Federal Hall Explained

Federal Hall National Memorial
Nrhp Type:nmem
Location:26 Wall Street, Financial District, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates:40.7072°N -74.0103°W
Area:0.45acres
Architect:Town and Davis; John Frazee (Interior Rotunda)
Architecture:Greek Revival
Built:May 26, 1842
Refnum:66000095
Added:October 15, 1966[1]
Designated Nrhp Type:August 11, 1955
Visitation Num:156,707
Visitation Year:2004
Website:Federal Hall National Memorial
Nrhp Type2:indcp
Partof:Wall Street Historic District
Partof Refnum:07000063[2]
Designated Nrhp Type2:February 20, 2007
Nocat:yes
Designated Other1:New York State Register of Historic Places
Designated Other1 Date:June 23, 1980[3]
Designated Other1 Abbr:NYSRHP
Designated Other1 Num Position:bottom
Designated Other1 Number:06101.000085
Designated Other2:New York City Landmark
Designated Other2 Date:December 21, 1965 (exterior)
May 27, 1975 (interior)
Designated Other2 Number:0047, 0887
Designated Other2 Abbr:NYCL

Federal Hall is a memorial and historic site at 26 Wall Street in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The current Greek Revival–style building, completed in 1842 as the Custom House, is owned by the United States federal government and operated by the National Park Service as a national memorial called the Federal Hall National Memorial. The memorial is named for an earlier Federal style building on this same site, completed in 1703 as City Hall, which the government of the newly independent United States used as its capital building and called Federal Hall during the 1780s.

The 1703 building had served as New York's City Hall and hosted the 1765 Stamp Act Congress before the American Revolution. After the United States became an independent nation, it served as the meeting place for the Congress of the Confederation, the nation's first central government under the Articles of Confederation, from 1785 to 1789, and the building was expanded and updated. With the establishment of the United States federal government in 1789, it hosted the 1st Congress and was where George Washington was sworn in as the nation’s first president. It was demolished in 1812 to make way for another government building.

The current structure, designed by Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, was built as the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York before serving as a Subtreasury building from 1862 to 1925. The current national memorial commemorates the historic events that occurred at the previous structure. The memorial building is constructed of Tuckahoe marble. Its architectural features include a colonnade of Doric columns, as well as a domed rotunda designed by the sculptor John Frazee. The facade and part of the interior are New York City designated landmarks, and the building is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

First structure

In the 17th century, the area north of Wall Street was occupied by John Damen's farm. Damen sold the land in 1685 to captain John Knight, an officer of Thomas Dongan's administration. Knight resold the land to Dongan, and Dongan resold it in 1689 to Abraham de Peyster and Nicholas Bayard. Both de Peyster and Bayard served as Mayors of New York.[4]

City Hall

The original structure on the site was built as New York's second City Hall from 1699 to 1703, on Wall Street, in what is today the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.[5] This structure had been designed by James Evetts to replace Stadt Huys, the city's first administrative center. It measured two stories high, with wings extending west and east.[6] The stones from Wall Street's old fortifications were used for City Hall. Also housed at City Hall was a public library (which had 1,642 volumes by the year 1730), as well as a firehouse with two fire engines imported from London.[7] The upper stories were used as a debtors' prison.

In 1735, John Peter Zenger, an American newspaper publisher, was arrested for committing libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there. His acquittal on the grounds that the material he had printed was true established freedom of the press as it was later defined in the Bill of Rights.[8]

City Hall was first remodeled in 1765, when a third story was added. That October, delegates from nine of the Thirteen Colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the levying of the Stamp Act by the Parliament of Great Britain. Drawn together for the first time in organized opposition to British policy, the attendees drafted a message to King George III, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons, claiming entitlement to the same rights as the residents of Britain and protesting the colonies' "taxation without representation". The Sons of Liberty took over the building from the British during the American Revolutionary War in 1775. Afterward, City Hall served as the meeting place for the Continental Congress.

Federal Hall

After the American Revolution, City Hall was home to the Congress of the Confederation of the United States under the Articles of Confederation.[9] The first meeting of the Confederation Congress took place at City Hall on April 13, 1784.

Design and construction

The Congress of the Confederation still needed a permanent structure, and the New York City Council and mayor James Duane wished for the city to be the United States capital. Private citizens and the government of New York City contributed $65,000 toward the renovation of the old City Hall.[10] The Patriots felt that the building should be remodeled in a distinctively American architectural style while also preserving the pre-colonial structure. Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a French architect who had helped the Americans during the Revolutionary War, was selected to remodel the structure.

L'Enfant's expansion was characteristic of Georgian-style designs, although he used larger proportions, and added American motifs. An arched promenade was built through the street-level basement, with four heavy Tuscan columns supporting a balcony. On balcony level, four high Doric columns were installed, supporting a pediment that depicted an American eagle with thirteen arrows (one for each of the original Thirteen Colonies). L'Enfant also created a recessed gallery behind the columns, and he placed decorative swags above the second-story windows. The ground-story room for the United States House of Representatives measured 60by across and about two stories high. A smaller room for the United States Senate was on the second floor. L'Enfant's design influenced the development of what later became the Federal style.

Usage

The city moved all of its municipal offices out of the building in late 1788, but the New York Society Library's 3,500-volume library remained in the building for the time being. Work progressed quickly between September 1788 and March 1789. The building was renamed Federal Hall in 1789 when New York was chosen as the nation’s first seat of government under the Constitution. The 1st Congress met there beginning on March 4, 1789.[11] The first inauguration of George Washington, the first-ever inauguration of a President of the United States, occurred on the balcony of the building on April 30, 1789.[12] [13] Many of the most important legislative actions in the United States occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall. For example, on September 25, 1789, the United States Bill of Rights was proposed in Federal Hall, establishing the freedoms claimed by the 1765 Stamp Act Congress.[14] The Judiciary Act of 1789 was also enacted in the building, setting up the United States federal court system.

In 1790, the United States capital moved to Philadelphia.[15] What had been Federal Hall was turned into quarters for the state assembly and courts. The Federal Hall building was one of the few structures in the area to survive an 1804 fire that caused $2 million in damage (equivalent to $ million in). With the opening of the current New York City Hall in 1812, the New York City government no longer needed Federal Hall, and the building was demolished.[16] [17] Part of the original railing and balcony floor, where Washington had been inaugurated, is on display in the memorial[18] and was at one point held by the New-York Historical Society.[19] Nassau Street had originally curved around the building to the west, while Broad Street had run to the east.[20] Nassau Street was straightened after the building was demolished, and it runs to the west of the modern Federal Hall National Memorial.

Second structure

The current Greek Revival structure was the first building that was specifically constructed for the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.[21] The Custom House previously had been located in Government House, a converted residence on Bowling Green. The old building was described as "ordinary and inconvenient", and it had become overcrowded, prompting the federal government to lease additional space in 1831. Samuel Swartwout, the Customs Collector for the Port of New York, advocated in 1832 for "spacious, safe, secure" accommodations. Land for the new building had been purchased incrementally in 1816, 1824, and 1832.[22]

Custom House

The firm of Town and Davis, composed of Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, won an architectural design competition for the new Custom House building and was awarded the contract for the building's design in August 1833. Town estimated that the plans would cost $250,000 if the Custom House building was made of granite, or $320,000 to $350,000 if it was of masonry, brick, and marble. The original design called for a colonnade of eight columns facing Wall and Pine Streets, square pilasters on Nassau Street, a massive coffered dome protruding above the roof, and a cruciform floor plan. The building would have also been decorated with details such as acroteria, metopes, and triangular pediments. Town suggested that Samuel Thomson, architect of the Administration Building at Sailors' Snug Harbor, be named the construction superintendent.

