June 21 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 533  - A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarios sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily.^[1]
• 1307  - Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong of the Yuan.
• 1529  - French forces are driven out of northern Italy by Spain at the Battle of Landriano during the War of the League of Cognac.
• 1582  - Sengoku period: Oda Nobunaga, the most powerful of the Japanese daimyōs, is forced to commit suicide by his own general Akechi Mitsuhide.

1601–1900

• 1621  - Execution of 27 Czech noblemen on the Old Town Square in Prague as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.
• 1734  - In Montreal, New France, a slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique is put to death, having been convicted of setting the fire that destroyed much of the city.
• 1749  - Halifax, Nova Scotia, is founded.^[2]
• 1768  - James Otis Jr. offends the King and Parliament in a speech to the Massachusetts General Court.
• 1788  - New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify the Constitution of the United States.^[3]
• 1791  - King Louis XVI of France and his immediate family begin the Flight to Varennes during the French Revolution.
• 1798  - Irish Rebellion of 1798: The British Army defeats Irish rebels at the Battle of Vinegar Hill.
• 1813  - Peninsular War: Wellington defeats Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria.
• 1824  - Greek War of Independence: Egyptian forces capture Psara in the Aegean Sea.
• 1826  - Maniots defeat Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha in the Battle of Vergas.
• 1848  - In the Wallachian Revolution, Ion Heliade Rădulescu and Christian Tell issue the Proclamation of Islaz and create a new republican government.
• 1864  - American Civil War: The Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road begins.
• 1898  - The United States captures Guam from Spain. The few warning shots fired by the U.S. naval vessels are misinterpreted as salutes by the Spanish garrison, which was unaware that the two nations were at war.^[4]
• 1900  - Boxer Rebellion: China formally declares war on the United States, Britain, Germany, France and Japan, as an edict issued from the Empress Dowager Cixi.

1901–present

• 1915  - The U.S. Supreme Court hands down its decision in Guinn v. United States 238 US 347 1915, striking down Oklahoma grandfather clause legislation which had the effect of denying the right to vote to blacks.
• 1919  - The Royal Canadian Mounted Police fire a volley into a crowd of unemployed war veterans, killing two, during the Winnipeg general strike.
• 1919  - Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet at Scapa Flow, Orkney. The nine sailors killed are the last casualties of World War I.
• 1921  - The Irish village of Knockcroghery was burned by British forces.^{[5] [6] [7]}
• 1929  - An agreement brokered by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow ends the Cristero War in Mexico.
• 1930  - One-year conscription comes into force in France.
• 1940  - World War II: Italy begins an unsuccessful invasion of France.
• 1942  - World War II: Tobruk falls to Italian and German forces; 33,000 Allied troops are taken prisoner.^[8]
• 1942  - World War II: A Japanese submarine surfaces near the Columbia River in Oregon, firing 17 shells at Fort Stevens in one of only a handful of attacks by Japan against the United States mainland.
• 1945  - World War II: The Battle of Okinawa ends when the organized resistance of Imperial Japanese Army forces collapses in the Mabuni area on the southern tip of the main island.
• 1952  - The Philippine School of Commerce, through a republic act, is converted to Philippine College of Commerce, later to be the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.
• 1957  - Ellen Fairclough is sworn in as Canada's first female Cabinet Minister.
• 1963  - Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini is elected as Pope Paul VI.
• 1964  - Three civil rights workers, Andrew Goodman, James Chaney and Michael Schwerner, are murdered in Neshoba County, Mississippi, United States, by members of the Ku Klux Klan.
• 1970  - Penn Central declares Section 77 bankruptcy in what was the largest U.S. corporate bankruptcy to date.^[9]
• 1973  - In its decision in Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, the Supreme Court of the United States establishes the Miller test for determining whether something is obscene and not protected speech under the U.S. constitution.^[10]
• 1978  - The original production of Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical, Evita, based on the life of Eva Perón, opens at the Prince Edward Theatre, London.
• 1982  - John Hinckley is found not guilty by reason of insanity for the attempted assassination of U.S. President Ronald Reagan.
• 1985  - Braathens SAFE Flight 139 is hijacked on approach to Oslo Airport, Fornebu. Special forces arrest the hijacker and there are no fatalities.^[11]
• 1989  - The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, that American flag-burning is a form of political protest protected by the First Amendment.^[12]
• 1993  - Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on STS-57 to retrieve the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) satellite. It is also the first shuttle mission to carry the Spacehab module.^[13]
• 2000  - Section 28 (of the Local Government Act 1988), outlawing the 'promotion' of homosexuality in the United Kingdom, is repealed in Scotland with a 99 to 17 vote.
• 2001  - A federal grand jury in Alexandria, Virginia, indicts 13 Saudis and a Lebanese in the 1996 bombing of the Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia that killed 19 American servicemen.
• 2004  - SpaceShipOne becomes the first privately funded spaceplane to achieve spaceflight.
• 2005  - Edgar Ray Killen, who had previously been unsuccessfully tried for the murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Mickey Schwerner, is convicted of manslaughter 41 years afterwards (the case had been reopened in 2004).
• 2006  - Pluto's newly discovered moons are officially named Nix and Hydra.
• 2006  - A Yeti Airlines de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter crashes at Jumla Airport in Nepal, killing nine people.^[14]
• 2009  - Greenland assumes self-rule.
• 2012  - A boat carrying more than 200 migrants capsizes in the Indian Ocean between the Indonesian island of Java and Christmas Island, killing 17 people and leaving 70 others missing.
• 2012  - An Indonesian Air Force Fokker F27 Friendship crashes near Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport, killing 11.^[15]

Births

Pre-1600

• 906  - Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Saffarid emir (d. 963)
• 1002  - Pope Leo IX (d. 1054)
• 1226  - Bolesław V the Chaste of Poland (d. 1279)
• 1521  - John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (d. 1580)
• 1528  - Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1603)
• 1535  - Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (d. 1596)
• 1565  - Scipione Chiaramonti, Italian philosopher and astronomer (d. 1652)^[16]

