February 25 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 138  - Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor.^[1]
• 628  - Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.^[2]
• 1336  - Four thousand defenders of Pilenai commit mass suicide rather than be taken captive by the Teutonic Knights.

1601–1900

• 1705 – George Frideric Handel's opera Nero premiered in Hamburg.^[3]
• 1836  - Samuel Colt is granted a United States patent for his revolver firearm.^[4]
• 1843  - Lord George Paulet occupies the Kingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain in the Paulet affair.^[5]
• 1870  - Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American ever to sit in Congress.^[6]
• 1875  - Guangxu Emperor of Qing dynasty China begins his reign, under Empress Dowager Cixi's regency.^[7]

1901–present

• 1912  - Marie-Adélaïde, the eldest of six daughters of Guillaume IV, becomes the first reigning Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.^[8]
• 1916  - World War I: In the Battle of Verdun, a German unit captures Fort Douaumont, keystone of the French defences, without a fight.^[9]
• 1918  - World War I: German forces capture Tallinn to virtually complete the occupation of Estonia.^[10]
• 1921  - Georgian capital Tbilisi falls to the invading Russian forces after heavy fighting and the Russians declare the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.^[11]
• 1932  - Adolf Hitler, having been stateless for seven years, obtains German citizenship when he is appointed a Brunswick state official by Dietrich Klagges, a fellow Nazi. As a result, Hitler is able to run for Reichspräsident in the 1932 election.^[12]
• 1933  - Launch of the at Newport News, Virginia. It is the first purpose-built aircraft carrier to be commissioned by the US Navy.^[13]
• 1939  - As part of British air raid precautions, the first of 2.5 million Anderson shelters is constructed in a garden in Islington, north London.^[14]
• 1941  - The outlawed Communist Party of the Netherlands organises a general strike in German-occupied Amsterdam to protest against Nazi persecution of Dutch Jews.^[15]
• 1947  - The formal abolition of Prussia is proclaimed by the Allied Control Council, the Prussian government having already been abolished by the Preußenschlag of 1932.^[16]
• 1947  - Soviet NKVD forces in Hungary abduct Béla Kovács—secretary-general of the majority Independent Smallholders' Party—and deport him to the USSR in defiance of Parliament. His arrest is an important turning point in the Communist takeover of Hungary.^[17]
• 1948  - In a coup d'état led by Klement Gottwald, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia takes control of government in Prague to end the Third Czechoslovak Republic.^[18]
• 1951  - The first Pan American Games are officially opened in Buenos Aires by Argentine President Juan Perón.^[19]
• 1956  - In his speech On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union, denounces Stalin.^[20]
• 1980  - The government of Suriname is overthrown by a military coup led by Dési Bouterse.^[21]
• 1986  - People Power Revolution: President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos flees the nation after 20 years of rule; Corazon Aquino becomes the Philippines' first female president.^[22]
• 1991  - Disbandment of the Warsaw Pact at a meeting of its members in Budapest.^[23]
• 1994  - American-Israeli extremist Baruch Goldstein commits a mass shooting at the Cave of the Patriarchs mausoleum, leaving 29 dead and over 100 injured before he was disarmed and beaten to death by survivors.^[24]
• 1999  - Alitalia Flight 1553 crashes at Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport in Genoa, Italy, killing four.^[25]
• 2009 – Soldiers of the Bangladesh Rifles mutiny at their headquarters in Pilkhana, Dhaka, Bangladesh, resulting in 74 deaths, including 57 army officials.^[26]
• 2009 – Turkish Airlines Flight 1951 crashed during landing at the Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, Netherlands, primarily due to a faulty radio altimeter, resulting in the death of nine passengers and crew including all three pilots.^[27]
• 2015 – At least 310 people are killed in avalanches in northeastern Afghanistan.^[28]
• 2016 – Three people are killed and fourteen others injured in a series of shootings in the small Kansas cities of Newton and Hesston.^[29]

Births

Pre-1600

• 1259  - Infanta Branca of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile (d. 1321)^[30]
• 1337  - Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1383)^[31]
• 1475  - Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, last male member of the House of York (d. 1499)^[32]
• 1540  - Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton, English aristocrat and courtier (d. 1614)^[33]
• 1543  - Sharaf Khan Bidlisi, Emir of Bitlis (d. 1603)^[34]
• 1591  - Friedrich Spee, German poet and author (d. 1635)^[35]

