December 25 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 36  - Forces of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han, under the command of Wu Han, conquer the separatist Chengjia empire, reuniting China.^[1]
• 274  - A temple to Sol Invictus is dedicated in Rome by Emperor Aurelian.^[2]
• 333  - Roman Emperor Constantine the Great elevates his youngest son Constans to the rank of Caesar.^[3]
• 336  - First documentary sign of Christmas celebration in Rome.^[4]
• 350  - Vetranio meets Constantius II at Naissus (Serbia) and is forced to abdicate his imperial title. Constantius allows him to live as a private citizen on a state pension.^[5]
• 508  - Clovis I, king of the Franks, is baptized into the Catholic faith at Reims, by Saint Remigius.^[6]
• 597  - Augustine of Canterbury and his fellow-labourers baptise in Kent more than 10,000 Anglo-Saxons.
• 800  - The coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor, in Rome.^[7]
• 820  - Eastern Emperor Leo V is murdered in a church^[8] of the Great Palace of Constantinople by followers of Michael II.
• 1000  - The foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary: Hungary is established as a Christian kingdom by Stephen I of Hungary.^[9]
• 1013  - Sweyn Forkbeard takes control of the Danelaw and is proclaimed king of England.^[10]
• 1025  - Coronation of Mieszko II Lambert as king of Poland.
• 1046  - Henry III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement II.^[11]
• 1066  - William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy is crowned king of England, at Westminster Abbey, London.^[12]
• 1076  - Coronation of Bolesław II the Generous as king of Poland.
• 1100  - Baldwin of Boulogne is crowned the first King of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.^[13]
• 1130  - Count Roger II of Sicily is crowned the first king of Sicily.^[14]
• 1261  - Eleven-year-old John IV Laskaris of the restored Eastern Roman Empire is deposed and blinded by orders of his co-ruler Michael VIII Palaiologos.^[15]
• 1492  - The carrack Santa María, commanded by Christopher Columbus, runs onto a reef off Haiti due to an improper watch.^[16]
• 1553  - Battle of Tucapel: Mapuche rebels under Lautaro defeat the Spanish conquistadors and executes the governor of Chile, Pedro de Valdivia.
• 1559  - Pope Pius IV is elected, four months after his predecessor's death.^[17]

1601–1900

• 1758  - Halley's Comet is sighted by Johann Georg Palitzsch, confirming Edmund Halley's prediction of its passage. This was the first passage of a comet predicted ahead of time.^[18]
• 1766  - Mapuches in Chile launch a series of surprise attacks against the Spanish starting the Mapuche uprising of 1766.^[19]
• 1776  - American Revolutionary War: General George Washington and the Continental Army cross the Delaware River at night to attack Hessian forces serving Great Britain at Trenton, New Jersey, the next day.^[20]
• 1793  - Northwest Indian War: General "Mad Anthony" Wayne and a 300 man detachment identify the site of St. Clair's 1791 defeat by the large number of unburied human remains at modern Fort Recovery, Ohio.^[21]
• 1809  - Dr. Ephraim McDowell performs the first ovariotomy, removing a 22-pound tumor.^[22]
• 1814  - Rev. Samuel Marsden holds the first Christian service on land in New Zealand at Rangihoua Bay.^[23]
• 1815  - The Handel and Haydn Society, oldest continually performing arts organization in the United States, gives its first performance.
• 1826  - The Eggnog Riot at the United States Military Academy concludes after beginning the previous evening.
• 1831  - The Great Jamaican Slave Revolt begins; up to 20% of Jamaica's slaves mobilize in an ultimately unsuccessful fight for freedom.^[24]
• 1837  - Second Seminole War: American general Zachary Taylor leads 1,100 troops against the Seminoles at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee.^[25]
• 1868  - Pardons for ex-Confederates: United States President Andrew Johnson grants an unconditional pardon to all Confederate veterans.^[26]

1901–present

• 1914  - World War I: A series of unofficial truces occur across the Western Front to celebrate Christmas.^[27]
• 1915  - The National Protection War breaks out against the Empire of China, as military leaders Cai E and Tang Jiyao proclaim the independence of Yunnan and begin a campaign to restore the Republic.^[28]
• 1927  - B. R. Ambedkar and his followers burn copies of the Manusmriti in Mahad, Maharashtra, to protest its treatment of Dalit people.^[29]
• 1932  - A magnitude 7.6 earthquake in Gansu, China kills 275 people.^[30]
• 1941  - Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, appointed commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet on December 17,^[31] arrives at Pearl Harbor.^[32]
• 1941  - World War II: Battle of Hong Kong ends, beginning the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong.^[33]
• 1941  - Admiral Émile Muselier seizes the archipelago of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which become the first part of France to be liberated by the Free French Forces.^[34]
• 1946  - The first European self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is initiated within the Soviet Union's F-1 nuclear reactor.^[35]
• 1950  - The Stone of Scone, traditional coronation stone of British monarchs, is taken from Westminster Abbey by Scottish nationalist students. It later turns up in Scotland on April 11, 1951.^[36]
• 1951  - A bomb explodes at the home of Harry T. Moore and Harriette V. S. Moore, early leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, killing Harry instantly and fatally wounding Harriette.^[37]
• 1962  - The Soviet Union conducts its final above-ground nuclear weapon test, in anticipation of the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
• 1963  - Turkish Cypriot Bayrak Radio begins transmitting in Cyprus after Turkish Cypriots are forcibly excluded from Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation.
• 1968  - Apollo program: Apollo 8 performs the first successful Trans-Earth injection (TEI) maneuver, sending the crew and spacecraft on a trajectory back to Earth from Lunar orbit.^[38]
• 1968  - Kilvenmani massacre: Forty-four Dalits (untouchables) are burnt to death in Kizhavenmani village, Tamil Nadu, a retaliation for a campaign for higher wages by Dalit laborers.^[39]
• 1976  - EgyptAir Flight 864, a Boeing 707-366C, crashes on approach to Don Mueang International Airport, killing 71 people.^[40]
• 1977  - Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin meets in Egypt with its president Anwar Sadat.
• 1986  - Iraqi Airways Flight 163, a Boeing 737-270C, is hijacked and crashes in Arar, Saudi Arabia, killing 63 people.^[41]
• 1989  - Romanian Revolution: Deposed President of Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife, Elena, are condemned to death and executed after a summary trial.^[42]
• 1991  - Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as President of the Soviet Union (the union itself is dissolved the next day). Ukraine's referendum is finalized and Ukraine officially leaves the Soviet Union.^[43]
• 1996  - The body of American child beauty queen JonBenét Ramsey was found in her family's Boulder, Colorado, home. Her murder remains unsolved.^[44]
• 1999  - Cubana de Aviación Flight 310, a Yakovlev Yak-42, crashes near Bejuma, Carabobo State, Venezuela, killing 22 people.^[45]
• 2003  - UTA Flight 141, a Boeing 727-223, crashes at the Cotonou Airport in Benin, killing 141 people.^[46]
• 2003  - The ill-fated Beagle 2 probe, released from the Mars Express spacecraft on December 19, stops transmitting shortly before its scheduled landing.^[47]
• 2004  - The Cassini orbiter releases Huygens probe which successfully landed on Saturn's moon Titan on January 14, 2005.
• 2012  - An Antonov An-72 plane crashes close to the city of Shymkent, killing 27 people.^{[48] [49]}
• 2012  - Air Bagan Flight 011, a Fokker 100, crashes on approach to Heho Airport in Heho, Myanmar, killing two people.^[50]
• 2016  - A Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev Tu-154 carrying members of the Alexandrov Ensemble crashes into the Black Sea shortly after takeoff, killing all 92 people on board.^[51]
• 2019  - Twenty people are killed and thousands are left homeless by Typhoon Phanfone in the Philippines.^[52]
• 2020  - An explosion in Nashville, Tennessee, occurs, leaving three civilians in the hospital.^[53]
• 2021  - The James Webb Space Telescope is launched.^[54]

