October 25 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 285 or 286  - Execution of Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers.
• 473  - Emperor Leo I acclaims his grandson Leo II as Caesar of the East Roman Empire.
• 1147  - Seljuk Turks defeat German crusaders under Conrad III at the Battle of Dorylaeum.
• 1147  - Reconquista: After a siege of four months, crusader knights conquer Lisbon.
• 1415  - Hundred Years' War: Henry V of England, with his lightly armoured infantry and archers, defeats the heavily armoured French cavalry in the Battle of Agincourt.

1601–1900

• 1616  - Dutch sea-captain Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at the later-named Dirk Hartog Island off the West Australian coast.
• 1747  - War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral Edward Hawke defeats the French at the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre.
• 1760  - King George III succeeds to the British throne on the death of his grandfather George II.^[1]
• 1809  - Golden Jubilee of George III is celebrated in Britain as he begins the fiftieth year of his reign.^[2]
• 1812  - War of 1812: The American frigate,, commanded by Stephen Decatur, captures the British frigate .
• 1822  - Greek War of Independence: The First Siege of Missolonghi begins.
• 1854  - The Battle of Balaclava takes place during the Crimean War. It is soon memorialized in verse as The Charge of the Light Brigade.
• 1861  - The Toronto Stock Exchange is created.
• 1868  - The Uspenski Cathedral, designed by Aleksey Gornostayev, is inaugurated in Helsinki, Finland.^[3]
• 1875  - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky’s Piano Concerto No. 1 in B♭ minor, Op. 23 premieres in Boston, Massachusetts, with Benjamin Johnson Lang as conductor and Hans von Bülow as soloist.^[4]

1901–present

• 1911  - The Xinhai Revolution spreads to Guangzhou, where the Qing general Fengshan is assassinated by the Chinese Assassination Corps.^[5]
• 1917  - Old Style date of the October Revolution in Russia.
• 1920  - After 74 days on hunger strike in Brixton Prison, England, the Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Cork, Terence MacSwiney dies.
• 1924  - The Zinoviev letter, which Zinoviev himself denied writing, is published in the Daily Mail; the Labour party would later blame this letter for the Conservatives' landslide election win four days later.
• 1927  - The Italian luxury liner SS Principessa Mafalda sinks off the coast of Brazil, killing 314.
• 1932  - George Lansbury became the leader of the opposition British Labour Party.^[6]
• 1940  - Benjamin O. Davis Sr. is named the first African American general in the United States Army.
• 1944  - World War II: Heinrich Himmler orders a crackdown on the Edelweiss Pirates, a loosely organized youth culture in Nazi Germany that had assisted army deserters and others to hide from the Third Reich.
• 1944  - World War II: The under Richard O'Kane (the top American submarine ace of the war) is sunk by the ship's own malfunctioning torpedo.
• 1944  - World War II: The final attempt of the Imperial Japanese Navy to win the war climaxes at the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
• 1945  - Fifty years of Japanese administration of Taiwan formally ends when the Republic of China assumes control.
• 1949  - The Battle of Guningtou in the Taiwan Strait begins.
• 1962  - Cuban Missile Crisis: Adlai Stevenson shows the United Nations Security Council reconnaissance photographs of Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba.
• 1968  - A Fairchild F-27 crashes into Moose Mountain while on approach to Lebanon Municipal Airport in Lebanon, New Hampshire, killing 32 people.^[7]
• 1971  - The People's Republic of China replaces the Republic of China at the United Nations.
• 1973  - Egypt and Israel accept United Nations Security Council Resolution 339.
• 1980  - Proceedings on the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction conclude.
• 1983  - The United States and its Caribbean allies invade Grenada, six days after Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and several of his supporters are executed in a coup d'état.
• 1990  - The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic declares its sovereignty from the Soviet Union.^[8]
• 1995  - A commuter train slams into a school bus in Fox River Grove, Illinois, killing seven students.
• 1997  - After a civil war, Denis Sassou Nguesso proclaims himself President of the Republic of the Congo.
• 1999  - A Learjet 35 crashes in Mina near Aberdeen, South Dakota, killing all six people on board, including PGA golfer Payne Stewart and golf course designer Bruce Borland.^[9]
• 2001  - Microsoft releases Windows XP, which becomes one of Microsoft's most successful operating systems.^[10]
• 2009  - The October 2009 Baghdad bombings kill 155 and wound at least 721.
• 2010  - Mount Merapi in Indonesia begins a month-long series of violent eruptions that kill 353 people and cause the evacuation of another 350,000 people.^[11]
• 2010  - A magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes off Indonesia's Mentawai Islands, triggering a tsunami that kills at least 400 people.^[12]
• 2023  - A mass shooting occurs in two locations in Lewiston, Maine. 18 people are killed and 13 more injured.^[13]

Births

Pre-1600

• 840  - Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, founder of the Saffarid dynasty (d. 879)
• 1102  - William Clito, French son of Sybilla of Conversano (d. 1128)
• 1330  - Louis II, Count of Flanders, (d. 1384)
• 1453  - Giuliano de' Medici (d. 1478)^[14]
• 1510  - Renée of France (d. 1574)^[15]
• 1574  - François de Sourdis, French Catholic prelate (d. 1628)
• 1589  - Jan Stanisław Sapieha, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1635)