1601–1900

• 1630  - Samuel Oppenheimer, German Jewish banker and diplomat (d. 1703)^[17]
• 1636  - Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon, French noble (d. 1721)
• 1639  - (O.S.) Increase Mather, American minister and author (d. 1723)
• 1676  - (O.S.) Anthony Collins, English philosopher and author (d. 1729)
• 1706  - John Dollond, English optician and astronomer (d. 1761)
• 1710  - James Short, Scottish-English mathematician and optician (d. 1768)
• 1712  - Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen, French admiral (d. 1790)
• 1730  - Motoori Norinaga, Japanese poet and scholar (d. 1801)
• 1732  - Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach, German pianist and composer (d. 1791)
• 1736  - Enoch Poor, American general (d. 1780)
• 1741  - Prince Benedetto, Duke of Chablais (d. 1808)
• 1750  - Pierre-Nicolas Beauvallet, French sculptor and illustrator (d. 1818)
• 1759  - Alexander J. Dallas, American lawyer and politician, 6th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1817)
• 1763  - Pierre Paul Royer-Collard, French philosopher and academic (d. 1845)
• 1764  - Sidney Smith, English admiral and politician (d. 1840)
• 1774  - Daniel D. Tompkins, American lawyer and politician, 6th Vice President of the United States (d. 1825)
• 1781  - Siméon Denis Poisson, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1840)
• 1786  - Charles Edward Horn, English opera singer and composer (d. 1849)
• 1792  - Ferdinand Christian Baur, German theologian and scholar (d. 1860)
• 1797  - Wilhelm Küchelbecker, Russian poet and author (d. 1846)
• 1802  - Karl Zittel, German theologian (d. 1871)
• 1805  - Karl Friedrich Curschmann, German composer and singer (d. 1841)
• 1805  - Charles Thomas Jackson, American physician and geologist (d. 1880)
• 1814  - Paweł Bryliński, Polish sculptor (d. 1890)^[18]
• 1814  - Anton Nuhn, German anatomist and academic (d. 1889)
• 1823  - Jean Chacornac, French astronomer (d. 1873)
• 1825  - Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie, Irish economist and jurist (d. 1882)
• 1825  - William Stubbs, English bishop and historian (d. 1901)
• 1828  - Ferdinand André Fouqué, French geologist and academic (d. 1904)
• 1828  - Nikolaus Nilles, German Catholic writer and teacher (d. 1907)
• 1834  - Frans de Cort, Flemish poet and author (d. 1878)
• 1836  - Luigi Tripepi, Italian theologian (d. 1906)
• 1839  - Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, Brazilian author, poet, and playwright (d. 1908)
• 1845  - Samuel Griffith, Welsh-Australian politician, 9th Premier of Queensland (d. 1920)
• 1845  - Arthur Cowper Ranyard, English astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 1894)
• 1846  - Marion Adams-Acton, Scottish-English author and playwright (d. 1928)
• 1846  - Enrico Coleman, Italian painter (d. 1911)^[19]
• 1850  - Daniel Carter Beard, American author and illustrator, co-founded the Boy Scouts of America (d. 1941)
• 1857  - Charles Alderton, American pharmacist, founded Dr. Pepper (d. 1941)^[20]
• 1858  - Giuseppe De Sanctis, Italian painter (d. 1924)
• 1858  - Medardo Rosso, Italian sculptor and educator (d. 1928)
• 1859  - Henry Ossawa Tanner, American-French painter and illustrator (d. 1937)
• 1860  - William Dobinson Halliburton, British physiologist and biochemist (d. 1931)^[21]
• 1862  - Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai historian and author (d. 1943)
• 1863  - Ludwig Lange, German physicist (d. 1936)^[22]
• 1863  - Max Wolf, German astronomer and academic (d. 1932)
• 1864  - Heinrich Wölfflin, Swiss historian and critic (d. 1945)
• 1866  - Matt Kilroy, American baseball player (d. 1940)^[23]
• 1867  - Oscar Florianus Bluemner, German-American painter and illustrator (d. 1938)
• 1867  - William Brede Kristensen, Norwegian historian of religion (d. 1953)
• 1868  - Edwin Stephen Goodrich, English zoologist and anatomist (d. 1946)
• 1870  - Clara Immerwahr, Jewish-German chemist and academic (d. 1915)
• 1870  - Anthony Michell, English-Australian engineer (d. 1959)
• 1870  - Julio Ruelas, Mexican painter (d. 1907)^[24]
• 1874  - Jacob Linzbach, Estonian linguist (d. 1953)^[25]
• 1876  - Willem Hendrik Keesom, Dutch physicist and academic (d. 1956)
• 1880  - Arnold Gesell, American psychologist and pediatrician (d. 1961)
• 1880  - Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, English economist and civil servant (d. 1941)
• 1881  - (O.S.) Natalia Goncharova, Russian painter, costume designer, and illustrator (d. 1962)^[26]
• 1882  - Ya'acov Ben-Dov, Israeli photographer and cinematographer (d. 1968)^[27]
• 1882  - Lluís Companys, Spanish lawyer and politician, 123rd President of Catalonia (d. 1940)
• 1882  - Adrianus de Jong, Dutch fencer and soldier (d. 1966)
• 1882  - Rockwell Kent, American painter and illustrator (d. 1971)
• 1883  - Feodor Gladkov, Russian author and educator (d. 1958)
• 1884  - Claude Auchinleck, English field marshal (d. 1981)
• 1887  - Norman L. Bowen, Canadian geologist and petrologist (d. 1956)
• 1889  - Ralph Craig, American sprinter and sailor (d. 1972)
• 1891  - Pier Luigi Nervi, Italian architect and engineer, co-designed the Pirelli Tower and Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (d. 1979)
• 1891  - Hermann Scherchen, German-Swiss viola player and conductor (d. 1966)
• 1892  - Reinhold Niebuhr, American theologian and academic (d. 1971)
• 1893  - Alois Hába, Czech composer and educator (d. 1973)
• 1894  - Milward Kennedy, English journalist and civil servant (d. 1968)
• 1894  - Harry Schmidt, German mathematician and physicist (d. 1951)^[28]
• 1896  - Charles Momsen, American admiral, invented the Momsen lung (d. 1967)^[29]
• 1899  - Pavel Haas, Czech composer (d. 1944)
• 1900  - Georges-Henri Bousquet, French economist and Islamologist (d. 1978)^[30]