Work on the Custom House began in January 1834, but the Customs Service then requested that the plans for the new building be downsized due to increasing costs. As a result, the dome was reduced in size and the original double colonnade on the facade was changed to a single colonnade. Thomson resigned in April 1835, taking the plans with him. Sculptor John Frazee was named the superintendent in Thomson's stead; he worked to piece together Town and Davis's original plans. Frazee influenced the design of the interior and decorative details, and he modified plans for the attic to a full-height third story. Frazee got into a dispute with building commissioner Walter Bowne and was dismissed in 1840, although he was rehired in 1841.

The Custom House building opened in 1842 at a cost of $928,312 (equivalent to $ million in). Importers would perform their business at a counter in the building's central rotunda.[23] The building came to be associated with political patronage. "The Seven Stages of the Office Seeker", an 1852 print by Edward Williams Clay, satirized how Democratic Party patronage under New York governor Martin Van Buren was centered around the Custom House.[24] By 1861, the structure had become too small to accommodate all of the customs duties of the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.[25] The U.S. government decided to move the customs offices one block to 55 Wall Street, then occupied by the Merchants' Exchange.[26] The federal government of the United States signed a lease with the Merchants' Exchange in February 1862, intending to move into the building that May.[27] The customs offices were moved to 55 Wall Street starting in August 1862.

Subtreasury

After the relocation of the Custom House, 26 Wall Street was transformed into a building for the United States Subtreasury.[28] [29] The Subtreasury desks were arranged around the rotunda of the building. Gold and coin storage vaults were placed along a passage near the north side of the rotunda. Bars were stored to the west, or left, and gold certificates and coins were stored to the east, or right. A vault for small change was also provided. A coin division was on the east side of the building, on the floor of the rotunda, toward Pine Street. Silver was stored in the northwest corner of the building, in the basement. An armory was placed on the upper stories, and various fortifications were mounted at the top of the building to protect the money. Adjoining the Subtreasury to the east was the United States Assay Office, a branch of the United States Mint that performed all Mint functions except creating the coinage. At its peak, the Subtreasury building held seventy percent of the federal government's money.

In 1883, John Quincy Adams Ward‘s bronze statue of George Washington was put up on the Subtreasury’s ceremonial front steps. The statue "mark[ed] the exact height Washington stood when taking the oath of office on the balcony” of the eighteenth-century edifice, overlooking the crowds filling Broad Street up to Wall Street.[30] By 1903, the building held over $275 million in gold, silver, and various other types of money; this amounted to nearly one-tenth of all of the United States' money at that point.[31] A plaque memorializing the Northwest Ordinance was dedicated at the Subtreasury in 1905.[32] [33]

By 1917, the Subtreasury building held $519 million worth of gold and several million dollars more in coins.[34] In the Wall Street bombing of 1920, a bomb was detonated across from the Subtreasury at 23 Wall Street, in what became known as The Corner.[35] Thirty-eight people were killed and 400 injured,[36] [37] though the Subtreasury was undamaged.

The Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Subtreasury system in 1920, and the Subtreasury office closed on December 7 of that year.[38] The Assay Office leased the Subtreasury building to the Fed, which was constructing a building of its own, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building, two blocks north.[39] The Fed started moving its monetary holdings from the Subtreasury to the new Fed building in May 1924.[40] This prompted concern among local financiers that the federal government was planning to sell the building to a private entity. That July, nationalist group American Defense Society started advocating against a possible sale of the building.[41] [42]

Use by other government offices

Ultimately, the government decided to retain ownership of the Subtreasury, using it as storage space for the Assay Office and as office space for other agencies.[43] The government also considered moving the Bureau of Internal Revenue to the Subtreasury.[44] In October 1924, federal officials announced they would move Prohibition enforcement agents' offices to the Subtreasury building, using the basement vaults to store confiscated alcoholic beverages.[45] [46] These plans were canceled the next month because of opposition from patriotic and historical societies.[47] [48] In early 1925, the City Club of New York appealed to Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon to preserve the Subtreasury building.[49] U.S. representative Anning Smith Prall proposed a bill that December to allocate $5 million for an expansion of the Subtreasury building.[50] [51]

A passport office opened on the Pine Street side of the building in March 1925.[52] The Subtreasury was also used for events such as a 1926 party to celebrate the dedication of the Bowling Green Community House,[53] as well as Constitution Day celebrations.[54] The Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) built its Nassau Street Line under the building in the late 1920s,[55] and the Subtreasury was underpinned during the line's construction.[56] [57] The original foundation was only deep, so additional supports were installed underneath, descending to the bedrock. Both houses of Congress passed legislation allowing the BMT line to be built slightly underneath the building.[58] A water main under Nassau Street ruptured in October 1931, severely damaging some of the records that were stored in the basement.[59] [60]

A writer for The New York Times in 1930 characterized the Subtreasury as one of "the big little buildings of Wall Street", along with 23 Wall Street, the New York Stock Exchange Building, and Trinity Church.[61] In the early 1930s, the United States Post Office Department proposed replacing the Subtreasury building with a post office, which would be a replica of Federal Hall as it appeared in 1789. At the time, the three post-office substations in Lower Manhattan could not adequately accommodate high demand from the surrounding office buildings.[62] The department said much of the Subtreasury's space was unused because historical and patriotic societies had objected to most plans for the building. The Subtreasury continued to be used as a passport office through the mid-1930s.[63]

Federal Hall National Memorial

1930s to 1950s

In 1939, after the government announced plans to demolish the Subtreasury building, a group called Federal Hall Memorial Associates raised money to prevent the building's demolition. On April 29, 1939, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes announced that the Subtreasury would become a historic site.[64] The building was designated as Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site on May 26, 1939,[65] and an information bureau opened on the rotunda floor, with exhibits related to finance and the 1939 New York World's Fair.[66] [67] The next month, the National Park Service (NPS) took over the Subtreasury building.[68] The memorial commemorated the first building on the site, rather than the extant Subtreasury building.[23] Due to the building's status as a "national shrine", it did not accommodate governmental offices.[69] After several months of negotiations, Federal Hall Memorial Associates was allowed to operate the interior as a museum in January 1940.[70] [71] The memorial opened on Washington's Birthday, February 22, 1940.[72] [73] The New York Herald Tribune said that, within the United States, Federal Hall Memorial was only matched by Mount Vernon and Independence Hall "in historical interest".[74]

The building celebrated its 100th anniversary on Washington's Birthday in 1942.[75] Among the other events that took place at Federal Hall Memorial in the early 1940s were sales of World War II war bonds,[76] Constitution Day celebrations,[77] rallies in support of the United Service Organizations,[78] and stamp sales.[79] Federal Hall Memorial continued to be used for events in the 1950s, including a blood donation drive[80] and a Salvation Army donation drive.[81] In 1952, the United States House of Representatives' Subcommittee of the Interior voted to permit the rehabilitation of Federal Hall.[82] The John Peter Zenger Room, a journalism exhibit, was dedicated at Federal Hall in April 1953.[83] [84] The next year, the U.S. government relocated the building's original wrought-iron fence into the basement because the Tennessee marble under it had started to buckle.[85]

