July 28 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 1364  - Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.^[1]
• 1540  - Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard.^[2]
• 1571  - La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines, is founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomiendas (provinces) in the country.

1601–1900

• 1635  - In the Eighty Years' War, the Spanish capture the strategic Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans.
• 1656  - Second Northern War: Battle of Warsaw begins.
• 1778  - Constitution of the province of Cantabria ratified at the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain.
• 1794  - French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.
• 1808  - Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
• 1809  - Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.^[3]
• 1821  - José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.
• 1854  -, the last all-sail warship built by the United States Navy and now a museum ship in Baltimore Harbor, is commissioned.^[4]
• 1864  - American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church: Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces from Atlanta, Georgia.
• 1866  - At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream becomes the first and youngest female artist to receive a commission from the United States government for a statue (of Abraham Lincoln).
• 1868  - The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is certified, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.
• 1883  - A moderate earthquake measuring magnitude 4.3–5.2 strikes the Italian island of Ischia, killing over 2,300 people.^[5]
• 1896  - The city of Miami is incorporated.

1901–present

• 1911  - The Australasian Antarctic Expedition began as the SY Aurora departed London.^[6]
• 1914  - In the culmination of the July Crisis, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, igniting World War I.
• 1915  - The United States begins a 19-year occupation of Haiti.^[7]
• 1917  - The Silent Parade takes place in New York City, in protest against murders, lynchings, and other violence directed towards African Americans.^[8]
• 1932  - U.S. President Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C.
• 1935  - First flight of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.
• 1938  - Hawaii Clipper disappears between Guam and Manila as the first loss of an airliner in trans-Pacific China Clipper service.
• 1939  - The Sutton Hoo helmet is discovered.
• 1942  - World War II: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227. In response to alarming German advances, all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so are to be tried in a military court, with punishment ranging from duty in a shtrafbat battalion, imprisonment in a Gulag, or execution.
• 1943  - World War II: Operation Gomorrah: The Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg, Germany causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.
• 1945  - A U.S. Army B-25 bomber crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building killing 14 and injuring 26.^[9]
• 1957  - Heavy rain and a mudslide in Isahaya, western Kyushu, Japan, kills 992.
• 1960  - The German Volkswagen Act comes into force.
• 1962  - Beginning of the 8th World Festival of Youth and Students^{[10] [11]}
• 1965  - Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.
• 1973  - Summer Jam at Watkins Glen: Nearly 600,000 people attend a rock festival at the Watkins Glen International Raceway.
• 1974  - Spetsgruppa A, Russia's elite special force, was formed.
• 1976  - The Tangshan earthquake^[12] measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 moment magnitude flattens Tangshan in the People's Republic of China, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.
• 1984  - Olympic Games: Games of the XXIII Olympiad: The summer Olympics were opened in Los Angeles.
• 1996  - The remains of a prehistoric man are discovered near Kennewick, Washington. Such remains will be known as the Kennewick Man.
• 2001  - Australian Ian Thorpe becomes the first swimmer to win six gold medals at a single World Championship meeting.
• 2002  - Nine coal miners trapped in the flooded Quecreek Mine in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, are rescued after 77 hours underground.
• 2002  - Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise Flight 9560 crashes after takeoff from Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow, Russia, killing 14 of the 16 people on board.^[13]
• 2005  - The Provisional Irish Republican Army calls an end to its thirty-year-long armed campaign against British rule in Northern Ireland.^{[14] [15]}
• 2010  - Airblue Flight 202 crashes into the Margalla Hills north of Islamabad, Pakistan, killing all 152 people aboard. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Pakistan history and the first involving an Airbus A321.
• 2011  - While flying from Seoul, South Korea to Shanghai, China, Asiana Airlines Flight 991 develops an in-flight fire in the cargo hold. The Boeing 747-400F freighter attempts to divert to Jeju International Airport, but crashes into the sea South-West of Jeju island, killing both crew members on board.^[16]
• 2017  - Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif was disqualified from office for life by Supreme Court of Pakistan after finding him guilty of corruption charges.
• 2018  - Australian Wendy Tuck becomes the first female skipper to win the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race.^[17]
• 2022  - Catastrophic floods devastate Eastern Kentucky, resulting in 45 fatalities and causing damage to thousands of homes and businesses. ^[18]

Births

Pre-1600

• 1347  - Margaret of Durazzo, Queen of Naples and Hungary (d. 1412)
• 1458  - Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet, humanist and epigrammist (d. 1530)^[19]
• 1516  - William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, German nobleman (d. 1592)

