December 27 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 537  - The second Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is consecrated.^[1]
• 1512  - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regard to native Indians in the New World.^[2]
• 1521  - The Zwickau prophets arrive in Wittenberg, disturbing the peace and preaching the Apocalypse.^[3]

1601–1900

• 1655  - Second Northern War/the Deluge: Monks at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa are successful in fending off a month-long siege.^[4]
• 1657  - The Flushing Remonstrance articulates for the first time in North American history that freedom of religion is a fundamental right.^[5]
• 1703  - Portugal and England sign the Methuen Treaty which allows Portugal to export wines to England on favorable trade terms.^[6]
• 1814  - War of 1812: The destruction of the schooner brings to an end Commodore Daniel Patterson's makeshift fleet, which fought a series of delaying actions that contributed to Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans.^[7]
• 1831  - Charles Darwin embarks on his journey aboard, during which he will begin to formulate his theory of evolution.^[8]
• 1836  - The worst ever avalanche in England occurs at Lewes, Sussex, killing eight people.^[9]
• 1845  - Ether anesthetic is used for childbirth for the first time by Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia.^[10]
• 1845  - Having coined the phrase "manifest destiny" the previous July, journalist John L. O'Sullivan argued in his newspaper New York Morning News that the United States had the right to claim the entire Oregon Country.^[11]

1901–present

• 1911  - "Jana Gana Mana", the national anthem of India, is first sung in the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress.
• 1918  - The Great Poland Uprising against the Germans begins.
• 1918  - Ukrainian War of Independence: The Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine occupies Yekaterinoslav and seizes seven airplanes from the UPRAF, establishing an Insurgent Air Fleet.^[12]
• 1922  - becomes the first purpose built aircraft carrier to be commissioned in the world.
• 1927  - Kern and Hammerstein's musical play Show Boat, considered to be the first true American musical play, opens at the Ziegfeld Theatre on Broadway.
• 1929  - Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin orders the "liquidation of the kulaks as a class".
• 1932  - Radio City Music Hall, "Showplace of the Nation", opens in New York City.
• 1935  - Regina Jonas is ordained as the first female rabbi in the history of Judaism.
• 1939  - The 7.8 Erzincan earthquake shakes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). At least 32,700 people were killed.
• 1939  - Winter War: Finland holds off a Soviet attack in the Battle of Kelja.
• 1945  - The International Monetary Fund is created with the signing of an agreement by 29 nations.
• 1949  - Indonesian National Revolution: The Netherlands officially recognizes Indonesian independence. End of the Dutch East Indies.
• 1966  - The Cave of Swallows, the largest known cave shaft in the world, is discovered in Aquismón, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
• 1968  - Apollo program: Apollo 8 splashes down in the Pacific Ocean, ending the first orbital crewed mission to the Moon.
• 1968  - North Central Airlines Flight 458 crashes at O'Hare International Airport, killing 28.^[13]
• 1978  - Spain becomes a democracy after 40 years of fascist dictatorship.
• 1983  - Pope John Paul II visits Mehmet Ali Ağca in Rebibbia's prison and personally forgives him for the 1981 attack on him in St. Peter's Square.
• 1985  - Palestinian guerrillas kill eighteen people inside the airports of Rome, Italy, and Vienna, Austria.
• 1989  - The Romanian Revolution concludes, as the last minor street confrontations and stray shootings abruptly end in the country's capital, Bucharest.
• 1991  - Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 751 crashes in Gottröra in the Norrtälje Municipality in Sweden, injuring 92.^[14]
• 1996  - Taliban forces retake the strategic Bagram Airfield which solidifies their buffer zone around Kabul, Afghanistan.
• 1997  - Protestant paramilitary leader Billy Wright is assassinated in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
• 2002  - Two truck bombs kill 72 and wound 200 at the pro-Moscow headquarters of the Chechen government in Grozny, Chechnya, Russia.
• 2004  - Radiation from an explosion on the magnetar SGR 1806-20 reaches Earth. It is the brightest extrasolar event known to have been witnessed on the planet.
• 2007  - Former Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto is assassinated in a shooting incident.
• 2007  - Riots erupt in Mombasa, Kenya, after Mwai Kibaki is declared the winner of the presidential election, triggering a political, economic, and humanitarian crisis.
• 2008  - Operation Cast Lead: Israel launches three-week operation on Gaza.
• 2009  - Iranian election protests: On the Day of Ashura in Tehran, Iran, government security forces fire upon demonstrators.
• 2019  - Bek Air Flight 2100 crashes during takeoff from Almaty International Airport in Almaty, Kazakhstan, killing 13.^[15]

Births

Pre-1600

• 1350  - John I of Aragon (d. 1395)^[16]
• 1390  - Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (d. 1411)^[17]
• 1459  - John I Albert, King of Poland (d. 1501)^[18]
• 1481  - Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Margrave of Bayreuth (d. 1527)
• 1493  - Johann Pfeffinger, German theologian (d. 1573)^[19]
• 1566  - Jan Jesenius, Bohemian physician, politician and philosopher (d. 1621)^[20]
• 1571  - Johannes Kepler, German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer (d. 1630)^[21]
• 1572  - Johannes Vodnianus Campanus, Czech poet, playwright, and composer (d. 1622)
• 1584  - Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1625)^[22]
• 1595  - Bohdan Khmelnytsky, hetman of Ukraine (d. 1657)