1601–1900

• 1643  - Ahmed II, Ottoman sultan (d. 1695)^[36]
• 1663  - Peter Anthony Motteux, French-English author, playwright and translator (d. 1718)^[37]
• 1670  - Maria Margarethe Kirch, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1720)^[38]
• 1682  - Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist and pathologist (d. 1771)^[39]
• 1707  - Carlo Goldoni, Italian playwright and composer (d. 1793)^[40]
• 1714  - René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, French lawyer and politician, Lord Chancellor of France (d. 1792)^[41]
• 1728  - John Wood, the Younger, English architect, designed the Royal Crescent (d. 1782)^[42]
• 1752  - John Graves Simcoe, English-Canadian general and politician, 1st Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada (d. 1806)^[43]
• 1755  - François René Mallarmé, French lawyer and politician (d. 1835)^[44]
• 1778  - José de San Martín, Argentinian general and politician, 1st President of Peru (d. 1850)^[45]
• 1806  - Emma Catherine Embury, American author and poet (d. 1863)^[46]
• 1809  - John Hart, English-Australian politician, 10th Premier of South Australia (d. 1873)^[47]
• 1812  - Carl Christian Hall, Danish lawyer and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1888)^[48]
• 1816  - Giovanni Morelli, Italian historian and critic (d. 1891)^[49]
• 1833  - John St. John, American lawyer and politician, 8th Governor of Kansas (d. 1916)^[50]
• 1841  - Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French painter and sculptor (d. 1919)^[51]
• 1842  - Karl May, German author, poet, and playwright (d. 1912)^[52]
• 1845  - George Reid, Scottish-Australian lawyer and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1918)^[53]
• 1855  - Cesário Verde, Portuguese poet and author (d. 1886)^[54]
• 1856  - Karl Gotthard Lamprecht, German historian and academic (d. 1915)^[55]
• 1856  - Mathias Zdarsky, Czech-Austrian skier, painter, and sculptor (d. 1940)^[56]
• 1857  - Robert Bond, Canadian politician; first Prime Minister of Newfoundland (d. 1927)^[57]
• 1860  - William Ashley, English historian and academic (d. 1927)^[58]
• 1865  - Andranik, Armenian general (d. 1927)^[59]
• 1866  - Benedetto Croce, Italian philosopher and politician (d. 1952)^[60]
• 1869  - Phoebus Levene, Russian-American biochemist and physician (d. 1940)^[61]
• 1873  - Enrico Caruso, Italian-American tenor; the most popular operatic tenor of the early 20th century and the first great recording star. (d. 1921)^[62]
• 1877  - Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist and scholar (d. 1935)^[63]
• 1881  - William Z. Foster, American union leader and politician (d. 1961)^[64]
• 1881  - Alexei Rykov, Russian politician, Premier of Russia (d. 1938)^[65]
• 1883  - Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (d. 1981)^[66]
• 1885  - Princess Alice of Battenberg, mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (d. 1969)^[67]
• 1888  - John Foster Dulles, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 52nd United States Secretary of State (d. 1959)^[68]
• 1890  - Myra Hess, English pianist and educator (d. 1965)^[69]
• 1894  - Meher Baba, Indian spiritual master (d. 1969)^[70]
• 1896  - Ida Noddack, German chemist and physicist (d. 1978)^[71]
• 1898  - William Astbury, physicist and molecular biologist (d. 1961)^[72]