Births

Pre-1600

• 1250  - John IV Laskaris, Byzantine emperor (d. 1305)
• 1281  - Alice de Lacy, 4th Countess of Lincoln (d. 1348)
• 1400  - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1487)
• 1424  - Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France (d. 1445)
• 1461  - Christina of Saxony, Queen consort of Denmark (d. 1521)
• 1490  - Francesco Marinoni, Italian Roman Catholic priest (d. 1562)
• 1493  - Antoinette de Bourbon, French noblewoman (d. 1583)
• 1505  - Christine of Saxony, German noblewoman (d. 1549)
• 1564  - Johannes Buxtorf, German Calvinist theologian (d. 1629)
• 1583  - Orlando Gibbons, English organist and composer (d. 1625)
• 1584  - Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain (d. 1611)

1601–1900

• 1601  - Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d. 1675)
• 1628  - Noël Coypel, French painter and educator (d. 1707)^[55]
• 1642  - Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician (d. 1727)^[56]
• 1652  - Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician, anatomist, and scholar (d. 1713)
• 1665  - Lady Grizel Baillie, Scottish-English poet and songwriter (d. 1746)
• 1674  - Thomas Halyburton, Scottish minister and theologian (d. 1712)
• 1686  - Giovanni Battista Somis, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1763)^[57]
• 1700  - Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1758)
• 1711  - Jean-Joseph de Mondonville, French violinist and composer (d. 1772)^[58]
• 1716  - Johann Jakob Reiske, German physician and scholar (d. 1774)
• 1717  - Pope Pius VI (d. 1799)^[59]
• 1728  - Johann Adam Hiller, German composer and conductor (d. 1804)^[60]
• 1730  - Filippo Mazzei, Italian-American physician and philosopher (d. 1816)^[61]
• 1745  - Chevalier de Saint-Georges, Caribbean-French violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1799)^[62]
• 1757  - Benjamin Pierce, American general and politician, 17th Governor of New Hampshire (d. 1839)^[63]
• 1766  - Christmas Evans, Welsh Nonconformist preacher (d. 1838)
• 1771  - Dorothy Wordsworth, English diarist and poet (d. 1855)
• 1776  - Sydney, Lady Morgan, Irish author and poet (d. 1859)
• 1810  - L. L. Langstroth, American apiarist, clergyman and teacher (d. 1895)^[64]
• 1821  - Clara Barton, American nurse and humanitarian, founder of the American Red Cross (d. 1912)^[65]
• 1825  - Stephen F. Chadwick, American lawyer and politician, 5th Governor of Oregon (d. 1895)
• 1829  - Patrick Gilmore, Irish-American composer and bandleader (d. 1892)^[66]
• 1856  - Pud Galvin, American baseball player and manager (d. 1902)
• 1861  - Francis Henry Buzzacott, American hunter, explorer and army scout famous for writing Buzzacott's Masterpiece (d. 1947)^[67]
• 1861  - Madan Mohan Malaviya, Indian educator, lawyer, and politician, President of the Indian National Congress (d. 1946)
• 1865  - Evangeline Booth, English 4th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1950)
• 1869  - Charles Finger, English-American journalist and author (d. 1941)
• 1872  - Helena Rubinstein, Polish-American businesswoman and philanthropist (d. 1965)
• 1873  - Otto Frederick Hunziker, Swiss-American agriculturalist and educator (d. 1959)
• 1874  - Lina Cavalieri, Italian soprano and actress (d. 1944)^[68]
• 1875  - Francis Aveling, Canadian psychologist and priest (d. 1941)
• 1875  - Theodor Innitzer, Austrian cardinal (d. 1955)
• 1876  - Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Indian-Pakistani lawyer and politician, 1st Governor-General of Pakistan (d. 1948)
• 1876  - Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959)
• 1878  - Louis Chevrolet, American race car driver and businessman, co-founded Chevrolet (d. 1941)
• 1878  - Noël, Countess of Rothes, British philanthropist, social leader and heroine of Titanic disaster (d. 1956)
• 1878  - Joseph M. Schenck, Russian-American film producer (d. 1961)^[69]
• 1883  - Hugo Bergmann, Czech-Israeli philosopher and academic (d. 1975)
• 1883  - Hana Meisel, Belarusian-Israeli agronomist and politician (d. 1972)
• 1884  - Samuel Berger, American boxer (d. 1925)
• 1884  - Evelyn Nesbit, American model and actress (d. 1967)^[70]
• 1886  - Malak Hifni Nasif, Egyptian poet and activist (d. 1918)
• 1886  - Kid Ory, American trombonist and bandleader (d. 1973)
• 1887  - Conrad Hilton, American entrepreneur (d. 1979)^[71]
• 1889  - Lila Bell Wallace, American publisher and philanthropist, co-founded Reader's Digest (d. 1984)^[72]
• 1890  - Noel Odell, English geologist and mountaineer (d. 1987)
• 1891  - Kenneth Anderson, Indian-English general and politician, Governor of Gibraltar (d. 1959)
• 1891  - Clarrie Grimmett, New Zealand-Australian cricketer (d. 1980)
• 1899  - Humphrey Bogart, American actor (d. 1957)