1601–1900

• 1622  - Teofil Rutka, Polish philosopher (d. 1700)^[23]
• 1633  - Jean de Lamberville, French missionary (d. 1714)^[24]
• 1636  - William Whitelock, English gentleman, Member of Parliament (d. 1717)^[25]
• 1637  - Petar Kanavelić, Venetian writer (d. 1719)^[26]
• 1645  - Giovanni Antonio Viscardi, Swiss architect (d. 1713)^[27]
• 1655  - Abstrupus Danby, English politician (d. 1727)^[28]
• 1660  - Veronica Giuliani, Italian Capuchin mystic (d. 1727)^[29]
• 1663  - Johann Melchior Roos, German painter (d. 1731)^[30]
• 1683  - Conyers Middleton, English priest and theologian (d. 1750)^[31]
• 1689  - Jacob August Franckenstein, Encyclopedia editor, professor (d. 1733)^[32]
• (baptised) 1692  - Francis Blake Delaval, British Royal Navy officer and Member of Parliament (d. 1752)^[33]
• 1697  - Sollom Emlyn, Irish legal writer (d. 1754)
• 1705  - Prince Frederick Henry Eugen of Anhalt-Dessau, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1781)^[34]
• 1713  - Giovanni Battista Borra, Italian architect and engineer (d. 1770)^[35]
• 1714  - George Whitefield, English preacher and saint (d. 1770)^[36]
• 1715  - Philippe de Noailles, French general (d. 1794)
• 1721  - François Hemsterhuis, Dutch philosopher and author (d. 1790)
• (baptised) 1761  - Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Russian field marshal and politician, Governor-General of Finland (d. 1818)^[37]
• 1773  - George Cayley, English engineer and politician (d. 1857)^[38]
• 1776  - Nikolay Kamensky, Russian general (d. 1811)^[39]
• 1797  - Ghalib, Indian poet (d. 1869)^[40]
• 1797  - Charles Hodge, American theologian (d. 1878)^[41]
• 1803  - François-Marie-Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier, Canadian activist (d. 1839)^[42]
• 1809  - Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Greek poet and politician, Foreign Minister of Greece (d. 1892)
• 1822  - Louis Pasteur, French chemist and microbiologist (d. 1895)^[43]
• 1823  - Mackenzie Bowell, English-Canadian journalist and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1917)
• 1827  - Stanisław Mieroszewski, Polish-born politician, writer, historian and member of the Imperial Council of Austria (d. 1900)^[44]
• 1832  - Pavel Tretyakov, Russian businessman and philanthropist, founded the Tretyakov Gallery (d. 1897)^[45]
• 1838  - Lars Oftedal, Norwegian priest, social reformer, politician, and newspaper editor (d. 1900)^[46]
• 1858  - Juan Luis Sanfuentes, Chilean lawyer and politician, 17th President of Chile (d. 1930)^[47]
• 1863  - Louis Lincoln Emmerson, American lawyer and politician, 27th Governor of Illinois (d. 1941)^[48]
• 1864  - Hermann-Paul, French painter and illustrator (d. 1940)^[49]
• 1878  - Kalle Korhonen, Finnish politician (d. 1938)^[50]
• 1879  - Sydney Greenstreet, English-American actor (d. 1954)^[51]
• 1882  - Mina Loy, British modernist poet and artist (d. 1966)^[52]
• 1883  - Cyrus S. Eaton, Canadian-American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1979)^[53]
• 1888  - Thea von Harbou, German actress, director, and screenwriter (d. 1954)^[54]
• 1892  - Alfred Edwin McKay, Canadian captain and pilot (d. 1917)^[55]
• 1896  - Louis Bromfield, American author and theorist (d. 1956)^[56]
• 1896  - Maurice De Waele, Belgian cyclist (d. 1952)^[57]
• 1896  - Carl Zuckmayer, German author and playwright (d. 1977)^[58]
• 1898  - Inejiro Asanuma, Japanese politician (d. 1960)
• 1900  - Hans Stuck, German racing driver (d. 1978)^[59]