1901–present

• 1901  - Vince Gair, Australian politician, 27th Premier of Queensland (d. 1980)^[73]
• 1901  - Zeppo Marx, American comedian and theatrical agent (d. 1979)^[74]
• 1903  - King Clancy, Canadian ice hockey player, referee, and coach (d. 1986)^[75]
• 1905  - Perry Miller, American historian, author, and academic (d. 1963)^[76]
• 1906  - Mary Coyle Chase, American journalist and playwright (d. 1981)^[77]
• 1907  - Sabahattin Ali, Turkish journalist, author, and poet (d. 1948)^[78]
• 1908  - Mary Locke Petermann, American cellular biochemist (d. 1975)^{[79] [80]}
• 1908  - Frank G. Slaughter, American physician and author (d. 2001)^[81]
• 1910  - Millicent Fenwick, American journalist and politician (d. 1992)^[82]
• 1913  - Jim Backus, American actor and screenwriter (d. 1989)^[83]
• 1913  - Gert Fröbe, German actor (d. 1988)^[84]
• 1915  - S. Rajaratnam, Singaporean politician, 1st Senior Minister of Singapore (d. 2006)^[85]
• 1917  - Anthony Burgess, English author, playwright, and critic (d. 1993)^[86]
• 1918  - Bobby Riggs, American tennis player (d. 1995)^[87]
• 1919  - Monte Irvin, American baseball player and executive (d. 2016)^[88]
• 1920  - Philip Habib, American academic and diplomat, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (d. 1992)^[89]
• 1921  - Pierre Laporte, Canadian journalist, lawyer, and politician, Deputy Premier of Quebec (d. 1970)^[90]
• 1921  - Andy Pafko, American baseball player and manager (d. 2013)^[91]
• 1922  - Molly Reilly, Canadian aviator (d. 1980)^{[92] [93]}
• 1924  - Hugh Huxley, English-American biologist and academic (d. 2013)^[94]
• 1925  - Lisa Kirk, American actress and singer (d. 1990)^[95]
• 1925  - Shehu Shagari, Nigerian politician, 6th President of Nigeria (d. 2018)^[96]
• 1926  - Masatoshi Gündüz Ikeda, Japanese-Turkish mathematician and academic (d. 2003)^[97]
• 1927  - Ralph Stanley, American singer and banjo player (d. 2016)^[98]
• 1928  - Paul Elvstrøm, Danish yachtsman (d. 2016)^[99]
• 1928  - Larry Gelbart, American author and screenwriter (d. 2009)^[100]
• 1928  - A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., American civil rights advocate, historian, and judge (d. 1998)^[101]
• 1928  - Richard G. Stern, American author and academic (d. 2013)^[102]
• 1930  - Wendy Beckett, British nun and art critic (d. 2018)^[103]
• 1932  - Tony Brooks, English racing driver (d. 2022)^[104]
• 1932  - Faron Young, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1996)^[105]
• 1934  - Tony Lema, American golfer (d. 1966)^[106]
• 1935  - Oktay Sinanoglu, Turkish physical chemist and molecular biophysicist (d. 2015)^[107]
• 1937  - Tom Courtenay, English actor^[108]
• 1937  - Bob Schieffer, American political author, journalist and TV interviewer^[109]
• 1938  - Diane Baker, American actress and producer
• 1938  - Herb Elliott, Australian athlete^[110]
• 1938  - Farokh Engineer, Indian cricketer^[111]
• 1940  - Ron Santo, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2010)^[112]
• 1941  - David Puttnam, English film producer and academic^[113]
• 1942  - Karen Grassle, American actress
• 1943  - George Harrison, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and film producer (d. 2001)^[114]
• 1944  - François Cevert, French racing driver (d. 1973)^[115]
• 1946  - Jean Todt, French racing driver and team manager^[116]
• 1947  - Lee Evans, American sprinter and athletics coach (d. 2021)^[117]
• 1949  - Ric Flair, American professional wrestler^[118]
• 1949  - Amin Maalouf, Lebanese-French journalist and author^[119]
• 1950  - Francisco Fernández Ochoa, Spanish skier (d. 2006)^[120]
• 1950  - Neil Jordan, Irish film director, screenwriter and author^[121]
• 1950  - Néstor Kirchner, Argentine politician; 51st President of Argentina (d. 2010)^[122]
• 1951  - Don Quarrie, Jamaican sprinter and coach^[123]
• 1952  - Joey Dunlop, Northern Irish motorcyclist (d. 2000)^[124]
• 1953  - José María Aznar, Spanish politician; Prime Minister of Spain, 1996–2004^[125]
• 1953  - John Doe, American musician, singer-songwriter, actor, and poet
• 1957  - Raymond McCreesh, Irish Republican, hunger striker (d. 1981)^[126]
• 1957  - Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Singaporean economist and politician; 5th Senior Minister and 9th President of Singapore^[127]
• 1958  - Kurt Rambis, Greek-American basketball player, coach, and executive^[128]
• 1962  - Birgit Fischer, German kayaker^[129]
• 1963  - Paul O'Neill, American baseball player and sportscaster^[130]
• 1965  - Carrot Top, American comedian^[131]
• 1965  - Veronica Webb, American model, actress, and writer
• 1966  - Alexis Denisof, American actor
• 1966  - Téa Leoni, American actress^[132]
• 1967  - Ed Balls, English politician; Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer^[133]
• 1968  - Lesley Boone, American actress and producer
• 1968  - Oumou Sangaré, Malian musician^[134]
• 1971  - Sean Astin, American actor, director and producer^[135]
• 1971  - Daniel Powter, Canadian singer-songwriter and musician
• 1973  - Anson Mount, American actor^[136]
• 1974  - Dominic Raab, English politician; First Secretary of State and Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs^[137]
• 1975  - Chelsea Handler, American comedian, actress, author, and television host^[138]
• 1976  - Rashida Jones, American actress and writer^[139]
• 1976  - Samaki Walker, American basketball player^[140]
• 1979  - Napoleon Harris, American football player and politician^[141]
• 1981  - Park Ji-sung, South Korean footballer
• 1982  - Maria Kanellis, American professional wrestler, actress, and model^[142]
• 1982  - Flavia Pennetta, Italian tennis player^[143]
• 1982  - Anton Volchenkov, Russian ice hockey player^[144]
• 1985  - Joakim Noah, French-American basketball player^[145]
• 1986  - Justin Berfield, American actor, writer, and producer^[136]
• 1986  - Jameela Jamil, English actress and presenter^[146]
• 1986  - James Phelps, English actor^[136]
• 1986  - Oliver Phelps, English actor^[136]
• 1987  - Justin Abdelkader, American ice hockey player^[147]
• 1988  - Tom Marshall, English photo colouriser and artist^[148]
• 1988  - Gerald McCoy, American football player^[149]
• 1989  - Jimmer Fredette, American basketball player^[150]
• 1989  - Kana Hanazawa, Japanese voice actress and singer^[151]
• 1989  - E'Twaun Moore, American basketball player^[152]
• 1990  - Félix Peña, Dominican baseball player^[153]
• 1992  - Joakim Nordström, Swedish ice hockey player^[154]
• 1992  - Jorge Soler, Cuban baseball player ^[155]
• 1993  - Erick Fedde, American baseball player^[156]
• 1993  - Lukáš Sedlák, Czech ice hockey player^[157]
• 1994  - Fred VanVleet, American basketball player^[158]
• 1995  - Mario Hezonja, Croatian basketball player^[159]
• 1995  - Viktoriya Tomova, Bulgarian tennis player^[160]
• 1997  - Isabelle Fuhrman, American actress^[136]
• 1997  - Thon Maker, South Sudanese-Australian basketball player^[161]
• 1999  - Gianluigi Donnarumma, Italian footballer^[162]
• 1999  - Rocky, South Korean singer, dancer and songwriter^[163]
• 2001  - Vernon Carey Jr., American basketball player^[164]
• 2003  - Brandin Podziemski, American basketball player^[165]
• 2005  - Noah Jupe, English actor^[166]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 806  - Tarasios, patriarch of Constantinople^[167]
• 891  - Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese regent (b. 836)^[168]
• 1099  - Anselm of Ribemont, Frankish nobleman and participant of the First Crusade^[169]
• 1522  - William Lily, English scholar and educator (b. 1468)^[170]
• 1536  - Berchtold Haller, German-Swiss theologian and reformer (b. 1492)^{[171] [172]}
• 1547  - Vittoria Colonna, marchioness of Pescara (b. 1490)^[173]