1601–1900

• 1609  - Judith Leyster, Dutch painter (d. 1660)
• 1645  - Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, French princess (d. 1721)
• 1659  - Charles Ancillon, French jurist and diplomat (d. 1715)
• 1746  - Thomas Heyward, Jr., American judge and politician (d. 1809)
• 1750  - Fabre d'Églantine, French actor, playwright, and politician (d. 1794)
• 1783  - Friedrich Wilhelm von Bismarck, German army officer and writer (d. 1860)
• 1796  - Ignaz Bösendorfer, Austrian businessman, founded the Bösendorfer Company (d. 1859)
• 1804  - Ludwig Feuerbach, German anthropologist and philosopher (d. 1872)
• 1815  - Stefan Dunjov, Bulgarian colonel (d. 1889)
• 1844  - Gerard Manley Hopkins, English poet (d. 1889)
• 1849  - James Edson White, American author and publisher, second son of Ellen G. White and James S. White^[20]
• 1857  - Ballington Booth, English-American activist, co-founded Volunteers of America (d. 1940)
• 1860  - Elias M. Ammons, American businessman and politician, 19th Governor of Colorado (d. 1925)
• 1860  - Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia (d. 1922)
• 1863  - Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski, Russian general (d. 1919)
• 1866  - Beatrix Potter, English children's book writer and illustrator (d. 1943)^[21]
• 1866  - Albertson Van Zo Post, American fencer (d. 1938)
• 1867  - Charles Dillon Perrine, American-Argentinian astronomer (d. 1951)
• 1872  - Albert Sarraut, French journalist and politician, 106th Prime Minister of France (d. 1962)
• 1874  - Ernst Cassirer, Polish-American philosopher and academic (d. 1945)
• 1879  - Lucy Burns, American activist, co-founded the National Woman's Party (d. 1966)
• 1879  - Stefan Filipkiewicz, Polish painter (d. 1944)
• 1887  - Marcel Duchamp, French-American painter and sculptor (d. 1968)^[22]
• 1887  - Willard Price, Canadian-American journalist and author (d. 1983)
• 1893  - Rued Langgaard, Danish organist and composer (d. 1952)
• 1896  - Barbara La Marr, American actress and screenwriter (d. 1926)
• 1898  - Lawrence Gray, American actor (d. 1970)