1901–present

• 1901  - Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (d. 2004)^[73]
• 1902  - William Bell, American tuba player and educator (d. 1971)
• 1902  - Barton MacLane, American actor, playwright, and screenwriter (d. 1969)
• 1903  - Antiochos Evangelatos, Greek composer and conductor (d. 1981)
• 1904  - Gerhard Herzberg, German-Canadian physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
• 1904  - Philip Vera Cruz, Filipino-American labor leader and farmworker (d. 1994)^[74]
• 1906  - Lew Grade, Baron Grade, Ukrainian-English film producer (d. 1998)
• 1906  - Ernst Ruska, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)
• 1907  - Cab Calloway, American singer-songwriter and bandleader (d. 1994)
• 1907  - Mike Mazurki, Ukrainian-American wrestler and actor (d. 1990)
• 1907  - Glenn McCarthy, American businessman, founded the Shamrock Hotel (d. 1988)
• 1908  - Quentin Crisp, English author and illustrator (d. 1999)
• 1908  - Ernest L. Massad, American general (d. 1993)
• 1908  - Jo-Jo Moore, American baseball player (d. 2001)
• 1909  - Zora Arkus-Duntov, Belgian-American engineer (d. 1996)
• 1911  - Louise Bourgeois, French-American sculptor and painter (d. 2010)
• 1913  - Candy Candido, American singer, bass player, and voice actor (d. 1999)
• 1913  - Tony Martin, American singer (d. 2012)
• 1914  - James Fletcher Jnr, New Zealand businessman (d. 2007)
• 1914  - Oscar Lewis, American anthropologist of Latin America (d. 1970)
• 1915  - Pete Rugolo, Italian-American composer and producer (d. 2011)
• 1916  - Ahmed Ben Bella, Algerian soldier and politician, 1st President of Algeria (d. 2012)
• 1917  - Arseny Mironov, Russian scientist, engineer, pilot, oldest active researcher in aircraft aerodynamics and flight testing (d. 2019)
• 1917  - Lincoln Verduga Loor, Ecuadorian journalist and politician (d. 2009)
• 1918  - Anwar Sadat, Egyptian lieutenant and politician, 3rd President of Egypt, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)^[75]
• 1919  - Naushad Ali, Indian composer and director (d. 2006)
• 1919  - Paul David, Canadian cardiologist and politician, founded the Montreal Heart Institute (d. 1999)
• 1919  - Noele Gordon, English actress (d. 1985)^[76]
• 1921  - Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah, Indian-Pakistani journalist and author (d. 2000)
• 1921  - Steve Otto, Polish-Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1989)
• 1922  - William Demby, American author (d. 2013)
• 1923  - René Girard, French-American historian, philosopher, and critic (d. 2015)
• 1923  - Louis Lane, American conductor and educator (d. 2016)
• 1924  - Rod Serling, American screenwriter and producer, created The Twilight Zone (d. 1975)
• 1924  - Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Indian poet and politician, 10th Prime Minister of India (d. 2018)
• 1925  - Carlos Castaneda, Peruvian-American anthropologist and author (d. 1998)
• 1925  - Ned Garver, American baseball player (d. 2017)
• 1925  - Sam Pollock, Canadian businessman (d. 2007)
• 1926  - Enrique Jorrín, Cuban violinist and composer (d. 1987)
• 1927  - Nellie Fox, American baseball player and coach (d. 1975)
• 1927  - Ram Narayan, Indian sarangi player (d. 2024)
• 1928  - Irish McCalla, American actress and model (d. 2002)
• 1928  - Dick Miller, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2019)
• 1929  - Christine M. Jones, American educator and politician (d. 2013)
• 1929  - China Machado, Chinese-born Portuguese-American fashion model, editor and television producer (d. 2016)
• 1929  - Chris Kenner, American singer and songwriter (d. 1976)^[77]
• 1930  - Emmanuel Agassi, Iranian-American boxer and coach (d. 2021)
• 1930  - Armenak Alachachian, Armenian basketball player and coach (d. 2017)
• 1930  - Mary Rose Tuitt, Montserrat politician (d. 2005)^[78]
• 1932  - Mabel King, American actress and singer (d. 1999)
• 1933  - Basil Heatley, English runner (d. 2019)
• 1935  - Sadiq al-Mahdi, Sudanese politician, Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 2020)
• 1935  - Stephen Barnett, American scholar and academic (d. 2009)
• 1935  - Jeanne Hopkins Lucas, American educator and politician (d. 2007)
• 1936  - Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
• 1936  - Ismail Merchant, Indian-English director and producer (d. 2005)
• 1937  - Maung Aye, Burmese military officer^[79]
• 1937  - O'Kelly Isley Jr., American R&B/soul singer-songwriter (d. 1986)
• 1938  - Duane Armstrong, American painter
• 1938  - Noel Picard, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2017)
• 1939  - Ghulam Ahmad Bilour, Pakistani businessman and politician
• 1939  - Bob James, American keyboard player, songwriter, and producer
• 1939  - Akong Rinpoche, Tibetan-Chinese spiritual leader (d. 2013)
• 1940  - Hilary Spurling, English journalist and author
• 1941  - Kenneth Calman, Scottish physician and academic
• 1942  - Françoise Dürr, French tennis player and coach^[80]
• 1942  - Barbara Follett, English politician
• 1942  - Barry Goldberg, American keyboard player, songwriter, and producer
• 1942  - Enrique Morente, Spanish singer-songwriter (d. 2010)
• 1943  - Wilson Fittipaldi Júnior, Brazilian race car driver and businessman (d. 2024)
• 1943  - Ravish Malhotra, Indian pilot and military officer^[81]
• 1943  - Eve Pollard, English journalist and author
• 1943  - Hanna Schygulla, German actress^[82]
• 1943  - Jacqui McShee, English singer^[83]
• 1944  - Kenny Everett, British comedian and broadcaster (d. 1995)
• 1944  - Jairzinho, Brazilian footballer
• 1944  - Sam Strahan, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2019)
• 1945  - Rick Berman, American screenwriter and producer
• 1945  - Mike Pringle, Zambian-Scottish lawyer and politician
• 1945  - Noel Redding, English singer-songwriter and bass player (d. 2003)
• 1945  - Ken Stabler, American football player and sportscaster (d. 2015)