1601–1900

• 1612  - James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, Scottish soldier (d. 1650)
• 1667  - Louis Frederick I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (d. 1718)
• 1683  - Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, English-Irish politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1757)
• 1692  - Elisabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain (d. 1766)
• 1709  - Georg Gebel, German organist and composer (d. 1753)
• 1714  - James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, Scottish judge (d. 1799)
• 1736  - Thomas Mullins, 1st Baron Ventry, Anglo-Irish politician and peer (d. 1824)
• 1743  - Friedrich Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (d. 1812)
• 1749  - Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein, Swedish chamberlain (d. 1802)
• 1754  - Richard Howell, 3rd Governor of New Jersey (d. 1802)
• 1755  - François Joseph Lefebvre, French military commander (d. 1820)
• 1757  - Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein, Prussian statesman (d. 1831)
• 1759  - Maria Feodorovna, Russian wife of Paul I of Russia (d. 1828)
• 1759  - William Grenville, English academic and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1834)
• 1760  - Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren, German historian (d. 1842)
• 1767  - Benjamin Constant, Swiss-French philosopher and politician (d. 1830)
• 1768  - Frederick William, ruler of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1816)
• 1772  - Victoire de Donnissan de La Rochejaquelein, French memoirist (d. 1857)
• 1772  - Géraud Duroc, French general and diplomat (d. 1813)
• 1779  - Pedro Velarde y Santillán, Spanish artillery captain (d. 1808)
• 1781  - Friedrich von Berchtold, Bohemian physician and botanist (d. 1876)
• 1782  - Levi Lincoln Jr., American lawyer and politician, 13th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1868)
• 1789  - Carlos María de Alvear, Argentine soldier and statesman (d. 1852)
• 1789  - Heinrich Schwabe, German astronomer (d. 1875)
• 1790  - Robert Stirling, Scottish clergyman and inventor (d. 1878)
• 1792  - Jeanne Jugan, French nun (d. 1879)
• 1795  - John P. Kennedy, American novelist and Whig politician (d. 1870)
• 1800  - Maria Jane Jewsbury, English writer, poet, literary reviewer (d. 1833)^[16]
• 1800  - Thomas Babington Macaulay, English poet, historian, and politician, Secretary at War (d. 1859)
• 1800  - Jacques Paul Migne, French priest (d. 1875)
• 1800  - Julius von Mohl, German orientalist (d. 1876)
• 1802  - Richard Parkes Bonington, English painter (d. 1828)
• 1802  - Joseph Montferrand, Canadian logger and strongman (d. 1864)
• 1803  - Maria Doolaeghe, Flemish novelist (d. 1884)^[17]
• 1806  - Max Stirner, German philosopher and author (d. 1856)
• 1811  - Évariste Galois, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1832)
• 1814  - Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours (d. 1896)
• 1815  - Camillo Sivori, Italian virtuoso violinist and composer (d. 1894)
• 1819  - Christian August Friedrich Garcke, German botanist (d. 1904)
• 1821  - Antonio Ciseri, Swiss-Italian painter (d. 1891)
• 1825  - Johann Strauss II, Austrian composer and educator (d. 1899)
• 1825  - Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt, German astronomer and geophysicist (d. 1884)
• 1827  - Marcellin Berthelot, French chemist and politician (d. 1907)
• 1832  - Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia (d. 1909)
• 1838  - Georges Bizet, French pianist and composer (d. 1875)
• 1838  - James Maybrick, English cotton merchant, victim of the "Aigburth Poisoning" (d. 1889)
• 1844  - Philip Wicksteed, English economist (d. 1927)
• 1848  - Carlo Emery, Italian entomologist (d. 1925)
• 1848  - Karl Emil Franzos, Austrian novelist (d. 1904)
• 1852  - Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak, Russian author (d. 1912)
• 1853  - Karl August Otto Hoffmann, German botanist (d. 1909)
• 1856  - Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger, Croatian geologist, paleontologist, and archaeologist (d. 1936)
• 1858  - Take Ionescu, Romanian politician, diplomat, journalist and lawyer (d. 1922)
• 1864  - John Francis Dodge, American businessman, co-founded the Dodge Company (d. 1920)
• 1864  - Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian-American pianist and composer (d. 1956)
• 1864  - Toktogul Satylganov, Kyrgyz Akyn, poet and singer (d. 1933)
• 1866  - Thomas Armat, American mechanic and inventor (d. 1948)
• 1866  - Norbert Klein, Bishop of Brno (d. 1933)
• 1866  - Georg Schumann, German composer (d. 1952)
• 1867  - Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, Polish general (d. 1937)
• 1868  - Dan Burke, American baseball player (d. 1933)
• 1868  - Oskar Kallas, Estonian linguist and diplomat (d. 1946)
• 1874  - Emma Gramatica, Italian actress (d. 1965)
• 1874  - Victor Sonnemans, Belgian water polo player (d. 1962)
• 1874  - Huang Xing, Chinese revolutionary leader and statesman (d. 1916)
• 1875  - Carolyn Sherwin Bailey, American author and educator (d. 1961)^[18]
• 1875  - Arthur Birkett, British cricketer (d. 1941)
• 1877  - Adolf Moller, German rower (d. 1968)
• 1877  - Henry Norris Russell, American astronomer (d. 1957)
• 1879  - Fritz Haarmann, German serial killer (d. 1925)
• 1880  - Bohumír Šmeral, Czech politician (d. 1941)
• 1881  - Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter and sculptor (d. 1973)
• 1882  - John T. Flynn, American journalist and author (d. 1964)
• 1882  - Tony Jackson, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1921)
• 1882  - André-Damien-Ferdinand Jullien, French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1964)
• 1882  - Theodora Agnes Peck, American author and poet (d. 1964)^[19]
• 1883  - Nikolay Krestinsky, Russian revolutionary and politician (d. 1938)
• 1884  - Maria Czaplicka, Polish cultural anthropologist (d. 1921)
• 1885  - Sam M. Lewis, American singer and lyricist (d. 1959)
• 1885  - Xavier Lesage, French equestrian (d. 1968)
• 1886  - Leo G. Carroll, English-American actor (d. 1972)
• 1886  - Karl Polanyi, Austro-Hungarian economist and historian (d. 1964)
• 1887  - Alexander McCulloch, British rower (d. 1951)
• 1888  - Richard E. Byrd, American admiral and pilot (d. 1957)
• 1888  - Nils Dardel, Swedish-American painter (d. 1943)
• 1888  - Jan Palouš, Czechoslovak ice hockey player (d. 1971)
• 1888  - Léon Tom, Belgian fencer and bobsledder
• 1889  - Abel Gance, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1981)
• 1890  - Floyd Bennett, American aviator (d. 1928)
• 1890  - Kōtarō Tanaka, Japanese jurist and politician (d. 1974)
• 1891  - Charles Coughlin, Canadian-American priest and radio host (d. 1979)
• 1891  - Karl Elmendorff, German conductor (d. 1962)
• 1892  - Nell Shipman, Canadian-American actress, screenwriter, and producer (d. 1970)
• 1894  - Claude Cahun, French photographer and sculptor (d. 1954)
• 1894  - Âşık Veysel Şatıroğlu, Turkish poet and songwriter (d. 1973)
• 1894  - Johan Wilhelm Rangell, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1982)
• 1895  - Levi Eshkol, Ukrainian-Israeli soldier and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1969)
• 1895  - Vsevolod Merkulov, Russian head of the NKGB (d. 1953)
• 1895  - Arthur Schmidt, German officer (d. 1987)
• 1896  - Nils Backlund, Swedish water polo player (d. 1964)
• 1897  - Erwin von Lahousen, German Abwehr official (d. 1955)
• 1897  - Karl Olivecrona, Swedish lawyer and philosopher (d. 1980)
• 1897  - Luigi Pavese, Italian actor (d. 1969)
• 1898  - Karl Anton, German director, screenwriter and producer (d. 1979)
• 1899  - Armand Thirard, French cinematographer (d. 1973)
• 1900  - Johan Greter, Dutch equestrian (d. 1975)
• 1900  - Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Nigerian educator and activist (d. 1978)^[20]
• 1900  - William Stevenson, American track and fielder (d. 1985)