1901–present

• 1901  - Marlene Dietrich, German-American actress and singer (d. 1992)^[60]
• 1901  - Irene Handl, English actress (d. 1987)
• 1904  - René Bonnet, French racing driver and engineer (d. 1983)
• 1905  - Cliff Arquette, American actor and comedian (d. 1974)
• 1906  - Oscar Levant, American pianist, composer, and actor (d. 1972)
• 1907  - Asaf Halet Çelebi, Turkish poet (d. 1958)
• 1907  - Sebastian Haffner, German journalist and author (d. 1999)
• 1907  - Mary Howard, English author (d. 1991)
• 1907  - Conrad L. Raiford, American baseball player and activist (d. 2002)
• 1907  - Willem van Otterloo, Dutch conductor and composer (d. 1978)
• 1909  - James Riddell, English skier and author (d. 2000)
• 1910  - Charles Olson, American poet and educator (d. 1970)
• 1911  - Anna Russell, English-Canadian singer and actress (d. 2006)
• 1913  - Elizabeth Smart, Canadian poet and novelist (d. 1986)^[61]
• 1915  - William Masters, American gynecologist, author, and academic (d. 2001)
• 1915  - Gyula Zsengellér, Hungarian-Cypriot footballer and manager (d. 1999)
• 1916  - Werner Baumbach, German pilot (d. 1953)
• 1916  - Cathy Lewis, American actress (d. 1968)
• 1917  - Buddy Boudreaux, American saxophonist and clarinet player (d. 2015)
• 1917  - T. Nadaraja, Sri Lankan lawyer and academic (d. 2004)
• 1917  - Onni Palaste, Finnish soldier and author (d. 2009)
• 1918  - John Celardo, American captain and illustrator (d. 2012)
• 1919  - Charles Sweeney, American general and pilot (d. 2004)
• 1920  - Bruce Hobbs, American jockey and trainer (d. 2005)
• 1921  - John Whitworth, English countertenor (d. 2013)
• 1923  - Bruno Bobak, Polish-Canadian painter and educator (d. 2012)
• 1923  - Lucas Mangope, South African politician (d. 2018)
• 1924  - Jean Bartik, American computer scientist and engineer (d. 2011)
• 1924  - James A. McClure, American soldier, lawyer, and politician (d. 2011)
• 1925  - Michel Piccoli, French actor, singer, director, and producer (d. 2020)
• 1926  - Jerome Courtland, American actor, director, and producer (d. 2012)
• 1927  - Antony Gardner, English engineer and politician (d. 2011)
• 1927  - Nityanand Swami, Indian lawyer and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Uttarakhand (d. 2012)
• 1927  - Audrey Wagner, American baseball player, obstetrician, and gynecologist (d. 1984)
• 1930  - Marshall Sahlins, American anthropologist and academic (d. 2021)
• 1930  - Wilfrid Sheed, English-born American novelist and essayist (d. 2011)
• 1931  - Scotty Moore, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2016)
• 1933  - Dave Marr, American golfer (d. 1997)
• 1934  - Larisa Latynina, Ukrainian gymnast and coach
• 1934  - Jeffrey Sterling, Baron Sterling of Plaistow, English businessman
• 1935  - Michael Turnbull, English bishop
• 1936  - Phil Sharpe, English cricketer (d. 2014)
• 1936  - Eve Uusmees, Estonian swimmer and coach
• 1939  - John Amos, American actor
• 1940  - David Shepherd, English cricketer and umpire (d. 2009)
• 1941  - Miles Aiken, American basketball player and coach
• 1941  - Mike Pinder, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player (d. 2024)
• 1941  - Nolan Richardson, American basketball player and coach
• 1942  - Byron Browne, American baseball player
• 1942  - Thomas Menino, American politician, 53rd Mayor of Boston (d. 2014)
• 1942  - Ron Rothstein, American basketball player and coach
• 1943  - Cokie Roberts, American journalist and author (d. 2019)^[62]
• 1943  - Joan Manuel Serrat, Spanish singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1943  - Peter Sinfield, English songwriter and producer
• 1943  - Roy White, American baseball player and coach
• 1944  - Mick Jones, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer
• 1946  - Lenny Kaye, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer
• 1946  - Joe Kinnear, Irish footballer and manager (d. 2024)
• 1946  - Janet Street-Porter, English journalist and producer
• 1946  - Polly Toynbee, English journalist and author^[63]
• 1947  - Bill Eadie, American wrestler and coach
• 1947  - Doug Livermore, English footballer and manager
• 1947  - Willy Polleunis, Belgian runner
• 1948  - Gérard Depardieu, French-Russian actor^[64]
• 1949  - Terry Ito, Japanese director, producer, and critic
• 1950  - Haris Alexiou, Greek singer-songwriter
• 1950  - Roberto Bettega, Italian footballer and manager
• 1950  - Terry Bozzio, American drummer and songwriter
• 1951  - Karla Bonoff, American singer-songwriter
• 1951  - Ernesto Zedillo, Mexican economist and politician, 54th President of Mexico^[65]
• 1952  - Jay Hill, Canadian farmer and politician
• 1952  - David Knopfler, Scottish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1954  - Kent Benson, American basketball player^[66]
• 1954  - Mandie Fletcher, English director, producer, and production manager
• 1954  - Teo Chee Hean, Singaporean politician and 5th Senior Minister of Singapore^[67]
• 1955  - Brad Murphey, American race car driver
• 1955  - Barbara Olson, American journalist and author (d. 2001)
• 1956  - Doina Melinte, Romanian runner
• 1958  - Steve Jones, American golfer
• 1959  - Gerina Dunwich, American astrologer, historian, and author
• 1959  - Andre Tippett, American football player and coach
• 1960  - Maryam d'Abo, English actress
• 1960  - Donald Nally, American conductor and academic
• 1960  - Terry Price, Australian golfer
• 1961  - Guido Westerwelle, German lawyer and politician, 15th Vice-Chancellor of Germany (d. 2016)
• 1962  - Mark Few, American basketball player and coach
• 1962  - John Kampfner, Singaporean journalist and author
• 1962  - Bill Self, American basketball player and coach
• 1962  - Sherri Steinhauer, American golfer
• 1963  - Gaspar Noé, Argentine-French director and screenwriter
• 1964  - Ian Gomez, American actor
• 1964  - Theresa Randle, American actress
• 1965  - Salman Khan, Indian film actor and producer
• 1966  - Marianne Elliott, English director and producer
• 1966  - Bill Goldberg, American football player, wrestler and actor
• 1966  - Eva LaRue, American model and actress^[68]
• 1969  - Jean-Christophe Boullion, French racing driver
• 1969  - Chyna, American professional wrestler and actress (d. 2016)
• 1969  - Sarah Vowell, American author and journalist
• 1970  - Brendon Cook, Australian racing driver and rugby player
• 1970  - Lorenzo Neal, American football player and radio host
• 1970  - Naoko Yamazaki, Japanese pilot and astronaut^[69]
• 1971  - Duncan Ferguson, Scottish footballer and coach
• 1971  - Guthrie Govan, English guitarist and educator
• 1971  - Savannah Guthrie, American television journalist
• 1972  - Colin Charvis, Welsh rugby union player and coach
• 1972  - Kevin Ollie, American basketball player and coach
• 1972  - Matt Slocum, American guitarist and songwriter
• 1973  - Wilson Cruz, American actor
• 1973  - Kristoffer Zegers, Dutch pianist and composer
• 1974  - Tomáš Janků, Czech high jumper
• 1974  - Masi Oka, Japanese-American actor and visual effects designer
• 1974  - Fumiko Orikasa, Japanese voice actress and singer
• 1974  - Jay Pandolfo, American ice hockey player and coach
• 1975  - Aigars Fadejevs, Latvian race walker and therapist
• 1975  - Heather O'Rourke, American actress (d. 1988)
• 1976  - Nikolaos Georgeas, Greek footballer
• 1976  - Piotr Morawski, Polish mountaineer (d. 2009)
• 1976  - Daimí Pernía, Cuban basketball player and hurdler
• 1976  - Fernando Pisani, Canadian-Italian ice hockey player
• 1977  - Jacqueline Pillon, Canadian actress
• 1977  - Chris Tate, English footballer
• 1978  - Deuce McAllister, American football player
• 1978  - Lisa Jakub, Canadian actress^[70]
• 1979  - Pascale Dorcelus, Canadian weightlifter^[71]
• 1979  - David Dunn, English footballer and manager
• 1979  - Carson Palmer, American football player
• 1980  - Bernard Berrian, American football player
• 1980  - Claudio Castagnoli, Swiss wrestler
• 1980  - Dahntay Jones, American basketball player
• 1980  - Meelis Kompus, Estonian journalist
• 1981  - David Aardsma, American baseball player
• 1981  - Emilie de Ravin, Australian actress
• 1981  - Jay Ellis, American actor
• 1981  - Moise Joseph, American-Haitian runner
• 1981  - Patrick Sharp, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1982  - Erin E. Stead, American illustrator
• 1983  - Anthony Boric, New Zealand rugby union player
• 1983  - Cole Hamels, American baseball player
• 1983  - Jesse Williams, American high jumper
• 1984  - Andrejs Perepļotkins, Ukrainian-Latvian footballer
• 1984  - Gilles Simon, French tennis player^[72]
• 1985  - Logan Bailly, Belgian footballer
• 1985  - Jérôme d'Ambrosio, Belgian racing driver
• 1985  - Paul Stastny, Canadian-American ice hockey player
• 1986  - Torah Bright, Australian snowboarder
• 1986  - Jamaal Charles, American football player^[73]
• 1986  - Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, Jamaican sprinter
• 1987  - Lily Cole, English model
• 1988  - Jorge Gutiérrez, Mexican basketball player^[74]
• 1988  - Hera Hilmar, Icelandic actress
• 1988  - Zavon Hines, Jamaican-English footballer
• 1988  - Ok Taec-yeon, South Korean singer and actor
• 1988  - Rick Porcello, American baseball player
• 1988  - Hayley Williams, American singer-songwriter
• 1989  - Ingrid Várgas Calvo, Peruvian tennis player^[75]
• 1990  - Max Lindholm, Finnish figure skater
• 1990  - Jonathan Marchessault, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1990  - Milos Raonic, Canadian tennis player^[76]
• 1990  - Zelina Vega, American wrestler^[77]
• 1991  - Chloe Bridges, American actress
• 1991  - Michael Morgan, Australian rugby league player
• 1991  - Beth Potter, Scottish triathlete and long-distance runner^[78]
• 1991  - Danny Wilson, Scottish footballer
• 1992  - Joel Indermitte, Estonian footballer
• 1992  - Maicel Uibo, Estonian decathlete
• 1993  - Olivia Cooke, English actress
• 1995  - Timothée Chalamet, French-American actor
• 1995  - Nick Chubb, American football player^[79]
• 1995  - Mark Lapidus, Estonian chess player
• 1997  - Vachirawit Chivaaree, Thai actor and singer^[80]
• 1997  - Ana Konjuh, Croatian tennis player^[81]
• 1998  - Luka Garza, American basketball player^[82]
• 1999  - Brock Purdy, American football player^[83]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 683  - Gaozong of Tang, founding emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty (b. 628)
• 870  - Aeneas of Paris, Frankish bishop
• 975  - Balderic, bishop of Utrecht (b. 897)
• 1003  - Emma of Blois, French duchess and regent
• 1005  - Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (b. 910)
• 1076  - Sviatoslav II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1027)^[84]
• 1087  - Bertha of Savoy, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1051)
• 1381  - Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, English politician (b. 1352)
• 1518  - Mahmood Shah Bahmani II, sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate (b. c. 1470)
• 1543  - George, margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1484)
• 1548  - Francesco Spiera, Italian lawyer and jurist (b. 1502)