1901–present

• 1903  - Hermann Engelhard, German runner and coach (d. 1984)
• 1903  - Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist, painter and illustrator (d. 2003)
• 1905  - Jacques Goddet, French journalist (d. 2000)
• 1905  - Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher and author (d. 1980)
• 1906  - Grete Sultan, German-American pianist (d. 2005)^[31]
• 1908  - William Frankena, American philosopher and academic (d. 1994)
• 1910  - Aleksandr Tvardovsky, Russian poet and author (d. 1971)
• 1911  - Irving Fein, American producer and manager (d. 2012)
• 1912  - Kazimierz Leski, Polish pilot and engineer (d. 2000)
• 1912  - Mary McCarthy, American novelist and critic (d. 1989)
• 1912  - Vishnu Prabhakar, Indian author and playwright (d. 2009)
• 1913  - Madihe Pannaseeha Thero, Sri Lankan monk and scholar (d. 2003)
• 1913  - Luis Taruc, Filipino political activist (d. 2005)
• 1914  - William Vickrey, Canadian-American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
• 1915  - Wilhelm Gliese, German soldier and astronomer (d. 1993)
• 1916  - Joseph Cyril Bamford, English businessman, founded J. C. Bamford (d. 2001)
• 1916  - Tchan Fou-li, Chinese photographer (d. 2018)
• 1916  - Herbert Friedman, American physicist and astronomer (d. 2000)
• 1916  - Buddy O'Connor, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1977)
• 1918  - Robert A. Boyd, Canadian engineer (d. 2006)
• 1918  - James Joll, English historian, author, and academic (d. 1994)
• 1918  - Eddie Lopat, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 1992)
• 1918  - J. Clyde Mitchell, British sociologist and anthropologist (d. 1995)^[32]
• 1918  - Dee Molenaar, American mountaineer (d. 2020)^[33]
• 1918  - Robert V. Roosa, American economist and banker (d. 1993)^[34]
• 1918  - Tibor Szele, Hungarian mathematician and academic (d. 1955)
• 1918  - Josephine Webb, American engineer (d. 2017)
• 1919  - Antonia Mesina, Italian martyr and saint (d. 1935)
• 1919  - Gérard Pelletier, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 1997)
• 1919  - Vladimir Simagin, Russian chess player and coach (d. 1968)
• 1919  - Paolo Soleri, Italian-American architect, designed the Cosanti (d. 2013)
• 1920  - Hans Gerschwiler, Swiss figure skater (d. 2017)
• 1921  - Judy Holliday, American actress and singer (d. 1965)
• 1921  - Jane Russell, American actress and singer (d. 2011)
• 1921  - William Edwin Self, American actor, producer, and production manager (d. 2010)
• 1922  - Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Burkinabé historian, politician and writer (d. 2006)
• 1923  - Jacques Hébert, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 2007)
• 1924  - Pontus Hultén, Swedish art collector and historian (d. 2006)
• 1924  - Ezzatolah Entezami, Iranian actor (d. 2018)
• 1924  - Wally Fawkes, British-Canadian jazz clarinetist and satirical cartoonist (d. 2023)
• 1924  - Jean Laplanche, French psychoanalyst and academic (d. 2012)
• 1925  - Larisa Avdeyeva, Russian mezzo-soprano (d. 2013)
• 1925  - Stanley Moss, American poet, publisher, and art dealer (d. 2024)
• 1925  - Giovanni Spadolini, Italian journalist and politician, 45th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1994)
• 1925  - Maureen Stapleton, American actress (d. 2006)
• 1926  - Fred Cone, American football player (d. 2021)
• 1926  - Conrad Hall, French-American cinematographer (d. 2003)
• 1927  - Carl Stokes, American lawyer, politician, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Seychelles (d. 1996)
• 1928  - Wolfgang Haken, German-American mathematician and academic (d. 2022)
• 1928  - Fiorella Mari, Brazilian-Italian actress (d. 1983)
• 1928  - Margit Bara, Hungarian actress (d. 2016)
• 1930  - Gerald Kaufman, English journalist and politician, Shadow Foreign Secretary (d. 2017)
• 1930  - Mike McCormack, American football player and coach (d. 2013)
• 1931  - Zlatko Grgić, Croatian-Canadian animator, director, and screenwriter (d. 1988)
• 1931  - Margaret Heckler, American journalist, lawyer, and politician, 15th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (d. 2018)
• 1931  - David Kushnir, Israeli Olympic long-jumper (d. 2020)
• 1932  - Bernard Ingham, English journalist and civil servant (d. 2023)
• 1932  - Lalo Schifrin, Argentinian pianist, composer, and conductor
• 1932  - O.C. Smith, American R&B/jazz singer (d. 2001)
• 1933  - Bernie Kopell, American actor and comedian
• 1935  - Françoise Sagan, French author and playwright (d. 2004)
• 1937  - John Edrich, English cricketer and coach (d. 2020)
• 1938  - Don Black, English songwriter
• 1938  - John W. Dower, American historian and author
• 1938  - Michael M. Richter, German mathematician and computer scientist (d. 2020)
• 1940  - Mariette Hartley, American actress and television personality
• 1940  - Michael Ruse, Canadian philosopher and academic
• 1941  - Aloysius Paul D'Souza, Indian Catholic bishop
• 1941  - Joe Flaherty, American-Canadian actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2024)^[35]
• 1941  - Lyman Ward, Canadian actor
• 1942  - Clive Brooke, Baron Brooke of Alverthorpe, English businessman and politician
• 1942  - Norbert Brunner, Swiss Catholic bishop^[36]
• 1942  - Marjorie Margolies, American journalist and politician
• 1942  - Henry S. Taylor, American author and poet
• 1942  - Flaviano Vicentini, Italian cyclist (d. 2002)^[37]