1901–present

• 1901  - Roy Fox, British dance bandleader (d. 1982)^[21]
• 1902  - Henry Steele Commager, American historian and author (d. 1998)
• 1902  - Carlo Gnocchi, Italian priest, educator and writer (d. 1956)
• 1902  - Eddie Lang, American jazz guitarist (d. 1933)
• 1903  - Piet van der Horst, Dutch cyclist (d. 1983)
• 1904  - Cemal Reşit Rey, Turkish pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1985)
• 1904  - Denny Shute, American golfer (d. 1974)
• 1904  - Bill Tytla, Ukrainian-American animator (d. 1968)
• 1905  - Bob McPhail, Scottish footballer (d. 2000)
• 1906  - Karl Humenberger, Austrian footballer (d. 1989)
• 1908  - Carmen Dillon, English film and production designer (d. 2000)
• 1908  - Gotthard Handrick, German fighter pilot and Olympic athlete (d. 1978)
• 1908  - Polly Ann Young, American actress (d. 1997)
• 1909  - Whit Bissell, American actor (d. 1996)
• 1909  - Ken Domon, Japanese photographer (d. 1990)
• 1909  - Edward Flynn, American boxer (d. 1976)
• 1909  - Jean-Paul Le Chanois, French actor, director and screenwriter (d. 1985)
• 1910  - William Higinbotham, American physicist and video game designer (d. 1994)
• 1910  - Johnny Mauro, American race car driver (d. 2003)
• 1910  - Tyrus Wong, Chinese-American artist (d. 2016)^[22]
• 1912  - Abdelkader Ben Bouali, French footballer (d. 1997)
• 1912  - Alfred Klingler, German field handballer
• 1912  - Minnie Pearl, American entertainer and philanthropist (d. 1996)
• 1912  - Luigi Raimondi, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1975)
• 1913  - Klaus Barbie, German SS captain (d. 1991)
• 1913  - Larry Itliong, Filipino-American union organizer (d. 1977)^[23]
• 1913  - Anton Kochinyan, Soviet-Armenian politician (d. 1990)
• 1914  - John Berryman, American poet and scholar (d. 1972)
• 1915  - Ivan M. Niven, Canadian-American mathematician and academic (d. 1999)
• 1916  - Helge Larsson, Swedish canoeist (d. 1971)
• 1917  - Carl Forssell, Swedish fencer (d. 2005)
• 1917  - Dmitry Polyansky, First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 2001)
• 1918  - David Ausubel, American psychologist (d. 2008)
• 1919  - Beate Uhse-Rotermund, German pilot and entrepreneur (d. 2001)
• 1919  - Raoul Remy, French cyclist (d. 2002)
• 1920  - Megan Taylor, British figure skater (d. 1993)
• 1921  - Michael I of Romania (d. 2017)
• 1922  - Gloria Lasso, Spanish singer (d. 2005)
• 1923  - Achille Silvestrini, Italian prelate (d. 2019)
• 1923  - Beate Sirota Gordon, Austrian-American director and producer (d. 2012)
• 1923  - Bobby Thomson, Scottish-American baseball player (d. 2010)
• 1924  - Billy Barty, American actor (d. 2000)
• 1924  - Earl Palmer, American Hall of Fame drummer (d. 2008)
• 1925  - Oralia Dominguez, Mexican operatic mezzo-soprano singer (d. 2013)
• 1925  - Joseph Michel, Belgian politician (d. 2016)
• 1926  - Bo Carpelan, Finnish poet and author (d. 2011)
• 1926  - Jimmy Heath, American saxophonist and composer (d. 2020)
• 1926  - Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian-American soprano and actress (d. 2012)
• 1927  - Barbara Cook, American singer and actress (d. 2017)
• 1927  - Jorge Batlle Ibáñez, Uruguayan lawyer and politician, 32nd President of Uruguay (d. 2016)
• 1927  - Lawrence Kohlberg, American psychologist and author (d. 1987)^[24]
• 1927  - Lauretta Masiero, Italian actress and singer (d. 2010)
• 1928  - Jeanne Cooper, American actress (d. 2013)
• 1928  - Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Brazilian architect (d. 2021)
• 1928  - Anthony Franciosa, American actor (d. 2006)
• 1928  - Adolphe Gesché, Belgian Catholic priest and theologian (d. 2003)
• 1928  - Peter Naur, Danish computer scientist, astronomer, and academic (d. 2016)
• 1928  - Marion Ross, American actress
• 1928  - Yakov Rylsky, Soviet sabre fencer (d. 1999)
• 1929  - Michel Knuysen, Belgian rower (d. 2013)
• 1929  - Zdravko Milev, Bulgarian chess player (d. 1984)
• 1929  - Claude Rouer, French cyclist (d. 2021)
• 1929  - Peter Rühmkorf, German writer (d. 2008)
• 1930  - Harold Brodkey, American author and academic (d. 1996)
• 1930  - Karoly Honfi, Hungarian chess player (d. 1996)
• 1931  - Annie Girardot, French actress and singer (d. 2011)
• 1931  - Jimmy McIlroy, Northern Irish footballer and manager (d. 2018)
• 1932  - Vitold Fokin, Ukrainian first deputy prime minister
• 1932  - Jerzy Pawłowski, Polish fencer and double agent (d. 2005)
• 1932  - Theodor Pištěk, Czech costume designer
• 1933  - René Brodmann, Swiss footballer (d. 2000)
• 1933  - Martti Mansikka, Finnish gymnast (d. 2024)
• 1934  - Carlos Sherman, Belarusian–Spanish translator, writer, activist (d. 2005)
• 1935  - Rusty Schweickart, American soldier, pilot, and astronaut
• 1936  - Martin Gilbert, English historian, author, and academic (d. 2015)
• 1936  - Arnfinn Nesset, Norwegian nurse and convicted serial killer
• 1936  - Masako Nozawa, Japanese actress and singer
• 1937  - Vendramino Bariviera, Italian cyclist (d. 2001)
• 1937  - Ignacio Carrasco de Paula, Spanish prelate
• 1937  - Roberto Menescal, Brazilian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1938  - Bob Webster, American diver
• 1939  - Zelmo Beaty, American basketball player and coach (d. 2013)
• 1939  - Sara Dylan, American actress and model
• 1939  - Nikolay Kiselyov, Soviet Nordic combined athlete (d. 2005)
• 1939  - Nikos Nikolaidis, Greek director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2007)
• 1939  - Dave Simmonds, British motorcycle racer (d. 1972)
• 1939  - Robin Spry, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2005)
• 1940  - Jimmy Herman, Canadian actor (d. 2013)
• 1940  - Bob Knight, American basketball player and coach (d. 2023)^[25]
• 1941  - Lynda Benglis, American sculptor and painter
• 1941  - Helen Reddy, Australian-American singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2020)
• 1941  - Gordon Tootoosis, Aboriginal Canadian actor (d. 2011)^[26]
• 1941  - Anne Tyler, American author and critic
• 1941  - Dave Weill, American discus thrower
• 1942  - Terumasa Hino, Japanese jazz trumpeter
• 1942  - Gloria Katz, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2018)
• 1942  - Franklin Loufrani, French President of the Smiley Company
• 1943  - Orso Maria Guerrini, Italian actor
• 1943  - Roy Lynes, English keyboardist and singer
• 1944  - Azizan Abdul Razak, Malaysian politician, 10th Menteri Besar of Kedah (d. 2013)
• 1944  - Jon Anderson, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1944  - James Carville, American lawyer and political consultant
