February 24 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 484  - King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica.^[1]
• 1303  - The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence.^[2]
• 1386  - King Charles III of Naples and Hungary is assassinated at Buda.^[3]
• 1525  - A Spanish-Austrian army defeats a French army at the Battle of Pavia.^[4]
• 1527  - Coronation of Ferdinand I as the king of Bohemia in Prague.^[5]
• 1538  - Treaty of Nagyvárad between Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I and King John Zápolya of Hungary and Croatia.^[6]
• 1582  - With the papal bull Inter gravissimas, Pope Gregory XIII announces the Gregorian calendar.^[7]
• 1597  - The last battle of the Cudgel War takes place on the Santavuori Hill in Ilmajoki, Ostrobothnia.^[8]

1601–1900

• 1607  - L'Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi, one of the first works recognized as an opera, receives its première performance.^[9]
• 1711  - Rinaldo by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage, is premièred.^[10]
• 1739  - Battle of Karnal: The army of Iranian ruler Nader Shah defeats the forces of the Mughal emperor of India, Muhammad Shah.^[11]
• 1803  - In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court of the United States establishes the principle of judicial review.^[12]
• 1809  - London's Drury Lane Theatre burns to the ground, leaving its owner, Irish writer and politician Richard Brinsley Sheridan, destitute.^[13]
• 1821  - Final stage of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain with Plan of Iguala.
• 1822  - The first Swaminarayan temple in the world, Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Ahmedabad, is inaugurated.
• 1826  - The signing of the Treaty of Yandabo marks the end of the First Anglo-Burmese War.
• 1831  - The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the first removal treaty in accordance with the Indian Removal Act, is proclaimed.^[14] The Choctaws in Mississippi cede land east of the river in exchange for payment and land in the West.
• 1848  - King Louis-Philippe of France abdicates the throne.^[15]
• 1854  - A Penny Red with perforations becomes the first perforated postage stamp to be officially issued for distribution.^[16]
• 1863  - Arizona is organized as a United States territory.
• 1868  - Andrew Johnson becomes the first President of the United States to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives. He is later acquitted in the Senate.^[17]
• 1875  - The hits the Great Barrier Reef and sinks off the Australian east coast, killing approximately 100, including a number of high-profile civil servants and dignitaries.^[18]
• 1876  - The stage première of Peer Gynt, a play by Henrik Ibsen with incidental music by Edvard Grieg, takes place in Christiania (Oslo), Norway.^[19]
• 1881  - China and Russia sign the Sino-Russian Ili Treaty.
• 1895  - Revolution breaks out in Baire, a town near Santiago de Cuba, beginning the Cuban War of Independence; the war ends along with the Spanish–American War in 1898.^[20]

1901–present

• 1916  - The Governor-General of Korea establishes a clinic called Jahyewon in Sorokdo to segregate Hansen's disease patients.
• 1917  - World War I: The U.S. ambassador Walter Hines Page to the United Kingdom is given the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany pledges to ensure the return of New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona to Mexico if Mexico declares war on the United States.
• 1918  - Estonian Declaration of Independence.^[21]
• 1920  - Nancy Astor becomes the first woman to speak in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom following her election as a Member of Parliament (MP) three months earlier.
• 1920  - The Nazi Party (NSDAP) was founded by Adolf Hitler in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall in Munich, Germany
• 1942  - Seven hundred ninety-one^[22] Romanian Jewish refugees and crew members are killed after the MV Struma is torpedoed by the Soviet Navy.^{[23] [24]}
• 1942  - The Battle of Los Angeles: A false alarm led to an anti-aircraft barrage that lasted into the early hours of February 25.
• 1945  - Egyptian Premier Ahmad Mahir Pasha is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.
• 1946  - Colonel Juan Perón, founder of the political movement that became known as Peronism, is elected to his first term as President of Argentina.
• 1949  - The Armistice Agreements are signed, to formally end the hostilities of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.^[25]
• 1967  - Cultural Revolution: Zhang Chunqiao announces the dissolution of the Shanghai People's Commune, replacing its local government with a revolutionary committee.^[26]
• 1968  - Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive is halted; South Vietnamese forces led by Ngo Quang Truong recapture the citadel of Hué.^[27]
• 1971  - The All India Forward Bloc holds an emergency central committee meeting after its chairman, Hemantha Kumar Bose, is killed three days earlier. P.K. Mookiah Thevar is appointed as the new chairman.
• 1976  - The 1976 constitution of Cuba is formally proclaimed.
• 1978  - The Yuba County Five disappear in California. Four of their bodies are found four months later.
• 1981  - The 6.7 Gulf of Corinth earthquake affected Central Greece with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). Twenty-two people were killed, 400 were injured, and damage totaled $812 million.
• 1983  - A special commission of the United States Congress condemns the Japanese American internment during World War II.
• 1984  - Tyrone Mitchell perpetrates the 49th Street Elementary School shooting in Los Angeles, killing two children and injuring 12 more.
• 1989  - United Airlines Flight 811, bound for New Zealand from Honolulu, rips open during flight, blowing nine passengers out of the business-class section.
• 1991  - Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabian border and enter Iraq, thus beginning the ground phase of the war.
• 1996  - Two civilian airplanes operated by the Miami-based group Brothers to the Rescue are shot down in international waters by the Cuban Air Force.
• 1999  - China Southwest Airlines Flight 4509, a Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft, crashes in Rui'an, Zhejiang, China. All 61 people on board are killed.^[28]
• 2004  - The 6.3 Al Hoceima earthquake strikes northern Morocco with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 628 people are killed, 926 are injured, and up to 15,000 are displaced.
• 2006  - Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declares Proclamation 1017 placing the country in a state of emergency in attempt to subdue a possible military coup.
• 2007  - Japan launches its fourth spy satellite, stepping up its ability to monitor potential threats such as North Korea.
• 2008  - Fidel Castro retires as the President of Cuba and the Council of Ministers after 32 years. He remains as head of the Communist Party for another three years.
• 2015  - A Metrolink train derails in Oxnard, California following a collision with a truck, leaving more than 30 injured.
• 2016  - Tara Air Flight 193, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft, crashed, with 23 fatalities, in Solighopte, Myagdi District, Dhaulagiri Zone, while en route from Pokhara Airport to Jomsom Airport.
• 2020  - Mahathir Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia following an attempt to replace the Pakatan Harapan government, which triggered the 2020-2022 Malaysian political crisis.^[29]
• 2022  - Russo-Ukrainian War: Days after recognising Donetsk and Luhansk as independent states, Russian president Vladimir Putin orders a full scale invasion of Ukraine.^[30]