As the building is owned by the federal government and managed by the NPS, renovations and restoration proposals must be approved by Congress. In 1954, the New York City Council passed a resolution asking Congress to establish a committee to provide suggestions for restoring Federal Hall, the Castle Clinton National Monument, and the Statue of Liberty National Monument.[86] Federal Hall was re-designated as a national memorial on August 11, 1955.[87] The same year, the federal government created the New York City National Shrines Advisory Board.[88] The board first convened in February 1956.[89] [90] The government tentatively allocated $1.621 million for the restoration of Federal Hall, whose interior had become dilapidated.[91] In February 1957, the board recommended allocating $3 million for the restoration of the three sites.[92] By 1960, Interior Secretary Fred A. Seaton announced plans to restore Federal Hall within the next two years. He proposed that local civic groups raise $2.9 million, half of the projected cost, and that the government raise matching funds.[93] The next year, Interior Secretary Stewart Udall announced that the federal government would start redeveloping the three historic sites in advance of the 1964 New York World's Fair.[94] [95] Federal government officials also installed a plaque in front of the building, dedicating it as a "national shrine".[96]

1960s to 1990s

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the building's exterior as a landmark on December 21, 1965.[97] [98] [99] The building was also added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on October 15, 1966, the day the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was signed. The building's location on Wall Street, and near the New York Stock Exchange Building, made it a "natural rallying place" as The New York Times described it. As a result, its front steps were used for demonstrations, political rallies, President's Day celebrations, and union drives. After the building closed for restoration in 1968, the NPS said that loitering on the front steps developed into "more of a problem".[100] Among these events were an anti-narcotics rally[101] and a protest against the Vietnam War in 1970.[102]

The building reopened to the public in 1972 as a museum. That year, the New York City Bicentennial Corporation issued a commemorative medal honoring the original Federal Hall, as well as New York City during the American Revolution.[103] The LPC held hearings in 1975 to determine whether the interiors of Federal Hall's rotunda, the Morris–Jumel Mansion, and the Bartow–Pell Mansion should be designated as landmarks.[104] The LPC designated all three buildings' interiors as landmarks on May 26, 1975,[105] and the New York City Board of Estimate ratified these designations that July.[106] The NPS hired Phoebe Dent Weil to restore the George Washington statue on the front steps in 1978.[107]

The Whitney Museum opened a temporary branch at Federal Hall in 1982.[108] This was actually the third location of the Whitney's first satellite branch, which had previously been housed at 55 Water Street and the First Police Precinct Station House. The satellite branch occupied four galleries on the mezzanine of Federal Hall (around the central rotunda), while the NPS hosted history exhibits in other parts of the building.[109] The Whitney closed the Federal Hall branch in 1984, eventually reopening at 33 Maiden Lane in 1988.[110] During this decade, Richard Jenrettethe chairman of banking house Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, which was headquartered nearbystarted soliciting $500,000 in private donations to renovate Federal Hall, in conjunction with Federal Hall Memorial Associates.[111] Although the group planned to renovate the rotunda into a reception area with contemporary furnishings, by 1985, only $73.000 had been raised and no contemporary furnishings had been acquired.[112]

Federal officials announced in 1986 that Federal Hall would be renovated; the spaces would be cleaned and painted, and mechanical systems would be replaced.[113] The memorial's second floor would contain two galleries about the Constitution of the United States, and an exhibit about the original building would be installed as well.[114] Federal Hall hosted a reenactment of Washington's inauguration on April 30, 1989, the event's 200th anniversary.[115] [116] The reenactment, attended by U.S. president George Bush, was intended to raise $700,000 for the museum, which opened to the public after this event.[117] [118] In addition to Constitution-related exhibits, the museum hosted temporary exhibits such as a display of Hudson Valley artwork,[119] a showcase of New York City designated landmarks,[120] and an exhibit about the abolition of slavery in the United States.[121]

2000s to present

By the beginning of the 21st century, Federal Hall contained numerous large cracks.[122] During the September 11, 2001, attacks, which caused the nearby collapse of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers, 300 people sheltered at the memorial.[123] Due to concerns over the building's structural integrity, Federal Hall was closed for one month following the attacks.[124] [125] When the building reopened, metal detectors similar to those at airports were placed at the entrances. Meanwhile, the cracks in the building were exacerbated following the collapse of the World Trade Center.[126] As a result, in early 2002, the NPS received $16.5 million for repairs to the building. On September 6, 2002, approximately 300 members of Congress traveled from Washington, D.C. to New York to convene in Federal Hall National Memorial as a symbolic show of support for the city; this was the first meeting of Congress in New York since 1790.[16] [127] Four steel pilings were installed under one of the building's corners in 2003 after investigators found a 24-inch air gap beneath that corner.

The site closed on December 3, 2004, for a $16 million renovation, mostly to its foundation.[128] Federal Hall National Memorial reopened in late 2006.[129] [130] The renovated memorial included a visitor center, showcasing other historical sites operated by the NPS in the New York City area. In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a NRHP district.[131] The same year, the metal detectors were removed and replaced with magnetometers because the security screening process took too long, driving away many visitors. This measure increased attendance fourfold. New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and ABC News invited the 2008 United States presidential candidates, John McCain and Barack Obama, to a town hall forum at Federal Hall,[132] though both candidates declined the offer.[133] McCain did host his own town hall forum at Federal Hall in June 2008.[134]

The American Express Foundation donated $75,000 in 2012 toward the restoration of the Washington statue outside the building.[123] In 2015, the National Trust for Historic Preservation said Federal Hall's grand staircase would be renovated after the American Express Foundation had given a $300,000 grant.[135] At the time, the steps had begun to fall into disrepair and showed signs of spalling and cracking. The work was to begin in late 2016.[136] By 2018, local newspaper AM New York Metro wrote that "cracked walls, peeling paint and a rust-water-stained rotunda are among the deteriorating conditions that greet nearly 300,000 visitors who come there to learn about American history." Federal Hall National Memorial also had damaged floors and arches; the facade had begun to chip; and the columns had cracked and were showing signs of mold and discoloration.[137] The cooling system was replaced in 2020.[138] The NPS temporarily closed the memorial in July 2021 after finding cracked stone. As part of a permanent repair project, the building was to be covered in scaffolding for five to ten years.[139] [140]

Architecture

Federal Hall National Memorial was designed by architects Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis of Town and Davis, with a domed rotunda designed by the sculptor John Frazee. The building is constructed of Tuckahoe marble. Two prominent American ideals are reflected in the current building's Greek Revival architecture. Town and Davis's Doric columns on the facade resemble those of the Parthenon and serve as a tribute to the democracy of the Greeks. Frazee's domed rotunda echoes the Pantheon and is evocative of the republican ideals of the ancient Romans.

The building contains two basement levels, three full above-ground stories, and an attic.[141] The Subtreasury had been constructed with 22 or 25 rooms.

Facade

The facade of the building is made of marble blocks measuring thick. A set of 18 granite steps lead from ground level up to the rotunda. John Quincy Adams Ward‘s bronze statue of George Washington is placed on the building’s ceremonial front steps.[142] At the top of the stairs, a colonnade supports a plain triangular pediment. The lack of sculpture on the pediment may have been influenced by aesthetic considerations, as there were few "qualified sculptors" at the time of the building's construction, according to Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis.

Next to the building's western elevation, there was originally a wrought-iron fence about tall and long; it rested on a parapet of Tennessee marble measuring tall. The fence, which was placed about in front of the building, was removed in 1954. When the building was used by the Subtreasury, guards were stationed in three turrets on the roof. These turrets contained grilles through which the guards could fire at invaders. There are also flat pilasters on the western facade, along Nassau Street.