• 1946  - Jimmy Buffett, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and actor (d. 2023)
• 1948  - Merry Clayton, American singer and actress
• 1948  - Kay Hymowitz, American sociologist and writer
• 1948  - Barbara Mandrell, American singer-songwriter and actress
• 1948  - Joel Santana, Brazilian footballer and manager
• 1949  - Simone Bittencourt de Oliveira, Brazilian singer
• 1949  - Nawaz Sharif, Pakistani politician, 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan
• 1949  - Sissy Spacek, American actress^[84]
• 1950  - Peter Boardman, English mountaineer and author (d. 1982)
• 1950  - Karl Rove, American political strategist and activist
• 1950  - Manny Trillo, Venezuelan baseball player and manager
• 1952  - Tolossa Kotu, Ethiopian runner and coach
• 1952  - CCH Pounder, Guyanese-American actress
• 1952  - Desireless, French singer and songwriter^[85]
• 1953  - Kaarlo Maaninka, Finnish runner
• 1954  - Annie Lennox, Scottish singer-songwriter and pianist
• 1957  - Mansoor Akhtar, Pakistani cricketer
• 1957  - Chris Kamara, English footballer and sportscaster
• 1957  - Shane MacGowan, English-Irish singer-songwriter (d. 2023)
• 1958  - Cheryl Chase, American voice actress and singer
• 1958  - Rickey Henderson, American baseball player and coach^[82]
• 1958  - Konstantin Kinchev, Russian singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1958  - Alannah Myles, Canadian singer-songwriter and actress
• 1959  - Michael P. Anderson, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2003)
• 1959  - Ramdas Athawale, Indian poet and politician
• 1961  - Íngrid Betancourt, Colombian political scientist and politician
• 1962  - Francis Dunnery, English musician
• 1964  - Ian Bostridge, English tenor
• 1964  - Gary McAllister, Scottish footballer and manager
• 1965  - Ed Davey, English politician, Leader of the Liberal Democrats
• 1965  - Dmitri Mironov, Russian ice hockey player^[86]
• 1965  - David Rath, Czech physician and politician
• 1966  - Toshi Arai, Japanese race car driver
• 1967  - Andreas Haitzer, Austrian politician^[87]
• 1967  - Jason Thirsk, American bass player (d. 1996)
• 1968  - Helena Christensen, Danish model and actress
• 1968  - Jim Dowd, American ice hockey player
• 1969  - Nicolas Godin, French musician
• 1969  - Noel Goldthorpe, Australian rugby league player
• 1969  - Frederick Onyancha, Kenyan runner
• 1970  - Emmanuel Amunike, Nigerian footballer and manager
• 1970  - Rodney Dent, American basketball player
• 1971  - Dido, English singer-songwriter
• 1971  - Noel Hogan, Irish musician and songwriter
• 1971  - Justin Trudeau, Canadian educator and politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Canada
• 1972  - Mac Powell, American singer-songwriter and producer
• 1972  - Qu Yunxia, Chinese runner
• 1973  - Robbie Elliott, English footballer and coach
• 1973  - Chris Harris, American wrestler
• 1973  - Daisuke Miura, Japanese baseball player and coach
• 1973  - Alexandre Trudeau, Canadian journalist and director
• 1975  - Hideki Okajima, Japanese baseball player
• 1975  - Choi Sung-yong, South Korean footballer and manager
• 1975  - Marcus Trescothick, English cricketer
• 1976  - Tuomas Holopainen, Finnish keyboard player, songwriter, and producer
• 1976  - Atko Väikmeri, Estonian footballer
• 1976  - Armin van Buuren, Dutch DJ and record producer
• 1977  - Ali Tandoğan, Turkish footballer
• 1977  - Israel Vázquez, Mexican boxer
• 1978  - Simon Jones, Welsh cricketer
• 1978  - Joel Porter, Australian footballer and manager
• 1978  - Jeremy Strong, American actor
• 1979  - Ferman Akgül, Turkish singer-songwriter
• 1979  - Laurent Bonnart, French footballer
• 1979  - Robert Huff, English race car driver
• 1979  - Hyun Young-min, South Korean footballer
• 1980  - Laura Sadler, English actress (d. 2003)
• 1980  - Marcus Trufant, American football player
• 1981  - Trenesha Biggers, American wrestler and model
• 1981  - Camille Herron, American ultramarathon runner^[88]
• 1981  - Christian Holst, Danish-Faroese footballer
• 1981  - Willy Taveras, Dominican baseball player
• 1982  - Shawn Andrews, American football player
• 1982  - Rob Edwards, Welsh footballer
• 1982  - Ethan Kath, Canadian keyboard player, songwriter and producer
• 1982  - Chris Rene, American singer-songwriter and producer
• 1984  - Chris Cahill, Samoan footballer
• 1984  - Alastair Cook, English cricketer
• 1984  - Jessica Origliasso, Australian singer, actress, and fashion designer
• 1984  - Lisa Origliasso, Australian singer, actress, and fashion designer
• 1984  - Chris Richard, American basketball player
• 1985  - Martin Mathathi, Kenyan runner
• 1985  - Rusev, Bulgarian-American professional wrestler
• 1985  - Perdita Weeks, Welsh actress
• 1987  - Ceyhun Gülselam, Turkish footballer
• 1987  - Demaryius Thomas, American football player (d. 2021)^[89]
• 1988  - Eric Gordon, American basketball player^[90]
• 1988  - Lukas Hinds-Johnson, German rugby player^[91]
• 1988  - Joãozinho, Brazilian footballer^[92]
• 1991  - Avu-chan, Japanese musician, songwriter, actor, model and producer^[93]
• 1992  - Mitakeumi Hisashi, Japanese sumo wrestler^[94]
• 1993  - Emi Takei, Japanese actress, fashion model and singer^[95]
• 1999  - Adut Akech, South Sudanese-Australian fashion model^[96]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 304  - Saint Anastasia
• 795  - Pope Adrian I
• 820  - Emperor Leo V
• 936  - Zhang Jingda, general of Later Tang
• 940  - Makan ibn Kaki, Iranian general
• 1147  - Guy II, Count of Ponthieu (b.)
• 1156  - Peter the Venerable, French abbot and saint (b. 1092)
• 1156  - Sverker the Elder, king of Sweden
• 1294  - Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania
• 1395  - Elisabeth, Countess of Neuchâtel, Swiss ruler
• 1406  - Henry III of Castile (b. 1379)
• 1505  - George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent, English politician (b. 1454)
• 1553  - Pedro de Valdivia, Spanish explorer and politician, 1st Royal Governor of Chile (b. 1500)