• 1942  - Togo D. West Jr., American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (d. 2018)
• 1943  - Eumir Deodato, Brazilian pianist, composer, and producer
• 1943  - Diane Marleau, Canadian accountant and politician, Canadian Minister of Health (d. 2013)
• 1943  - Brian Sternberg, American pole vaulter (d. 2013)
• 1944  - Ray Davies, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1944  - Jon Hiseman, English drummer (d. 2018)^[38]
• 1944  - Tony Scott, English-American director and producer (d. 2012)
• 1945  - Robert Dewar, English-American computer scientist and academic (d. 2015)
• 1945  - Adam Zagajewski, Polish author and poet (d. 2021)
• 1946  - Per Eklund, Swedish race car driver
• 1946  - Kate Hoey, Northern Irish-British academic and politician, Minister for Sport and the Olympics
• 1946  - Brenda Holloway, American singer-songwriter
• 1946  - Trond Kirkvaag, Norwegian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2007)
• 1946  - Malcolm Rifkind, Scottish lawyer and politician, Secretary of State for Scotland
• 1946  - Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi, Iraqi-British businessman, founded M&C Saatchi and Saatchi & Saatchi
• 1947  - Meredith Baxter, American actress
• 1947  - Shirin Ebadi, Iranian lawyer, judge, and activist, Nobel Prize laureate^[39]
• 1947  - Michael Gross, American actor
• 1947  - Joey Molland, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1947  - Wade Phillips, American football coach
• 1947  - Fernando Savater, Spanish philosopher and author
• 1948  - Jovan Aćimović, Serbian footballer and manager
• 1948  - Ian McEwan, British novelist and screenwriter^[40]
• 1948  - Andrzej Sapkowski, Polish author and translator
• 1948  - Philippe Sarde, French composer and conductor
• 1949  - John Agard, Guyanese-English author, poet, and playwright
• 1949  - Derek Emslie, Lord Kingarth, Scottish lawyer and judge
• 1950  - Anne Carson, Canadian poet and academic
• 1950  - Joey Kramer, American rock drummer and songwriter
• 1950  - Enn Reitel, Scottish actor and screenwriter
• 1950  - Trygve Thue, Norwegian guitarist and record producer (d. 2022)
• 1950  - John Paul Young, Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter
• 1951  - Jim Douglas, American academic and politician, 80th Governor of Vermont
• 1951  - Terence Etherton, English lawyer and judge
• 1951  - Alan Hudson, English footballer
• 1951  - Nils Lofgren, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1951  - Lenore Manderson, Australian anthropologist and academic
• 1951  - Mona-Lisa Pursiainen, Finnish sprinter (d. 2000)
• 1952  - Judith Bingham, English singer-songwriter
• 1952  - Jeremy Coney, New Zealand cricketer and sportscaster
• 1952  - Patrick Dunleavy, English political scientist and academic
• 1952  - Kōichi Mashimo, Japanese director and screenwriter
• 1952  - Ginny Ruffner, American artist^[41]
• 1953  - Benazir Bhutto, Pakistani politician, Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2007)^[42]
• 1953  - Augustus Pablo, Jamaican producer and musician (d. 1999)^[43]
• 1954  - Már Guðmundsson, Icelandic economist, former Governor of Central Bank of Iceland
• 1954  - Mark Kimmitt, American general and politician, 16th Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs
• 1954  - Robert Menasse, Austrian author and academic
• 1955  - Tim Bray, Canadian software developer and businessman
• 1955  - Michel Platini, French footballer and manager
• 1956  - Rick Sutcliffe, American baseball player and broadcaster^[44]
• 1957  - Berkeley Breathed, American author and illustrator
• 1957  - Luis Antonio Tagle, Filipino cardinal
• 1958  - Víctor Montoya, Bolivian journalist and author
• 1958  - Gennady Padalka, Russian colonel, pilot, and astronaut
• 1959  - John Baron, English captain and politician
• 1959  - Tom Chambers, American basketball player and sportscaster
• 1959  - Marcella Detroit, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1959  - Kathy Mattea, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1960  - Kate Brown, American politician, 38th Governor of Oregon^[45]
• 1960  - Karl Erjavec, Slovenian politician
• 1961  - Manu Chao, French singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1961  - Sascha Konietzko, German keyboard player and producer
• 1961  - Joko Widodo, Indonesian businessman and politician, 7th President of Indonesia
• 1961  - Kip Winger, American rock singer-songwriter and musician
• 1961  - Iztok Mlakar, Slovenian actor and singer-songwriter
• 1962  - Shōhei Takada, Japanese shogi player and theoretician ^[46]
• 1962  - Viktor Tsoi, Russian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1990)
• 1963  - Dario Marianelli, Italian pianist and composer
• 1963  - Mike Sherrard, American football player
• 1964  - David Morrissey, English actor and director
• 1964  - Valeriy Neverov, Ukrainian chess player^[47]
• 1964  - Dimitris Papaioannou, Greek director and choreographer
• 1964  - Dean Saunders, Welsh footballer and manager
• 1964  - Doug Savant, American actor
• 1965  - David Beerling, English biologist and academic
• 1965  - Yang Liwei, Chinese general, pilot, and astronaut
• 1965  - Ewen McKenzie, Australian rugby player and coach
• 1965  - Lana Wachowski, American director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1966  - Gretchen Carlson, American model and TV journalist, Miss America 1989
• 1967  - Jim Breuer, American comedian, actor, and producer