1601–1900

• 1603  - Thomas Cartwright, English minister and theologian (b. 1535)
• 1637  - Vincenzo Giustiniani, Italian banker (b. 1564)^[85]
• 1641  - Francis van Aarssens, Dutch diplomat (b. 1572)
• 1642  - Herman op den Graeff, Dutch bishop (b. 1585)^[86]
• 1656  - Andrew White, English Jesuit missionary (b. 1579)
• 1660  - Hervey Bagot, English politician (b. 1591)^[87]
• 1663  - Christine of France, Duchess of Savoy (b. 1606)
• 1672  - Jacques Rohault, French philosopher (b. 1618)^[88]
• 1683  - Maria Francisca of Savoy, Queen consort of Portugal (b. 1646)^[89]
• 1689  - Gervase Bryan, English clergyman (b. 1622)
• 1693  - Henri de Villars, French prelate (b. 1621)^[90]
• 1694  - Henrik Span, naval officer in the Dutch (b. 1634)^[91]
• 1704  - Hans Albrecht von Barfus, Prussian field marshal and politician (b. 1635)
• 1707  - Jean Mabillon, French monk and scholar (b. 1632)^[92]
• 1707  - Robert Leke, 3rd Earl of Scarsdale, English earl, politician (b. 1654)^[93]
• 1737  - William Bowyer, English printer (b. 1663)
• 1743  - Hyacinthe Rigaud, French painter (b. 1659)
• 1771  - Henri Pitot, French engineer, invented the Pitot tube (b. 1695)
• 1776  - Johann Rall, Hessian colonel (b.)
• 1782  - Henry Home, Lord Kames, Scottish judge and philosopher (b. 1697)
• 1800  - Hugh Blair, Scottish minister and author (b. 1718)
• 1812  - Joanna Southcott, English religious leader (b. 1750)
• 1834  - Charles Lamb, English essayist and poet (b. 1775)
• 1836  - Stephen F. Austin, American soldier and politician (b. 1793)
• 1858  - Alexandre Pierre François Boëly, French pianist and composer (b. 1785)
• 1895  - Eivind Astrup, Norwegian explorer (b. 1871)^[94]
• 1896  - John Brown, English businessman and politician (b. 1816)
• 1900  - William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong, English engineer and businessman, founded Armstrong Whitworth (b. 1810)