1601–1900

• 1634  - Lettice Knollys, English noblewoman (b. 1543)^[97]
• 1635  - Samuel de Champlain, French soldier, geographer, and explorer (b. 1567)
• 1676  - William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire (b. 1592)
• 1676  - Matthew Hale, English lawyer and jurist, Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales (b. 1609)
• 1683  - Kara Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman general and politician, 111th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1634)
• 1708  - Jørgen Thormøhlen, German-Norwegian merchant (b. c.1640)^[98]
• 1730  - Henry Scott, 1st Earl of Deloraine, Scottish peer and general (b. 1676)
• 1758  - James Hervey, English priest and author (b. 1714)
• 1784  - Yosa Buson, Japanese poet and painter (b. 1716)
• 1796  - Velu Nachiyar, Queen of Sivagangai (b. 1730)
• 1824  - Barbara von Krüdener, German mystic and author (b. 1764)
• 1824  - William Lawless, Irish revolutionary, later French Army general (b. 1772)
• 1868  - Linus Yale, Jr., American engineer and businessman (b. 1821)
• 1875  - Young Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (b. 1851)
• 1880  - Fridolin Anderwert, Swiss lawyer and politician, President of the Swiss National Council (b. 1828)

1901–present

• 1916  - Albert Chmielowski, Polish saint, founded the Albertine Brothers (b. 1845)
• 1921  - Vladimir Korolenko, Russian journalist, author, and activist (b. 1853)
• 1925  - Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst and author (b. 1877)
• 1926  - Emperor Taishō of Japan (b. 1879)
• 1928  - Miles Burke, American boxer (b. 1885)
• 1930  - Jakob Mändmets, Estonian journalist and author (b. 1871)
• 1933  - Francesc Macià, Catalan colonel and politician, 122nd President of Catalonia (b. 1859)
• 1935  - Paul Bourget, French author and critic (b. 1852)
• 1938  - Karel Čapek, Czech author and playwright (b. 1890)
• 1940  - Agnes Ayres, American actress (b. 1898)
• 1941  - Richard S. Aldrich, American lawyer and politician (b. 1884)
• 1944  - George Steer, South African-English journalist and author (b. 1909)
• 1946  - W. C. Fields, American actor, comedian, juggler, and screenwriter (b. 1880)
• 1947  - Gaspar G. Bacon, American lawyer and politician, 51st Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (b. 1886)
• 1949  - Leon Schlesinger, American animator and producer, founded Warner Bros. Cartoons (b. 1884)
• 1950  - Neil Francis Hawkins, English politician (b. 1903)
• 1952  - Margrethe Mather, American photographer (b. 1886)
• 1953  - Patsy Donovan, Irish-American baseball player and manager (b. 1865)^[99]
• 1953  - William Haselden, British cartoonist (b. 1872)
• 1956  - Robert Walser, Swiss author and playwright (b. 1878)
• 1957  - Charles Pathé, French record producer, founded Pathé Records (b. 1863)
• 1961  - Owen Brewster, American captain, lawyer, and politician, 54th Governor of Maine (b. 1888)
• 1961  - Otto Loewi, German-American pharmacologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1873)
• 1963  - Tristan Tzara, Romanian-French poet, playwright, painter, and critic (b. 1896)
• 1970  - Michael Peto, Hungarian-English photographer and journalist (b. 1908)
• 1973  - İsmet İnönü, Turkish general and politician, 2nd President of Turkey (b. 1884)
• 1973  - Gabriel Voisin, French pilot and engineer (b. 1880)
• 1975  - Gaston Gallimard, French publisher, founded Éditions Gallimard (b. 1881)
• 1975  - Gunnar Kangro, Estonian mathematician and author (b. 1913)
• 1977  - Charlie Chaplin, English actor and director (b. 1889)
• 1979  - Joan Blondell, American actress and singer (b. 1906)
• 1979  - Jordi Bonet, Canadian painter and sculptor (b. 1932)
• 1980  - Fred Emney, English actor and comedian (b. 1900)
• 1983  - Joan Miró, Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1893)
• 1988  - Shōhei Ōoka, Japanese author and critic (b. 1909)
• 1988  - Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle, English entomologist and lepidopterist (b. 1920)
• 1989  - Benny Binion, American poker player and businessman (b. 1904)
• 1989  - Elena Ceaușescu, Romanian politician, First Lady of Romania (b. 1916)
• 1989  - Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romanian general and politician, 1st President of Romania (b. 1918)
• 1989  - Betty Garde, American actress (b. 1905)
• 1989  - Frederick F. Houser, American judge and politician, 34th Lieutenant Governor of California (b. 1905)
• 1989  - Billy Martin, American baseball player and manager (b. 1928)
• 1989  - Robert Pirosh, American director and screenwriter (b. 1910)
• 1991  - Wilbur Snyder, American football player and wrestler (b. 1929)
• 1992  - Monica Dickens, British-American nurse and author (b. 1915)
• 1993  - Pierre Victor Auger, French physicist and academic (b. 1899)
• 1994  - Zail Singh, Indian politician, 7th President of India (b. 1916)
• 1995  - Emmanuel Levinas, Lithuanian-French philosopher and academic (b. 1906)
• 1995  - Dean Martin, American singer and actor (b. 1917)
• 1995  - Chang Kee-ryo, Korean surgeon (b. 1914)
• 1996  - Bill Hewitt, Canadian sportscaster (b. 1928)
• 1997  - Anatoli Boukreev, Kazakh mountaineer and explorer (b. 1958)
• 1997  - Denver Pyle, American actor (b. 1920)
• 1998  - John Pulman, English snooker player (b. 1923)^[100]
• 2000  - Neil Hawke, Australian cricketer and footballer (b. 1939)
• 2000  - Willard Van Orman Quine, American philosopher and academic (b. 1908)
• 2001  - Alfred A. Tomatis, French otolaryngologist and academic (b. 1920)
• 2003  - Nicholas Mavroules, American politician (b. 1929)
• 2004  - Gennadi Strekalov, Russian engineer and astronaut (b. 1940)
• 2005  - Derek Bailey, English guitarist (b. 1930)
• 2005  - Robert Barbers, Filipino police officer, lawyer, and politician, 15th Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (b. 1944)
• 2005  - Birgit Nilsson, Swedish operatic soprano (b. 1918)
• 2005  - Joseph Pararajasingham, Sri Lankan journalist, businessman, and politician (b. 1934)
• 2006  - James Brown, American singer-songwriter (b. 1933)^[101]
• 2007  - Des Barrick, English cricketer (b. 1927)^[102]
• 2007  - Jim Beauchamp, American baseball player and coach (b. 1939)^[103]
• 2008  - Eartha Kitt, American singer and actress (b. 1927)^[104]
• 2009  - Vic Chesnutt, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1964)^[105]
• 2010  - Carlos Andrés Pérez, Venezuelan politician, 66th President of Venezuela (b. 1922)^[106]
• 2011  - Giorgio Bocca, Italian journalist (b. 1920)^[107]
• 2011  - Jim Sherwood, American saxophonist (b. 1942)^[108]
• 2011  - Simms Taback, American author and illustrator (b. 1932)^[109]
• 2012  - Erico Aumentado, Filipino journalist, lawyer, and politician (b. 1940)^[110]
• 2012  - Halfdan Hegtun, Norwegian radio host and politician (b. 1918)^[111]
• 2012  - Joe Krivak, American football player and coach (b. 1935)^[112]
• 2012  - Turki bin Sultan, Saudi Arabian politician (b. 1959)^[113]
• 2012  - Şerafettin Elçi, Turkish lawyer, politician, government minister (b. 1938)^[114]
• 2013  - Anthony J. Bryant, American historian and author (b. 1961)^[115]
• 2013  - David R. Harris, English geographer, anthropologist, archaeologist and academic (b. 1930)^[116]
• 2013  - Wayne Harrison, English footballer (b. 1967)^[117]
• 2013  - Mike Hegan, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1942)^[118]
• 2013  - Lola Lange, Canadian rural feminist and appointee to the Royal Commission on the Status of Women (b. 1922)^[119]
• 2013  - Mel Mathay, Filipino politician, 8th Mayor of Quezon City (b. 1932)^[120]
• 2014  - Ricardo Porro, Cuban-French architect (b. 1925)^[121]
• 2014  - Geoff Pullar, English cricketer (b. 1935)^[122]
• 2014  - David Ryall, English actor (b. 1935)^[123]
• 2015  - George Clayton Johnson, American author and screenwriter (b. 1929)^[124]
• 2015  - Dorothy M. Murdock, American author and historian (b. 1961)^[125]
• 2016  - Valery Khalilov, Russian military musician and composer (b. 1952)^[126]
• 2016  - George Michael, British singer and songwriter (b. 1963)^[127]
• 2016  - Vera Rubin, American astronomer (b. 1928)^[128]
• 2017  - D. Herbert Lipson, American magazine publisher (Philadelphia, Boston) (b. 1929)^[129]
• 2018  - Sulagitti Narasamma, Indian midwife (b. 1920)^[130]
• 2019  - Ari Behn, Norwegian writer (b. 1972)^[131]
• 2020  - K. C. Jones, American basketball player and coach (b. 1932)^[132]
• 2021  - Wayne Thiebaud, American artist (b. 1920)^[133]
• 2022  - Fabián O'Neill, Uruguayan footballer (b. 1973)^[134]
• 2023  - Jim Breaks, British wrestler (b. 1940)^[135]