Rotunda

The main rotunda of Federal Hall is 60feet in diameter. The rotunda is designed as an amphiprostyle: it has balconies on four sides, but it lacks columns between each balcony. The wall of the rotunda contains four sections of colonnade, each containing four columns. The columns each measure high and 5feet across. The southern colonnade leads to the main entrance, while the northern colonnade leads to the primary hallway of the building. The outer walls of the eastern and western colonnades contain plainly designed windows. There are gilded-iron balconies behind each colonnade. Between the colonnades are short sections of flat wall, situated between flat pilasters. The pilasters measure high. Above the balconies are barrel vaulted ceilings. The rotunda had contained four Carrara-marble counters when it was used as the Custom House.

The rotunda is topped by a self-supporting masonry saucer dome with a skylight at its center. The dome contains narrow panels with curved bottoms, as well as anthemion motifs at their top and bottom ends. The skylight is surrounded by raised rosettes. The decorations were originally in a gold, blue, and white color scheme. The floor of the rotunda contains gray and cream marble blocks in concentric circles. At the center of the floor is a stone slab, where George Washington once stood.

Activities

The National Park Service operates Federal Hall as a national memorial. The memorial has tourist information about the New York Harbor area's federal monuments and parks, and a New York City tourism information center. The gift shop has colonial and early American items for sale. Normally its exhibit galleries are open free to the public daily, except national holidays, and guided tours of the site are offered throughout the day.[143]

The memorial has several permanent exhibits. These include George Washington’s Inauguration Gallery, including the Bible used to swear his oath of office; Freedom of the Press, the imprisonment and trial of John Peter Zenger; and New York: An American Capital, preview exhibit created by the National Archives and Records Administration.[144] Among the items displayed are a piece of the balcony upon which Washington stood in his first inauguration.[145] Various temporary exhibitions have also been shown at Federal Hall.[146] For instance, in 2023 the building hosted a site-specific theatre performance, The Democracy Project.[147]

Access

Federal Hall is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Mondays through Fridays and is closed on weekends. The memorial is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 via a ramp at its rear, on Pine Street. The M55 bus stops nearby on Broadway, while the M15 and M15 SBS stop nearby on Water Street. In addition, the Broad Street station of the New York City Subway, serving the, is directly under Federal Hall.[148]

In 2015, the museum had an estimated 200,000 annual visitors. This was about one percent of the 15 million people who visited the intersection of Wall, Nassau, and Broad Streets every year.[149]

On U.S. postage

Engraved renditions of Federal Hall appear on multiple U.S. postage stamps. The first stamp showing Federal Hall was issued on April 30, 1939, the 150th anniversary of President Washington's inauguration, where he is depicted on the balcony of Federal Hall taking the oath of office.[150] [151] The second issue was released in 1957, the 200th anniversary of Alexander Hamilton's birth. This issue depicts Alexander Hamilton and a full view of Federal Hall.[152] [153]

In addition, in 1988, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative 25-cent stamp in 1988, the 200th anniversary of when New York ratified the United States Constitution. The stamp depicted the original Federal Hall, Wall Street, and Trinity Church's steeple.[154]