Births

Pre-1600

• 1103  - Emperor Toba of Japan (d. 1156)
• 1304  - Ibn Battuta, Moroccan jurist^[31]
• 1413  - Louis, Duke of Savoy (d. 1465)
• 1463  - Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher (d. 1494)
• 1494  - Johan Friis, Danish statesman (d. 1570)^[32]
• 1500  - Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1558)^[33]
• 1536  - Pope Clement VIII (d. 1605)^[34]
• 1545  - John of Austria (d. 1578)
• 1553  - Cherubino Alberti, Italian engraver and painter (d. 1615)
• 1557  - Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1619)^[35]
• 1593  - Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford, English soldier and courtier (d. 1625)
• 1595  - Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Polish author and poet (d. 1640)

1601–1900

• 1604  - Arcangela Tarabotti, Venetian nun and feminist (d. 1652)
• 1619  - Charles Le Brun, French painter and theorist (d. 1690)
• 1622  - Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (d. 1665)
• 1709  - Jacques de Vaucanson, French engineer (d. 1782)
• 1721  - John McKinly, Irish-American physician and politician, 1st Governor of Delaware (d. 1796)
• 1723  - John Burgoyne, English general and politician (d. 1792)
• 1736  - Charles Alexander, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1806)
• 1743  - Joseph Banks, English botanist and explorer (d. 1820)
• 1762  - Charles Frederick Horn, German-English composer and educator (d. 1830)
• 1767  - Rama II of Siam (d. 1824)
• 1774  - Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (d. 1850)
• 1786  - Martin W. Bates, American lawyer and politician (d. 1869)
• 1786  - Wilhelm Grimm, German anthropologist, author, and academic (d. 1859)
• 1788  - Johan Christian Dahl, Norwegian-German painter (d. 1857)
• 1827  - Lydia Becker, English-French activist (d. 1890)
• 1831  - Leo von Caprivi, German general and politician, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1899)
• 1835  - Julius Vogel, English-New Zealand journalist and politician, 8th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1899)
• 1836  - Winslow Homer, American painter and illustrator (d. 1910)
• 1837  - Rosalía de Castro, Spanish poet (d. 1885)^[36]
• 1842  - Arrigo Boito, Italian journalist, author, and composer (d. 1918)
• 1848  - Andrew Inglis Clark, Australian engineer, lawyer, and politician (d. 1907)
• 1852  - George Moore, Irish author, poet, and playwright (d. 1933)
• 1868  - Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild, French financier and polo player (d. 1949)
• 1869  - Zara DuPont, American suffragist (d. 1946)^[37]
• 1874  - Honus Wagner, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 1955)
• 1877  - Rudolph Ganz, Swiss pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1972)
• 1877  - Ettie Rout, Australian-New Zealand educator and activist (d. 1936)
• 1885  - Chester W. Nimitz, American admiral (d. 1966)
• 1885  - Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish author, poet, and painter (d. 1939)
• 1890  - Marjorie Main, American actress (d. 1975)
• 1896  - Richard Thorpe, American director and screenwriter (d. 1991)
• 1898  - Kurt Tank, German pilot and engineer (d. 1983)
• 1900  - Irmgard Bartenieff, German-American dancer and physical therapist, leading pioneer of dance therapy (d. 1981)