1901–present

• 1914  - Charles Martin Hall, American chemist and engineer (b. 1863)
• 1919  - Achilles Alferaki, Russian-Greek composer and politician, Governor of Taganrog (b. 1846)
• 1923  - Gustave Eiffel, French architect and engineer, co-designed the Eiffel Tower (b. 1832)
• 1924  - Agda Meyerson, Swedish nurse and healthcare activist (b. 1866)
• 1936  - Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Turkish poet, academic, and politician (b. 1873)
• 1938  - Calvin Bridges, American geneticist and academic (b. 1889)
• 1938  - Osip Mandelstam, Polish-Russian poet and critic (b. 1891)
• 1938  - Zona Gale, American novelist, short story writer, and playwright (b. 1874)
• 1939  - Rinaldo Cuneo, American painter (b. 1877)
• 1943  - Ants Kurvits, Estonian general and politician, 10th Estonian Minister of War (b. 1887)
• 1950  - Max Beckmann, German-American painter and sculptor (b. 1884)
• 1952  - Patrick Joseph Hartigan, Australian priest, author, and educator (b. 1878)
• 1953  - Şükrü Saracoğlu, Turkish soldier and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1887)
• 1953  - Julian Tuwim, Polish poet and author (b. 1894)
• 1955  - Alfred Carpenter, English admiral, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1881)
• 1956  - Lambert McKenna, Irish priest and lexicographer (b. 1870)
• 1965  - Edgar Ende, German painter (b. 1901)
• 1972  - Lester B. Pearson, Canadian historian and politician, 14th Prime Minister of Canada, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
• 1974  - Vladimir Fock, Russian physicist and mathematician (b. 1898)
• 1974  - Amy Vanderbilt, American author (b. 1908)
• 1978  - Chris Bell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1951)
• 1978  - Houari Boumediene, Algerian colonel and politician, 2nd President of Algeria (b. 1932)
• 1978  - Bob Luman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1937)
• 1979  - Hafizullah Amin, Afghan educator and politician, 2nd General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (b. 1929)
• 1981  - Hoagy Carmichael, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actor (b. 1899)
• 1982  - Jack Swigert, American pilot, astronaut, and politician (b. 1931)
• 1985  - Jean Rondeau, French racing driver (b. 1946)
• 1986  - George Dangerfield, English-American historian and journalist (b. 1904)
• 1986  - Dumas Malone, American historian and author (b. 1892)
• 1987  - Rewi Alley, New Zealand writer and political activist (b. 1897)^[95]
• 1988  - Hal Ashby, American director and producer (b. 1929)
• 1992  - Kay Boyle, American novelist, poet, and educator (b. 1902)
• 1993  - Feliks Kibbermann, Estonian chess player and philologist (b. 1902)
• 1993  - Evald Mikson, Estonian footballer (b. 1911)
• 1993  - André Pilette, Belgian racing driver (b. 1918)
• 1994  - Fanny Cradock, English author and critic (b. 1909)
• 1994  - J. B. L. Reyes, Filipino lawyer and jurist (b. 1902)
• 1995  - Shura Cherkassky, Ukrainian-American pianist (b. 1909)
• 1995  - Genrikh Kasparyan, Armenian chess player and composer (b. 1910)
• 1997  - Brendan Gill, American journalist and essayist (b. 1914)
• 1997  - Billy Wright, Northern Irish loyalist leader (b. 1960)
• 1999  - Michael McDowell, American author and screenwriter (b. 1950)
• 2002  - George Roy Hill, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1921)
• 2003  - Alan Bates, English actor (b. 1934)
• 2003  - Iván Calderón, Puerto Rican-American baseball player (b. 1962)
• 2004  - Hank Garland, American guitarist (b. 1930)
• 2007  - Benazir Bhutto, Pakistani politician, Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1953)^[96]
• 2007  - Jerzy Kawalerowicz, Polish director and screenwriter (b. 1922)
• 2007  - Jaan Kross, Estonian author and poet (b. 1920)
• 2008  - Delaney Bramlett, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1939)
• 2008  - Robert Graham, Mexican-American sculptor (b. 1938)
• 2009  - Isaac Schwartz, Ukrainian-Russian composer and educator (b. 1923)
• 2011  - Catê, Brazilian footballer and manager (b. 1973)
• 2011  - Michael Dummett, English soldier, philosopher, and academic (b. 1925)
• 2011  - Helen Frankenthaler, American painter and educator (b. 1928)^[97]
• 2011  - Johnny Wilson, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (b. 1929)
• 2012  - Harry Carey, Jr., American actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1921)
• 2012  - Lloyd Charmers, Jamaican singer, keyboard player, and producer (b. 1938)
• 2012  - Tingye Li, Chinese-American physicist and engineer (b. 1931)
• 2012  - Archie Roy, Scottish astronomer and academic (b. 1924)
• 2012  - Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., American general and engineer (b. 1934)
• 2012  - Salt Walther, American race car driver (b. 1947)
• 2013  - Richard Ambler, English-Scottish biologist and academic (b. 1933)
• 2013  - Mohamad Chatah, Lebanese economist and politician, Lebanese Minister of Finance (b. 1951)
• 2013  - Gianna D'Angelo, American soprano and educator (b. 1929)
• 2013  - John Matheson, Canadian colonel, lawyer, and politician (b. 1917)
• 2013  - Farooq Sheikh, Indian actor, philanthropist and a popular television presenter (b. 1948)
• 2014  - Ben Ammi Ben-Israel, American-Israeli religious leader, founded the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem (b. 1939)
• 2014  - Ulises Estrella, Ecuadorian poet and academic (b. 1939)
• 2014  - Ronald Li, Hong Kong accountant and businessman (b. 1929)
• 2014  - Karel Poma, Belgian bacteriologist and politician (b. 1920)
• 2015  - Stein Eriksen, Norwegian-American skier (b. 1927)
• 2015  - Dave Henderson, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1958)
• 2015  - Ellsworth Kelly, American painter and sculptor (b. 1923)
• 2015  - Meadowlark Lemon, American basketball player and minister (b. 1932)
• 2015  - Alfredo Pacheco, Salvadoran footballer (b. 1982)
• 2015  - Stevie Wright, English-Australian singer-songwriter (b. 1947)
• 2016  - Carrie Fisher, American actress, screenwriter, author, producer, and speaker (b. 1956)
• 2016  - Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, Sri Lankan politician (b. 1933)
• 2018  - Frank Blaichman, Polish resistance fighter (b. 1922)^[98]
• 2019  - Maria Creveling, American League of Legends player (b. 1995)^[99]
• 2023  - Lee Sun-kyun, South Korean actor (b. 1975)^[100]
• 2023  - Gaston Glock, Austrian firearm engineer and founder of Glock (b. 1929)^[101]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Blessed Francesco Spoto
  • Blessed Sára Salkaházi
  • Fabiola
  • John the Apostle
  • Pope Maximus of Alexandria
  • Nicarete
  • Theodorus and Theophanes
  • December 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Constitution Day (North Korea)
• Emergency Rescuer's Day (Russia)
• St. Stephen's Day (Eastern Orthodox Church; a public holiday in Romania)
• The third of the Twelve Days of Christmas (Western Christianity)