See also

References

Notes

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Federal Hall National Memorial. National Park Service. June 25, 2016. August 27, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160827231643/http://npgallery.nps.gov/nrhp/AssetDetail?assetID=b12babb8-782d-469d-8b57-c64e0bbb1c51. live.
  2. Web site: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Wall Street Historic District . Howe . Kathy . Robins . Anthony . August 3, 2006 . . July 7, 2024. National Archives.
  3. Web site: Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS) . . November 7, 2014 . July 20, 2023.
  4. News: April 10, 1910. New Bankers' Trust Company Tower Sets Building and Realty Records. The New York Times. April 21, 2020. 0362-4331. . March 28, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220328223039/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/04/10/102037556.pdf. live.
  5. Web site: May 30, 2015. History & Culture. February 5, 2021. Federal Hall National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service). July 10, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190710112803/https://www.nps.gov/feha/learn/hc.htm. live.
  6. News: August 28, 1932 . Sub-Treasury Site Is Sought For Postoffice: J.J. Kiely, Postmaster Here, Suggests Building Copying Design of Federal Hall . A1 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  7. News: Bent . Silas . July 20, 1924 . Landmark of Wall Street History May Be Razed; Subtreasury Building's End as Home of Money – Exciting Scenes of Which It Was a Centre Are Recalled . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504162448/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/07/20/archives/landmark-of-wall-street-history-may-be-razed-subtreasury-buildings.html . live .
  8. Web site: The Trial of John Peter Zenger. National Park Service. June 7, 2012. July 14, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120714223957/http://www.nps.gov/feha/historyculture/the-trial-of-john-peter-zenger.htm. live.
  9. Book: The Encyclopedia of New York . Avid Reader Press / Simon & Schuster . 2020 . 978-1-5011-6696-9 . 48 . May 3, 2022 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503191243/https://books.google.com/books?id=mwjODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 . live .
  10. Book: History in the House . Office for the Bicentennial . 1985 . 19–20 . v. 1 . May 3, 2022 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503191244/https://books.google.com/books?id=EI9NAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP19 . live .
  11. Book: Smith, T.E.V.. The City of New York in the Year of Washington's Inauguration, 1789. A. D. F. Randolph. 1889. 48. May 2, 2022. May 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022609/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Qn0aC9ZiI4C&pg=PA48%C2%A0. live.
  12. Book: George Washington the President: 1789–1797. United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. 1931. 9. т. 627, № 14. February 10, 2021. April 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220430114124/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTHfqh2jRQYC&pg=PA9. live.
  13. Book: United States. Congress. Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1964. 21451. т. 110, ч. 16. February 10, 2021. May 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022609/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPgRPTKrOlwC&pg=PA21451. live.
  14. Book: Schwartz, Bernard. Roots of the Bill of Rights. Chelsea House. 1980. 978-0-87754-207-0. 894. т. 4. February 10, 2021. May 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022609/https://books.google.com/books?id=JT4oAQAAMAAJ. live.
  15. Book: Seymour, Whitney North Jr. . ABA Journal . May 1964 . American Bar Association . 469 . Dedication of the Bill of Rights Memorial . https://books.google.com/books?id=pvh0Yfu3fh0C&pg=PA469 . May 2, 2022 . May 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022610/https://books.google.com/books?id=pvh0Yfu3fh0C&pg=PA469%C2%A0 . live .
  16. Web site: September 5, 2002. Inside Politics: Symbolic Site for Congress to Meet. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171120042511/http://www.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/09/05/federal.hall/index.html. November 20, 2017. August 27, 2019. cnn.com.
  17. News: Carmody. Deirdre. October 21, 1972. Federal Hall Memorial Is Reopened as Museum. en-US. The New York Times. live. February 6, 2021. 0362-4331. April 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220430114120/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/21/archives/federal-hall-memorial-is-reopened-as-museum.html.
  18. Web site: Inaugural Balcony. National Park Service. June 7, 2012. July 14, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120714224009/http://www.nps.gov/feha/historyculture/inaugural-balcony.htm. live.
  19. News: April 20, 1938 . Relic of 1789 Used in Honoring Skill; Federal Hall Railing From the First Inaugural Is Background for Building Awards . en-US . The New York Times . May 2, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503195536/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/04/20/archives/relic-of-1789-used-in-honoring-skill-federal-hall-railing-from-the.html . live .
  20. News: September 28, 1914 . New York Real Estate in the Financial District: History of the "Streete That Runs by the Pye-woman's" and of the Jog Around Federal Hall . 8 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  21. Web site: Federal Hall – U.S. Custom House . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170628184250/http://federalhall.org/federal-hall/custom-house/ . June 28, 2017 . October 25, 2016 . Federal Hall.
  22. News: July 11, 1924 . Move Made to Save Old Sub-treasury; Financiers in Wall St. District Do Not Want Building to Pass to Private Concern. . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504162449/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/07/11/archives/move-made-to-save-old-subtreasury-financiers-in-wall-st-district-do.html . live .
  23. News: Gray. Christopher. September 24, 2006. A Landmark Will Reveal Its Treasures Once More. en-US. The New York Times. February 10, 2021. 0362-4331. November 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041840/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/24/realestate/24scap.html. live.
  24. Web site: 1852. The seven stages of the office seeker. February 10, 2021. Library of Congress. en. November 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181121025229/https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004665351/. live.
  25. News: April 27, 1862. The New Custom-house; Delay in the Preparations for Removal from the present Custom-house. en-US. The New York Times. May 19, 2020. 0362-4331. July 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200721024359/https://www.nytimes.com/1862/04/27/archives/the-new-customhouse-delay-in-the-preparations-for-removal-from-the.html. live.
  26. Web site: January 9, 1979. United States Custom House Interior. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210214050246/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1022.pdf. February 14, 2021. February 6, 2021. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. 2.
  27. News: February 8, 1862. The New Custom-house Building.. en-US. The New York Times. May 19, 2020. 0362-4331. April 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220404231200/https://www.nytimes.com/1862/02/08/archives/the-new-customhouse-building.html. live.
  28. Book: Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps. The iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909. 1915. 5. 1901. February 6, 2021. columbia.edu. September 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200915124530/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5800727_005/ldpd_5800727_005.pdf. live.
  29. News: August 20, 1862. The Removal of the Custom-house; The Merchants' Exchange Occupied as the Custom-house Removal of the Warehouse Department. en-US. The New York Times. May 19, 2020. 0362-4331. April 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220404231209/https://www.nytimes.com/1862/08/20/archives/the-removal-of-the-customhouse-the-merchants-exchange-occupied-as.html. live.
  30. Web site: History Timeline. February 6, 2021. Federal Hall. en-US. May 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022610/https://federalhall.org/history-timeline/. live.
  31. News: Pratt . Sereno S. . 11 Oct 1903 . Big Cash Storehouse: Historic Wall-street Subtreasury a Reservoir of Enormous Wealth Its Functions Explained One of the Greatest Institutions of the Street-- Powes Over, Stocks Making Money Transfer . A5 . Courier-Journal . .
  32. News: 1905-11-30 . Unveiling in Wall Street.; Sub-Treasury Decorated with Tablet in Memory of Ordinance of 1787. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-14 . 0362-4331.
  33. Web site: November 29, 1905 . Tablet Commemorates Great Ordinance of 1787 . 2023-05-14 . The Buffalo News . 7 . Newspapers.com.
  34. News: January 21, 1917 . U.S. Vaults Here Filled with Gold . en-US . The New York Times . live . February 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022611/https://www.nytimes.com/1917/01/21/archives/us-vaults-here-filled-with-gold-officials-will-soon-face-problem-of.html . May 2, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  35. News: September 16, 1945 . New York Bomb Tragedy Unsolved After 25 Years: Blast in Front of Subtreasury at Broad and Wall Streets Left 39 Dead and 200 Injured . 9 . Los Angeles Times . .
  36. Book: Baily . Thomas A . The American Pageant . Kennedy . David M. . D.C. Heath and Company . 1994 . 0-669-33892-3 . 10th.
  37. News: Barron . James . September 17, 2003 . After 1920 Blast, The Opposite Of 'Never Forget'; No Memorials on Wall St. For Attack That Killed 30 . en-US . The New York Times . live . September 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160322043058/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/17/nyregion/after-1920-blast-opposite-never-forget-no-memorials-wall-st-for-attack-that.html . March 22, 2016 . 0362-4331.
  38. News: N. Y. Sub-Treasury Closed as Reserve Bank Takes Duties: Martin Vogel Complimented by Bankers on Last Day in Office: Huge Sum Handled in Last Seven Years. December 7, 1920. New-York Tribune. 15. .
  39. News: July 19, 1924 . In and Out of the Banks . 8 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  40. News: May 30, 1924 . Richest Bank In the World Begins Moving: Operation That Calls for Transfer of $500,000,000 to New Home of New York Reserve Put Under Way . 17 . The New York Herald, New York Tribune . .