1901–present

• 1903  - Vladimir Bartol, Italian-Slovene author and playwright (d. 1967)
• 1908  - Telford Taylor, American general, lawyer, and historian (d. 1998)
• 1909  - August Derleth, American anthologist and author (d. 1971)
• 1914  - Ralph Erskine, English-Swedish architect, designed The Ark and Byker Wall (d. 2005)
• 1914  - Weldon Kees, American author, poet, painter, and pianist (d. 1955)
• 1915  - Jim Ferrier, Australian golfer (d. 1986)
• 1919  - John Carl Warnecke, American architect (d. 2010)^[38]
• 1921  - Abe Vigoda, American actor (d. 2016)^[39]
• 1922  - Richard Hamilton, English painter and academic (d. 2011)
• 1922  - Steven Hill, American actor (d. 2016)
• 1924  - Hal Herring, American football player and coach (d. 2014)
• 1924  - Erik Nielsen, Canadian lawyer and politician, 3rd Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2008)
• 1925  - Bud Day, American colonel and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2013)
• 1926  - Dave Sands, Australian boxer (d. 1952)
• 1927  - Emmanuelle Riva, French actress (d. 2017)
• 1929  - Kintarō Ōki, South Korean wrestler (d. 2006)
• 1930  - Barbara Lawrence, American model and actress (d. 2013)
• 1931  - Dominic Chianese, American actor and singer
• 1931  - Brian Close, English cricketer and coach (d. 2015)
• 1932  - Michel Legrand, French pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 2019)^[39]
• 1932  - Zell Miller, American sergeant and politician, 79th Governor of Georgia (d. 2018)
• 1932  - John Vernon, Canadian-American actor (d. 2005)
• 1933  - Judah Folkman, American physician and biologist (d. 2008)
• 1933  - Ali Mazrui, Kenyan-American political scientist, philosopher, and academic (d. 2014)
• 1933  - David "Fathead" Newman, American saxophonist and composer (d. 2009)
• 1934  - Bettino Craxi, Italian lawyer and politician, 45th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2000)
• 1934  - Johnny Hills, English footballer (d. 2021)^[40]
• 1934  - Renata Scotto, Italian soprano (d. 2023)
• 1935  - Ryhor Baradulin, Belarusian poet, essayist, and translator (d. 2014)
• 1936  - Carol D'Onofrio, American public health researcher (d. 2020)^[41]
• 1936  - Guillermo O'Donnell, Argentine political scientist (d. 2011)
• 1938  - James Farentino, American actor (d. 2012)
• 1938  - Phil Knight, American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Nike, Inc.^[39]
• 1939  - Jamal Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi physicist and cosmologist (d. 2013)
• 1940  - Pete Duel, American actor (d. 1971)
• 1940  - Jimmy Ellis, American boxer (d. 2014)
• 1940  - Denis Law, Scottish footballer and sportscaster
• 1941  - Joanie Sommers, American singer and actress
• 1942  - Paul Jones, English singer, harmonica player, and actor
• 1942  - Celia Kaye, American actress^[42]
• 1942  - Joe Lieberman, American lawyer and politician (d. 2024)^[43]
• 1942  - Jenny O'Hara, American actress
• 1942  - Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian philosopher, theorist, and academic
• 1943  - Kent Haruf, American novelist (d. 2014)^[44]
• 1943  - Gigi Meroni, Italian footballer (d. 1967)
• 1943  - Pablo Milanés, Cuban singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2022)
• 1944  - Nicky Hopkins, English keyboard player (d. 1994)
• 1944  - Ivica Račan, Croatian lawyer and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Croatia (d. 2007)
• 1945  - Barry Bostwick, American actor and singer^[45]
• 1946  - Grigory Margulis, Russian mathematician and academic
• 1947  - Rupert Holmes, English-American singer-songwriter and playwright^[45]
• 1947  - Edward James Olmos, American actor and director^[46]
• 1948  - Jayalalithaa, Indian actress and politician, 16th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (d. 2016)
• 1948  - Dennis Waterman, English actor (d. 2022)
• 1950  - George Thorogood, American musician^[47]
• 1951  - David Ford, Northern Irish social worker and politician
• 1951  - Derek Randall, English cricketer
• 1951  - Debra Jo Rupp, American actress^[45]
• 1951  - Helen Shaver, Canadian actress and director^[45]
• 1951  - Laimdota Straujuma, Latvian economist and politician, 12th Prime Minister of Latvia
• 1952  - Tommy Burleson, American basketball player^[48]
• 1953  - Anatoli Kozhemyakin, Soviet footballer (d. 1974)
• 1954  - Plastic Bertrand, Belgian singer-songwriter and producer
• 1954  - Judith Ortiz Cofer, Puerto Rican author (d. 2016)
• 1954  - Sid Meier, Canadian-American game designer and programmer, created the Civilization series
• 1954  - Mike Pickering, English DJ and saxophonist
• 1955  - Steve Jobs, American businessman, co-founded Apple Computer and Pixar (d. 2011)^[39]
• 1955  - Eddie Johnson, American basketball player (d. 2020)
• 1955  - Alain Prost, French race car driver^[39]
• 1956  - Judith Butler, American philosopher, theorist, and author
• 1956  - Eddie Murray, American baseball player and coach^[45]