• 1944  - Donald Ford, Scottish footballer
• 1944  - Fred Housego, Scottish-English taxi driver and game show host
• 1944  - Kati Kovács, Hungarian singer-songwriter and actress
• 1944  - Ren Zhengfei, Chinese businessman
• 1945  - Peter Ledger, Australian-American painter and illustrator (d. 1994)
• 1945  - Yuriy Meshkov, Ukrainian politician and Russian separatist (d. 2019)
• 1945  - Krzysztof Piesiewicz, Polish lawyer, screenwriter and politician
• 1945  - Francisco Sá, Argentine footballer
• 1945  - Phil Volk, American musician, singer-songwriter, and record producer
• 1945  - David S. Ward, American director and screenwriter
• 1945  - Keaton Yamada, Japanese voice actor
• 1946  - Elías Figueroa, Chilean footballer
• 1946  - Peter Lieberson, American composer (d. 2011)
• 1947  - Requena Nozal, Spanish artist
• 1947  - Glenn Tipton, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1948  - Dave Cowens, American basketball player and coach
• 1948  - Dan Gable, American wrestler and coach
• 1948  - Dan Issel, American basketball player and coach
• 1948  - Sigleif Johansen, Norwegian biathlete
• 1949  - Réjean Houle, Canadian ice hockey player and manager
• 1949  - Walter Hyatt, American singer-songwriter (d. 1996)
• 1949  - Brian Kerwin, American actor
• 1949  - Wilfried Louis, Haitian footballer
• 1950  - Anne Alvaro, French actress
• 1950  - Fernando Arêas Rifan, Brazilian bishop
• 1950  - Roger Davies, English footballer
• 1950  - John Matuszak, American footballer (d. 1989)
• 1950  - Francisco Oscar Lamolina, Argentine football referee
• 1950  - Chris Norman, English singer-songwriter
• 1951  - Richard Lloyd, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1952  - Samir Geagea, Lebanese commander and politician
• 1952  - Wendy Hall, English computer scientist, mathematician, and academic
• 1952  - Ioannis Kyrastas, Greek footballer and manager (d. 2004)
• 1952  - Tove Nilsen, Norwegian author
• 1953  - Daniele Bagnoli, Italian volleyball coach
• 1953  - Jasem Yaqoub, Kuwaiti footballer
• 1954  - Mike Eruzione, American ice hockey player and coach
• 1954  - Ed Powers, American founder of Ed Powers Productions
• 1955  - Glynis Barber, South African-English actress
• 1955  - Robin Eubanks, American trombonist and educator
• 1955  - Gale Anne Hurd, American producer
• 1955  - Matthias Jabs, German guitarist and songwriter
• 1955  - Leena Lander, Finnish author
• 1955  - Lito Lapid, Filipino actor
• 1956  - Stephen Leather, British author
• 1957  - Nancy Cartwright, American voice actress^[27]
• 1957  - Enrique López Zarza, Mexican footballer
• 1957  - Robbie McIntosh, English guitarist
• 1957  - Piet Wildschut, Dutch footballer
• 1958  - Kornelia Ender, East German swimmer
• 1958  - Kjell Inge Røkke, Norwegian businessman and philanthropist
• 1959  - Óscar Aguirregaray, Uruguayan footballer
• 1959  - Chrissy Amphlett, Australian singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2013)
• 1960  - Hong Sang-soo, South Korean director and screenwriter
• 1961  - John Sivebæk, Danish footballer
• 1961  - Chad Smith, American drummer
• 1962  - David Furnish, Canadian filmmaker
• 1962  - Steve Gainer, American cinematographer and director
• 1962  - Steve Hodge, English footballer and manager
• 1962  - John Stollmeyer, American soccer player
• 1963  - John Levén, Swedish bassist
• 1963  - Michael Lynagh, Australian rugby union footballer
• 1963  - Melinda McGraw, American actress
• 1963  - Tracy Nelson, American actress
• 1963  - José Ortiz, Puerto Rican basketball player
• 1964  - Michael Boatman, American actor
• 1964  - Johan de Kock, Dutch footballer
• 1964  - Nicole, German singer
• 1964  - Kevin Michael Richardson, American voice actor and singer
• 1965  - 2 Cold Scorpio, American wrestler
• 1965  - Mathieu Amalric, French actor and director
• 1965  - Valdir Benedito, Brazilian footballer
• 1965  - Claire Colebrook, Australian philosopher, theorist, and academic
• 1965  - Dominique Herr, Swiss footballer
• 1965  - Derrick Rostagno, American tennis player
• 1965  - Rainer Strecker, German actor
• 1966  - Zana Briski, British photographer and filmmaker
• 1966  - Lionel Charbonnier, French footballer
• 1966  - Wendel Clark, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1966  - Perry Saturn, American wrestler
• 1967  - Martin Marinov, Australian canoeist
• 1967  - Taiyō Matsumoto, Japanese manga artist
• 1967  - Gary Sundgren, Swedish footballer
• 1968  - Doris Fitschen, German footballer
• 1968  - Christopher McQuarrie, American filmmaker^[28]
• 1968  - Speech, American rapper
• 1969  - Samantha Bee, Canadian-American comedian and television host
• 1969  - Josef Beránek, Czech ice hockey player and coach
• 1969  - Slavko Cicak, Swedish chess Grandmaster
• 1969  - Nika Futterman, American voice actress, comedian and singer
• 1969  - Ibragim Gasanbekov, Azerbaijani footballer
• 1969  - Oleg Salenko, Russian footballer
• 1969  - Alex Webster, American bass player
• 1970  - J. A. Adande, American journalist and academic
• 1970  - Peter Aerts, Dutch kick-boxer and mixed martial artist
• 1970  - Adam Goldberg, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1970  - Damir Mršić, Bosnian basketball player
• 1970  - Adam Pascal, American actor and singer
• 1970  - Rafa, Spanish footballer
• 1970  - Ed Robertson, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1970  - Daniel Scheinhardt, German footballer
• 1970  - Chely Wright, American singer-songwriter and actress
• 1971  - Simon Charlton, English footballer and manager
• 1971  - Athena Chu, Hong Kong actress and singer
• 1971  - Neil Fallon, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1971  - Leslie Grossman, American actress
• 1971  - Rosie Ledet, American singer-songwriter and accordion player
• 1971  - Pedro Martínez, Dominican-American baseball player and sportscaster
• 1971  - Midori, Japanese-American violinist and educator
• 1971  - Craig Robinson, American actor and singer
• 1971  - Elif Şafak, French-Turkish journalist, author, and academic
• 1972  - Cristian Dulca, Romanian footballer
• 1972  - Rodolfo Falcón, Cuban swimmer
• 1972  - Maxi Mounds, American nude big-bust model and pornographic actress
• 1972  - Jonathan Torrens, Canadian actor, producer, and screenwriter
• 1972  - Persia White, American actress, singer, and musician
• 1973  - Fırat Aydınus, Turkish football referee
• 1973  - Lamont Bentley, American actor and rapper (d. 2005)
• 1973  - Michael Weston, American actor
• 1974  - Lee Byung-kyu, South Korean baseball player
• 1974  - Yoo Yong-sung, South Korean badminton player