  41. News: July 27, 1924 . Seek to Save Old Treasury . 16 . The New York Herald, New York Tribune . .
  42. News: July 29, 1924 . In and Out of the Banks . 8 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  43. News: July 22, 1924 . Sub-treasury Building Will Be Retained: Will Be Used by the Government for Assay Office Storage and for Other Agencies Now Scattered . 11 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  44. News: July 11, 1924 . Sub-Treasury May Be Used By Tax Bureau: Question of Its Future Is Brought to Fore by Impending Withdrawal of Reserve Bank as Tenant . 17 . The New York Herald, New York Tribune . .
  45. News: October 9, 1924 . Deranged Man Attacks Policeman on Duty . 10 . The New York Herald, New York Tribune . .
  46. News: October 9, 1924 . Subtreasury to Be Prohibition Office: Government Makes Clear Its Intention Not to Sell Historic Building. . 40 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  47. News: November 19, 1924 . "Bulletin" Arranges For $500,000 Loan . 17 . The New York Herald, New York Tribune . .
  48. News: November 19, 1924 . Subtreasury Saved as Historic Shrine; Will Not Be Used as Offices for Prohibition and Narcotic Forces. . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504162450/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/11/19/archives/subtreasury-saved-as-historic-shrine-will-not-be-used-as-offices.html . live .
  49. News: March 20, 1925 . Mellon's Aid Asked In Preservation of Old Sub-Treasury: City Club Seeks to Save the Historic Building in Wall Street for Museum of National Activities . 6 . The New York Herald, New York Tribune . .
  50. News: December 13, 1925 . Prall Draws Bill To Reconstruct Sub-Treasury: Would Enlarge and Repair 85-Year-Okl Building to Provide Extra Space for U. S. Offices Here Keeps Washington Statue Fish Offers Measure for Four More Federal Judges in New York District . 10 . The New York Herald, New York Tribune . .
  51. News: December 14, 1925 . Would Spend $5,000,000 on the Subtreasury; Representative Prall's Bill Contemplates Extension to Old Wall Street Building. . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175647/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/12/14/archives/would-spend-5000000-on-the-subtreasury-representative-pralls-bill.html . live .
  52. News: March 29, 1925 . To Open New Branch of Passport Bureau . 5 . The Brooklyn Citizen . May 4, 2022 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504174531/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101012765/to-open-new-branch-of-passport-bureau/ . live .
  53. News: May 6, 1926 . Dedicate a New Community House; Mayor Walker Is Chief Speaker as New Home of Bowling Green Association Opens . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175645/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/05/06/archives/dedicate-a-new-community-house-mayor-walker-is-chief-speaker-as-new.html . live .
  54. News: September 18, 1928 . Observe Constitution Day; Sons of Revolution Hold Exercises on Steps of Sub-Treasury. . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175642/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/09/18/archives/observe-constitution-day-sons-of-revolution-hold-exercises-on-steps.html . live .
  55. Linder . Bernard . February 2016 . Contract 4 Subway Controversy . Electric Railroaders' Association . 59 . 2 . July 28, 2016 . The Bulletin . August 16, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160816151223/https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/2016-02-bulletin/1 . live .
  56. News: October 7, 1928 . Stored Millions Guarded as Subway Builders Dig Close to Sunken Vaults: Police and Private Inspectors and Watchmen Keen Constant Vigil on Broad and Nassau Streets as Excavations Expose Walls Hiding Treasure; Sensitive Electric Alarms Strengthen Precautions Digging Subway Under Center of Financial District . B3 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  57. News: May 10, 1931 . Nassau St. Subway To Open On May 30; Its Construction an Engineering Feat Because Many Buildings Had to Be Underpinned . The New York Times . July 28, 2016 . 0362-4331 . July 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170430/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/10/archives/nassau-st-subway-to-open-on-may-30-its-construction-an-engineering.html . live .
  58. News: January 23, 1929 . House Passes N.Y. Subway Bill . 21 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  59. News: October 5, 1931 . Nassau St. Main Bursts, Flooding Tube and Cellars: Ton of Silt Washed Into Subway Passage as the Wall Breaks; Pavements Bulge Excavations Are Inundated Old Records Damaged in Basement of Treasury Building . 3 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  60. News: October 5, 1931 . Wall Street Water Main Bursts Doing $100,000 Damage . 1 . The Hartford Courant . .
  61. News: Puckette . Charles Mcd . August 24, 1930 . Wall Street's "Big Little Buildings"; Overtopped on All Sides by Towers of Steel and Stone, They Retain an Impressiveness Beyond Their Height . en-US . SM3 . The New York Times . live . February 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224857/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/08/24/118186824.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false . April 4, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  62. News: May 28, 1931 . Plans to Replace Subtreasury Here; Postoffice Department May Erect Copy of Federal Hall on Historic Site . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175646/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/28/archives/plans-to-replace-subtreasury-here-postoffice-department-may-erect.html . live .
  63. News: July 31, 1936 . Passports Issued Up 10% During Year; Report for 1935–36 Shows a Continued Rise in New Permits and Renewals . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175643/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/07/31/archives/passports-issued-up-10-during-year-report-for-193536-shows-a.html . live .
  64. News: April 30, 1939 . U. S. Will Make National Shrine Of Subtreasury: Ceremony Planned at Site Where Washington Took Oath as First President . 33 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  65. Web site: United States Congress. May 26, 1939. Order Designating the Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site, New York, N. Y.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210214050558/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/legal/upload/7-National-Memorials.pdf. February 14, 2021. February 6, 2021. National Park Service. 97–98.
  66. News: May 21, 1939 . Wall St. Museum to Commemorate Washington: Site of First Inauguration to House Relies of Banking and Old City Waterfront Historical Display to Open Wednesday in Building That Was a Sub-Treasury Old Sub-Treasury Building Becomes Museum . A1 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  67. News: May 25, 1939 . Museum Opened in Sub-treasury; Basement Rotunda of Historic Center Downtown Becomes New American Shrine . en-US . The New York Times . May 2, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503195541/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/05/25/archives/museum-opened-in-subtreasury-basement-rotunda-of-historic-center.html . live .
  68. News: June 17, 1939 . Federal Hall Site Now 'Historic' . en-US . The New York Times . May 2, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503195534/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/06/17/archives/federal-hall-site-now-historic.html . live .
  69. News: April 6, 1953 . Government Will Quit The Street, Make Way For a Seamen's Bank: Long Vacant U.S. Assay Office To Be Swapped for Structure In Brooklyn . 2 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  70. News: January 24, 1940. Wall Street Scene. 4. Wall Street Journal. 0099-9660. .
  71. News: January 10, 1940. Museum to Show Historic Scenes; Paintings of House and Senate Chambers in Old Federal Hall to Go on View. en-US. The New York Times. February 6, 2021. 0362-4331.
  72. News: February 22, 1940 . Sub-Treasury Made Shrine on Eve of Holiday: Site of First Inauguration Dedicated as City Marks Washington's Birthday A Solute for Washington's Birthday at Unveiling Here . 24 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  73. News: World . Times Wide . February 22, 1940 . Our First Capitol Made a Memorial; Subtreasury Building in Wall Street Is Dedicated as a National Shrine . en-US . The New York Times . May 3, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504040914/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/02/22/archives/our-first-capitol-made-a-memorial-subtreasury-building-in-wall.html . live .
  74. News: May 1, 1941 . The Federal Hall Memorial . 22 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  75. News: February 22, 1942 . Sub-Treasury Building, Century Old, To Be a Major Shrine . A1 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  76. News: August 30, 1942 . War Bond Rally on Treasury Day; Meeting and Sale on Steps of Sub-Treasury to Mark Anniversary Wednesday . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504052705/https://www.nytimes.com/1942/08/30/archives/war-bond-rally-on-treasury-day-meeting-and-sale-on-steps-of.html . live .
  77. News: September 18, 1941 . Constitution Day Marked in City; Patriotic Groups Hold Annual Ceremony on Site of Federal Hall in Wall Street . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504052707/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/09/18/archives/constitution-day-marked-in-city-patriotic-groups-hold-annual.html . live .
  78. News: June 16, 1942 . 2,000 at Wall Street Rally; Ex-Governor Smith and Others Ask Support of USO . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504052704/https://www.nytimes.com/1942/06/16/archives/2000-at-wall-street-rally-exgovernor-smith-and-others-ask-support.html . live .
  79. News: Stiles . Kent B. . October 7, 1945 . News of Stamp World; Coast Guard War Commemoratives to Go On Sale at Sub-Treasury Ceremony . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504052702/https://www.nytimes.com/1945/10/07/archives/news-of-stamp-world-coast-guard-war-commemoratives-to-go-on-sale-at.html . live .
  80. News: June 11, 1953 . New Blood Center Opens on Wall St.; Federal Hall Unit Aims to Take Up Summer Donation Slack – To Close in September . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504052708/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/06/11/archives/new-blood-center-opens-on-wall-st-federal-hall-unit-aims-to-take-up.html . live .