• 1956  - Paula Zahn, American journalist and producer^[45]
• 1958  - Sammy Kershaw, American singer-songwriter and guitarist^[45]
• 1958  - Mark Moses, American actor^[45]
• 1959  - Beth Broderick, American actress and director^[45]
• 1959  - Mike Whitney, Australian cricketer and television host
• 1961  - Emilio Rivera, American actor^[45]
• 1961  - Erna Solberg, Norwegian politician, 35th Prime Minister of Norway^[39]
• 1962  - Kelly Craft, American businesswoman and diplomat^{[49] [50]}
• 1962  - Michelle Shocked, American singer-songwriter^[45]
• 1963  - Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Indian filmmaker and composer^[51]
• 1963  - Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro
• 1963  - Mike Vernon, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1964  - Russell Ingall, British-Australian race car driver and sportscaster
• 1964  - Elizabeth Wilson, American politician^[52]
• 1965  - Paul Gruber, American football player
• 1965  - Jane Swift, American businesswoman and politician, Governor of Massachusetts
• 1966  - Billy Zane, American actor and producer^[45]
• 1967  - Brian Schmidt, Australian astrophysicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1968  - Mitch Hedberg, American comedian and actor (d. 2005)
• 1969  - Kim Seung-woo, South Korean actor
• 1970  - Jeff Garcia, American football player and coach
• 1970  - Neil Sullivan, Scottish footballer and coach^[53]
• 1970  - Jonathan Ward, American actor
• 1971  - Pedro de la Rosa, Spanish race car driver^[54]
• 1971  - Gillian Flynn, American author, screenwriter, and producer^[39]
• 1971  - Brian Savage, Canadian ice hockey player^[55]
• 1972  - Teodor Currentzis, Greek conductor and composer
• 1972  - Manon Rhéaume, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
• 1973  - Alexei Kovalev, Russian ice hockey player and pilot
• 1974  - Mike Lowell, Puerto Rican baseball player^[56]
• 1974  - Bonnie Somerville, American actress^[45]
• 1975  - Ashley MacIsaac, Canadian singer-songwriter and fiddler
• 1976  - Marco Campos, Brazilian race car driver (d. 1995)
• 1976  - Zach Johnson, American golfer^[57]
• 1976  - Bradley McGee, Australian cyclist and coach^[58]
• 1977  - Jason Akermanis, Australian footballer and coach
• 1977  - Bronson Arroyo, American baseball player^[59]
• 1977  - Floyd Mayweather Jr., American boxer^[60]
• 1980  - Shinsuke Nakamura, Japanese wrestler and mixed martial artist
• 1981  - Jonas Andersson, Swedish ice hockey player^[61]
• 1981  - Felipe Baloy, Panamanian footballer
• 1981  - Lleyton Hewitt, Australian tennis player^[62]
• 1981  - Mohammad Sami, Pakistani cricketer
• 1981  - Bob Sanders, American football player^[63]
• 1982  - Nick Blackburn, American baseball player
• 1982  - Fala Chen, Chinese actress and singer
• 1982  - Klára Koukalová, Czech tennis player^[64]
• 1982  - Emanuel Villa, Argentine footballer
• 1984  - Wilson Bethel, American actor^[45]
• 1984  - Corey Graves, American wrestler and sportscaster
• 1985  - Nakash Aziz, Indian playback singer and composer^[65]
• 1986  - Wojtek Wolski, Polish-Canadian ice hockey player^[66]
• 1987  - Kim Kyu-jong, South Korean singer, dancer, and actor
• 1987  - Ashley Walker, American-Romanian basketball player^[67]
• 1988  - Rodrigue Beaubois, French basketball player^[68]
• 1988  - Alexander Koch, American actor^[45]
• 1988  - Connie Ramsay, Scottish judoka^[69]
• 1989  - Trace Cyrus, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1989  - Daniel Kaluuya, English actor^[70]
• 1989  - Kosta Koufos, Greek-American basketball player^[71]
• 1990  - Dwayne Allen, American football player^[72]
• 1990  - Derek Wolfe, American football player^[73]
• 1991  - Tim Erixon, American-Swedish ice hockey player^[74]
• 1991  - Madison Hubbell, American ice dancer^[75]
• 1991  - O'Shea Jackson Jr., American actor and rapper^[76]
• 1991  - Semih Kaya, Turkish footballer^[77]
• 1994  - Jessica Pegula, American tennis player^[78]
• 1994  - Earl Sweatshirt, American rapper^[79]
• 1996  - Royce Freeman, American football player^[80]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 616  - Æthelberht of Kent^[81]
• 951  - Liu Yun, Chinese governor (jiedushi)
• 1018  - Borrell, bishop of Vic
• 1114  - Thomas, archbishop of York
• 1386  - Charles III of Naples (b. 1345)
• 1496  - Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1445)
• 1525  - Jacques de La Palice, French nobleman and military officer (b. 1470)
• 1525  - Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier (b. c. 1488)
• 1525  - Richard de la Pole, last Yorkist claimant to the English throne (b. 1480)
• 1530  - Properzia de' Rossi, Italian Renaissance sculptor^[82]
• 1563  - Francis, Duke of Guise (b. 1519)
• 1580  - Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel, English nobleman (b. 1511)
• 1588  - Johann Weyer, Dutch physician and occultist (b. 1515)