• 1975  - Eirik Glambek Bøe, Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1975  - Ryan Clement, American football player
• 1975  - Agustín Julio, Colombian footballer
• 1975  - Zadie Smith, English author and academic
• 1975  - Antony Starr, New Zealand actor
• 1976  - Deon Burton, Jamaican footballer
• 1976  - Ahmed Dokhi, Saudi Arabian footballer
• 1976  - Akihisa Ikeda, Japanese manga artist
• 1976  - Steve Jones, Northern Irish footballer
• 1976  - Brett Kirk, Australian footballer and coach
• 1976  - Anton Sikharulidze, Russian pair skater
• 1977  - The Alchemist, American rapper, DJ, and producer
• 1977  - Rodolfo Bodipo, Equatoguinean retired footballer
• 1977  - Mitică Pricop, Romanian sprint canoer
• 1977  - Birgit Prinz, German footballer and psychologist
• 1977  - Rakan Rushaidat, Croatian actor
• 1977  - Kateryna Serebrianska, Ukrainian gymnast
• 1977  - Mihai Tararache, Romanian footballer
• 1977  - Yeho, Israeli singer and actor
• 1978  - Russell Anderson, Scottish footballer
• 1978  - Zachary Knighton, American actor
• 1978  - Bobby Madden, Scottish football referee
• 1978  - Robert Mambo Mumba, Kenyan footballer
• 1978  - Markus Pöyhönen, Finnish sprinter
• 1978  - An Yong-hak, North Korean footballer
• 1979  - Bat for Lashes, English singer
• 1979  - Rob Hulse, English footballer
• 1979  - Mariana Klaveno, American actress
• 1979  - João Lucas, Portuguese footballer (d. 2015)
• 1979  - Rosa Mendes, Canadian-American wrestler and model
• 1980  - Mehcad Brooks, American model and actor
• 1980  - Félicien Singbo, Beninois footballer
• 1981  - Hiroshi Aoyama, Japanese motorcycle racer
• 1981  - Josh Henderson, American actor and singer
• 1981  - Shaun Wright-Phillips, English footballer
• 1982  - Victoria Francés, Spanish illustrator
• 1982  - Devin Green, American basketball player
• 1982  - Guido Grünheid, German basketball player
• 1982  - Camilla Jensen, Danish curler
• 1982  - Michael Sweetney, American basketball player
• 1982  - Mickaël Tavares, Senegalese footballer
• 1983  - Hotaru Akane, Japanese actress and activist (d. 2016)
• 1983  - Stanislav Bohush, Ukrainian footballer
• 1983  - Daniele Mannini, Italian footballer
• 1983  - Princess Yōko of Mikasa
• 1983  - Han Yeo-reum, South Korean actress
• 1984  - Nicolas Besch, French ice hockey player
• 1984  - Ticia Gara, Hungarian chess player
• 1984  - Sara Lumholdt, Swedish singer and dancer
• 1984  - Katy Perry, American singer-songwriter and actress
• 1984  - Iván Ramis, Spanish footballer
• 1984  - Karolina Šprem, Croatian tennis player
• 1985  - Ciara, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress
• 1985  - Óscar Granados, Costa Rican footballer^[29]
• 1985  - Kara Lynn Joyce, American swimmer^[30]
• 1985  - Daniele Padelli, Italian footballer^{[31] [32]}
• 1986  - Tweety Carter, American basketball player
• 1986  - Roger Espinoza, Honduran footballer
• 1986  - Eddie Gaven, American soccer player
• 1986  - Kristian Sarkies, Australian footballer
• 1986  - Ekaterina Shumilova, Russian biathlete
• 1987  - Bill Amis, American basketball player
• 1987  - Darron Gibson, Irish footballer
• 1987  - Fabian Hambüchen, German gymnast
• 1988  - Robson Conceição, Brazilian boxer
• 1988  - Lewis McGugan, English professional footballer
• 1988  - Chandler Parsons, American basketball player
• 1988  - Kaz Patafta, Australian footballer
• 1988  - Karim Yoda, French footballer
• 1989  - Filip Grgić, Croatian taekwondo practitioner
• 1989  - Sten Grytebust, Norwegian footballer
• 1989  - David Hala, Australian rugby league player
• 1989  - Ivan Marconi, Italian footballer
• 1989  - Mia Wasikowska, Australian actress
• 1990  - Mattia Cattaneo, Italian cyclist
• 1990  - Sara Chafak, Finnish beauty pageant winner
• 1990  - Asha Philip, British athlete
• 1990  - Milena Rašić, Serbian volleyball player
• 1990  - Dzina Sazanavets, Belarusian weightlifter
• 1991  - Davide Faraoni, Italian footballer
• 1991  - Isabella Shinikova, Bulgarian tennis player
• 1992  - Clarisse Agbegnenou, French judoka
• 1992  - Davide Formolo, Italian cyclist
• 1992  - Sergey Ridzik, Russian freestyle skier
• 1993  - Isaiah Austin, American basketball player
• 1993  - Iván Garcia, Mexican diver
• 1993  - William Howard, French basketball player^[33]
• 1993  - Rachel Matthews, American actress
• 1994  - Richard Jouve, French cross-country skier
• 1994  - Jefferson Lerma, Colombian footballer
• 1994  - Matteo Lodo, Italian rower
• 1994  - Gor Minasyan, Armenian weightlifter
• 1994  - Ray Robson, American chess Grandmaster
• 1995  - Conchita Campbell, Canadian actress
• 1995  - Jock Landale, Australian basketball player^[34]
• 1995  - Patrick McCaw, American basketball player
• 1996  - PJ Dozier, American basketball player^[35]
• 1997  - Federico Chiesa, Italian footballer
• 1998  - Juan Soto, Dominican baseball player^[36]
• 1998  - Lee Know, South Korean singer^[37]
• 1999  - Romeo Langford, American basketball player^[38]
• 2000  - Dominik Szoboszlai, Hungarian footballer^[39]
• 2000  - Vincent Zhou, American figure skater
• 2001  - Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 625  - Pope Boniface V^[40]
• 912  - Rudolph I, king of Burgundy (b. 859)
• 1047  - Magnus the Good, Norwegian king (b. 1024)
• 1053  - Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu
• 1154  - Stephen, King of England^[41]
• 1180  - John of Salisbury, French bishop (b. c. 1120)
• 1200  - Conrad of Wittelsbach, German cardinal (b. 1120)
• 1230  - Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (b. 1180)
• 1292  - Robert Burnell, Lord Chancellor of England
• 1349  - James III of Majorca (b. 1315)
• 1359  - Beatrice of Castile, queen consort of Portugal (b. 1293)
• 1400  - Geoffrey Chaucer, English philosopher, poet, and author (b. c. 1343)^[42]
• 1415  - Charles I of Albret
• 1415  - Philip II, Count of Nevers (b. 1389)
• 1415  - Frederick I, Count of Vaudémont (b. 1371)
• 1415  - Jean I, Duke of Alençon (b. 1385)
• 1415  - Anthony, Duke of Brabant (b. 1384)
• 1415  - Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk, English soldier (b. 1394)
• 1415  - Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, English politician (b. 1373)
• 1415  - Dafydd Gam, Welsh nobleman (b. c. 1380)
• 1478  - Catherine of Bosnia (b. 1425)
• 1492  - Thaddeus McCarthy, Irish bishop (b. 1455)
• 1495  - John II of Portugal (b. 1455)
• 1514  - William Elphinstone, Scottish bishop and academic, founded University of Aberdeen (b. 1431)
• 1557  - William Cavendish, English courtier and civil servant (b. 1505)