1901–present

• 1901  - Freddie Fitzsimmons, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 1979)
• 1901  - Rudy Vallée, American actor, singer, and saxophonist (d. 1986)
• 1902  - Albert Namatjira, Australian painter (d. 1959)
• 1902  - Sir Karl Popper, Austrian-English philosopher and academic (d. 1994)
• 1907  - Earl Tupper, American inventor and businessman, founded Tupperware Brands (d. 1983)
• 1909  - Aenne Burda, German publisher (d. 2005)
• 1909  - Malcolm Lowry, English novelist and poet (d. 1957)
• 1914  - Carmen Dragon, American conductor and composer (d. 1984)
• 1915  - Charles Hard Townes, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)
• 1915  - Dick Sprang, American illustrator (d. 2000)
• 1915  - Frankie Yankovic, American polka musician (d. 1998)
• 1916  - David Brown, American journalist and producer (d. 2010)
• 1920  - Andrew V. McLaglen, English-American director and producer (d. 2014)
• 1922  - Jacques Piccard, Belgian-Swiss oceanographer and engineer (d. 2008)
• 1923  - Ray Ellis, American conductor and producer (d. 2008)
• 1924  - Luigi Musso, Italian racing driver (d. 1958)
• 1925  - Baruch Samuel Blumberg, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
• 1926  - Charlie Biddle, American-Canadian bassist (d. 2003)^[23]
• 1927  - John Ashbery, American poet (d. 2017)
• 1929  - Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, American journalist and socialite, 37th First Lady of the United States (d. 1994)
• 1929  - Shirley Ann Grau, American novelist and short story writer (d. 2020)
• 1930  - Firoza Begum, Bangladeshi singer (d. 2014)
• 1930  - Junior Kimbrough, American singer and guitarist (d. 1998)
• 1930  - Jean Roba, Belgian author and illustrator (d. 2006)
• 1930  - Ramsey Muir Withers, Canadian general (d. 2014)
• 1931  - Alan Brownjohn, English poet and author (d. 2024)
• 1931  - Darryl Hickman, American actor (d. 2024)^{[24] [25]}
• 1931  - Johnny Martin, Australian cricketer (d. 1992)
• 1932  - Natalie Babbitt, American author and illustrator (d. 2016)
• 1932  - Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, Brazilian colonel (d. 2015)
• 1933  - Charlie Hodge, Canadian ice hockey player and scout (d. 2016)
• 1934  - Jacques d'Amboise, American dancer and choreographer (d. 2021)
• 1935  - Neil McKendrick, English historian and academic
• 1936  - Russ Jackson, Canadian football player and coach
• 1936  - Garfield Sobers, Barbadian cricketer
• 1937  - Francis Veber, French director and screenwriter
• 1938  - Luis Aragonés, Spanish footballer, coach, and manager (d. 2014)
• 1938  - Arsen Dedić, Croatian singer-songwriter and poet (d. 2015)
• 1938  - Alberto Fujimori, Peruvian engineer, academic, and politician, 90th President of Peru
• 1938  - Chuan Leekpai, Thai lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Thailand
• 1941  - Bill Crider, American author (d. 2018)^[26]
• 1941  - Riccardo Muti, Italian conductor and educator^[27]
• 1941  - Susan Roces, Filipino actress and producer (d. 2022)^[28]
• 1942  - Tonia Marketaki, Greek director and screenwriter (d. 1994)
• 1942  - John Sattler, Australian rugby league player (d. 2023)^[29]
• 1943  - Mike Bloomfield, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 1981)
• 1943  - Bill Bradley, American basketball player and politician
• 1943  - Richard Wright, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player (d. 2008)^[30]
• 1945  - Jim Davis, American cartoonist, created Garfield
• 1946  - Jonathan Edwards, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1946  - Linda Kelsey, American actress
• 1946  - Fahmida Riaz, Pakistani poet and activist (d. 2018)
• 1947  - Peter Cosgrove, Australian general and politician, 26th Governor General of Australia
• 1947  - Sally Struthers, American actress
• 1948  - Gerald Casale, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and director
• 1948  - Eiichi Ohtaki, Japanese singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2013)
• 1949  - Vida Blue, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2023)
• 1949  - Randall Wallace, American screenwriter and producer
• 1950  - Shahyar Ghanbari, Iranian singer-songwriter
• 1950  - Tapley Seaton, Kittitian politician, 4th Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (d. 2023)
• 1951  - Santiago Calatrava, Spanish architect and engineer, designed the Athens Olympic Sports Complex
• 1951  - Doug Collins, American basketball player and coach
• 1951  - Gregg Giuffria, American rock musician and businessman
• 1951  - Ray Kennedy, English footballer (d. 2021)
• 1952  - Glenn A. Baker, Australian journalist and author^[31]
• 1952  - Vajiralongkorn, King of Thailand
• 1954  - Hugo Chávez, Venezuelan colonel and politician, President of Venezuela (d. 2013)^[32]
• 1954  - Gerd Faltings, German mathematician and academic
• 1954  - Steve Morse, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1954  - Mikey Sheehy, Irish footballer
• 1956  - John Feinstein, American journalist and author
• 1956  - Robert Swan, English explorer
• 1958  - Terry Fox, Canadian runner and activist (d. 1981)
• 1958  - Michael Hitchcock, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