1601–1900

• 1601  - Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1566)^[174]
• 1634  - Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general and politician (b. 1583)^[175]
• 1636  - Santorio Santorio, Italian biologist (b. 1561)^[176]
• 1655  - Daniël Heinsius, Flemish poet and scholar (b. 1580)^[177]
• 1682  - Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (b. 1639)^[178]
• 1710  - Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, French soldier and explorer (b. 1639)^[179]
• 1713  - Frederick I of Prussia (b. 1657)^[180]
• 1723  - Christopher Wren, English architect, designed St Paul's Cathedral (b. 1632)^[181]
• 1756  - Eliza Haywood, English actress and poet (b. 1693)^[182]
• 1796  - Samuel Seabury, American bishop (b. 1729)^[183]
• 1805  - Thomas Pownall, English politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1722)^[184]
• 1819  - Francisco Manoel de Nascimento, Portuguese-French poet and educator (b. 1734)^[185]
• 1822  - William Pinkney, American politician and diplomat, 7th United States Attorney General (b. 1764)^[186]
• 1841  - Philip P. Barbour, American lawyer, judge, and politician, 12th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1783)^[187]
• 1850  - Daoguang Emperor of China (b. 1782)^[188]
• 1852  - Thomas Moore, Irish poet and lyricist (b. 1779)^[189]
• 1865  - Otto Ludwig, German author, playwright, and critic (b. 1813)^[190]
• 1870  - Henrik Hertz, Danish poet and playwright (b. 1797)^[191]
• 1877  - Jung Bahadur Rana, Nepalese ruler (b. 1816)^[192]
• 1878  - Townsend Harris, American merchant, politician, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Japan (b. 1804)^[193]
• 1899  - Paul Reuter, German-English journalist and businessman, founded Reuters (b. 1816)^[194]

1901–present

• 1906  - Anton Arensky, Russian pianist and composer (b. 1861)^[195]
• 1910  - Worthington Whittredge, American painter and educator (b. 1820)^[196]
• 1911  - Friedrich Spielhagen, German author, theorist, and translator (b. 1829)^[197]
• 1912  - William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1852)^[198]
• 1914  - John Tenniel, English illustrator (b. 1820)^[199]
• 1915  - Charles Edwin Bessey, American botanist, author, and academic (b. 1845)^[200]
• 1920  - Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy, French archaeologist and engineer (b. 1844)^[201]
• 1928  - William O'Brien, Irish journalist and politician (b. 1852)^[202]
• 1934  - Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, American botanist and academic (b. 1857)^[203]
• 1934  - John McGraw, American baseball player and manager (b. 1873)^[204]
• 1945  - Mário de Andrade, Brazilian author, poet, and photographer (b. 1893)^[205]
• 1950  - George Minot, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)^[206]
• 1953  - Sergei Winogradsky, Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist and ecologist (b. 1856)^[207]
• 1954  - Joseph Beech, American Methodist missionary and educator (b. 1867)^[208]
• 1957  - Mark Aldanov, Russian author and critic (b. 1888)^[209]
• 1957  - Bugs Moran, American mob boss (b. 1893)^[210]
• 1963  - Melville J. Herskovits, American anthropologist and academic (b. 1895)^[211]
• 1964  - Alexander Archipenko, Ukrainian sculptor and illustrator (b. 1887)^[212]
• 1964  - Grace Metalious, American author (b. 1924)^[213]
• 1970  - Mark Rothko, Latvian-American painter and academic (b. 1903)^[214]
• 1971  - Theodor Svedberg, Swedish chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884)^[215]
• 1972  - Gottfried Fuchs, German-Canadian Olympic soccer player (b. 1889)^[216]
• 1975  - Elijah Muhammad, American religious leader (b. 1897)^[217]
• 1978  - Daniel James, Jr., American general and pilot (b. 1920)^[218]
• 1980  - Robert Hayden, American poet and academic (b. 1913)^[219]
• 1983  - Tennessee Williams, American playwright, and poet (b. 1911)^[220]
• 1996  - Haing S. Ngor, Cambodian-American physician and author (b. 1940)^[221]
• 1997  - Andrei Sinyavsky, Russian journalist and publisher (b. 1925)^[222]
• 1998  - W. O. Mitchell, Canadian author and playwright (b. 1914)^[223]
• 1999  - Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)^[224]
• 2001  - A. R. Ammons, American poet and critic (b. 1926)^[225]
• 2001  - Don Bradman, Australian international cricketer; holder of world record batting average (b. 1908)^{[226] [227]}
• 2005  - Peter Benenson, English lawyer, founded Amnesty International (b. 1921)^[228]
• 2008  - Hans Raj Khanna, Indian judge and advocate; upholder of civil liberties (b. 1912)^[229]
• 2010  - Ihsan Dogramaci, Turkish pediatrician and academic (b. 1915)^[230]
• 2012  - Louisiana Red, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1932)^[231]
• 2015  - Harve Bennett, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1930)^[232]
• 2015  - Ariel Camacho, Mexican musician and singer-songwriter; (b. 1992)^[233]
• 2015  - Eugenie Clark, American biologist and academic; noted ichthyologist (b. 1922)^[234]
• 2017  - Bill Paxton, American actor and filmmaker (b. 1955)^[235]
• 2020  - Dmitry Yazov, last Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1924)^[236]
• 2022  - Farrah Forke, American actress (b. 1968)^[237]
• 2022  - Shirley Hughes, English author and illustrator (b. 1927)^[238]
• 2023  - Gordon Pinsent, Canadian actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1930)^[239]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast days:
  • Æthelberht of Kent^{[240] [241]}
  • Blessed Ciriaco María Sancha y Hervás^[242]
  • Gerland of Agrigento^[243]
  • John Roberts, writer and missionary^[244] (Anglican Communion)
  • Hamburg Matthiae-mahl, feast of Hanseatic League cities on the mediaeval first day of spring^{[245] [246]}
  • Blessed Maria Adeodata Pisani^[247]
  • Blessed Robert of Arbrissel, founder of Fontevraud Abbey^[248]
  • Saint Walpurga (she was canonised on 1 May c. 870 and Walpurgis Night is celebrated 30 April)^[249]
  • February 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Kitano Baika-sai or "Plum Blossom Festival" (Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine, Kyoto, Japan)^[250]
• Memorial Day for the Victims of the Communist Dictatorships (Hungary)^[251]
• National Day (Kuwait)^[252]
• People Power Day (Philippines)^[253]
• Revolution Day in Suriname^[254]
• Soviet Occupation Day (Georgia)^[255]

External links

• Web site: On This Day . BBC.
  • Web site: Historical Events on February 25 . OnThisDay.com.