1601–1900

• 1666  - Nicholas Lanier, English composer and painter (b. 1588)
• 1685  - Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland (b. 1629)
• 1704  - Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer (b. 1643)
• 1714  - Edmund Andros, English courtier and politician, 4th Colonial Governor of New York (b. 1637)
• 1721  - John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English poet and politician, Lord President of the Council (b. 1648)
• 1732  - Francis Charteris, Scottish soldier (b. 1675)
• 1777  - Joseph I of Portugal (b. 1714)
• 1785  - Carlo Buonaparte, Corsican lawyer and politician (b. 1746)
• 1799  - Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist and academic (b. 1742)
• 1810  - Henry Cavendish, French-English physicist and chemist (b. 1731)
• 1812  - Étienne-Louis Malus, French physicist and mathematician (b. 1775)
• 1815  - Robert Fulton, American engineer (b. 1765)
• 1825  - Thomas Bowdler, English physician and philanthropist (b. 1754)
• 1856  - Nikolai Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician and academic (b. 1792)
• 1876  - Joseph Jenkins Roberts, American-Liberian politician, 1st President of Liberia (b. 1809)
• 1879  - Shiranui Kōemon, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 11th Yokozuna (b. 1825)

1901–present

• 1910  - Osman Hamdi Bey, Turkish archaeologist and painter (b. 1842)
• 1914  - Joshua Chamberlain, American general and politician, 32nd Governor of Maine (b. 1828)
• 1925  - Hjalmar Branting, Swedish journalist and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Sweden, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1860)
• 1927  - Edward Marshall Hall, English lawyer and politician (b. 1858)
• 1929  - André Messager, French pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1853)
• 1930  - Hermann von Ihering, German-Brazilian zoologist (b. 1850)
• 1953  - Robert La Follette Jr., American politician, senator of Wisconsin (b. 1895)
• 1953  - Gerd von Rundstedt, German field marshal (b. 1875)
• 1967  - Mir Osman Ali Khan, Last Nizam of Hyderabad State (b. 1886)^[83]
• 1970  - Conrad Nagel, American actor (b. 1897)
• 1974  - Margaret Leech, American historian and author (b. 1895)
• 1975  - Hans Bellmer, German artist (b. 1902)^[84]
• 1975  - Nikolai Bulganin, Russian marshal and politician, 6th Premier of the Soviet Union (b. 1895)
• 1978  - Alma Thomas, American painter and educator (b.1891)
• 1982  - Virginia Bruce, American actress (b. 1910)
• 1986  - Rukmini Devi Arundale, Indian Bharatnatyam dancer (b. 1904)^[85]
• 1986  - Tommy Douglas, Scottish-Canadian minister and politician, 7th Premier of Saskatchewan (b. 1904)
• 1990  - Tony Conigliaro, American baseball player (b. 1945)
• 1990  - Malcolm Forbes, American sergeant and publisher (b. 1917)
• 1990  - Sandro Pertini, Italian journalist and politician, 7th President of Italy (b. 1896)
• 1990  - Johnnie Ray, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1927)
• 1991  - John Daly, American journalist and game show host (b. 1914)
• 1991  - George Gobel, American actor (b. 1919)
• 1991  - Webb Pierce, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1921)
• 1993  - Danny Gallivan, Canadian sportscaster (b. 1917)
• 1993  - Bobby Moore, English footballer and manager (b. 1941)
• 1994  - Jean Sablon, French singer and actor (b. 1906)
• 1994  - Dinah Shore, American actress and singer (b. 1916)
• 1998  - Antonio Prohías, Cuban-American cartoonist (b. 1921)
• 1998  - Henny Youngman, English-American comedian and violinist (b. 1906)
• 1999  - Andre Dubus, American short story writer, essayist, and memoirist (b. 1936)
• 2001  - Theodore Marier, American composer and educator, founded the Boston Archdiocesan Choir School (b. 1912)
• 2001  - Claude Shannon, American mathematician, cryptographer, and engineer (b. 1916)
• 2002  - Leo Ornstein, Ukrainian-American pianist and composer (b. 1893)
• 2004  - John Randolph, American actor (b. 1915)
• 2005  - Coşkun Kırca, Turkish diplomat, journalist and politician (b. 1927)
• 2006  - Octavia E. Butler, American author and educator (b. 1947)
• 2006  - Don Knotts, American actor and comedian (b. 1924)
• 2006  - John Martin, Canadian broadcaster, co-founded MuchMusic (b. 1947)
• 2006  - Dennis Weaver, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1924)
• 2007  - Bruce Bennett, American shot putter and actor (b. 1906)
• 2007  - Damien Nash, American football player (b. 1982)
• 2008  - Larry Norman, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1947)
• 2010  - Dawn Brancheau, senior animal trainer at SeaWorld (b. 1969)
• 2011  - Anant Pai, Indian author and illustrator (b. 1929)
• 2012  - Agnes Allen, American baseball player and therapist (b. 1930)
• 2012  - Oliver Wrong, English nephrologist and academic (b. 1925)
• 2013  - Virgil Johnson, American singer (b. 1935)
• 2013  - Con Martin, Irish footballer and manager (b. 1923)
• 2014  - Franny Beecher, American guitarist (b. 1921)
• 2014  - Alexis Hunter, New Zealand-English painter and photographer (b. 1948)
• 2014  - Carlos Páez Vilaró, Uruguayan painter and sculptor (b. 1923)
• 2014  - Harold Ramis, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1944)
• 2015  - Mefodiy, Ukrainian metropolitan (b. 1949)
• 2015  - Rakhat Aliyev, Kazakh politician and diplomat (b. 1962)
• 2016  - Peter Kenilorea, Solomon Islands politician, 1st Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (b. 1943)
• 2016  - Nabil Maleh, Syrian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1936)
• 2016  - George C. Nichopoulos, American soldier and physician (b. 1927)
• 2018  - Sridevi, Indian actress (b. 1963)
• 2018  - Haukur Hilmarsson, Icelandic political activist and internationalist volunteer fighter (b. 1986)^[86]
• 2020  - Katherine Johnson, American physicist and mathematician (b. 1918)^[87]
• 2021  - Ronald Pickup, English actor (b. 1940)^[88]
• 2023  - Edith Roger, Norwegian dancer and choreographer (b. 1922)^[89]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Blessed Ascensión Nicol y Goñi
  • Lindel Tsen and Paul Sasaki (Anglican Church of Canada)
  • Modest (bishop of Trier)
  • Sergius of Cappadocia
  • February 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Dragobete (Romania)
• Engineer's Day (Iran)
• Flag Day in Mexico
• Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Estonia from the Russian Empire in 1918; the Soviet period is considered to have been an illegal annexation.
• National Artist Day (Thailand)
• Sweden Finns' Day (Sweden)^[90]