• 1959  - William T. Vollmann, American novelist, short story writer and journalist
• 1960  - Luiz Fernando Carvalho, Brazilian director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1960  - Jon J. Muth, American author and illustrator
• 1960  - Yōichi Takahashi, Japanese illustrator
• 1961  - Yannick Dalmas, French racing driver
• 1962  - Rachel Sweet, American singer, television writer, and actress
• 1964  - Lori Loughlin, American actress
• 1965  - Priscilla Chan, Hong Kong singer
• 1966  - Sossina M. Haile, Ethiopian American chemist^[33]
• 1966  - Miguel Ángel Nadal, Spanish footballer
• 1966  - Jimmy Pardo, American stand-up comedian, actor, and host
• 1966  - Shikao Suga, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1967  - Taka Hirose, Japanese bass player
• 1969  - Alexis Arquette, American actress (d. 2016)
• 1969  - Garth Snow, American ice hockey player and manager
• 1969  - Dana White, American businessman, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship^[34]
• 1970  - Michael Amott, Swedish guitarist and songwriter
• 1970  - Isabelle Brasseur, Canadian figure skater
• 1970  - Paul Strang, Zimbabwean cricketer and coach
• 1971  - Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, Iraqi leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (d. 2019)
• 1971  - Ludmilla Lacueva Canut, Andorran writer
• 1971  - Stephen Lynch, American singer-songwriter and actor
• 1971  - Annie Perreault, Canadian speed skater
• 1972  - Robert Chapman, English cricketer
• 1973  - Marc Dupré, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1973  - Steve Staios, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1974  - Afroman, American rapper and comedian
• 1974  - Elizabeth Berkley, American actress
• 1974  - Alexis Tsipras, Greek engineer and politician, 186th Prime Minister of Greece
• 1975  - Leonor Watling, Spanish actress
• 1976  - Jacoby Shaddix, American singer-songwriter
• 1977  - Aki Berg, Finnish-Canadian ice hockey player
• 1977  - Manu Ginóbili, Argentinian basketball player
• 1977  - Miyabiyama Tetsushi, Japanese sumo wrestler
• 1978  - Kārlis Vērdiņš, Latvian poet
• 1978  - Hitomi Yaida, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1979  - Henrik Hansen, Danish footballer
• 1979  - Birgitta Haukdal, Icelandic singer-songwriter and producer
• 1979  - Lee Min-woo, South Korean singer-songwriter and dancer
• 1979  - Alena Popchanka, Belarusian-French swimmer and coach
• 1981  - Michael Carrick, English footballer and coach
• 1981  - Willie Green, American basketball player and coach^[35]
• 1982  - Cain Velasquez, Mexican-American mixed martial artist and wrestler^[36]
• 1983  - Sam Dastyari, Iranian-Australian politician
• 1983  - Cody Hay, Canadian figure skater
• 1983  - Ilir Latifi, Swedish-Kosovar mixed martial artist^[37]
• 1984  - Zach Parise, American ice hockey player
• 1984  - DeMeco Ryans, American football player and coach^[38]
• 1984  - John David Washington, American actor and football player
• 1985  - Mathieu Debuchy, French footballer
• 1985  - Dustin Milligan, Canadian actor, producer, and screenwriter
• 1986  - Alexandra Chando, American actress
• 1986  - Lauri Korpikoski, Finnish ice hockey player
• 1987  - Yevhen Khacheridi, Ukrainian-Greek footballer
• 1987  - Pedro, Spanish footballer
• 1988  - Gunnar Nelson, Icelandic professional fighter and mixed martial artist^[39]
• 1990  - Soulja Boy, American rapper, producer, and actor
• 1990  - Simone Pizzuti, Italian footballer
• 1992  - Spencer Boldman, American actor^[40]
• 1993  - Harry Kane, English footballer^[41]
• 1993  - Cher Lloyd, English singer^[42]
• 1994  - Walker Buehler, American baseball player^[43]
• 1994  - Hyojung, South Korean singer^[44]
• 1996  - Harriet Dart, British tennis player^[45]
• 1999  - GloRilla, American rapper^[46]
• 2000  - Emile Smith Rowe, English footballer^[47]
• 2003  - Malik Nabers, American football player^[48]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 450  - Theodosius II, Roman emperor (b. 401)
• 631  - Athanasius I Gammolo, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.^[49]
• 938  - Thankmar, half-brother of Otto I (during Siege of Eresburg) (b. c. 908)
• 942  - Shi Jingtang, emperor of Later Jin (b. 892)
• 1057  - Victor II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1018)^[50]
• 1128  - William Clito, English son of Sybilla of Conversano (b. 1102)
• 1230  - Leopold VI, Duke of Austria (b. 1176)
• 1271  - Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (b. 1220)
• 1285  - Keran, Queen of Armenia (b. before 1262)
• 1333  - Guy VIII of Viennois, Dauphin of Vienne (b. 1309)
• 1345  - Sancia of Majorca, queen regent of Naples (b. c. 1285)
• 1458  - John II, king of Cyprus and Armenia (b. 1418)
• 1488  - Edward Woodville, Lord Scales (at the Battle of St. Aubin-du-Cormier)
• 1508  - Robert Blackadder, bishop of Glasgow
• 1527  - Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish explorer, founded the city of Santa Marta (b. 1460)
• 1540  - Thomas Cromwell, English lawyer and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (b. 1495)^[2]
• 1585  - Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford (b. 1527)

