said that this raises the question as to, “why the Ld. Judge presiding over the trial did not exercise his jurisdiction under the Indian Evidence Act to seek any clarity, if there was any ambiguity."[261]

See also

Other scams and corruption

Anti-corruption efforts

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: India's 2G scandal . BBC World News . 11 November 2011.
  2. Web site: 2G Scam Explained. 2021-09-18. News18.com. en.
  3. News: PTI. 2011-12-12. 2G case: A chronology of events. en-IN. The Hindu. 2021-09-18. 0971-751X.
  4. News: 2g Spectrum Scam Verdict Case: Court Judgement on a Raja And Kanimozhi . Amar Ujala . 21 December 2017.
  5. News: Some People Created a Scam by Artfully Arranging a Few Selected Facts: 2G Case Judge . .
  6. News: 2G Spectrum Verdict: No Proof of Scam, Says Court . Garg . Abhinav . 22 December 2017 . The Times of India.
  7. News: Delhi High Court to hear CBI and ED's appeal on 2G case on Wednesday. ANI. 20 March 2018. Business Standard India. 12 August 2018.
  8. Web site: 2024-03-22 . 2G spectrum case: Delhi High Court admits CBI’s plea challenging acquittal of former telecom minister A Raja, others . 2024-04-04 . The Indian Express . en.
  9. News: Factbox: India top court orders 200spaper=NDTV.
  10. News: What is 2G scam . NDTV.
  11. News: Here's how CAG report on 2G scam blasts Raja. Rediff.
  12. News: 2G Spectrum Scam: Chronology of events. The Economic Times. 2 May 2011. 23 July 2013.
  13. News: How Raja misused PM's letter while allocating 2G licences. Shrivastava. Rahul. 28 September 2011. NDTV.
  14. News: CAG findings in 2G spectrum case: 'Quite erroneously' 2001 values in 2008, report said. 22 December 2017. The Indian Express. 12 August 2018. en-US.
  15. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article22122355.ece/BINARY/2GCBIVsRaja CBI Vs. A. Raja and others
  16. News: List of 122 licenses cancelled by Supreme Court. India Today. 2 February 2012. 23 July 2013.
  17. Web site: SC cancels 122 licences: Are you affected?. MSN. 5 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20120205001042/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5807414. 5 February 2012. dead.
  18. News: List of 122 cancelled 2G licenses;What should subscribers do. One India News.
  19. News: List of companies whose 2G licence were cancelled. Odisha Today. 24 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160507012900/http://www.odishatoday.com/viewnews.php?news_id=2545. 7 May 2016. dead.
  20. News: Idea buys Spice . https://web.archive.org/web/20080918095754/http://www.pluggd.in/indian-telecom-industry/idea-tmi-acquires-spice-telecom-1805/ . dead . 18 September 2008 . Plugged In .
  21. Web site: List of companies affected by 2G verdict – Economy and Politics . livemint.com . 2 February 2012 . 1 August 2012.
  22. News: Batelco to buy 49% in S-Tel. The Times of India. 19 January 2009. 23 July 2013.
  23. News: PE-backed Bahrain Telecom buys 49% in Indian telco for $225M. Reuters.
  24. News: Joji Thomas Philip. ET Bureau. Sahara group acquires 11.7% in S Tel. The Economic Times. 6 May 2009. 23 July 2013.
  25. News: NTT DoCoMo buys 26% in Tata Tele for $2.7 bn. Business Standard. 12 November 2008. 23 July 2013.
  26. News: Charges Against Raja & others. NDTV. 22 October 2011 . 26 April 2012.
  27. Web site: 2G: CBI files chargesheet against Raja, others. Zee News. 2 April 2011.
  28. News: ET Bureau. 2G scam: CBI files charge sheet against Loop Telecom owners & Ravi Ruia, Anshuman Ruia of Essar Group. The Economic Times. 13 December 2011. 23 July 2013.
  29. News: TNN. 2G case: CBI files third chargesheet, names Ruias and Khaitans. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-12/india/30508078_1_chargesheet-loop-telecom-ip-khaitan. dead. 29 October 2013. 12 December 2011. The Times of India. 23 July 2013.
  30. News: A brief history of A. Raja. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021510/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/india/28354747_1_spectrum-scam-2g-15th-lok-sabha. dead. The Times of India. 2013-11-10.
  31. News: Who is A. Raja ?. NDTV.
  32. Web site: List of ministers for 14th lok sabha . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110704035016/http://www.vandeindia.com/list-of-ministers-for-14th-lok-sabha.html . 4 July 2011 .
  33. Web site: Biography of A. Raja . Winentrance.com. 19 November 2021.
  34. News: A Raja made Rs 3,000cr in bribes . https://web.archive.org/web/20110831072605/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-11/india/28545283_1_telecom-minister-raja-cut-off-date. dead. . 2011-08-31.
  35. News: A Raja made Rs 3,000 cr in bribes. Zee News. 11 February 2011. 23 July 2013.
  36. News: Raja took the money to the safest place, offshore. One India News. 2 March 2011. 23 July 2013.
  37. News: The case against AG. Tehlka. 11 February 2011. 23 July 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130925012123/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main51.asp?filename=Ne110212Coverstory.asp. 25 September 2013. dead.
  38. News: 2G case: Charges framed against Raja, Kanimozhi and 15 other accused. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194627/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/india/30310438_1_framing-charges-swan-telecom-pvt-criminal-conspiracy. dead. 29 October 2013. 22 October 2011. The Times of India. 23 July 2013.
  39. News: Jiby. Kattakayam. 2G: charges framed against Raja, Kanimozhi, others; trial on 11 November. The Hindu. 22 October 2011. 23 July 2013.
  40. News: Nailed: CBI arrests Raja in 2G scam case. https://web.archive.org/web/20110204175317/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/raja-likely-to-be-arrested-in-2g-scam-case/142180-3.html. dead. 4 February 2011. IBN Live. 2 February 2011. 23 July 2013.
  41. News: Finally, Raja applies for bail, seeks parity . Hindustan Times . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131031161834/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Finally-Raja-applies-for-bail-seeks-parity/Article1-853103.aspx . 31 October 2013 .
  42. News: A Raja, jailed for telecom scam, applies for bail, hearing on Friday. NDTV.
  43. News: Raja granted bail, whispered prayers as verdict was announced. NDTV. 18 January 2022. 29 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120529123156/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/a-raja-gets-bail-in-2g-case-210992. dead.
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