• 1967  - Derrick Coleman, American basketball player and sportscaster
• 1967  - Pierre Omidyar, French-American businessman, founded eBay
• 1967  - Carrie Preston, American actress, director, and producer
• 1967  - Yingluck Shinawatra, Thai businesswoman and politician, 28th Prime Minister of Thailand
• 1968  - Sonique, English singer-songwriter and DJ
• 1970  - Eric Reed, American pianist and composer
• 1971  - Tyronne Drakeford, American football player
• 1972  - Nobuharu Asahara, Japanese sprinter and long jumper
• 1972  - Neil Doak, Northern Irish cricketer and rugby player
• 1972  - Irene van Dyk, South African-New Zealand netball player
• 1972  - Tomáš Valášek, Slovak diplomat and politician^[48]
• 1973  - Juliette Lewis, American actress and singer-songwriter
• 1973  - John Mitchell, English guitarist, vocalist and songwriter
• 1974  - Rob Kelly, American football player
• 1974  - Craig Lowndes, Australian race car driver
• 1974  - Flavio Roma, Italian footballer
• 1975  - Brian Simmons, American football player
• 1976  - Shelley Craft, Australian television host
• 1976  - Mike Einziger, American guitarist and songwriter
• 1976  - Nigel Lappin, Australian footballer and coach
• 1977  - Michael Gomez, Irish boxer
• 1977  - Al Wilson, American football player
• 1978  - Thomas Blondeau, Flemish writer (d. 2013)^[49]
• 1978  - Matt Kuchar, American golfer
• 1978  - Cristiano Lupatelli, Italian footballer
• 1978  - Dejan Ognjanović, Montenegrin footballer
• 1978  - Rim'K, French rapper^[50]
• 1979  - Kostas Katsouranis, Greek footballer
• 1979  - Chris Pratt, American actor
• 1980  - Michael Crocker, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster
• 1980  - Łukasz Cyborowski, Polish chess player
• 1980  - Richard Jefferson, American basketball player
• 1980  - Sendy Rleal, Dominican baseball player
• 1981  - Yann Danis, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1981  - Garrett Jones, American baseball player
• 1981  - Brandon Flowers, American singer-songwriter
• 1981  - Brad Walker, American pole vaulter
• 1982  - Lee Dae-ho, South Korean baseball player
• 1982  - William, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the British throne ^[51]
• 1982  - Jussie Smollett, American actor and singer^[52]
• 1983  - Edward Snowden, American activist and academic
• 1985  - Kris Allen, American musician, singer and songwriter^[53]
• 1985  - Lana Del Rey, American singer-songwriter
• 1985  - Sentayehu Ejigu, Ethiopian runner
• 1985  - Byron Schammer, Australian footballer
• 1986  - Kathleen O'Kelly-Kennedy, Australian wheelchair basketball player
• 1986  - Hideaki Wakui, Japanese baseball player
• 1987  - Pablo Barrera, Mexican footballer
• 1987  - Sebastian Prödl, Austrian footballer
• 1987  - Dale Thomas, Australian footballer
• 1988  - Allyssa DeHaan, American basketball and volleyball player
• 1988  - Alejandro Ramírez, American chess player^[54]
• 1988  - Paolo Tornaghi, Italian footballer
• 1988  - Thaddeus Young, American basketball player
• 1989  - Abubaker Kaki, Sudanese runner
• 1990  - Ričardas Berankis, Lithuanian tennis player
• 1990  - Sergei Matsenko, Russian chess player^[55]
• 1990  - François Moubandje, Swiss footballer^[56]
• 1990  - Håvard Nordtveit, Norwegian footballer
• 1990  - Isabel Pires, Portuguese politician^[57]
• 1991  - Gaël Kakuta, French footballer
• 1991  - Lee Min-young, South Korean singer-songwriter, actress, and entertainer^[58]
• 1992  - MAX, American singer, songwriter, actor, dancer and model
• 1992  - Hussein El Shahat, Egyptian professional footballer^[59]
• 1993  - Hungrybox, Argentine-American esports player^[60]
• 1994  - Başak Eraydın, Turkish tennis player
• 1996  - Tyrone May, Australian rugby league player
• 1996  - Scottie Scheffler, American golfer^[61]
• 1997  - Rebecca Black, American singer-songwriter
• 1997  - Derrius Guice, American football player
• 1998  - Isabel Atkin, British-American freestyle skier^[62]
• 1999  - Ky Rodwell, Australian rugby league player^[63]
• 2000  - Dylan Brown, New Zealand rugby league player^[64]
• 2001  - Alexandra Obolentseva, Russian chess player^[65]
• 2011  - Lil Bub, American celebrity cat (d. 2019)^[66]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 532  - Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei, former Northern Wei emperor
• 866  - Rodulf, Frankish archbishop
• 868  - Ali al-Hadi, the tenth Imam of Shia Islam (b. 829)^[67]
• 870  - Al-Muhtadi, Muslim caliph
• 947  - Zhang Li, official of the Liao Dynasty
• 1040  - Fulk III, Count of Anjou (b. 972)
• 1171  - Walter de Luci, French-English monk (b. 1103)
• 1208  - Philip of Swabia (b. 1177)
• 1305  - Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (b. 1271)
• 1359  - Erik Magnusson, king of Sweden (b. 1339)
• 1377  - Edward III of England (b. 1312)^[68]
• 1421  - Jean Le Maingre, French general (b. 1366)
• 1527  - Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian historian and author (b. 1469)^[69]
• 1529  - John Skelton, English poet and educator (b. 1460)
• 1547  - Sebastiano del Piombo, Italian painter and educator (b. 1485)
• 1558  - Piero Strozzi, Italian general (b. 1510)
• 1582  - Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (b. 1534)
• 1585  - Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland (b. 1532)
• 1591  - Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian saint (b. 1568)^[70]
• 1596  - Jean Liebault, French agronomist and physician (b. 1535)