Notes and References

1. Book: The Journal of Roman Studies . 1930 . Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies . London . 82 . 2019-02-25 . 2020-08-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200801120519/https://books.google.com/books?id=YFs8AAAAMAAJ . live .
2. Book: Morony, Michael G. . Iraq After the Muslim Conquest . 2005 . Gorgias Press . Piscataway, New Jersey . 92 . 978-15-93333-15-7.
3. Book: Lang , Paul Henry . George Frideric Handel. Dover Publications. New York. 1996. 35. 0-486-29227-4.
4. News: Samuel Colt receives patent for his revolver, February 25, 1836 . Electrical Design News (EDN) . Englewood, Colorado . 5 July 2020 . 6 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200706043402/https://www.edn.com/samuel-colt-receives-patent-for-his-revolver-february-25-1836/ . live .
5. Book: British and Foreign State Papers, Volume 31 . 1858 . Foreign Office . London . Correspondence relating to the Provisional Cession of the Sandwich Islands to great Britain. February 1843 . 1023–1029 . https://books.google.com/books?id=1qADAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1023 . 2020-09-23 . 2020-09-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200901140337/https://books.google.com/books?id=1qADAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1023 . live .
6. Web site: Revels, Hiram Rhodes (1827–1901) . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Office of the House Historian, United States Congress . Washington, DC . 5 July 2020 . 29 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200629155153/https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=R000166 . live .
7. Web site: Guangxu . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 July 2020 . 10 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210310180333/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Guangxu . live .
8. Web site: S.A.R. la Grande-Duchesse Marie-Adélaïde Cour grand-ducale. 2022-01-04. www.monarchie.lu. fr. 2007-05-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20070523094915/http://www.monarchie.lu/. live.
9. News: What was the Battle of Verdun? . Wakefield . Alan . Imperial War Museum . London . 6 July 2020 . 6 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200706160534/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-battle-of-verdun . live .
10. Web site: The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923: The First World War and the Wars of Independence . Parrott . Andrew . 139 . Baltic Defence Review . 8 . 2 . 2002 . Baltic Defence College . Tartu, Estonia . 2020-07-06 . 2020-07-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200706144933/https://www.baltdefcol.org/files/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf . live .
11. Book: Lang, David Marshall . David Marshall Lang . A Modern History of Soviet Georgia . 1962 . Grove Press . New York City . 234–236 . B000WAJSKG.
12. News: Hitler May Be Stripped of German Citizenship . Hinrichs . Per . 12 March 2007 . Spiegel International . Spiegel Gruppe . Hamburg . 7 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731042637/https://www.spiegel.de/international/revoking-the-fuehrer-s-passport-hitler-may-be-stripped-of-german-citizenship-a-471168.html . live .
13. Book: Cressman, Robert J. . USS Ranger: The Navy's First Flattop from Keel to Mast, 1934–1946 . 2003 . Potomac Books . Dulles, Virginia . 3–6 . 978-15-74887-20-4.
14. Web site: History . Stanley . Martin . Anderson Shelters . 6 July 2020 . 25 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200725011018/https://www.andersonshelters.org.uk/history.html . live .
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16. Web site: The Acting Political Adviser for Germany (Muccio) to the Secretary of State . Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, Council of Foreign Ministers; Germany and Austria, Volume II . Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State . Washington, DC . 1947 . 7 July 2020 . 9 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200709100915/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1947v02/d327 . live .
17. Web site: Béla Kovács . The History of the 1956 Revolution . The Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution . Budapest . 2021-02-25 . 2022-01-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220102175441/http://www.rev.hu/history_of_56/szerviz/kislex/biograf/kovacs.htm . live .
18. Web site: Who Lost Czechoslovakia? . Steil . Benn . History Today Ltd . London . 9 May 2018 . 7 July 2020 . 7 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200707214733/https://www.historytoday.com/miscellanies/who-lost-czechoslovakia . live .
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20. Book: Medvedev . Roy . Medvedev . Zhores . Dahrendorf . Ellen . The Unknown Stalin: His Life, Death and Legacy . 2004 . Overlook Press . Woodstock, New York . 102 . 978-15-85676-44-6.
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22. Book: Crisostomo, Isabelo T. . Cory, Profile of a President: The Historic Rise to Power of Corazon . 1987 . Branden Books . Wellesley, Massachusetts . 257 . 978-08-28319-13-3 . 2020-11-11 . 2021-02-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204034104/https://books.google.com/books?id=iW_ddLowBYkC&q=Cory+Aquino+in+Club+Filipino&pg=PA257 . live .
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29. Web site: February 25, 2016 . Four Dead, Including Gunman, 14 Injured in Kansas Shooting Rampage . February 25, 2016 . NBC New York.
30. Book: Rodrigues Oliveira, Ana . Rainhas medievais de Portugal. Dezassete mulheres, duas dinastias, quatro séculos de História . 2010 . A esfera dos livros . Lisbon . 138 . PT . 978-98-96262-61-7.
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35. Web site: Friedrich Spee (Hymn-Writer) . Bach Cantatas Website . 17 June 2020 . 17 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200617100515/http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Lib/Spee-Friedrich.htm . live .
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40. Web site: Carlo Goldoni . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 17 June 2020 . 17 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200617205134/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carlo-Goldoni . live .
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49. Web site: Giovanni Morelli . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 17 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731054028/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giovanni-Morelli . live .
50. Web site: John Saint John . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 17 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731050736/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Pierce-Saint-John . live .
51. Web site: Pierre-Auguste Renoir . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 17 June 2020 . 27 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200527124424/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pierre-Auguste-Renoir . live .
52. Web site: Karl May . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 17 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731063202/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karl-May . live .
53. Web site: Sir George Houston Reid . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 17 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731063353/https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Houston-Reid . live .
54. Web site: Cesário Verde . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 6 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200606201152/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cesario-Verde . live .