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on February 24

Notes and References

1. Book: Nicolaye, Carla. Episcopal elections in 5th-century Vandal North Africa. Episcopal Elections in Late Antiquity. Leemans. Johan. Van Nuffelen. Peter. Keough. Shawn W.J.. Nicolaye. Carla. Berlin. De Gruyter. 2011. 9783110268553. 393–395. 2021-02-24. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154101/https://books.google.com/books?id=y-AHXIJ_HZ0C. live.
2. Book: George W. Bartle. A Synopsis of English History .... 1869. Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. 92. 2021-02-14. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154055/https://books.google.com/books?id=vn0DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA92. live.
3. Book: Lodge, Richard. The Close of the Middle Ages: 1273-1494. New York. Macmillan. 1902. 1020758127. 154–155. 2021-02-24. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154058/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Yc1AQAAMAAJ. live.
4. Book: Jean Giono. Battle of Pavia. August 1985. Peter Owen Limited. 978-0-7206-0780-2. 2021-02-14. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154051/https://books.google.com/books?id=MsaqJQAACAAJ. live.
5. Web site: Ferdinand I Holy Roman emperor. 2020-09-10. Britannica.com. en. 2018-09-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20180917182628/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-I-Holy-Roman-emperor. live.
6. Book: Moose, Christina J.. Great Events From History: The Renaissance and Early Modern Era, 1454-1600. Vol. 1: 1454—1532. Pasadena, Calif.. Salem Press. 2005. 9781587652141. 446.
7. Book: Wigelsworth, Jeffrey R.. Science and Technology in Medieval European Life. Westport, Conn.. Greenwood Press. 2006. 9780313337543. 135. 2021-02-24. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154100/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPDqnGGHpHYC. live.
8. https://ilmajoki.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/puistot-ja-yleiset-alueet/jaakko-ilkan-leikkipuisto/nuijasota/ Nuijasota – Ilmajoki
9. Book: Calcagno, Mauro. From Madrigal to Opera: Monteverdi's Staging of the Self. Berkeley, Calif.. University of Californmia Press. 2012. 9780520951525. 16, 20. 2021-02-24. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154053/https://books.google.com/books?id=jIc0uvCGOEsC. live.
10. Book: Dean, Winton. Handel's operas: 1704–1726. Knapp, J Merrill. J. Merrill Knapp. 1995. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 9780198164418. registration. 182–183.
11. Book: Watts, Tim J.. Delhi, Sack of. Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. Mikaberidze. Alexander. Santa Barbara, Calif.. ABC-CLIO. 2011. 9781598843361. 271–272. 2021-02-24. 2021-04-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20210411204001/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C. live.
12. Book: Nowak. John E.. Rotunda. Ronald D.. Constitutional Law. St. Paul, Minn.. Thomson/West. 2004. 9780314144522. 1–3.
13. Book: James Fullarton Arnott. James F. Arnott. John William Robinson. English Theatrical Literature, 1559-1900: A Bibliography; Incorporating Robert W. Lowe's 'A Bibliographical Account of English Theatrical Literature' Published in 1888. 1970. Society for Theatre Research. 978-0-85430-000-6. 135. 2021-02-23. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154052/https://books.google.com/books?id=a6YLAQAAIAAJ. live.
14. Book: United States. Department of Justice. Official Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States: Advising the President and Heads of Departments in Relation to Their Official Duties. 1852. U.S. Government Printing Office. 452. 2021-02-23. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154053/https://books.google.com/books?id=CicrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA452. live.
15. Book: Sir Adolphus William Ward. George Walter Prothero. Sir Stanley Mordaunt Leathes. The Cambridge Modern History. 1934. CUP Archive. 101. 2021-02-24. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154059/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbc8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101. live.
16. Post, and Postal Service . 22 . Ingram . Thomas Allan . 176 - 196 see page 191 . English Issues....Line-engraved Stamps....One Penny Stamp....Third issue, February 1854: small crown watermark... .
17. Book: Floyd Millard Riddick. Procedure and Guidelines for Impeachment Trials in the United States Senate. 1974. U.S. Government Printing Office. 3. 2021-02-24. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154103/https://books.google.com/books?id=CZAzg2Ivkk4C&pg=PA3. live.
18. Book: The Great Barrier Reef: A Guide to the Reef, Its Islands, and Resorts. 1990. Glenmede. 978-0-7316-5785-8. 20. 2021-02-24. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154104/https://books.google.com/books?id=KK4QAQAAMAAJ. live.
19. Book: Edvard Grieg. Peer Gynt: suites nos. 1 and 2. 1 January 1997. Courier Corporation. 978-0-486-29582-4. 4. 24 February 2021. 24 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154100/https://books.google.com/books?id=oCbnKHiV-wEC&pg=PP4. live.
20. Book: Jan Knippers Black. Area Handbook for Cuba. 1976. U.S. Government Printing Office. 37. 2021-02-24. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154058/https://books.google.com/books?id=FH1EAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA37. live.
21. Book: United States Congress. Report of the Select Committee to Investigate Communist Aggression and the Forced Incorporation of the Baltic States Into the U.S.S.R.: Third Interim Report of the Select Committee on Communist Aggression, House of Representatives, Eighty-third Congress, Second Session, Under Authority of H. Res. 346 and H. Res. 438. 1954. U.S. Government Printing Office. 28. 2021-02-24. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154058/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qo3U7wwQScC&pg=PA28. live.
22. Web site: Who Perished on the Struma . 2022-06-16 . www.jewishgen.org.
23. News: 1942-03-13 . THE STRUMA DISASTER . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-06-16 . 0362-4331.
24. Web site: Voyage of the Struma . 2022-06-16 . encyclopedia.ushmm.org . en.
25. Web site: S/1296 of 23 March 1949. 2011-07-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20110726121052/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/71260B776D62FA6E852564420059C4FE. 2018-10-29. 2011-07-26.
26. Book: Meisner, Maurice. Maurice Meisner. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic. 1986. New York. Free Press. 9780029208700. 13270932. 3rd. 331. 2021-07-23. 2021-08-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20210812035931/https://libcom.org/library/maos-china-after-history-peoples-republic-maurice-meisner. live.
27. Book: Shulimson. Jack. Blasiol. Leonard. Smith. Charles. Dawson. David. U.S. Marines in Vietnam: 1968, the Defining Year. History and Museums Division, USMC. 1997. 0160491258. 209–212. 2021-01-02. 2020-12-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20201204084038/https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/US%20Marines%20In%20Vietnam%20The%20Defining%20Year%201968%20%20PCN%2019000313800.pdf. live.
28. Web site: ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-154M B-2622 Ruian. Ranter. Harro. aviation-safety.net. 2020-02-13. 2019-11-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20191115061854/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990224-0. live.
29. News: 2020-02-24 . Mahathir Mohamad: Malaysian prime minister in shock resignation . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-04-12.
30. Web site: Russia launches invasion of Ukraine. BBC News. 24 February 2022. 24 February 2022. 21 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220221183326/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60454795. live.
31. Book: Dunn, Ross E. . Ross E. Dunn . The Adventures of Ibn Battuta . University of California Press . 2005 . 19–20 . 978-05-20243-85-9.
32. Book: Grolier Incorporated. The Encyclopedia Americana: International Edition. March 1998. Grolier. 978-0-7172-0130-3. 98. 2019-02-20. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154054/https://books.google.com/books?id=UZExAQAAIAAJ. live.
33. Book: Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor). Correspondence of the Emperor Charles V. and His Ambassadors at the Courts of England and France. 1850. R. Bentley. 8. 2019-02-20. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154102/https://books.google.com/books?id=hMcfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8. live.
34. Web site: Clement VIII pope . Britannica.com . 14 January 2021 . en . 17 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201017113837/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Clement-VIII-pope . live .
35. Web site: Matthias Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary & Bohemia . 2023-07-16 . www.britannica.com . en.
36. Book: Anna-Marie. Aldaz. Barbara N.. Gantt. Anne C.. Bromley. Poems. Albany. State University of New York Press. 1991. xix. 978-0-79140-582-6.
37. Web site: Troyer . Andrew . Heaphy . Leslie . Biographical Sketch of Zara DuPont . Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920 . Alexander Street Documents . 27 December 2019 . 16 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191016224634/https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009860177 . live .
38. News: Brown. Emma. John Carl Warnecke Dies at 91, Designed Kennedy Gravesite. The Washington Post. April 23, 2010. September 25, 2018. none. September 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014542/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/22/AR2010042205678.html. live.