Holidays and observances

• Children's Day (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of Congo)
• Christian feast day:
  • Anastasia of Sirmium (Catholic Church)
  • Stephen (Armenian Apostolic Church)
  • December 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Christmas Day, Christian festival commemorating the birth of Jesus. (Internationally observed)
• Tulsi Pujan Diwas (India)
• Constitution Day (Taiwan)
• Good Governance Day (India)
• Quaid-e-Azam's Day (Pakistan)
• Takanakuy (Chumbivilcas Province, Peru)

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on December 25

Notes and References

1. Book: Twitchett . Denis . The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220 . Fairbank . John King . Loewe . Michael . Cambridge University Press . 1978 . 978-0-521-24327-8 . 255.
2. Book: Clauss, Manfred . Die römischen Kaiser - 55 historische Portraits von Caesar bis Iustinian . C.H.Beck . 2001 . 978-3-406-47288-6 . 250.
3. Book: Jones . A.H.M. . [{{googlebooks|uOHw4idqAeYC|plainurl=y}} The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395 ]. J.R. Martindale . J. Morris . Cambridge University Press . 1971 . 0-521-07233-6 . 220 . A. H. M. Jones . John Robert Martindale . John Morris (historian) . amp.
4. Encyclopedia: 2002 . Christmas and its cycle . New Catholic Encyclopedia . Catholic University of America Press . 2nd . 3 . 551.
5. Book: Syvanne, Ikka . Military History of Late Rome . Pen and Sword . 2015 . 9781848848559 . 323.
6. Danuta . Shanzer . March 1998 . Dating the baptism of Clovis: the bishop of Vienne vs the bishop of Tours . Early Medieval Europe . 7 . 1 . 29–57 . 10.1111/1468-0254.00017 . 161819012.
7. Charlemagne. Thomas Joseph Shahan & Ewan Macpherson.
8. Book: Lidov, Alexei . Jerusalem as Narrative Space / Erzählraum Jerusalem . 2012-10-19 . Brill . 978-90-04-22625-8 . Hoffmann . Annette . Visualising the Middle Ages . 6 . Leiden-Boston . 66 . A Byzantine Jerusalem. The Imperial Pharos Chapel as the Holy Sepulchre . Alexei Lidov . Wolf . Gerhard . http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/3595/1/Lidov_A_Byzantine_Jerusalem_The_Imperial_Pharos_Chapel_2012.pdf . https://web.archive.org/web/20170115175252/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/3595/1/Lidov_A_Byzantine_Jerusalem_The_Imperial_Pharos_Chapel_2012.pdf . 2017-01-15 . live . amp.
9. Book: Engel, Pál . The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 . I.B. Tauris Publishers . 2001 . 978-1-86064-061-2 . 27 . Pál Engel.
10. Book: James, Panton . Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy . Scarecrow Press . 2011 . 9780810874978 . 470.
11. Web site: CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Clement II . www.newadvent.org . He was enthroned in St. Peter's on Christmas Day and took the name of Clement II. .... His first pontifical act was to place the imperial crown upon his benefactor and the queen-consort, Agnes of Aquitaine. The new emperor received from the Romans and the pope the title and diadem of a Roman Patricius....
12. Web site: Sanders . Kevin . 22 December 2016 . How William the Conqueror spent Christmas in 1066 . 24 December 2020 . English Heritage Blog.
13. Book: Murray, Alan V. . The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099–1125 . Prosopographica et Geneologica . 2000 . 978-1-9009-3403-9 . 96.
14. Web site: Roger II Facts & Biography . 14 July 2020 . Encyclopedia Britannica . en.
15. Book: Korobeinikov, Dimitri . Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century . Oxford University Press . 2014 . 9780191017940 . 237.
16. Book: Columbus . Christopher . The life of Christopher Columbus, from his own letters and journals and other documents of his time . Hale . Edward Everett . G.L. Howe & Co. . 1891 . 9780665053122 . Chicago . 133 . Christopher Columbus . Edward Everett Hale.
17. Encyclopedia: Pius IV . Britannica Online . 5 December 2023 .
18. Web site: Messier's "Notes on my comets" . It was discovered, [...] at Aprohlis, near Dresden, by a farmer named Palitzsch, on the 25th of December 1758[...].
19. Book: Barros Arana, Diego . Historia General de Chile . . 2000 . 2 . VI . Santiago, Chile . 235 . es . Diego Barros Arana . 1886.
20. Web site: Washington Crossing Historic Park . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100330060254/http://www.ushistory.org/washingtoncrossing/ . 2010-03-30 . 2010-01-27 . Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
21. Web site: 31 January 2021 . Corps of Discovery. United States Army. . 2 July 2021 . U.S. Army Center of Military History.
22. Cirocco . WC . March 2019 . The Christmas miracle of 1809: How a "backwoodsman without a diploma to practice" became the father of abdominal surgery. . American Journal of Surgery . 217 . 3 . 578–589 . 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.01.003 . 30670290 . 58947639 . 23 December 2020.
23. Encyclopedia: Story: Missions and missionaries . Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . 6 September 2021.
24. Book: Turner, Mary . Slaves and Missionaries . 1998 . Press University of the West Indies . 9789766400453 . 154.
25. Web site: Katz . William Loren . Resistance To US Occupation, Florida, 1837 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071026144304/http://www.williamlkatz.com/Essays/CurrentEvents/FloridaResistance.php . 26 October 2007 . September 6, 2021.
26. Book: Randall . J.G. . The Civil War and Reconstruction . Donald . David . 1966 . D.C. Heath and Company . 2nd . 560561.
27. Book: Ashworth, Tony . Trench Warfare 1914–1918: The Live-and-Let-Live System . Pan . 2000 . 0330480685 . London.
28. Book: Ke-wen Wang . Modern China: an encyclopedia of history, culture, and nationalism . Taylor & Francis . 1998 . 0-8153-0720-9 . 230 . 2010-10-31.
29. Web site: Sofia Babu . 2020 . 25th December 1927, Manusmriti Dahan Divas: A historical day to remember . 14 December 2021.
30. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
31. Book: Hoyt, Edwin P. . How They Won the War in the Pacific: Nimitz and His Admirals . 2012 . Lyons Press . 9780762772858 . Guilford, Conn. . 25.
32. Book: Weintraub, Stanley . Pearl Harbor Christmas: A World at War, December 1941 . 2011 . Da Capo Press . 9780306820618 . Cambridge, Mass. . 99.
33. News: 8 December 2008 . Hong Kong's "Black Christmas" . China Daily . 7 September 2021.
34. University of New Brunswick UNB Canadian Military Planning and the St. Pierre and Miquelon Affair, 1940 . Acadiensis . 9 September 2003 . 47 . Auger . Martin F. .