1601–1900

• 1631  - Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish playwright (b. 1569)^[51]
• 1655  - Cyrano de Bergerac, French poet and playwright (b. 1619)
• 1667  - Abraham Cowley, English poet and author (b. 1618)
• 1675  - Bulstrode Whitelocke, English lawyer and politician (b. 1605)
• 1685  - Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, English politician and diplomat, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (b. 1618)
• 1718  - Étienne Baluze, French scholar and academic (b. 1630)
• 1741  - Antonio Vivaldi, Italian violinist and composer (b. 1678)^[52]
• 1750  - Johann Sebastian Bach, German organist and composer (b. 1685)^[53]
• 1762  - George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Somerset (b. 1691)
• 1794  - Maximilien Robespierre, French politician, (b. 1758)^[54]
• 1794  - Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French soldier and politician (b. 1767)^[55]
• 1808  - Selim III, Ottoman sultan (b. 1761)^[56]
• 1809  - Richard Beckett, English cricketer and captain (b. 1772)
• 1818  - Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and engineer (b. 1746)
• 1835  - Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise, French general and politician, 15th Prime Minister of France (b. 1768)
• 1836  - Nathan Mayer Rothschild, German-English banker and financier (b. 1777)
• 1838  - Bernhard Crusell, Finnish composer (b. 1775)
• 1842  - Clemens Brentano, German author and poet (b. 1778)
• 1844  - Joseph Bonaparte, French diplomat and brother of Napoleon (b. 1768)
• 1849  - Charles Albert of Sardinia (b. 1798)
• 1869  - Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Czech anatomist and physiologist (b. 1787)
• 1878  - George Law Curry, American publisher and politician (b. 1820)
• 1885  - Moses Montefiore, British philanthropist, sheriff and banker (b. 1784)
• 1895  - Edward Beecher, American minister and theologian (b. 1803)

1901–present

• 1928  - Édouard-Henri Avril, French painter (b. 1849)^[57]
• 1930  - John DeWitt, American hammer thrower (b. 1881)
• 1930  - Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist and optician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
• 1933  - Nishinoumi Kajirō III, Japanese sumo wrestler, 30th yokozuna (b. 1890)
• 1934  - Marie Dressler, Canadian-American actress and singer (b. 1868)
• 1934  - Louis Tancred, South African cricketer and pilot (b. 1876)
• 1935  - Meletius IV of Constantinople (b. 1871)
• 1942  - Flinders Petrie, English archaeologist and academic (b. 1853)
• 1946  - Saint Alphonsa, first woman of Indian origin to be canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church (b. 1910)^[58]
• 1957  - Edith Abbott, American economist, social worker, and educator (b. 1876)^[59]
• 1957  - Isaac Heinemann, German-Israeli scholar and academic (b. 1876)
• 1963  - Carl Borgward, German engineer, founder of Borgward Group^[60]
• 1965  - Edogawa Ranpo, Japanese author and critic (b. 1894)
• 1965  - Attallah Suheimat, Jordanian politician (b. 1875)
• 1967  - Karl W. Richter, American lieutenant and pilot (b. 1942)
• 1968  - Otto Hahn, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879)
• 1969  - Ramón Grau, Cuban physician and politician, 6th President of Cuba (b. 1882)
• 1969  - Frank Loesser, American composer (b. 1910)
• 1971  - Lawrence Moore Cosgrave, Canadian colonel and diplomat (b. 1890)
• 1971  - Myril Hoag, American baseball player (b. 1908)
• 1971  - Charles E. Pont, French-American minister and painter (b. 1898)
• 1972  - Helen Traubel, American soprano and actress (b. 1903)
• 1976  - Maggie Gripenberg, Finnish dancer and choreographer (b. 1881)^[61]
• 1979  - Don Miller, American football player and coach (b. 1902)
• 1979  - Charles Shadwell, English conductor and bandleader (b. 1898)
• 1980  - Rose Rand, Austrian-born American logician and philosopher (b. 1903)
• 1981  - Stanley Rother, American priest and missionary (b. 1935)