1601–1900

• 1647  - Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist and mathematician (b. 1608)
• 1651  - Saint Job of Pochayiv, Ukrainian Orthodox Christian saint (b. 1551)
• 1683  - William Scroggs, English judge and politician, Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales (b. 1623)
• 1733  - Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri, Italian priest, mathematician, and philosopher (b. 1667)
• 1757  - Antoine Augustin Calmet, French monk and theologian (b. 1672)
• 1760  - George II of Great Britain (b. 1683)
• 1806  - Henry Knox, American general and politician, 2nd United States Secretary of War (b. 1750)
• 1826  - Philippe Pinel, French physician and psychiatrist (b. 1745)
• 1833  - Abbas Mirza, Persian prince (b. 1789)
• 1852  - John C. Clark, American lawyer and politician (b. 1793)
• 1889  - Émile Augier, French playwright (b. 1820)
• 1895  - Charles Hallé, German-English pianist and conductor (b. 1819)

1901–present

• 1902  - Frank Norris, American journalist and novelist (b. 1870)
• 1910  - Willie Anderson, Scottish-American golfer (b. 1878)
• 1916  - William Merritt Chase, American painter and educator (b. 1849)
• 1919  - William Kidston, Scottish-Australian politician, 17th Premier of Queensland (b. 1849)
• 1920  - Alexander of Greece (b. 1893)
• 1920  - Terence MacSwiney, Irish playwright, politician, Lord Mayor of Cork died on hunger strike (b. 1879)^[43]
• 1920  - Joe Murphy, (Irish-American), died on hunger strike during the 1920 Cork hunger strike (b. 1895)^[44]
• 1921  - Bat Masterson, American lawman, buffalo hunter, and sport writer (b. 1853)
• 1924  - Ziya Gökalp, Turkish sociologist, poet, and activist (b. 1876)
• 1938  - Alfonsina Storni, Swiss-Argentinian poet and author (b. 1892)
• 1940  - Thomas Waddell, Irish-Australian politician, 15th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1854)
• 1941  - Franz von Werra, Swiss-German captain and pilot (b. 1914)
• 1945  - Robert Ley, German politician (b. 1890)
• 1949  - Mary Acworth Orr Evershed, English astronomer and Dante scholar (b. 1867)
• 1953  - Holger Pedersen, Danish linguist and academic (b. 1867)
• 1954  - Purshottam Narayan Gadgil, Indian jeweller and namesake of P. N. Gadgil Jewellers (b. 1874)^[45]
• 1955  - Sadako Sasaki, Japanese girl (b. 1943)
• 1956  - Risto Ryti, Finnish lawyer, politician and Governor of the Bank of Finland; 5th President of Finland (b. 1889)^{[46] [47]}
• 1957  - Albert Anastasia, Italian-American mob boss (b. 1902)
• 1957  - Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany, English-Irish author, poet, and playwright (b. 1878)
• 1960  - Harry Ferguson, Irish-English engineer, founded the Ferguson Company (b. 1884)
• 1963  - Roger Désormière, French conductor and composer (b. 1898)
• 1967  - Margaret Ayer Barnes, American author and playwright (b. 1886)^[48]
• 1969  - Ellinor Aiki, Estonian painter (b. 1893)
• 1970  - Ülo Sooster, Estonian painter (b. 1924)
• 1971  - Mikhail Yangel, Soviet missile designer (b. 1911)
• 1972  - Johnny Mantz, American race car driver (b. 1918)
• 1973  - Abebe Bikila, Ethiopian runner (b. 1932)
• 1973  - Cleo Moore, American actress (b. 1928)
• 1973  - Robert Scholl, German accountant and politician (b. 1891)
• 1975  - Vladimir Herzog, Brazilian journalist and activist (b. 1937)
• 1976  - Raymond Queneau, French poet and author (b. 1903)
• 1977  - Félix Gouin, French politician (b. 1884)
• 1979  - Gerald Templer, English field marshal and politician, British High Commissioner in Malaya (b. 1898)
• 1980  - Virgil Fox, American organist and educator (b. 1912)
• 1980  - Víctor Galíndez, Argentine boxer (b. 1948)
• 1980  - Sahir Ludhianvi, Indian poet and songwriter (b. 1921)
• 1982  - Bill Eckersley, English footballer (b. 1925)
• 1982  - Arvid Wallman, Swedish diver (b. 1901)
• 1985  - Gary Holton, English singer-songwriter (b. 1952)
• 1986  - Forrest Tucker, American actor (b. 1919)
• 1989  - Mary McCarthy, American novelist and critic (b. 1912)
• 1990  - Alberto da Costa Pereira, Portuguese footballer (b. 1929)
• 1991  - Bill Graham, German-American concert promoter (b. 1931)
• 1992  - Roger Miller, American singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1936)
• 1992  - Richard Pousette-Dart, American painter and educator (b. 1916)
• 1993  - Danny Chan, Hong Kong singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (b. 1958)
• 1993  - Vincent Price, American actor (b. 1911)
• 1994  - Kara Hultgreen, American lieutenant and pilot (b. 1965)
• 1994  - Mildred Natwick, American actress (b. 1905)
• 1995  - Viveca Lindfors, Swedish actress (b. 1920)
• 1995  - Bobby Riggs, American tennis player (b. 1918)
• 1999  - Leonard Boyle, Irish and Canadian palaeographer and medievalist (b. 1923)^[49]
• 1999  - Payne Stewart, American golfer (b. 1957)
• 2000  - Mochitsura Hashimoto, Japanese commander (b. 1909)
• 2002  - Richard Harris, Irish actor and singer (b. 1930)
• 2002  - René Thom, French mathematician and biologist (b. 1923)
• 2002  - Paul Wellstone, American academic and politician (b. 1944)