35. Web site: The World's Oldest Operating Reactor: The Russian F-1 . 7 September 2021 . The Nuclear Weapon Archive.
36. News: 29 March 2004 . Defining our destiny . The Scotsman . dead . 7 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131227073141/http://www.scotsman.com/news/defining-our-destiny-1-519098 . 27 December 2013.
37. Web site: Crist . Charlie . 2006-08-16 . The Christmas 1951 Murders of Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore; Results of the Attorney General's Investigation: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20061113223626/http://www.nbbd.com/godo/moore/investigation/0608MooreExecSum.pdf . 2006-11-13 . 2018-02-27.
38. Book: Orloff, Richard W. . Apollo by the Numbers . 2000 . . 9780160506314 . 39.
39. News: Manikandan . M . 24 December 2017 . Fire of 1968 still burning inside . The New Indian Express . 7 September 2021.
40. Web site: Ranter . Harro . ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-366C SU-AXA Bangkok-Don Muang International Airport (BKK) . 2019-12-23 . aviation-safety.net . Aviation Safety Network.
41. Web site: Ranter . Harro . ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-270C YI-AGJ Arar . 2020-10-25 . aviation-safety.net . Aviation Safety Network.
42. News: Boyes . Roger . 24 December 2009 . Ceausescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die . The Times . London . https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155855/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6967099.ece . dead . June 4, 2011 . subscription . 7 September 2021.
43. Book: Taubman, William . Gorbachev: His Life and Times . Simon and Schuster . 2017 . 978-1471147968 . New York City . 638.
44. Web site: Text of JonBenét autopsy report . December 27, 1996 . Office of the Boulder County Coroner . September 9, 2021 . October 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211023182740/https://www.denverpost.com/1996/08/13/text-of-jonbenet-autopsy-report/ . live .
45. Web site: Ranter . Harro . ASN Aircraft accident Yakovlev Yak-42D CU-T1285 Bejuma . 2020-12-24 . aviation-safety.net . Aviation Safety Network.
46. Web site: Final report Accident on 25 December 2003 at Cotonou Cadjèhoun aerodrome (Benin) to the Boeing 727-223 registered 3X-GDO operated by UTA (Union des Transports Africains) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063823/http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225a/pdf/3x-o031225a.pdf . 2011-07-21 . 7 September 2021 . www.bea.aero . Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile.
47. News: Clark . Stuart . 17 January 2015 . Beagle 2 spacecraft found intact on surface of Mars after 11 years . The Guardian . 7 September 2021.
48. Web site: Accident description . 7 September 2021 . Aviation Safety Network.
49. Web site: 26 December 2012 . Kazakhstan military plane crash 'kills 27' near Shymkent . 7 September 2021 . BBC News.
50. Web site: Ranter . Harro . ASN Aircraft accident Fokker 100 XY-AGC Heho Airport (HEH) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121227225233/http://aviation-safety.net:80/database/record.php?id=20121225-0 . 2012-12-27 . 2021-12-22 . aviation-safety.net . Aviation Safety Network.
51. Web site: Accident description . 7 September 2021 . Aviation Safety Network.
52. Web site: Jim Gomez . Dec 26, 2019 . Christmas Typhoon Leaves 20 Dead In Philippines . HuffPost.
53. Web site: Police believe RV explosion on Second Avenue North 'an intentional act' . December 25, 2020.
54. Web site: Ariane Flight VA256 - Arianespace . 26 December 2021 . Arianespace.
55. Klingsöhr-Leroy . Cathrin . Coypel, Noël . Oxford Art Online . 2003 . 10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000369637. 978-1-884446-05-4 .
56. Kollerstrom . Nicholas . Newton, Isaac . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . 2007 . 830–832 . 10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1008. 978-0-387-31022-0 .
57. Basso . Alberto . Somis, Giovanni Battista . 2001 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26178.
58. Signorile . Marc . Mondonville, Jean-Joseph Cassanéa de . 2001 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18945.
59. Web site: Pius VI pope . 10 December 2020 . Encyclopedia Britannica . en.
60. Abert . Anna Amalie . Bauman . Thomas . Hiller, Johann Adam . 2001 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13043.
61. Idzerda . Stanley J. . Mazzei, Philip (1730-1816), physician, merchant, and agent of Virginia during the American Revolution . February 2000 . 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300595.
62. Banat . Gabriel . Saint-Georges [Saint-George], Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de . 2001 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24316.
63. Lowery . Charles D. . Pierce, Benjamin (1757-1839), governor of New Hampshire . February 2000 . 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300382.
64. Lach, Jr. . Edward L. . Langstroth, Lorenzo Lorraine (1810-1895), minister and apiarist . January 2001 . 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1300948.
65. Pryor . Elizabeth B. . Barton, Clara (1821-1912), philanthropist . February 2000 . 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1200054.
66. Cipolla . Frank J. . Gilmore, Patrick S(arsfield) . 2001 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11152.
67. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t04x5xg0p&seq=8 Buzzacott's Masterpiece
68. Celletti . Rodolfo . Gualerzi . Valeria Pregliasco . Cavalieri, Lina . 2001 . 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05203.
69. Gomery . Douglas . Schenck, Joseph M. (1877-1961), motion picture executive . February 2000 . 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1801925.
70. Cardyn . Lisa . Nesbit, Evelyn Florence (1884-1967), model and showgirl . February 2000 . 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1803290.
71. Lach, Jr. . Edward L. . Hilton, Conrad (25 December 1887–03 January 1979), businessman . 1999 . 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1001964.
72. Reuss . Carol . Wallace, Lila Bell Acheson (25 December 1889–08 May 1984), cofounder and co-owner of the Reader's Digest and philanthropist . February 2000 . 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1602750.
73. Book: Panton, James . Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy . 24 February 2011 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7497-8 . 42 . en.