1601–1900

• 1621  - Louis III, Cardinal of Guise (b. 1575)
• 1621  - Kryštof Harant, Czech soldier and composer (b. 1564)
• 1622  - Salomon Schweigger, German theologian (b. 1551)
• 1631  - John Smith, English admiral and explorer (b. 1580)
• 1652  - Inigo Jones, English architect, designed the Queen's House and Wilton House (b. 1573)
• 1661  - Andrea Sacchi, Italian painter (b. 1599)
• 1737  - Matthieu Marais, French author, critic, and jurist (b. 1664)
• 1738  - Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1674)
• 1765  - Nachman of Horodenka, Hasidic rabbi^[71]
• 1796  - Richard Gridley, American soldier and engineer (b. 1710)
• 1824  - Étienne Aignan, French playwright and translator (b. 1773)
• 1865  - Frances Adeline Seward, American wife of William H. Seward (b. 1824)
• 1874  - Anders Jonas Ångström, Swedish physicist and astronomer (b. 1814)
• 1876  - Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican general and politician 8th President of Mexico (b. 1794)
• 1880  - Theophilus H. Holmes, American general (b. 1804)
• 1893  - Leland Stanford, American businessman and politician, 8th Governor of California (b. 1824)^[72]

1901–present

• 1908  - Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer and educator (b. 1844)
• 1914  - Bertha von Suttner, Austrian journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1843)
• 1929  - Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, English sociologist, journalist, and academic (b. 1864)
• 1934  - Thorne Smith, American author (b. 1892)
• 1940  - Smedley Butler, American general, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1881)
• 1940  - Édouard Vuillard, French painter (b. 1868)
• 1951  - Charles Dillon Perrine, American astronomer (b. 1867)
• 1951  - Gustave Sandras, French gymnast (b. 1872)
• 1951  - Ville Kiviniemi, Finnish politician (b. 1877)^[73]
• 1952  - Wop May, Canadian captain and pilot (b. 1896)
• 1954  - Gideon Sundback, Swedish-American engineer, developed the zipper (b. 1880)
• 1957  - Claude Farrère, French captain and author (b. 1876)
• 1957  - Johannes Stark, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)
• 1964  - James Chaney, American civil rights activist (b. 1943)
• 1964  - Andrew Goodman, American civil rights activist (b. 1943)
• 1964  - Michael Schwerner, American civil rights activist (b. 1939)
• 1967  - Theodore Sizer, American professor of the history of art (b. 1892)
• 1968  - Constance Georgina Tardrew, South African botanist (b. 1883)^[74]
• 1969  - Maureen Connolly, American tennis player (b. 1934)
• 1970  - Sukarno, Indonesian engineer and politician, 1st President of Indonesia (b. 1901)
• 1970  - Piers Courage, English race car driver (b. 1942)
• 1976  - Margaret Herrick, American librarian (b. 1902)
• 1980  - Bert Kaempfert, German conductor and composer (b. 1923)
• 1981  - Don Figlozzi, American illustrator and animator (b. 1909)
• 1985  - Hector Boyardee, Italian-American chef and businessman, founded Chef Boyardee (b. 1897)
• 1985  - Tage Erlander, Swedish lieutenant and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1901)
• 1986  - Assi Rahbani, Lebanese singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1923)
• 1987  - Madman Muntz, American engineer and businessman, founded the Muntz Car Company (b. 1914)
• 1988  - Bobby Dodd, American football coach (b. 1908)
• 1990  - Cedric Belfrage, English journalist and author, co-founded the National Guardian (b. 1904)
• 1990  - June Christy, American singer (b. 1925)
• 1992  - Ben Alexander, Australian rugby league player (b. 1971)
• 1992  - Arthur Gorrie, Australian hobby shop proprietor (b. 1922)
• 1992  - Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah, Bangladeshi poet, author, and playwright (b. 1956)
• 1992  - Li Xiannian, Chinese captain and politician, 3rd President of the People's Republic of China (b. 1909)
• 1994  - William Wilson Morgan, American astronomer and astrophysicist (b. 1906)
• 1997  - Shintaro Katsu, Japanese actor, singer, director, and producer (b. 1931)
• 1997  - Fidel Velázquez Sánchez, Mexican trade union leader (b. 1900)
• 1998  - Harry Cranbrook Allen, English historian (b. 1917)
• 1998  - Anastasio Ballestrero, Italian cardinal (b. 1913)
• 1998  - Al Campanis, American baseball player and manager (b. 1916)
• 1999  - Kami, Japanese drummer (b. 1973)
• 2000  - Alan Hovhaness, Armenian-American pianist and composer (b. 1911)
• 2001  - John Lee Hooker, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1917)
• 2001  - Soad Hosny, Egyptian actress and singer (b. 1942)
• 2001  - Carroll O'Connor, American actor and producer (b. 1924)
• 2002  - Timothy Findley, Canadian author and playwright (b. 1930)
• 2003  - Roger Neilson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1934)
• 2003  - Leon Uris, American soldier and author (b. 1924)
• 2004  - Leonel Brizola, Brazilian engineer and politician, Governor of Rio de Janeiro (b. 1922)
• 2004  - Ruth Leach Amonette, American businesswoman (b. 1916)
• 2005  - Jaime Sin, Filipino cardinal (b. 1928)
• 2006  - Jared C. Monti, American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1975)
• 2007  - Bob Evans, American businessman, founded Bob Evans Restaurants (b. 1918)
• 2008  - Scott Kalitta, American race car driver (b. 1962)
• 2010  - Russell Ash, English author (b. 1946)^[75]
• 2010  - Irwin Barker, Canadian actor and screenwriter (b. 1956)
• 2010  - İlhan Selçuk, Turkish lawyer, journalist, and author (b. 1925)
• 2011  - Robert Kroetsch, Canadian author and poet (b. 1927)
• 2012  - Richard Adler, American composer and producer (b. 1921)
• 2012  - Abid Hussain, Indian economist and diplomat, Indian Ambassador to the United States (b. 1926)
• 2012  - Sunil Janah, Indian photographer and journalist (b. 1918)
• 2012  - Anna Schwartz, American economist and author (b. 1915)
• 2013  - James P. Gordon, American physicist and academic (b. 1928)
• 2013  - Elliott Reid, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1920)
• 2014  - Yozo Ishikawa, Japanese politician, Japanese Minister of Defense (b. 1925)
• 2014  - Walter Kieber, Austrian-Liechtenstein politician, 7th Prime Minister of Liechtenstein (b. 1931)
• 2014  - Wong Ho Leng, Malaysian lawyer and politician (b. 1959)
• 2015  - Darryl Hamilton, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1964)
• 2015  - Veijo Meri, Finnish author and poet (b. 1928)
• 2015  - Remo Remotti, Italian actor, playwright, and poet (b. 1924)
• 2015  - Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski, German soldier and politician (b. 1932)
• 2015  - Gunther Schuller, American horn player, composer, and conductor (b. 1925)
• 2016  - Pierre Lalonde, Canadian television host and singer (b. 1941)
• 2018  - Charles Krauthammer, American columnist and conservative political commentator (b. 1950)
• 2023  - Winnie Ewing, Scottish politician (b. 1929)^[76]
• 2024  - Frederick Crews, American essayist and literary critic (b. 1933)^[77]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Alban of Mainz
  • Aloysius Gonzaga
  • Engelmund of Velsen
  • Martin of Tongres
  • Onesimos Nesib (Lutheran)
  • June 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Day of the Martyrs (Togo)
• Father's Day (Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Uganda, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates)
• Go Skateboarding Day
• International Yoga Day (international)^[78]
• National Aboriginal Day (Canada)
• Solstice-related observances (see also June 20):
  • Day of Private Reflection (Northern Ireland)
  • International Surfing Day
  • National Day (Greenland)
  • We Tripantu, a winter solstice festival in the southern hemisphere. (Mapuche, southern Chile)
  • Willkakuti, an Andean-Amazonic New Year (Aymara)
  • Fête de la Musique
• World Humanist Day (Humanism)
• World Hydrography Day (international)