    News: Grimes. William. John Carl Warnecke, Architect to Kennedy, Dies at 91. The New York Times. April 22, 2010. September 25, 2018. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/arts/design/23warnecke.html . 2022-01-02 . limited . live.

39. Web site: Famous birthdays for Feb. 24: O'Shea Jackson Jr., Billy Zane . . 23 February 2024 . 24 February 2023.
40. Web site: Obituary – Johnnie Hills . Tottenham Hotspur . 30 November 2021 . 29 November 2021 . 1 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115753/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2021/november/obituary-johnnie-hills/ . live .
41. Web site: Make. Kara. 2020-04-23. Carol D'Onofrio, champion of health for underserved communities, dies at 84. 2021-08-10. Berkeley News. en-US. 2021-08-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810211524/https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/04/23/carol-donofrio-champion-of-health-for-underserved-communities-dies-at-84/. live.
42. Book: Berumen . Frank Javier Garcia . American Indian Image Makers of Hollywood . 2020 . McFarland . 9781476636474 . 168.
43. News: March 27, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327215333/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/27/politics/joe-lieberman/index.html . live . Tapper . Jake . March 27, 2024 . Former Sen. Joe Lieberman has died . March 27, 2024 . CNN.
44. News: Kent Haruf, Acclaimed Novelist of Small-Town Life, Is Dead at 71. Yardley, William. December 2, 2014. 2017-04-09. The New York Times. 2017-08-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20170827004642/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/books/kent-haruf-sublime-novelist-of-small-town-life-dies-at-71.html. live.
45. Web site: Rose . Mike . Today's famous birthdays list for February 24, 2022 includes celebrities Barry Bostwick, Billy Zane . . . 23 February 2024 . 24 February 2022.
46. Book: ((Editors of Chase's)). Chase's Calendar of Events 2019: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months. 30 September 2018. Rowman & Littlefield. 978-1-64143-264-1. 145. 24 February 2021. 24 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154105/https://books.google.com/books?id=JVJtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145. live.
47. Web site: Mettler . Mike . Wilmington Native George Thorogood on His 45-Year Music Career . Delaware Today . 13 February 2023 . 3 December 2019.
48. Web site: Tom Burleson . . 23 February 2024.
49. Web site: Candidate - Kelly Knight Craft. Our Campaigns. 2021-06-11. 2021-06-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20210611190959/https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=390223. live.
50. News: Trump to Nominate Kelly Knight Craft as U.N. Ambassador. The New York Times . 22 February 2019 . 2021-06-11. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154059/https://pressfrom.info/news/politics/-248495-trump-to-nominate-kelly-knight-craft-as-u-n-ambassador.html. live. Karni . Annie . Bilefsky . Dan .
51. News: Parande . Shweta . Sanjay Leela Bhansali birthday special: Best songs of the filmmaker's movies . India.com . 24 February 2014 . en . 24 February 2021 . 11 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411021732/https://www.india.com/entertainment/sanjay-leela-bhansali-special-best-songs-of-the-filmmakers-movies-16117/ . live .
52. Web site: Payne . Marissa . Weinacht, Wilson running to represent C.R., Marion in Iowa House . The Gazette . 25 May 2024.
53. Web site: Neil Sullivan. soccerbase.com. 19 February 2020. 9 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160909001055/http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=7716. live.
54. Book: Francois-Michel Gregoire. Who Works in Formula One 2006. April 2006. Who Works Sports Publications. 978-1-901711-42-4. 80. 2021-02-14. 2022-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20220224154105/https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ErRfjy4I0C&pg=PA80. live.
55. Web site: Brian Savage . . 23 February 2024.
56. Web site: Mike Lowell . . 23 February 2024.
57. Book: Andrew Podnieks. Golf Now!. 2008. Firefly Books. 978-1-55407-259-0. 100. 2021-02-23. 2021-10-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20211010111528/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-_mkB1Xh64C. live.
58. Web site: Bradley McGee. IOC. February 23, 2021. April 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210428102604/https://www.olympic.org/bradley-mcgee. live.
59. Web site: Bronson Arroyo . . 23 February 2024.
60. Web site: Floyd Mayweather. Biography. en-us. January 4, 2020. January 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200104074343/https://www.biography.com/athlete/floyd-mayweather. live.