55. Web site: Karl Gotthard Lamprecht . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731052402/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karl-Gotthard-Lamprecht . live .
56. Web site: Mathias Zdarsky . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 6 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200606201150/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Matthias-Zdarsky . live .
57. Web site: Sir Robert Bond . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 6 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200606201154/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Bond . live .
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59. Book: Andranik. Armenian Hero . 10 February 2018 . Aegitas . Moscow . 9785040624676 . 6 June 2020 . 26 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220226152455/https://books.google.com/books?id=C7kpDwAAQBAJ&q=andranik+25+february&pg=PA1897 . live .
60. Web site: Benedetto Croce . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 27 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200427175510/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benedetto-Croce . live .
61. Web site: Phoebus Levene . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731082145/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Phoebus-Levene . live .
62. Web site: Enrico Caruso . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 19 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200619133644/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Enrico-Caruso . live .
63. Web site: Erich Moritz von Hornbostel . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 24 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200724170116/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erich-Moritz-von-Hornbostel . live .
64. Web site: William Z. Foster . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 29 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729140435/https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Z-Foster . live .
65. Web site: Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 28 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200528000806/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksey-Ivanovich-Rykov . live .
66. News: Princess Alice, at London Home; A Grandchild of Queen Victoria . The New York Times . 4 January 1981 . 6 June 2020 . 12 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180812195937/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/04/obituaries/princess-alice-at-london-home-a-grandchild-of-queen-victoria.html . live .
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69. Book: Norris, Gerald . A Musical Gazetteer of Great Britain & Ireland . 1981 . David & Charles . Newton Abbot, Devon . 103 . 978-07-15378-45-8 . 2019-12-23 . 2020-08-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200801124834/https://books.google.com/books?id=KcMXAQAAIAAJ . live .
70. Web site: Meher Baba . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 14 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190714122148/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meher-Baba . live .
71. Marshall . James L. . Ida Noddack: Foreteller of Nuclear Fission . ACS Symposium Series . January 2018 . 1311 . 105–149 . 10.1021/bk-2018-1311.ch005.
72. Web site: Professor William Astbury . What is biotechnology? . 6 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731050636/https://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/people/summary/Astbury . live .
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77. Mary Coyle Chase . American National Biography . 2000 . Oxford University Press . Oxford . 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1601928 . 978-0-19-860669-7 . 6 June 2020 . Makowsky . Veronica . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731040044/https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1601928 . live .
78. Web site: Sabahattin Ali . GoodReads, Inc. . San Francisco . 6 June 2020 . 28 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200928071311/https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/116623.Sabahattin_Ali . live .
79. Book: Oakes, Elizabeth H. . Encyclopedia of World Scientists . 2007 . Infobase Publishing . New York City . 585 . 978-14-38118-82-6 . 2020-11-11 . 2022-02-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220226152456/https://books.google.com/books?id=uPRB-OED1bcC&q=mary+petermann+++chemist&pg=PA585 . live .
80. Book: The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L–Z . Ogilvie . Marilyn Bailey . Harvey . Joy Dorothy . Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie . Joy Harvey . 2000 . Taylor & Francis . Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire . 978-04-15920-40-7 . 1010 . 2018-12-18 . 2020-08-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200801123559/https://books.google.com/books?id=LTSYePZvSXYC&pg=PA1010 . live .
81. Web site: Frank G. Slaughter . Open Library . Internet Archive . San Francisco . 6 June 2020 . 6 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200606060207/https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL17969A/Frank_G._Slaughter . live .
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84. Web site: Gert Fröbe . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 June 2020 . 5 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200605161004/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gert-Frobe . live .
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88. News: Monte Irvin, Hall of Fame baseball star who began in Negro leagues, dies at 96 . Schudel . Matt . The Washington Post . 0190-8286 . 12 January 2016 . 3 June 2020 . 5 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190405213217/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/monte-irvin-hall-of-fame-baseball-star-who-began-in-negro-leagues-dies-at-96/2016/01/12/f7a16e44-b968-11e5-b682-4bb4dd403c7d_story.html . live .
89. Web site: Philip Charles Habib . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731124615/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-Charles-Habib . live .
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92. Book: Welch, Rosanne . Encyclopedia of women in aviation and space . 1998 . ABC-CLIO . Santa Barbara, California . Reilly, Molly Beall . 180–181 . 39209984 . 0-87436-958-4 . https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00rosa/page/180.
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94. Web site: Hugh Esmor Huxley . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 6 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731071415/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hugh-Esmor-Huxley . live .
95. Web site: Lisa Kirk . BBC Music . BBC . London . 6 June 2020 . 6 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200606072406/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/69e00c80-1709-471e-92f1-baf774a9dc22 . dead .
96. News: Shehu Shagari obituary . The Guardian . 9 January 2019 . London . 6 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731063325/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/09/shehu-shagari-obituary . live .
97. Web site: Masatoshi Gündüz Ikeda . School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews . St Andrews . 5 June 2020 . 5 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200605135056/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ikeda/ . live .
98. Web site: Ralph Stanley . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731063118/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ralph-Stanley . live .
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112. Web site: Ron Santo . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 4 June 2020 . 4 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200604162858/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ron-Santo . live .