External links

• Web site: On This Day . BBC.
  • Web site: Historical Events on June 21 . OnThisDay.com.

Notes and References

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2. Web site: Nova Scotia The Canadian Encyclopedia . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . 27 October 2021.
3. Book: Merrill Jensen. Robert A. Becker. The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 1788-1790. 15 June 1976. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 978-0-299-06690-1. 23.
4. Book: Barnes, Mark. The Spanish–American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902: An Annotated Bibliography. Florence, Ky.. Taylor & Francis. 2010. 9780415999571. xv. none.

   Book: Schoonover, Thomas David. Uncle Sam's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization. Lexington, Ky.. University Press of Kentucky. 2003. 9780813122823. 89.

5. Web site: Local community to mark centenary of 'night of terror'. 18 June 2021 .
6. Healy, P., God Save All Here (1999) at p.21.
7. Roscommon People, 24 June 2016, at p. 39
8. • Book: Playfair, I. S. O. . 2004 . The History of the Second World War - The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb . III . London . HMSO . pbk. repr. Naval and Military Press, Uckfield . 978-1-84574-067-2 . I. S. O. Playfair. 266–274.
9. News: Charlton. Linda. Penn Central Is Granted Authority to Reorganize Under Bankruptcy Laws. The New York Times. June 22, 1970. 1, 74. June 21, 2020. none.

   Book: Markham, Jerry W.. A Financial History of the United States. Volume 3: From the Age of Derivatives into the New Millennium (1970-2001). Armonk, N.Y.. M.E. Sharpe. 2002. 9780765607300. 5.