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on December 27

Notes and References

1. Book: Eckersley, Tracey. Building of the Second Church Dedicated to the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople (AD 537). Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History. Curta. Florin. Holt. Andrew. Santa Barbara, Calif.. ABC-CLIO. 2017. 9781610695657. 299.
2. Book: Brown, Kendall. Laws of Burgos. Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. Vol. 2: D—M. Francis. J. Michael. Santa Barbara, Calif.. ABC-CLIO. 2005. 9781851094219. 647.
3. Book: Loewen, Harry. Ink Against the Devil: Luther and His Opponents. Waterloon, Ont.. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 2015. 9781771121354. 36.
4. Book: Dabrowski, Patrice M.. Poland: The First Thousand Years. DeKalb, Ill.. Northern Illinois University Press. 2014. 9780875807560. 203–204.
5. Book: Haefeli, Evan. New Netherland and the Dutch Origins of American Religious Liberty. Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2012. 9780812244083. 169.
6. Book: Ratliff, William G.. Treaty of Methuen. Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism. Olson. James Stuart. Shadle. Robert. New York. Greenwood Press. 1991. 9780313262579. 620.
7. Book: Helm, Glenn E.. Henley, John Dandridge. The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 1: A—K. Tucker. Spencer C.. Santa Barbara, Calif.. ABC-CLIO. 2012. 9781851099566. 338–339.
8. Book: Helm, Glenn E.. Beagle, Voyage of (1831-1836). The British Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Doyle. Mark. Santa Barbara, Calif.. ABC-CLIO. 2018. 9781440841972. 4.
9. Book: Watson. Adam. Cameron. Iain. Cool Britannia: Snowier Times in 1580-1930 Than Since. Rothersthorpe, West Northamptonshire, UK. Paragon Publishing. 2010. 9781907611469. 51.
10. Raper. Howard R.. A Review of the Crawford W. Long Centennial Anniversary Celebrations. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. March 1943. 343. 0007-5140. December 27, 2021.
11. Book: Clary, David A.. Eagles and Empire: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle for a Continent. New York. Bantam Books. 2009. 9780553806526. 48–49. none.

    Book: Melillo, Edward D.. Strangers on Familiar Soil: Rediscovering the Chile-California Connection. New Haven, Conn.. Yale University Press. 2015. 9780300206623. 78.