• 1982  - Keith Green, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1953)
• 1987  - Jack Renshaw, Australian politician, 31st Premier of New South Wales (b. 1909)
• 1990  - Jill Esmond, English actress (b. 1908)
• 1992  - Sulev Nõmmik, Estonian actor and director (b. 1931)
• 1993  - Stanley Woods, Irish motorcycle racer (b. 1903)
• 1996  - Roger Tory Peterson, American ornithologist and academic (b. 1908)
• 1997  - Rosalie Crutchley, English actress (b. 1920)
• 1997  - Seni Pramoj, Thai lawyer and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1905)
• 1998  - Zbigniew Herbert, Polish poet and author (b. 1924)
• 1998  - Lenny McLean, English boxer, actor, and author (b. 1949)
• 1998  - Consalvo Sanesi, Italian racing driver (b. 1911)
• 1999  - Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
• 2000  - Abraham Pais, Dutch-American physicist and historian (b. 1918)
• 2001  - Ahmed Sofa, Bangladeshi poet, author, and critic (b. 1943)
• 2002  - Archer John Porter Martin, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
• 2003  - Valerie Goulding, Irish activist and politician (b. 1918)
• 2004  - Francis Crick, English biologist and biophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)^[62]
• 2004  - Tiziano Terzani, Italian journalist and author (b. 1938)
• 2006  - David Gemmell, English author (b. 1948)
• 2007  - Karl Gotch, Belgian-American wrestler and trainer (b. 1924)
• 2007  - Jim LeRoy, American soldier and pilot (b. 1961)
• 2009  - Jim Johnson, American football player and coach (b. 1941)
• 2011  - Abdul Fatah Younis, Libyan general (b. 1944)
• 2012  - Colin Horsley, New Zealand-English pianist and educator (b. 1920)
• 2012  - Sepp Mayerl, Austrian mountaineer (b. 1937)
• 2012  - William F. Milliken Jr., American race car driver and engineer (b. 1911)
• 2013  - Mustafa Adrisi, Ugandan general and politician, 3rd Vice President of Uganda (b. 1922)
• 2013  - Eileen Brennan, American actress and singer (b. 1932)
• 2013  - Rita Reys, Dutch jazz singer^[63] (b. 1924)
• 2013  - William Scranton, American captain and politician, 13th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (b. 1917)
• 2013  - Ersilio Tonini, Italian cardinal (b. 1914)
• 2014  - Alex Forbes, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1925)
• 2014  - Alakbar Mammadov, Azerbaijani footballer and manager (b. 1930)
• 2015  - Jan Kulczyk, Polish businessman (b. 1950)
• 2015  - Edward Natapei, Vanuatuan politician, 6th Prime Minister of Vanuatu (b. 1954)
• 2015  - Clive Rice, South African cricketer and coach (b. 1949)^[64]
• 2016  - Émile Derlin Zinsou, Beninese politician (b. 1918)
• 2016  - Mahasweta Devi, Indian Bengali fiction writer and socio-political activist (b. 1926)
• 2018  - Wanny van Gils, Dutch footballer^[65] (b. 1959)
• 2020  - Junrey Balawing, Filipino record holder^[66] (b. 1993)
• 2021  - Dusty Hill, American musician (b. 1949)^[67]
• 2022  - Bernard Cribbins, British actor (b. 1928)^[68]
• 2024  - John Anderson, Scottish television personality, teacher and coach (b. 1931)^[69]
• 2024  - Doug Creek, American baseball player (b. 1969)^[70]
• 2024  - Reyes Moronta, Dominican baseball player (b. 1993)^[71]
• 2024  - Francine Pascal, American author (b. 1932)^[72]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Alphonsa Muttathupadathu (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church)
  • Botvid
  • Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederick Handel, Henry Purcell (Episcopal Church commemoration)
  • Johann Sebastian Bach, Heinrich Schütz, George Frederick Handel (Lutheran commemoration)
  • Nazarius and Celsus
  • Pedro Poveda Castroverde
  • Pope Innocent I
  • Pope Victor I
  • Samson of Dol
  • July 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Day of Commemoration of the Great Upheaval (Canada)
• Fiestas Patrias, celebrates the independence of Peru from Spain by General José de San Martín in 1821.
• Liberation Day (San Marino)
• Ólavsøka Eve (Faroe Islands)
• World Hepatitis Day^[73]