10. Book: Cohen, Henry. Obscenity and Indecency: Constitutional Principles and Federal Statutes. New York. Novinka Books. 2003. 9781590337493. 2–3.
11. Web site: 21-Jun-1985 . 11 September 2009 . Aviation Safety Network . Flight Safety Foundation.
12. Book: Welch, Michael. Flag Burning: Moral Panic and the Criminalization of Protest. New York. Aldine de Gruyter. 2000. 9780202306513. 68–71.
13. Web site: March 31, 2010 . STS-57 . February 12, 2022 . NASA.
14. News: June 21, 2006 . Yeti crash, 9 dead . Nepali Times . October 12, 2017.
15. News: Waldron . Greg . 21 June 2012 . Indonesian air force Fokker F27 crashes near Jakarta . 6 February 2019 . Flight International.
16. Web site: CHIARAMONTI, Scipione . 2023-11-12 . Treccani . it.
17. Web site: Samuel OPPENHEIMER. www.loebtree.com.
18. Web site: Brylinski Pawel . Astro-Databank . 27 June 2016 . 13 November 2021.
19. Web site: COLEMAN, Enrico in "Dizionario Biografico". www.treccani.it.
20. Book: Entrepreneur magazine encyclopedia of entrepreneurs. Anthony. Hallett. Diane. Hallett. 24 October 1997. Wiley . 9780471175360. 24 May 2020.
21. Web site: Halliburton, William Dobinson Encyclopedia.com . 2023-10-05 . www.encyclopedia.com.
22. Web site: Biographie . Deutsche . Lange, Ludwig - Deutsche Biographie . 2023-04-19 . www.deutsche-biographie.de . de.
23. Web site: Matt Kilroy . mlb.com . MLB . 3 May 2024.
24. Web site: El sueño de Julio Ruelas en Montparnasse . Julieta Ortiz Gaitán . 16 January 2009 . Museo Amparo . https://web.archive.org/web/20160302125748/http://museoamparo.com/documentos/Ruelas.pdf . 23 January 2021 . 2016-03-02.
25. Jakob Linzbach on his life and work. Sébastien Moret. August 2019. Sign Systems Studies. 47(1/2):305.
26. Book: Amazons of the avant-garde: Alexandra Exter, Natalia Goncharova, Liubov Popova, Olga Rozanova, Varvara Stepanova, and Nadezhda Udaltsova. 2000. Guggenheim Museum. 0-8109-6924-6. New York. 155. Natalia Goncharova. Sharp, Jane A.. Bowlt. John E.. Drutt. Matthew. https://archive.org/details/amazonsofavantga00exte/page/155.
27. Web site: Staff . C. I. E. . 2023-06-21 . Filmmaker Ya'acov Ben-Dov Born . 2023-08-19 . CIE . en.
28. Web site: Harry Schmidt (1894-1951). University of Halle. 23 January 2021.
29. Book: IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics. 1957. IEEE. 52.
30. Web site: BOUSQUET, Georges-Henri - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi.
31. Web site: Object Metadata @ LexM . 2022-11-01 . www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de.
32. Web site: Smith . Susan J. . J. CLYDE MITCHELL .
33. Web site: Connelly. Joel. 2020-01-21. 'The Brotherhood of the Rope': Dee Molenaar dies at 101. 2021-05-02. Seattle Pi. en-US.
34. 987305. Robert V. Roosa (21 June 1918-23 December 1993). MacLaury. Bruce K.. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 1997. 141. 2. 227–229.
35. News: 'SCTV' star, comedian Joe Flaherty dies following illness, daughter says . April 2, 2024 . CityNews Toronto . Canadian Press . April 2, 2024.
36. Web site: Bishop Norbert Brunner [Catholic-Hierarchy] ]. 2023-05-04 . www.catholic-hierarchy.org.
37. Web site: Archives . Cycling . Flaviano Vicentini . 2022-04-09 . www.cyclingarchives.com . en.
38. Book: Lentz III, Harris M. . Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2018 . 30 May 2019 . McFarland . 171 . 9781476636559 .
39. Web site: Shirin Ebadi . Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers . 27 July 2021 . en . 26 February 2019.
40. Web site: HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO IAN MCEWAN. 28 September 2018.
41. Web site: Ruffner, Ginny (b. 1952) . 2024-08-14 . www.historylink.org.
42. Web site: Benazir Bhutto . Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers . 27 July 2021 . en . 15 February 2019.
43. Thompson, Dave (2002) Reggae & Caribbean Music, Backbeat Books,, p. 200-202
44. Web site: Rick Sutcliffe Stats. Baseball-Reference.com.
45. News: Birthdays: June 21. November 2, 2018. June 20, 2018. The Houston Chronicle.
46. Web site: ShogiHub / Takada, Shohei (高田尚平). shogihub.com.
47. Web site: The chess games of Valeriy Neverov. www.chessgames.com.
48. Web site: M. A. Tomáš Valášek . Národná rada SR .
49. Web site: Thomas Blondeau · dbnl. DBNL.
50. Web site: Bio . next.liberation.fr. 2021-05-02.
51. Web site: Prince William of Wales & Catherine . Westminster Abbey . 8 October 2022 . en.
52. Web site: HISTORY, June 21: Reagan shooter not guilty by reason of insanity. Associated Press. The Daily News.
53. Web site: Kris Allen Crowned 'American Idol' In Surprise Victory. www.billboard.com.
54. Web site: The chess games of Alejandro Ramirez Alvarez. www.chessgames.com.
55. Web site: The chess games of Sergei Matsenko. www.chessgames.com.
56. News: F. Moubandje. 1 June 2017. Soccerway.
57. Web site: Deputados: Biografia - Isabel Pires . 30 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240102151409/https://www.parlamento.pt/DeputadoGP/Paginas/Biografia.aspx?BID=5854 . 2 January 2024 . Lisbon, Portugal . pt.
58. Web site: Min Artist Profile . live . https://archive.today/20190225074626/http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view/33XXXX541666 . February 25, 2019 . February 25, 2019 . Daum.
59. Web site: FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2018: List of Players: Al Ain FC . FIFA . 1 . 6 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181206234932/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FCWC/2018/pdf/FCWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF . 6 December 2018 . dead.
60. hungrybox. Right on my 30th birthday... Def doing a watch party in the morning for this. WHAT WILL THE BIG SURPRISE BE? Kirby? F-Zero? Mario? ...the unthinkable?. 1671159271936106498. LiquidHbox. June 20, 2023. June 20, 2024.
61. Web site: Scottie Scheffler Height, Weight, Age, Position, Bio - Golf . Fox Sports . June 19, 2024.
62. Web site: Izzy Atkin . olympedia.org . 27 March 2024 .
63. Web site: Official Knock on Effect NSW Cup profile of Ky Rodwell for Parramatta Eels NSW Cup - NSWRL. March 2022 .
64. Web site: Dylan Brown. 2021-09-29. 2021-09-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20210929084437/https://www.parraeels.com.au/teams/telstra-premiership/parramatta-eels/dylan-brown/. dead.
65. Web site: The chess games of Alexandra Obolentseva. www.chessgames.com.
66. News: Silverman . Ellie . 2 December 2019 . Lil BUB, the internet celebrity cat with an always-hanging tongue, has died . . . 24 June 2020 .
67. Book: Muhammad ibn Yarir al- Tabari . The History of al-Tabari Vol. 34 . January 1989 . SUNY Press . 9780887068744 . 76 .
68. Web site: BBC - History - Edward III . www.bbc.co.uk . 19 July 2020.
69. Web site: Niccolo Machiavelli Biography, Books, Philosophy, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 3 May 2020 . en.
70. Web site: Saint Aloysius Gonzaga Biography & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 23 January 2020 . en.
71. Web site: https://toldot.com/history/nahmanIzGrodenki.html. toldot.com. 2 July 2018 . ru. ru:Раби Нахман ИЗ ГОРОДЕНКИ. Rabbi Nachman from Horodenka. 28 April 2023.
72. Web site: Leland Stanford Biography, Robber Baron, & Stanford University . Encyclopedia Britannica . 24 January 2020 . en.
73. Web site: Kansanedustajat: Ville Kiviniemi . . 13 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190315165100/https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/910748.aspx . 15 March 2019 . Helsinki, Finland . fi.
74. Book: Rall, Maureen . Petticoat Pioneers: The History of the Pioneer Women who Lived on the Diamond Fields in the Early Years. Kimberley, South Africa . Kimberley Africana Library . 2002 . 117 . 978-0-62027-613-9.
75. Web site: Obituary: Russell Ash . www.scotsman.com . 9 July 2010 . 3 May 2020 . en.
76. Web site: Wilson . Brian . Winifred Ewing obituary . The Guardian . 22 June 2023 . 22 June 2023 . 22 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230622215659/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/jun/22/winifred-ewing-obituary . live.
77. News: Veale . Scott . 2024-06-24 . Frederick Crews, Withering Critic of Freud’s Legacy, Dies at 91 . 2024-06-26 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
78. News: International Days . United Nations . 2 January 2021 . en . 6 January 2015. Nations . United .