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114. Web site: George Harrison . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 4 June 2020 . 13 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200413063800/https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Harrison-British-musician . live .
115. Web site: François Cevert . Motor Sport Magazine . London . 4 June 2020 . 4 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200604165248/https://database.motorsportmagazine.com/database/drivers/francois-cevert . live .
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119. News: A son of the road . The Guardian . 16 November 2002 . London . 4 June 2020 . 4 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200604154735/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/nov/16/classicalmusicandopera.fiction . live .
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121. Web site: Neil Jordan . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 4 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731044008/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Neil-Jordan . live .
122. Web site: Néstor Kirchner . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 4 June 2020 . 17 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180917040751/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nestor-Kirchner . live .
123. Web site: Don Quarrie . Track and Field Statistics . 2 June 2020 . 24 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224112430/http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Profile.asp?ID=5421&Gender=M . live .
124. Web site: Joey Dunlop (1952–2000): Motorcycle racing champion; humanitarian aid worker . Froggatt . Richard . Dictionary of Ulster Biography . Ulster History Circle . 3 June 2020 . 14 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714115633/http://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/viewPerson/1823 . live .
125. Web site: José María Aznar . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 4 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731065208/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jose-Maria-Aznar . live .
126. Web site: Raymond McCreesh Bobby Sands Trust. 2021-06-15. 2022-02-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20220226152509/https://www.bobbysandstrust.com/hungerstrikers/Raymond%20McCreesh/. live.
127. Web site: A Glimpse Into One of Singapore's Highly Respected Politicians: Tharman Shanmugaratnam Story . SuccessStory . Hyderabad . 26 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731121808/https://successstory.com/people/tharman-shanmugaratnam . live .
128. Web site: Kurt Rambis . Basketball Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Philadelphia . 4 June 2020 . 1 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210101170047/https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/r/rambiku01.html . live .
129. Web site: Birgit Fischer . International Olympic Committee . Lausanne . 4 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731075920/https://www.olympic.org/birgit-fischer . live .
130. Web site: Paul O'Neill . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Philadelphia . 4 June 2020 . 2 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200602190912/https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/o/o%27neipa01.shtml . live .
131. Web site: Greeson . Jay . 5-at-10: Rose's injury, bubble games, Love in L.A. and Ric Flair's birthday . . 14 February 2023 . 25 February 2015.
132. Web site: Moore . Frazier . Tea Leoni in a happy state as 'Madam Secretary' . . 14 February 2023 . 26 February 2015.
133. Web site: Ed Balls . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 4 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731082202/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ed-Balls . live .
134. Web site: Oumou Sangaré . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 4 June 2020 . 4 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200604094046/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oumou-Sangare . live .
135. Web site: Sean Astin . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 4 June 2020 . 4 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200604090605/https://www.britannica.com/facts/Sean-Astin . live .
136. Web site: Rose . Mike . Today's famous birthdays list for February 25, 2023 includes celebrities Ric Flair, Jameela Jamil . . . 24 February 2024 . 25 February 2023.
137. News: Who is Dominic Raab? . BBC News . BBC . London . 24 April 2020 . 3 June 2020 . 17 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210917181210/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-52064637 . live .
138. Web site: Jackson . Dory . Chelsea Handler Skis Topless While Celebrating Her 47th Birthday: 'Doing All the Things I Love' . . 14 February 2023 . 25 February 2022.
139. Web site: Rashida Jones . . 14 February 2023.
140. Web site: Samaki Walker . . 24 February 2024.
141. Web site: Napoleon Harris . . 24 February 2024.
142. Web site: At age 40, female wrestler Maria Kanellis really knows how to make an 'Impact' . . 16 February 2023 . 25 February 2022.
143. Web site: Flavia Pennetta . WTA Tour Inc. . 3 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731050636/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/160391/flavia-pennetta/bio . live .
144. Web site: Anton Volchenkov . . 24 February 2024.
145. Web site: Joakim Noah . . 24 February 2024.
146. Web site: Pocklington . Rebecca . Magazine wishes Jameela Jamil happy birthday with photo of Jamelia - and Twitter reacts like this . . 14 February 2023 . 25 February 2016.
147. Web site: Justin Abdelkader . . 24 February 2024.
148. Web site: Photographs Documenting the Struggle for Women's Suffrage Are Reimagined in Full Color . Fessenden . Marissa . Smithsonian Magazine . Smithsonian Institution . Washington DC . 9 February 2018 . 3 June 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731042240/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/let-these-old-photographs-womens-suffrage-inspire-anew-full-color-180968127/ . live .
149. Web site: Gerald McCoy . . 24 February 2024.
150. Web site: Jimmer Fredette . . 24 February 2024.
151. Web site: Doi . Hitoshi . Hanazawa Kana (花澤香菜) . Hitoshi Doi's Seiyuu Database . 24 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181005063443/http://www.usagi.org/doi/seiyuu/hanazawa-kana/index.html . 5 October 2018 . 5 May 2016.
152. Web site: E'Twaun Moore . . 24 February 2024.
153. Web site: Félix Peña . . 24 February 2024.
154. Web site: Joakim Nordstrom . . 24 February 2024.
155. Web site: Jorge Soler . Baseball Reference . 28 July 2020 . 30 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200730174027/https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/solerjo01.shtml . live .
156. Web site: Erick Fedde . . 24 February 2024.
157. Web site: Lukas Sedlak . . 24 February 2024.
158. Web site: Fred VanVleet . . 14 February 2023.
159. Web site: Mario Hezonja . . 24 February 2024.
160. Web site: Viktoriya Tomova Player Stats & More – WTA Official . 2022-10-17 . Women's Tennis Association . en.
161. Web site: Thon Maker . . 24 February 2024.
162. Web site: Happy Birthday, Gigio! . AC Milan . Milano . 25 February 2020 . 3 June 2020 . 3 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200603150948/https://www.acmilan.com/en/news/celebration/2020-02-25/happy-birthday-gigio . live .
163. Web site: 라키. Fantagio. February 26, 2022. ko. January 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220102103132/http://www.fantagio.kr/musicians/%EB%9D%BC%ED%82%A4/. live.
164. Web site: Vernon Carey Jr. . . 24 February 2024.
165. Web site: Brandin Podziemski . . 24 February 2024.
166. Web site: Famous birthdays for Feb. 25: Anson Mount, Chelsea Handler . . 24 February 2024 . 25 February 2023.