12. Book: Alexander. Belash. Victor. Belash. Дороги Нестора Махно. 1993. ru. Kiev. RVC "Proza". 50.
13. Web site: November 12, 1970 . Aircraft Accident Report, North Central Airlines, Inc., Convair 580, N2045, O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, December 27, 1968 . . NTSB-AAR-70-27. - Copy at Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
14. Web site: Ranter. Harro. ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-81 (MD-81) OY-KHO Gottröra. live. 2021-12-26. aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. https://web.archive.org/web/20051216072730/http://aviation-safety.net:80/database/record.php?id=19911227-0 . 2005-12-16 .
15. Web site: Hradecky. Simon. Accident: Bek F100 at Almaty on Dec 27th 2019, lost height shortly after takeoff and impacted building after two tailstrikes . 2020-12-26 . www.avherald.com . The Aviation Herald.
16. Encyclopedia: John I King of Valencia, Conqueror of Sardinia & Sicily . September 28, 2023 . Encyclopedia Brittanica . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928203845/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-I-king-of-Aragon. September 28, 2023. live.
17. Tout . T.F. . Mortimer, Roger (VI) de, fourth Earl of March . Mortimer, Roger de (1374-1398) . 39 . 146 . Thomas Frederick Tout.
18. Encyclopedia: John I Albert Grand Duchy, Lithuania, Lithuania-Poland Union. Encyclopedia Brittanica. September 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928204437/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-I-Albert. September 28, 2023. live.
19. Web site: Portrait of Johann Pfeffinger (1493 - 1573). The Online Portrait Gallery. September 29, 2023.
20. Kachlik, D., Vichnar, D., Kachlikova, D., Musil, V., Szabo, K., & Stingl, J. (2013). The life and work of Jan Jesensky (1566–1621), the physician of a dying time. Journal of Medical Biography, 21(3), 153–163.
21. Web site: Johannes Kepler. Robert S. Westman. Encyclopedia Brittanica. September 29, 2023.
22. Web site: Herzog Philipp Julius von Pommern-Wolgast (1584-1625) . University of Greifswald, Faculty of Arts. 2009-07-28. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719103256/https://www.phil.uni-greifswald.de:8008/index.php?id=12421. 2011-07-19.
23. Web site: Rutka, Teofil, 1622-1700 - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies. September 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230926181139/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2021110936.html . September 26, 2023. live.
24. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/lamberville_jean_de_2E.html Jaenen, C. J., "Lamberville, Jean de", Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 2, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003
25. Web site: Whitlock, (Whitelocke), Sir William (1636-1717), of Phyllis Court, Henley, Oxon.. History of Parliament Online (1660-1690). 25 July 2019 .
26. Web site: Kanavelić, Petar . Hrvatski Biografski Leksikon. hr. 24 August 2015.
27. Fleming, John, et al. (1972) The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture; 2nd ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin; p. 301
28. Web site: Sir Abstrupus Danby, Of an Ancient Yorkshire Family - Twickenham Museum . www.twickenham-museum.org.uk . 25 April 2022.
29. https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2010/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20101215.html Pope Benedict XVI, "Saint Veronica Giuliani", General audience, December 15, 2010
30. Web site: JOHANN MELCHIOR ROOS 1663–1731. Liechtenstein The Princely Collections. September 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230926022804/https://www.liechtensteincollections.at/en/artists/johann-melchior-roos. September 26, 2023.
31. Middleton, Conyers.
32. Web site: Jacob August Franckenstein. Jutta Nowosadtko. Zedleriana. 2011-01-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20230926030113/https://www.zedleriana.de/zredfranckenstein.htm . September 26, 2023.
33. Web site: DELAVAL, Francis (1692-1752), of Ford Castle, Seaton Delaval and Dissington, Northumb., and Doddington, Lincs.. History of Parliament Online. 24 January 2018.
34. Book: Eduard Lange. Die soldaten Friedrich's des Grossen . 1853. H. Mendelssohn. 139.
35. Web site: This Day in History: December 27. Anne Leader. September 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928203325/https://www.italianartsociety.org/2015/12/giovanni-battista-borra-was-born-on-27-december-1713-in-the-piedmont-town-of-dogliani-about-37-miles-from-turin-where-he-would-spend-much-of-his-career/. September 28, 2023. live.
36. Web site: George Whitefield . Encyclopedia Brittanica. September 29, 2023.
37. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Lithuania
38. Web site: Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist). Britannica. 26 July 2009.
39. Web site: Каменский 2-й, Николай Михайлович. Russian. 1897. September 30, 2023.
40. Web site: Mīrzā Asadullāh Khān Ghālib . Encyclopedia Britannica. 16 August 2020.
41. Web site: Charles Hodge. Encyclopedia Brittanica. September 30, 2023.
42. http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=3507 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
43. Pasteur, Louis . 20. Roscoe . Henry Enfield . Henry Roscoe (chemist) . 892-894 . 1.
44. Web site: Mieroszewski (Mieroszowski) Stanisław. Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon. de. Sep 12, 2019.
45. Web site: HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO PAVEL TRETYAKOV!. 27 December 2014 . Tretyakov Gallery Magazine . September 30, 2023.
46. Encyclopedia: Lars Oftedal (prest) . Magnus A. . Mardal . . 23 August 2023 . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no. 24 March 2024.
47. Gray . Richard B. . Frederick R. . Kirwin . Presidential Succession in Chile: 1817-1966 . Journal of Inter-American Studies . 11 . 1 . 1969 . 144–159 . 10.2307/165408. 165408 .
48. Book: Annual Conclave. 1941.
49. Book: L'Estampe Originale: A Catalogue Raisonné. Donna Stein. Donald H. Karshan. 1970.
50. Web site: Kansanedustajat: Kalle Korhonen . . 20 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190318010448/https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/910788.aspx . 18 March 2019 . Helsinki, Finland . fi.
51. Book: Donnelley. Paul. Fade to Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries. 2003. Omnibus. 978-0-7119-9512-3. 295. November 24, 2021. en.
52. Web site: Mina Loy. 23 December 2023 . Encyclopedia Britannica. December 23, 2023.