  81. News: Times . The New York . February 2, 1950 . Salvation Army Opens 1950 Drive . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504052705/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/02/02/archives/salvation-army-opens-1950-drive.html . live .
  82. News: July 2, 1952 . House Group Adopts Federal Hall Bill . en-US . The New York Times . May 2, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503180758/https://www.nytimes.com/1952/07/02/archives/house-group-adopts-federal-hall-bill.html . live .
  83. News: Kihss. Peter. April 24, 1953. Zenger Memorial Presented to U. S.; Exhibit in Federal Hall Marks Colonial Printer's Successful Fight for a Free Press. en-US. The New York Times. May 4, 2022. 0362-4331. May 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220504052711/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/04/24/archives/zenger-memorial-presented-to-u-s-exhibit-in-federal-hall-marks.html. live.
  84. News: . Zenger Memorial Room Dedicated . April 24, 1953 . 15 . New York Herald Tribune.
  85. News: June 16, 1954 . 1842 Fence Here Goes Into History; Tons of Wrought Iron From Federal Hall Site Swung Into Storage Vault . en-US . The New York Times . May 2, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503180757/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/06/16/archives/1842-fence-here-goes-into-history-tons-of-wrought-iron-from-federal.html . live .
  86. News: February 24, 1954 . Education Sparks City Council Fight; Isaacs' Mild Resolution on State Aid Hit as 'Typical Republican Insult' . en-US . The New York Times . October 9, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  87. News: August 13, 1955 . Monuments Get Help; Eisenhower Signs Bill Urging Support for Historic Sites . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504180951/https://www.nytimes.com/1955/08/13/archives/monuments-get-help-eisenhower-signs-bill-urging-support-for.html . live .
  88. News: August 29, 1955 . Board Aims to Preserve 3 Historic Sites in City . 7 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  89. News: February 4, 1956 . Museum Projects Urged To Save 3 Shrines Here . A10 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  90. News: February 4, 1956 . Board Considers Historic Shrines; Advisory Group to Seek Aid of Public in Preserving Three in This City . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504180952/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/02/04/archives/board-considers-historic-shrines-advisory-group-to-seek-aid-of.html . live .
  91. News: Bennett. Charles G.. April 30, 1956. U.S. Aid Pledged on Federal Hall. en-US. The New York Times. February 6, 2021. 0362-4331.
  92. News: February 1, 1957 . $3,089,400 Outlay on Shrines Asked; City Board to Submit to U. S. Cost of Restoring 3--Drive to Raise Half Planned . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504180950/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/02/01/archives/3089400-outlay-on-shrines-asked-city-board-to-submit-to-u-s-cost-of.html . live .
  93. News: April 20, 1960 . U.S. Aid Pledged to 4 City Shrines; Seaton Says Agency Will Match Private Funds for Opening of World Fair . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504180952/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/20/archives/us-aid-pledged-to-4-city-shrines-seaton-says-agency-will-match.html . live .
  94. News: Illson . Murray . October 11, 1961 . U.S. Will Develop 3 Shrines in City; Udall Supports Program on a Fund-Matching Basis . en-US . The New York Times . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220505002118/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/10/11/archives/us-will-develop-3-shrines-in-city-udall-supports-program-on-a.html . live .
  95. News: October 11, 1961 . Udall Urges Public to Aid Shrine Fund . 52 . Newsday . .
  96. News: October 11, 1961 . Federal Hall (Nassau and Wall) Marked as National Shrine . 27 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  97. News: December 28, 1965 . 7 More Buildings Made Landmarks . en-US . The New York Times . May 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220505002115/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/28/archives/7-more-buildings-made-landmarks.html . live .
  98. News: December 28, 1965 . Pick 7 More Landmarks . 299 . New York Daily News . live . February 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210213095306/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69475177/pick-7-more-landmarks/ . February 13, 2021.
  99. Web site: December 21, 1965 . Federal Hall National Memorial . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200921134809/https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0047.pdf . September 21, 2020 . June 25, 2016 . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.
  100. News: Whitney . Craig R. . May 12, 1970 . Federal Hall, a Natural Podium, Attracts Protesters on Wall St. . en-US . The New York Times . May 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220505033654/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/12/archives/federal-hall-a-natural-podium-attracts-protesters-on-wall-st.html . live .
  101. News: June 23, 1970 . 1,000 In Financial District At Antinarcotics Rally . en-US . The New York Times . May 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220505033654/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/23/archives/1000-in-financial-district-at-antinarcotics-rally.html . live .
  102. News: Bigart . Homer . May 9, 1970 . War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers . en-US . The New York Times . May 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220505033653/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/09/archives/war-foes-here-attacked-by-construction-workers-city-hall-is-stormed.html . live .
  103. News: November 26, 1972 . Medal Hails City and Federal Hall . en-US . The New York Times . May 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220505033652/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/26/archives/medal-hails-city-and-federal-hall-the-first-capital-of-us.html . live .
  104. News: February 26, 1975 . 3 New Landmarks Backed at Hearings . en-US . The New York Times . May 3, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504040915/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/26/archives/3-new-landmarks-backed-at-hearings.html . live .
  105. News: May 27, 1975. Landmark Buildings Also Win Citations For Their Inferiors. en-US. The New York Times. May 2, 2022. 0362-4331.
  106. News: 1975-07-18 . Metropolitan Briefs . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-12 . 0362-4331 . August 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813182716/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/18/archives/metropolitan-briefs-3-interiors-win-landmark-status-appeal-due-on.html . live .
  107. News: Alston . Blanche Cordelia . 1979-11-24 . Bronze Statues Gleam Again . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-05-24 . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220524134108/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/24/archives/bronze-statues-gleam-again-new-refinishing-method-roosevelt-gates.html . live .
  108. News: Raynor. Vivien. 1982-02-26. Art: Lower Manhattan Unfurled in Federal Hall. en-US. The New York Times. 2022-07-29. 0362-4331. July 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220729154231/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/26/arts/art-lower-manhattan-unfurled-in-federal-hall.html. live.
  109. News: Shepard. Richard F.. 1984-03-28. Going Out Guide. en-US. The New York Times. 2022-07-29. 0362-4331. July 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220729154718/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/28/arts/going-out-guide.html. live.
  110. News: Yarrow. Andrew L.. 1988-04-16. The Whitney Returns to Downtown. en-US. The New York Times. 2022-07-29. 0362-4331. July 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220729154318/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/16/arts/the-whitney-returns-to-downtown.html. live.
  111. News: Dunlap. David W.. November 2, 1984. Grand Plans for 'Temple' on Wall Street. en-US. The New York Times. live. February 6, 2021. 0362-4331. January 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180130112210/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/02/nyregion/grand-plans-for-temple-on-wall-street.html.
  112. News: Haitch. Richard. June 9, 1985. Follow Up on the News; Wall St. Rescue. en-US. The New York Times. live. February 6, 2021. 0362-4331. February 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210214074623/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/09/nyregion/follow-up-on-the-news-wall-st-rescue.html.
  113. News: Blau . Eleanor . September 30, 1986 . Landmark Will Add a Museum . en-US . The New York Times . live . February 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180203063403/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/30/nyregion/landmark-will-add-a-museum.html . February 3, 2018 . 0362-4331.
  114. News: Dunlap . David W. . 1988-07-25 . Washington Stood Here. Here's Why . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-12 . 0362-4331 . August 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220812231200/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/25/nyregion/washington-stood-here-here-s-why.html . live .
  115. News: Mangaliman . Jessie . Smith . Dawn . 1 May 1989 . From George W. to George B. . 3 . Newsday . .
  116. News: Barron . James . 1989-05-01 . A Day Celebrates 200 Presidential Years . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-12 . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220617075312/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/01/nyregion/a-day-celebrates-200-presidential-years.html . live .
  117. News: Yarrow . Andrew L. . 1989-04-28 . Washington's Inaugural, Afloat, Aloft and on Foot . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-12 . 0362-4331 . September 2, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200902051048/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/28/arts/washington-s-inaugural-afloat-aloft-and-on-foot.html . live .
  118. News: Wolfson . Jayne Caparell . 23 Apr 1989 . Many Events For George's Sake . 11 . Newsday . .
  119. News: Melvin . Tessa . 1991-10-06 . Washington Irving Returns to New York . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-12 . 0362-4331 . April 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220402015306/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/06/nyregion/washington-irving-returns-to-new-york.html . live .