167. Web site: St. Tarasius . New Advent . 17 June 2020 . 19 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200619214541/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14451b.htm . live .
168. Web site: Fujiwara Mototsune . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 July 2020 . 5 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200705110237/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fujiwara-Mototsune . live .
169. Book: Riley-Smith . Jonathan . The First Crusade and Idea of Crusading . 1 April 2003 . A&C Black . 978-0-8264-6726-3 . 17 May 2024 . en.
170. Web site: William Lily . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731054041/https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Lily . live .
171. Web site: Bertold Haller Swiss religious reformer . Encyclopedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 28 May 2020 . en . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731040044/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bertold-Haller . live .
172. Haller, Berthold . 12 . 856.
173. Web site: Vittoria Colonna . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731042511/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vittoria-Colonna . live .
174. Web site: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 4 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731044405/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Devereux-2nd-earl-of-Essex . live .
175. Web site: Albrecht von Wallenstein . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 4 July 2020 . 21 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200621193617/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albrecht-von-Wallenstein . live .
176. Book: Barry . Jonathan . Bigotti . Fabrizio . Santorio Santori and the Emergence of Quantified Medicine, 1614-1790 . 2021 . Palgrave Macmillan . Cham, Switzerland . 978-3-030-79587-0 . 25.
177. Web site: Daniël Heinsius . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 4 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731054051/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Heinsius . live .
178. Web site: Alessandro Stradella . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731042637/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Stradella-Italian-composer . live .
179. Web site: Daniel Greysolon, Sieur DuLhut . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 July 2020 . 5 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200705104020/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Greysolon-Sieur-DuLhut . live .
180. Web site: Frederick I . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731042319/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-I-king-of-Prussia . live .
181. Web site: Christopher Wren . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 July 2020 . 29 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200629012815/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Wren . live .
182. Web site: Eliza Haywood . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 July 2020 . 5 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200705112311/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eliza-Haywood . live .
183. Web site: Samuel Seabury . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 5 July 2020 . 7 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200707124500/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Seabury . live .
184. News: Pownall, Thomas (1722-1805), of Saltfleetby, Lincs . The History of Parliament Trust . London . 3 July 2020 . 3 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200703143418/https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/pownall-thomas-1722-1805 . live .
185. Web site: Francisco Manuel do Nascimento . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 3 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731042217/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Manuel-do-Nascimento . live .
186. Web site: William Pinkney . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 3 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731124617/https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Pinkney . live .
187. Web site: Philip P. Barbour . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 3 July 2020 . 3 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200703144003/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-P-Barbour . live .
188. Web site: Daoguang, Emperor of Qing dynasty . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 3 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731122514/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daoguang . live .
189. Web site: Thomas Moore . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 3 July 2020 . 11 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200611004231/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Moore . live .
190. Web site: Otto Ludwig . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 3 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731042341/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-Ludwig . live .
191. Web site: Henrik Hertz . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 3 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731063456/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henrik-Hertz . live .
192. Web site: Jung Bahadur . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 3 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731090001/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jung-Bahadur . live .
193. Web site: Townsend Harris . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 3 July 2020 . 13 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200913155809/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Townsend-Harris . live .
194. Web site: Paul Julius, baron von Reuter . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 3 July 2020 . 15 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150915041812/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Julius-Freiherr-von-Reuter . live .
195. Web site: Anton Arensky . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 2 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731063325/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anton-Arensky . live .
196. Web site: Worthington Whittredge . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 2 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731062908/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Worthington-Whittredge . live .
197. Web site: Friedrich von Spielhagen . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 2 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731131005/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Friedrich-von-Spielhagen . live .
198. News: William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg . Encyclopedia Britannica . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 2 July 2020 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731063120/https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-IV-grand-duke-of-Luxembourg . live .
199. Web site: Sir John Tenniel . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 2 July 2020 . 21 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200621011905/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Tenniel . live .
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233. News: Ariel Camacho, Lead Singer of Los Plebes del Rancho, Dies at 22 . . 27 February 2015 . 7 July 2023 . 6 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221206094305/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/27/arts/music/ariel-camacho-dies-at-22-lead-singer-of-los-plebes-del-rancho.html . live .
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