53. News: Alden Whitman. Alden Whitman. Cyrus Eaton, Industrialist, 95, Dies. Cyrus Eaton Dies at 95. Cleveland Industrialist Urged Links With Communists . Cyrus S. Eaton Sr., a multimillionaire industrialist who strongly advocated friendly relations with the Communist world, died Wednesday night at his home, Acadia Farm, near Cleveland. He was 95 years old.. The New York Times. May 11, 1979. 2014-12-15 .
54. Thea von Harbou, 1888-1954 . Author Gallery . 27 June 2017 . September 30, 2023.
55. Broad, G. (2017). One in a Thousand: The Life and Death of Captain Eddie McKay, Royal Flying Corps. Canada: University of Toronto Press.
56. Web site: Louis Bromfield. Encyclopedia Brittanica. September 30, 2023.
57. Web site: Maurice De Waele . Cycling Archives . 26 September 2020.
58. Book: Carl Zuckmayer's Germany. registration. Carl Zuckmayer Goldschmidt.. Haag + Herchen. Margot Finke. 978-3-89228-577-9. 1990.
59. Web site: Motorsport Memorial - Hans Stuck . 22 March 2023 . Motorsport Memorial.
60. Web site: Marlene Dietrich. Dr. Kelly A. Spring. 2017. November 2, 2023.
61. Encyclopedia: Elizabeth Smart . . December 6, 2021 . Alice . Van Wart . Updated by: Andrew McIntosh . https://web.archive.org/web/20060228101325/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0007466 . 2006-02-28 . live.
62. Web site: Famous birthdays for Dec. 27: Olivia Cooke, Timothee Chalamet . . 26 December 2023 . 27 December 2022.
63. Book: Ann Evory . Contemporary Authors New Revision Series: A Bio-Bibliographical Guide to Current Writers in Fiction, General Non-Fiction, Poetry, Journalism, Drama, M. June 1983. Gale / Cengage Learning. 978-0-8103-1938-7.
64. Book: Screen International Film and TV Year Book. 1990. Screen International, King Publications Limited. 978-0-900925-21-4.
65. Web site: Ernesto Zedillo . Busca Biografias . es. May 30, 2019.
66. Web site: Kent Benson . . 26 December 2023.
67. Web site: Mr TEO Chee Hean . . July 27, 2020.
68. Web site: Rose . Mike . Today's famous birthdays list for December 27, 2022 includes celebrities Timothee Chalamet, Hayley Williams . . . 26 December 2023 . 27 December 2022.
69. Book: O'Sullivan . John . Japanese Missions to the International Space Station: Hope from the East . 2019 . Springer Praxis Books . Cham, Switzerland . 9783030045340 . 160.
70. Web site: Mrs. Doubtfire's Lisa Jakub Turns 40: See Cast Then and Now. 2018-12-27. E! Online. 2019-05-08.
71. Web site: Results . m2002.thecgf.com . 1 June 2020 . 2 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210302235756/http://m2002.thecgf.com/results/default.asp?ath=8559 . dead .
72. Web site: Gilles Simon Overview ATP Tour Tennis . 2022-10-21 . ATP Tour.
73. Web site: Jamaal Charles . . 26 December 2023.
74. Web site: Jorge Gutierrez . . 26 December 2023.
75. Web site: Billie Jean King Cup Profile: Ingrid Várgas Calvo . 2022-10-21 . www.billiejeankingcup.com . 2022-10-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221021165656/https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/players/player.aspx?id=800265022 . dead .
76. Web site: Milos Raonic Overview . 2022-10-21 . ATP Tour.
77. Web site: Zelina Vega . . 26 December 2023 . 28 November 2021.
78. Web site: Beth Potter . olympedia.org . 27 March 2024 .
79. Web site: Nick Chubb Bio . . 25 October 2022.
80. Web site: 2 April 2020 . HOTTIE ALERT: Thai-American heartthrob Bright Vachirawit . 25 Dec 2020 . GMMTV . es.
81. Web site: Ana Konjuh Player Stats & More – WTA Official . 2022-10-21 . Women's Tennis Association . en.
82. Web site: Luka Garza . . 26 December 2023.
83. Web site: Brock Purdy . . 26 December 2023.
84. Book: Franklin . Simon . The emergence of Rus, 750-1200 . 1996 . Longman . 978-0-582-49091-8 . 259 . 26 December 2020 . On 27 December 1076, Sviatoslav died..
85. Web site: History of Giustiniani From Genova (Italy). Enrico. Giustiniani. September 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230926013842/http://www.giustiniani.info/english.html. September 26, 2023. live.
86. Web site: Graeff, op den (Opdegraf, Updegrave, Updegrove) family - GAMEO.
87. Web site: Leigh . Rayment . Backhouse to Barratt . September 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20191024070706/http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage/baronetsB1.htm . October 24, 2019.
88. Book: Copleston, Frederick Charles . Frederick Copleston . A history of philosophy . 4 . Continuum International . 2003 . 174 . 978-0-8264-6898-7.
89. "Ilness and death of Maria Francisca Isabel of Savoy (1646-1683), queen of Portugal", Donne, Cultura e Società nel Panorama Lusitano e Internazionale (secoli XVI-XXI), Viterbo, Edizione Sette Città, 2017, pp. 73-91.
90. Web site: Archbishop Henrie de Villars . catholic-hierarchy.org. September 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230927191710/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdvillh.html . September 27, 2023. live.
91. Web site: Henrik Span. Danish . gravsted.fk . 28 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20230927192039/https://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=henrikspan. September 27, 2023 . live.
92. Smith, W. (2008). Dom Jean Mabillon, 1632–1707 'Most Learned and Humble of Men' ~ Part I ~. The Downside Review, 126(442), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/001258060812644202
93. Web site: LEKE, Robert, Lord Deincourt (1654-1707), of Duke Street, Westminster. . 28 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928202658/https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/leke-robert-1654-1707. September 28, 2023. live.
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95. Web site: Alley, Rewi . teara.govt.nz . New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 26 December 2019 . en.
96. Web site: Benazir Bhutto . Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers . 27 July 2021 . en . 15 February 2019.
97. Web site: McNay . Michael . Helen Frankenthaler obituary . The Guardian . 17 January 2020 . 28 December 2011.
98. News: Obituary: Frank Blaichman died on December 27th. The Economist . 12 September 2020. 0013-0613.
99. News: Wolf . Jacob . Remilia, first woman to compete in LCS, dies at 24 . 28 December 2019 . ESPN . December 28, 2019 . en.
100. Web site: https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=477&aid=0000466058. Jang. Jin-ri. December 27, 2023. ko. SpoTV News. ko:故이선균 측 "비통하고 참담...유가족·동료와 조용히 장례 치를것"[전문]. The late Lee Sun-kyun said, "Heartbreaking and miserable... Hold a quiet funeral with the bereaved family and colleagues" [Full Text]. December 27, 2023. Naver.
101. Web site: Obituary Gaston Glock, the man behind the gun, dies aged 94 . Knolle. Kristi. Reuters. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. en.