61. Web site: Jonas Andersson . . 23 February 2024.
62. Web site: Lleyton Hewitt. ATP. February 23, 2021. January 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210123140709/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/-/H432/overview. live.
63. Web site: Bob Sanders . . 23 February 2024.
64. Web site: Klara Koukalova. WTA. February 14, 2021. January 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210121145020/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/110492/klara-koukalova. live.
65. Web site: Nakash Aziz . . 8 September 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160908024125/http://www.sify.com/indianidol2/contestants/nakash/ . 8 September 2016 . dead .
66. Web site: Wojtek Wolski . . 23 February 2024.
67. Web site: Ashley Walker . . 23 February 2024.
68. Web site: Rodrigue Beaubois . . 23 February 2024.
69. Web site: Glasgow 2014 - Connie Ramsay Profile . results.glasgow2014.com . 29 August 2020 . 11 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411191356/http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/cycling_road/1026925/connie_ramsay.html . live .
70. Web site: Today in History, February 24: The calendar gets a massive makeover . . 24 July 2020 . 24 February 2020.
71. Web site: Kosta Koufos . . 23 February 2024.
72. Web site: Dwayne Allen . . 23 February 2024.
73. Web site: Derek Wolfe . . 23 February 2024.
74. Web site: Tim Erixon . . 23 February 2024.
75. Web site: Madison HUBBELL / Zachary DONOHUE: 2015/2016 . International Skating Union . https://web.archive.org/web/20160527084328/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00013466.htm . May 27, 2016 . unfit .
76. Web site: Daniels . Jamisha . O'Shea Jackson Jr. accepts Best Picture award at ADMA with a powerful speech . . 13 February 2023 . 29 February 2016.
77. Web site: SEMİH KAYA. Turkish Football Federation. 20 February 2019. 20 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190220181615/http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiId=329898. live.
78. Web site: WTAtennis.com Profile: Jessica Pegula. Women's Tennis Association. 16 October 2022.
79. Web site: J. . Miranda . Happy Birthday, Earl Sweatshirt! . . 13 February 2023 . 24 February 2015.
80. Web site: Royce Freeman. NFL.com. 16 March 2020. en. 24 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200124015649/http://www.nfl.com/player/roycefreeman/2560733/profile. live.
81. Book: Cheney . Christopher Robert . Jones . Michael . A Handbook of Dates: For Students of British History . 6 April 2000 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-77845-9 . 22 . en.
82. Roberts Ragg, Laura Maria (1907). The Women Artists of Bologna. London: Methuen. p. 168. hdl:2027/uc1.32106007700112
83. Web site: The last Nizam of Hyderabad: Who was Mir Osman Ali Khan?. India Today. 2020-02-21. 2020-07-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20200713054519/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/the-last-nizam-of-hyderabad-who-was-mir-osman-ali-khan-1331292-2018-09-04. live.
84. News: Hans Bellmer 1902-1975 Tate. Tate. Tate. 2017-10-04. en-GB. 2017-10-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20171005002013/http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/hans-bellmer-736. live.
85. Web site: Rukmini Devi Arundale Centenary Celebration at Haverford College, February 28, 2004. naatya . 2019-02-23. 2016-03-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20160330054033/http://www.naatya.org/rda/RDAPressRelease.htm. dead.
86. News: Spencer. Richard. Veteran Icelandic activist Haukur Hilmarsson killed fighting for Kurds in Syria. 9 March 2018. The Times. 9 March 2018. 9 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180309022315/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/veteran-icelandic-activist-haukur-hilmarsson-killed-fighting-for-kurds-jtq3kcw97. live.
87. Web site: Katherine Johnson Biography & Facts . Britannica.com . 25 February 2020 . en . 11 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201111053858/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Katherine-Johnson-mathematician . live .
88. Web site: Ferme. Antonio. February 25, 2021. Ronald Pickup, Actor in 'The Crown,' 'Best Marigold Hotel,' Dies at 80. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210227072919/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/ronald-pickup-dead-the-crown-best-marigold-hotel-1234915880/. February 27, 2021. May 20, 2021. Variety. en-US.
89. Encyclopedia: Edith Roger . . 23 August 2023. Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no. 19 March 2024.
90. http://www.finland.se/Public/default.aspx?contentid=212491&nodeid=36125&culture=sv-FI "Sverigefinländarnas dag firas den 24 februari"