External links

• Web site: On This Day . BBC.
  • Web site: Historical Events on July 28 . OnThisDay.com.

Notes and References

1. Book: Paolo Uccello. Enzo Carli. All the Paintings of Paolo Uccello. 1963. Hawthorn Bookspage=50. 9789050087315.
2. Book: Beckingsale, B. W.. Thomas Cromwell: Tudor Minister. 17 June 1978. 143. Springer. 25 July 2020. Google Books. 9781349016648.
3. Book: Viscountess Elizabeth Milbanke Lamb Melbourne. Byron's "Corbeau Blanc": The Life and Letters of Lady Melbourne. 1998. Texas A&M University Press. 978-0-89096-672-3. 113.
4. Web site: Constellation II (Sloop-of-War) . NHHC . . 9 February 2004 . 25 July 2020.
5. S. Carlino . E. Cubellis . A. Marturano . The catastrophic 1883 earthquake at the island of Ischia (southern Italy): macroseismic data and the role of geological conditions . Natural Hazards . 2010 . 52 . 231 . 231–247 . 10.1007/s11069-009-9367-2. 2010NatHa..52..231C . 10.1007/s11069-009-9387-y . 140602189 . free .
6. Book: Bryan, R. . 2011 . Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic . Dobbs Ferry . Sheridan House . 978-1-57409-312-4 . 269.
7. Web site: US Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934 . NHHC . . 25 July 2020 . 28 April 2015.
8. Book: Woodrow Wilson. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson. 1983. Princeton University Press. 412. 9780691045085 .
9. Incident to Service . December 2022 . 10 December 2022 . Maximillian . Potter . 91 . 1. 65 . 0733-8899 . Vanity Fair.
10. https://www.kultaomena.com/345? 28. heinäkuuta - 6. elokuuta 1962, Maailman nuorison ja ylioppilaiden maailmankonferenssi 1962
11. https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2006/09/08/nuorisofestivaalit-helsingissa-1962 Nuorisofestivaalit Helsingissä 1962, Rauhan ja ystävyyden 8. festivaalit Helsingissä, päättäjäiset (1962)
12. Book: The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume Four . 2020 . Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology . 25 July 2020.
13. Web site: ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-86 RA-86060 Moskva-Sheremetyevo Airport (SVO). Ranter. Harro. aviation-safety.net. 2019-07-20.
14. Web site: Timeline: McGuinness and the Queen . BBC News . 26 July 2020 . 8 April 2014.
15. News: Brian . Lavery . Cowell . Alan . I.R.A. Renounces Violence in Potentially Profound Shift . 26 July 2020 . The New York Times . 28 July 2005.
16. News: 2 Die as Asiana Cargo Plane Crashes Off South Korea. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/29/world/asia/29crash.html . 2022-01-03 . subscription . live. Sang-Hun. Choe. 2011-07-28. The New York Times. 2019-03-05. en-US. 0362-4331.
17. Web site: Australia's Wendy Tuck wins Clipper Round the World yacht race . The Guardian Sport News. 2018-07-28. 2018-07-31.
18. Web site: Remembering the July 2022 flood, two years later .
19. Dates as in Ralph Nash, tr. The Major Latin Poems of Jacopo Sannazaro 1996: "Chronological Table" p. 7; "Jacopo Sannazzaro." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 Online. 17 Oct. 2010 gives traditional 1456.
20. Web site: James Edson White: A "No Limit" Man . 2024-01-16 . Southern Tidings . en-US.
21. Web site: Beatrix Potter's early life and books . National Trust . 24 November 2020 . en.
22. Web site: Marcel Duchamp . Guggenheim . 26 June 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170703130334/https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/marcel-duchamp . 3 July 2017.
23. Web site: Charlie Biddle. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 4 December 2021.
24. News: Murphy . Brian . Darryl Hickman, celebrated child actor in the 1940s, dies at 92 . 28 May 2024 . Washington Post . 26 May 2024.
25. Web site: Barnes . Mike . Darryl Hickman, Young Actor in 'The Grapes of Wrath' and 'Leave Her to Heaven,' Dies at 92 . . May 24, 2024 . May 24, 2024 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191609/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/darryl-hickman-dead-grapes-of-wrath-leave-her-to-heaven-1235908481/ . live .
26. News: Allen Billy (Bill) Crider . 28 February 2022 . The Alvin Sun . 15 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220228121656/http://www.alvinsun.net/obituaries/article_d4f4d782-129e-11e8-abd6-8bc3591efa00.html . 28 February 2022.
27. Book: LastName, FirstName . Britannica book of the year 2012 . Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc . Chicago . 2012 . 9781615356188 . 96.
28. Web site: 20 May 2022. Veteran actress Susan Roces dies at 80 . 21 May 2022 . Rappler . en-US . 21 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220521020110/https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/celebrities/veteran-actress-susan-roces-dies/ . live .
29. http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/john-sattler/summary.html Rugby League Project
30. Web site: . Obituary: Richard Wright . The Guardian . 15 September 2008 . 30 June 2014.
31. Web site: Glenn A. Baker. Talking Heads. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). 28 August 2006. 16 March 2009.