  120. News: 1993-05-09 . Postings: Staten Island, Too; 'Landmarks' Reaches Out . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-12 . 0362-4331 . January 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131209/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/09/realestate/postings-staten-island-too-landmarks-reaches-out.html . live .
  121. News: 1998-02-08 . Travel Advisory; Exhibits and Festivals Celebrate Black History . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-12 . 0362-4331 . May 27, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150527080641/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/08/travel/travel-advisory-exhibits-and-festivals-celebrate-black-history.html . live .
  122. News: Dunlap . David W. . 2004-03-18 . Federal Hall Is Uplifted, First by Steel, Then by Art; Paintings From the Uffizi to Arrive . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-13 . 0362-4331 . December 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211206235041/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/nyregion/federal-hall-uplifted-first-steel-then-art-paintings-uffizi-arrive.html . live .
  123. News: Dunlap . David W. . December 2, 2015 . A Wall Street Landmark Seen by Millions, but Often Overlooked . en-US . The New York Times . May 2, 2022 . 0362-4331 . March 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220322164617/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/03/nyregion/a-majestic-landmark-overlooked-on-wall-street.html . live .
  124. Web site: April 10, 2002 . Imperiled Federal Hall gets emergency aid . August 13, 2022 . UPI.
  125. News: October 16, 2001. Federal Hall Reopens. en-US. The New York Times. live. February 6, 2021. 0362-4331. May 27, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150527164259/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/nyregion/metro-briefing-new-york-manhattan-federal-hall-reopens.html.
  126. News: Collins . Glenn . 2002-03-26 . Parks Monitors Say Federal Hall Is Imperiled by Water and Neglect . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-13 . 0362-4331 . January 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180128141104/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/26/nyregion/parks-monitors-say-federal-hall-is-imperiled-by-water-and-neglect.html . live .
  127. News: Hulse . Carl . September 7, 2002 . Congress at Ground Zero: the Special Assembly; Congress, Back in Its First City, Honors Resilience of So Many . en-US . The New York Times . May 2, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 27, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150527203820/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/07/nyregion/congress-ground-zero-special-assembly-congress-back-its-first-city-honors.html . live .
  128. Web site: December 9, 2004 . Federal Hall closes a year for renovations . May 2, 2022 . amNewYork.
  129. Web site: National Archives Announces Major Venue in New York City . National Archives . December 14, 2006 . August 30, 2019 . August 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190830034045/https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2007-201 . live .
  130. News: Rothstein . Edward . November 25, 2006 . In a Grand Old Hall, a Grab Bag of History . en-US . The New York Times . May 2, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503195532/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/25/arts/design/25hall.html . live .
  131. Web site: 2007. National Register of Historic Places 2007 Weekly Lists. July 20, 2020. National Park Service. 65. December 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191228214611/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2007-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf. live.
  132. Web site: New York Mayor, ABC News Invite Obama, McCain to Historic Town Hall. ABC News. ABC News. June 28, 2020. September 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200928225829/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/story?id=5021604&page=1. live.
  133. Web site: Chung . Jen . June 8, 2008 . McCain and Obama Apparently Reject Bloomberg, ABC News' Offer of Manhattan Town Hall . May 2, 2022 . Gothamist . February 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210214034355/https://gothamist.com/news/mccain-and-obama-apparently-reject-bloomberg-abc-news-offer-of-manhattan-town-hall . live .
  134. News: Falcone . Michael . Bosman . Julie . June 14, 2008 . Campaigns Unable to Agree on Series of Meetings . en-US . The New York Times . May 2, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503195538/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/14/us/politics/14campaign.html . live .
  135. Web site: Warerkar . Tanay . December 2, 2015 . Federal Hall Receives $300K For Restoration Work . May 4, 2022 . Curbed NY . July 15, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160715022006/http://ny.curbed.com/2015/12/2/9894904/federal-hall-receives-300k-for-restoration-work . live .
  136. Web site: Montes . Geoffrey . December 15, 2015 . New York's Grand Federal Hall to Be Restored to Its Former Glory . May 2, 2022 . Architectural Digest . April 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200429051546/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/federal-hall-new-york-city-restoration . live .
  137. Web site: Alvarez . Maria . Historic sites Federal Hall, Grant's Tomb need upgrades . amNewYork . March 11, 2018 . March 27, 2023.
  138. Web site: September 7, 2020 . Inside the HVAC system that keeps iconic Federal Hall chill . May 2, 2022 . Commercial Construction and Renovation . March 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210305100252/https://www.ccr-mag.com/inside-the-hvac-system-that-keeps-iconic-federal-hall-chill/ . live .
  139. Web site: Iconic Manhattan Spot to Be Covered in Scaffolds for Up to 10 Years . CNBC . July 14, 2021 . May 2, 2022 . May 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220502202249/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/14/iconic-manhattan-spot-to-be-covered-in-scaffolds-for-up-to-10-years.html . live .
  140. Web site: Brand . David . August 30, 2021 . Sorry Sightseers, That New York City Landmark May be Covered by Scaffolding . May 4, 2022 . City Limits . September 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210913040312/https://citylimits.org/2021/08/30/sorry-sightseers-that-nyc-landmark-may-be-covered-by-scaffolding/ . live .
  141. Web site: October 15, 1966 . Historic Structures Report: Federal Hall National Memorial . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731175457/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/66000095.pdf . July 31, 2020 . February 10, 2021 . . 2.
  142. News: 1910-05-02 . J.Q.A. Ward Dead at the Age of 80; Dean of the American Sculptors Parses Away at His Home Here . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-05-24 . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220524134109/https://www.nytimes.com/1910/05/02/archives/jqa-ward-dead-at-the-age-of-80-dean-of-the-american-sculptors.html . live .
  143. Web site: November 4, 2021 . Operating Hours & Seasons . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504162448/https://www.nps.gov/feha/planyourvisit/hours.htm . May 4, 2022 . May 4, 2022 . Federal Hall National Memorial . National Park Service).
  144. Web site: May 28, 2020 . Washington Inaugural Gallery Museum . April 19, 2022 . National Park Planner.
  145. Web site: May 28, 2015 . Inaugural Balcony . April 19, 2022 . Federal Hall National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service) . April 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220419124757/https://www.nps.gov/feha/learn/historyculture/inaugural-balcony.htm . live .
  146. Web site: July 26, 2022 . The Art of Democracy . August 12, 2022 . Federal Hall . June 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220628161923/https://federalhall.org/the-art-of-democracy/ . live .
  147. News: Soloski. Alexis. 2023-06-30. 'The Democracy Project' Puts America Onstage, Warts and All. 2024-05-08. The New York Times. en-US. 0362-4331.
  148. Web site: Basic Information - Federal Hall National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service). www.nps.gov. en. August 15, 2019. July 3, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190703111317/https://www.nps.gov/feha/planyourvisit/basicinfo.htm. live.
  149. Web site: December 3, 2015 . Politico New York Playbook, Presented by Nuclear Matters: Cuomo, De Blasio Settle Something -- Daily News Dramatic Cover -- Quinn's Hillary Fundraiser . May 2, 2022 . POLITICO . May 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220502043035/https://www.politico.com/tipsheets/new-york-playbook/2015/12/politico-new-york-playbook-presented-by-nuclear-matters-cuomo-de-blasio-settle-something-daily-news-dramatic-cover-quinns-hillary-fundraiser-211553 . live .
  150. Web site: January 10, 2020 . Washington Inauguration Issue . May 2, 2022 . National Postal Museum . April 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220423093506/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-commemorative-issues-1938-1939/washington . live .
  151. News: April 30, 1939 . 1789 Inaugural Stamps Go on Sale Here Today . en-US . The New York Times . May 2, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503195528/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/04/30/archives/1789-inaugural-stamps-go-on-sale-here-today.html . live .
  152. Web site: The Presidents. The White House. February 13, 2015.
  153. Book: Postage Stamps of the United States: An Illustrated Description of All United States Postage and Special Service Stamps Issued by the Post Office Department from July 1, 1847 to December 31, 1965. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1966. P.O.D. publication. 157. February 6, 2021. April 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220407191236/https://books.google.com/books?id=4RPCssvpWlQC&pg=PA157. live.
  154. News: James . George . 1988-07-28 . Stamp Recalls Ratification Of Constitution - Again . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-08-12 . 0362-4331 . August 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220812231159/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/28/nyregion/stamp-recalls-ratification-of-constitution-again.html . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Federal Hall".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.