• 2003  - Pandurang Shastri Athavale, Indian spiritual leader and philosopher (b. 1920)
• 2003  - Veikko Hakulinen, Finnish skier and technician (b. 1925)
• 2004  - John Peel, English radio host and producer (b. 1939)
• 2010  - Lisa Blount, American actress (b. 1957)
• 2010  - Gregory Isaacs, Jamaican-English singer-songwriter (b. 1951)
• 2010  - Vesna Parun, Croatian poet and author (b. 1922)
• 2012  - Jacques Barzun, French-American historian and author (b. 1907)
• 2012  - Jaspal Bhatti, Indian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1955)
• 2012  - John Connelly, English footballer (b. 1938)
• 2012  - Emanuel Steward, American boxer, trainer, and sportscaster (b. 1944)
• 2013  - Ron Ackland, New Zealand rugby player and coach (b. 1934)
• 2013  - Arthur Danto, American philosopher and critic (b. 1924)
• 2013  - Nicholas Hunt, Welsh-English admiral (b. 1930)
• 2013  - Hal Needham, American actor, stuntman, director, and screenwriter (b. 1931)
• 2013  - Paul Reichmann, Austrian-Canadian businessman, founded Olympia and York (b. 1930)
• 2013  - Bill Sharman, American basketball player and coach (b. 1926)
• 2013  - Marcia Wallace, American actress and comedian (b. 1942)
• 2014  - Jack Bruce, Scottish singer-songwriter and bass player (b. 1943)^[50]
• 2014  - Carlos Morales Troncoso, Dominican lawyer and politician, 34th Vice President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1940)
• 2015  - David Cesarani, English historian and author (b. 1956)
• 2015  - Lisa Jardine, English historian, author, and academic (b. 1944)
• 2015  - Cecil Lolo, South African footballer (b. 1988)
• 2015  - Flip Saunders, American basketball player and coach (b. 1955)
• 2016  - Carlos Alberto Torres, Brazilian football player and manager (b. 1944)
• 2016  - Bob Hoover, USAF, Test, and Airshow pilot (b. 1922)
• 2018  - Thomas Keating, American Trappist monk and a principal developer of Centering Prayer (b. 1923)^[51]
• 2019  - Dilip Parikh, Indian politician (b. 1937)
• 2024 – Phil Lesh, American bassist (b. 1940)^[52]
• 2024 – Kim Soo-mi, South Korean actress (b. 1949)^[53]

Holidays and observances

• Armed Forces Day (Romania)
• Christian feast day:
  • Bernat Calbó (Bernard of Calvo)
  • Pope Boniface I
  • Canna
  • Blessed Carlo Gnocchi
  • Crysanthus and Daria (Western Christianity)
  • Crispin and Crispinian
  • Fructus
  • Gaudentius of Brescia
  • Goeznovius
  • Minias of Florence
  • Mar Nestorius (in the Nestorian churches)
  • Tabitha (Dorcas)
  • Tegulus
  • Blessed Thaddeus McCarthy
  • The Six Welsh Martyrs and companions (in Wales)
  • The Hallowing of Nestorius
  • October 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Earliest day on which Nevada Day can fall, while October 31 is the latest; celebrated on last Friday in October. (Nevada)
• Earliest day on which October Holiday can fall, while October 31 is the latest; observed on last Monday in October. (Ireland)
• Earliest day on which Teacher's Day (Australia) can fall, while October 31 is the latest; celebrated on last Friday in October. (Australia)
• Customs Officer's Day (Russia)
• Day of the Basque Country (Basque Country)
• Republic Day (Kazakhstan)^[54]
• Retrocession Day (Taiwan)
• Sovereignty Day (Slovenia)
• Thanksgiving Day (Grenada)

External links

• Web site: On This Day . BBC.
  • Web site: Historical Events on October 25 . OnThisDay.com.

Notes and References

1. News: Published by authority. The London Gazette. 10046. October 1760.
2. Millidge, Judith. Royal Jubilees. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012. p.11
3. Web site: Katedraalin historia . Helsingin Ortodoksinen Seurakunta . 25 October 2021 . fi.
4. Web site: Steinberg . Michael . 1976–1979 . Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat minor, Opus 23 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231025025733/https://www.bso.org/works/piano-concerto-no-1 . 25 October 2023 . 24 October 2023 . Boston Symphony Orchestra.
5. Book: Rhoads, Edward J. M.. 1975. China's Republican Revolution: The Case of Kwangtung, 1895–1913. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. 0674119800. 196, 211, 218.
6. Book: Shepherd, John. George Lansbury: At the Heart of Old Labour. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 2002. 0-19-820164-8. 282.
7. Web site: Ranter. Harro. ASN Aircraft accident Fairchild FH-227C N380NE Lebanon Airport, NH (LEB). 2021-10-24. aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network.
8. Web site: The First Step to Independence: The 30th Anniversary of the Sovereignty of the Kazakh SSR . 2023-08-17 . presidentlib.kz . en.
9. Web site: Five Years Later ..... . 2022-06-30 . Orlando Sentinel. 24 October 2004 .
10. Web site: A (very) brief history of Windows XP. Neowin. October 25, 2020. April 8, 2014. Callaham. John.
11. Web site: Indonesia Downgrades Mount Merapi's Danger Level . 12 March 2010 . Jakarta Post and Associated Press, Jakarta . 12 June 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101204171924/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesia-downgrades-mount-merapis-danger-level/409878 . 4 December 2010. none.