32. Book: Gale Group. Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2003. Gale Group. 690. 9780787673376.
33. Web site: Sossina Haile The HistoryMakers. www.thehistorymakers.org. en. 2018-02-14.
34. Web site: Famous birthdays for July 28: Dana White, Elizabeth Berkley . . 27 July 2023 . 28 July 2019.
35. Web site: Willie Green Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft ... . baseball-reference.com . July 26, 2024.
36. Web site: Cain Velasquez . . 27 July 2023.
37. Web site: Ilir .
38. Web site: DeMeco Ryans Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College . Pro-Football-Reference.com . July 26, 2024.
39. Web site: Gunnar Nelson . . 19 June 2024.
40. Web site: Spencer Boldman 'Adam' . Disney XD Medianet . July 1, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141208190750/http://www.disneyxdmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=900092&type=boldman . December 8, 2014.
41. Web site: Harry Kane . Tottenham Hotspur F.C.. November 18, 2021.
42. Web site: A lovely way to start the day . 17 May 2022 . Twitter . en.
43. Web site: Walker Buehler - Los Angeles Dodgers . MLB.com . July 25, 2024.
44. Web site: Oh My Girl - Profile & Gallery . live. April 11, 2021. ko. February 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200220220311/http://www.ohmy-girl.com/.
45. Web site: Harriet Dart Player Stats & More – WTA Official . 2022-10-16 . Women's Tennis Association . en.
46. https://www.allmusic.com/artist/glorilla-mn0004235381 GloRilla
47. Web site: Emile Smith Rowe. Arsenal F.C.. April 25, 2022.
48. Web site: Malik Nabers - New York Giants Wide Receiver . ESPN.com . July 26, 2024.
49. Encyclopedia: Jack B. . Tannous. Athanasios I Gamolo. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition . Sebastian P. Brock . Aaron M. Butts . George A. Kiraz . George A. Kiraz . Lucas Van Rompay . 2011. 24 May 2020.
50. Book: Richard P. McBrien. The Pocket Guide to the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to John Paul. 2006. Harper. New York. 978-0-06-113773-0. 166.
51. Book: Merimee . Ernest . Revival: A History of Spanish Literature (1930) . 8 May 2018 . Routledge . 978-1-351-34931-4 . 205 . en.
52. Heller, Karl Antonio Vivaldi: The Red Priest of Venice, Amadeus Press (1997), page 263
53. Web site: Hanford . Jan . Koster . Jan . Timeline . The J.S. Bach Home Page . 25 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120226083800/http://www.jsbach.org/timeline.html . 26 February 2012.
54. Web site: BBC - History - Historic Figures: Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) . www.bbc.co.uk . 17 June 2022.
55. Web site: Louis de Saint-Just French revolutionary Britannica . www.britannica.com . 17 June 2022 . en.
56. Web site: Selim III Ottoman sultan Britannica . www.britannica.com . 17 June 2022 . en.
57. Web site: Paul Eduard Henry Avril – Biography and Offers – Buy and Sell Retrieved 01 August 2012 . Kettererkunst.com . 6 September 2012.
58. Web site: About the patron . ST. ALPHONSA WARD . St Alphonsa Forane Church, Sultanpalya, India . 25 July 2020.
59. Book: James . Cicarelli . Julianne . Cicarelli . Distinguished Women Economists . Westport . Greenwood . 2003 . 3 . 978-0-31330-331-9.
60. Web site: Das Erste online - Carl F.W. Borgward . . 23 August 2023.
61. Web site: Tammikuu: Maggie Gripenbergin muistikirjat. Teatterimuseo. June 11, 2021. (in Finnish)
62. Bretscher. Mark S.. Mark Bretscher. Mitchison. Graeme. Francis Harry Compton Crick OM. 8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 63. 159–196. 2017. 0080-4606. 10.1098/rsbm.2017.0010. free.
63. Web site: Rita Reys Dies. Persad, Radjin. 29 July 2013. NL Times. 29 July 2013.
64. News: Clive Rice: Inspirational cricketer who was denied an international career by apartheid but led Nottinghamshire to glory . Culley . Jon. 28 July 2015 . . 28 July 2015.
65. https://www.nu.nl/breda/5388689/voormalig-nac-voetballer-wanny-van-gils-59-overleden.html Voormalig NAC-voetballer Wanny van Gils (59) overleden
66. Web site: Dynah. Diestro. 30 July 2020. Pinoy na 'World's Shortest Man', pumanaw na. ABS-CBN News. 2 August 2020.
67. Web site: Aswad. Jem. Morris. Chris. 2021-07-28. ZZ Top Bassist Dusty Hill Dies at 72. 2021-09-25. Variety. en-US.
68. News: Dr Who and Wombles Star Bernard Cribbins Dies. BBC News . 28 July 2022 . July 28, 2022.
69. News: Badshah . Nadeem . 2024-07-28 . John Anderson: Gladiators referee dies aged 92 . 2024-07-29 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
70. Web site: Kozlowski . Rick . 2024-07-28 . Bulldogs baseball legend dead at 55 . 2024-07-31 . The Journal . en.
71. Web site: 2024-07-29 . Former San Francisco Giants Pitcher, Dead at 31 . 2024-07-29 . San Francisco Giants On SI . en-US.
72. News: Risen . Clay . 2024-07-29 . Francine Pascal, Creator of 'Sweet Valley High' Book Series, Dies at 92 . 2024-07-31 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
73. Web site: International Days . www.un.org . 2 January 2021 . en . 6 January 2015.