74. Book: Scharlin, Craig. Villanueva. Lilia. Philip Vera Cruz: A Personal History of Filipino Immigrants and the Farmworkers Movement. University of Washington Press. 2000. Seattle, Washington. 0-295-97984-4. 6.
75. Web site: Famous birthdays for Dec. 25: CCH Pounder, Annie Lennox . . 24 December 2023 . 25 December 2022.
76. Web site: ICONSATV Icon: Noele Gordon . 16 May 2012 . 15 December 2023.
77. Web site: Bill Dahl . Chris Kenner | Biography & History . . 2020-04-10.
78. Book: Fergus, Howard A. . Gallery Montserrat: Some Prominent People in Our History . 1996 . Canoe Press . 978-976-8125-25-5 . 154 . en.
79. Web site: General Maung Aye . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110823003130/http://mizzima.com/political-pro/military/military-regime/general-maung-aye.html . 23 August 2011 . 19 October 2022 . mizzima.com.
80. Web site: Francoise Durr Player Stats & More – WTA Official . 2022-10-22 . Women's Tennis Association . en.
81. Book: Burgess, Colin . Interkosmos: The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program . 2016 . Springer Praxis Books . 9783319241630 . Cham . 208.
82. Book: Chase's Calendar of Events 2017: The Ultimate Go-To Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months . 23 September 2016 . Bernan Press . 978-1-59888-859-1 . 611 . en.
83. Web site: [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p104758/biography|pure_url=yes}} Jacqui McShee Biography ]. Allmusic . Craig. Harris. 3 July 2010.
84. Web site: Rose . Mike . Today's famous birthdays list for December 25, 2022 includes celebrities Annie Lennox, Jimmy Buffett . . . 24 December 2023 . 25 December 2022.
85. Web site: [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p211902|pure_url=yes}} Biography: Desireless]. German. Yuri. AMG. 7 May 2010.
86. Web site: Dmitri Mironov . . 24 December 2023.
87. Web site: Recherchieren: Personen - Andreas Haitzer . . 24 October 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de.
88. Web site: Camille Herron Profile . World Athletics . 8 February 2024.
89. Web site: Demaryius Thomas bio . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150529013714/http://www.demaryius88.com/pages/bio . 29 May 2015 . 14 January 2019 . Official website.
90. Web site: Eric Gordon . 14 January 2019 . ESPN.
91. http://www.scrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/110156.html Lukas Hinds-Johnson profile at scrum.com
92. Web site: JOÃOZINHO . 14 January 2019 . Soccerway.
93. Web site: Notes from the Underground . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230509185826/https://archive.nytimes.com/tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/notes-from-the-underground-ziyoou-vachi/ . 2023-05-09 . 1 April 2024 . New York Times Archive .
94. Web site: Mitakeumi profile . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160308054552/http://www.sumo.or.jp/en/sumo_data/rikishi/profile?id=3620 . 2016-03-08 . 14 January 2019 . 日本相撲協会公式サイト.
95. Web site: 武井咲 オフィシャルサイト .
96. Web site: The new face of David Jones, Adut Akech, writes a letter to her 6-year-old self - Vogue Australia. Adut . Akech. www.vogue.com.au. 7 August 2017.
97. Book: O'Day, Rosemary . The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age . 26 July 2012 . Routledge . 978-1-136-96253-0 . 1585 . en.
98. Encyclopedia: Jørgen Thor Møhlen . Anders Bjarne . Fossen . Magnus A. . Mardal . . 22 December 2023 . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no. 24 March 2024.
99. Book: Eisenbath, Mike . The Cardinals Encyclopedia . 1999 . Temple University Press . 978-1-56639-703-2 . Philadelphia . 367 . Donovan, Patsy . https://books.google.com/books?id=hymGG28xYcoC&pg=PA367.
100. Web site: Baxter . Trevor . 26 January 1999 . Obituary: John Pulman . 3 December 2022 . The Independent.
101. Web site: James Brown Biography . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130403115329/http://rockhall.com/inductees/james-brown/bio/ . 3 April 2013 . 13 February 2023 . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
102. Web site: Des Barrick . 13 February 2023 . ESPN CricInfo.
103. News: Vivlamore . Chris . 28 December 2007 . Beauchamp, ex-Braves player and coach, dies . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . 13 February 2023 . astrosdaily.com.
104. Web site: Jack . Adrian . 26 December 2008 . Obituary: Eartha Kitt . 10 December 2020 . The Guardian . en.
105. Web site: Sisario . Ben . 25 December 2009 . Vic Chesnutt, Singer and Songwriter, Dies at 45 . 13 February 2023 . The New York Times.
106. Web site: Ore . Diego . 25 December 2010 . Former Venezuela leader Perez dies at 88 . 3 February 2023 . Reuters.
107. Web site: 25 December 2011 . E' morto a Milano Giorgio Bocca: Napolitano: "Sempre stato coerente" . 3 February 2023 . la Repubblica . it.
108. 28 December 2011 . Jim Sherwood, Original Mother of Invention, Dies at 69 . dead . Rolling Stone . https://web.archive.org/web/20220124161347/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/jim-sherwood-original-mother-of-invention-dies-at-69-204689/ . 24 January 2022 . 3 February 2023.
109. Web site: Heller . Stephen . 31 December 2011 . Simms Taback, Author of Wry Children's Books, Dies at 79 . 3 February 2023 . The New York Times.
110. Web site: 26 December 2012 . Christmas death: Bohol Rep Erico Aumentado . 3 February 2023 . Rappler.
111. Web site: Honningsøy . Kirsti Haga . 25 December 2012 . Halfdan Hegtun er død . 3 February 2023 . nrk.no . Norwegian.
112. News: 26 December 2012 . Former Maryland football coach Joe Krivak dies at 77 . The Washington Post . 3 February 2023.
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127. Web site: 26 December 2016 . George Michael: Pop superstar dies at 53 . 3 February 2023 . BBC.
128. Web site: Overbye . Dennis . 27 December 2016 . Vera Rubin, 88, Dies; Opened Doors in Astronomy, and for Women . 3 February 2023 . The New York Times.
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131. Web site: December 25, 2019 . Ari Behn: Author and Norway princess's ex-husband dies aged 47 . BBC.com.
132. News: Goldstein . Richard . December 25, 2020 . K.C. Jones, Celtics Standout as Player and Coach, Dies at 88 . . December 26, 2020.
133. News: Kimmelman . Michael . December 26, 2021 . Wayne Thiebaud, Playful Painter of the Everyday, Dies at 101 . . 28 December 2021.
134. News: 27 December 2022 . Fabian O'Neill, hailed by Zidane as the 'most talented player ever', passes away at 49 . The Hindu . Associated Press . 28 December 2022.
135. News: 31 December 2023. Christmas Death of 'Cry Baby' Jimmy Breaks Concludes a Sad Finale . Slam Wrestling . 28 February 2024.