    News: Flights resume to Indonesia as volcano spews ash . https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095840/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AS_INDONESIA_VOLCANO?SITE=VASTR&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT . dead . 20 November 2018 . AP Wire News-Associated Press . Riyadi, Slamet . 11 November 2010 . 11 November 2010 .

12. Hill . Emma M. . Borrero . Jose C. . Huang . Zhenhua . Qiu . Qiang . Banerjee . Paramesh . Natawidjaja . Danny H. . Danny Hilman Natawidjaja . Elosegui . Pedro . Fritz . Hermann M. . Suwargadi . Bambang W. . Pranantyo . Ignatius Ryan . Li . LinLin . Macpherson . Kenneth A. . Skanavis . Vassilis . Synolakis . Costas E. . Sieh . Kerry . The 2010 Mw 7.8 Mentawai earthquake: Very shallow source of a rare tsunami earthquake determined from tsunami field survey and near-field GPS data . Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth . 2012 . 117 . B6 . 10.1029/2012JB009159 . American Geophysical Union. 2012JGRB..117.6402H . 10220/8666 . free .
13. Web site: 2023-10-26 . Live updates: Shooting suspect Robert Card died of apparent self-inflicted gunshot . 2023-10-28 . Press Herald.
14. Encyclopedia: Medici, Giuliano di Piero de' . Anna Maria . Cabrini . Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani . it . 2014.
15. Web site: Renée of France French duchess Britannica . www.britannica.com . 10 May 2023 . en.
16. Jewsbury, Maria Jane. 29.
17. Book: Van Gemert, Lia. Women's Writing from the Low Countries 1200-1875: A Bilingual Anthology. Amsterdam. Amsterdam University Press. 2011. 500. 978-9-08964-129-8.
18. Book: D.L.. Kirkpatrick. Twentieth-century Children's Writers. London. Macmillan. 1978. 978-0-33323-414-3. 465.
19. News: Obituary for Theodora Agnes Peck (Aged 81). 1964-01-13. The Burlington Free Press. 2020-01-07. 5.
20. Web site: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti Nigerian feminist and political leader. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 2020-01-08.
21. Book: The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Colin Larkin. Colin Larkin (writer). Virgin Books. 1997. Concise. 1-85227-745-9. 486–87.
22. Web site: Famous birthdays for Oct. 25: Craig Robinson, Chad Smith . . 22 October 2023 . 25 October 2022.
23. Book: Cordova, Dorothy. Hyung-Chan. Kim. Dorothy Cordova. Distinguished Asian Americans: a biographical dictionary. Ethnographic Reference Bks. registration. October 4, 2024. 1999. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-28902-6. 138.
24. American Psychologist . Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) . 399–400 . James . Rest . Clark. Power. Mary. Brabeck. 43 . May 1988 . 5 . 10.1037/h0091958.
25. News: Bobby Knight, Basketball Coach Known for Trophies and Tantrums, Dies at 83. Weber. Bruce. The New York Times. November 1, 2023. November 2, 2023.
26. Book: Berumen . Frank Javier Garcia . American Indian Image Makers of Hollywood . 2020 . McFarland . 9781476636474 . 233.
27. Web site: Rose . Mike . Today's famous birthdays list for October 25, 2022 includes celebrities Katy Perry, Craig Robinson . . . 22 October 2023 . 25 October 2022.
28. Christopher McQuarrie Biography . Tribute. June 27, 2024.
29. Web site: Esteban Granados (full name: Óscar Esteban Granados Maroto) . National-Football-Teams.com.
30. Web site: Kara Lynn Joyce . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210602224402/https://www.usaswimming.org/meet-the-team/national-team/bio/kara-lynn . 2021-06-02.
31. Web site: Happy Birthday Daniele! . 2023-03-01 . www.inter.it . en.
32. Web site: Inter Wish Goalkeeper Daniele Padelli Happy Birthday . 2023-03-01 . OneFootball . 25 October 2019 . en.
33. Web site: William Howard . . 22 October 2023.
34. Web site: Jock Landale . . 22 October 2023.
35. Web site: PJ Dozier . . 22 October 2023.
36. Web site: Langs . Sarah . How will Juan Soto enjoy his 21st (!) birthday? . . 13 October 2022 . 25 October 2019.
37. News: 25 October 2023. 韓·日 밝혔다…스트레이키즈 리노 위한 생일 전광판 '눈길'. Korean. 더팩트. 16 September 2024.
38. Web site: Romero Langford . . 22 October 2023.
39. Web site: Dominik Szoboszlai . Premier League . 25 October 2023 .
40. Web site: Boniface V pope . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 January 2021 . en.
41. Web site: Stephen king of England . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 January 2021 . en.
42. Web site: Geoffrey Chaucer Biography, Poems, Canterbury Tales, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 12 January 2021 . en.
43. Corkery, Daniel (December 1920). "Terence MacSwiney: Lord Mayor of Cork". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 9 (36): 512–520.
44. News: . 25 October 1920 . Joseph Murphy Dies of 76 Days' Hunger Strike, The Second Prisoner to Succumb in Cork Jail . NY Times . 5 August 2022.
45. Book: Joshi . P. K. . Gadgil Kulavruttanta . The Gadgil Family Genealogy Almanac . 1989 . . mr . 95.
46. Web site: Muistot: Risto Ryti. Helsingin Sanomat. October 25, 1956. December 28, 2021. fi.
47. Web site: Tietoa Huittisista: Presidentti Risto Ryti 1889-1956. Town of Huittinen. December 28, 2021. fi.
48. Book: Taylor, Lloyd C.. Margaret Ayer Barnes. Boston. Twayne Publishing. 1974. 978-0-80570-037-4. 15.
49. English . Edward D. . 2001 . Leonard E. Boyle, OP (1923–99) . Renaissance Studies . 15 . 3 . 367–374 . 24413249 . 0269-1213.
50. Web site: Clayson . Alan . McIver . Joel . Jack Bruce obituary . The Guardian . 26 October 2023 . 26 October 2014.
51. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/obituaries/rev-thomas-keating-pioneer-in-contemplative-movement-dies-at-95.html Rev. Thomas Keating, Pioneer in Contemplative Movement, Dies at 95
52. News: Farber . Jim . October 25, 2024 . Phil Lesh, Bassist Who Anchored the Grateful Dead, Dies at 84 . October 25, 2024 . The New York Times.
53. Web site: Kim . Ji-ye . October 25, 2024 . Kim Soo-mi, iconic actor and culinary star, dies at 75 . October 25, 2024 . Korea JoongAng Daily.
54. Web site: Abbasova . Vusala . 2022-10-25 . Kazakhstan Celebrates Republic Day . 2023-08-17 . caspiannews.com . en.