20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party explained

Event Name:20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China
Image Alt:CCP flag
Location:Great Hall of the People, Beijing, China
Participants:2,296 delegates
Date:16–22 October 2022 (6 days)
Result:Election of the 20th Central Committee and 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

The 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), commonly referred to as Èrshí Dà, was held in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing from 16 to 22 October 2022. The National Congress is the highest organ of the party, and is stipulated to be held every five years. The conference had 2,296 delegates and 83 specially invited delegates.

The CCP Congress endorsed the amendments to the CCP constitution, membership list of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and elected the 20th Central Committee of the CCP. The day after the closing of the Congress, the 1st Plenary Session was held at which The Central Committee approved the composition of the Secretariat. Soon after, the members of the Politburo and its Standing Committee, the party's most powerful decision-making body. Xi Jinping secured an unprecedented third term as CCP general secretary after the Congress. It will likely be followed by the 21st National Congress of the CCP in 2027.

Background and preparation

Preparations for the 20th Chinese Communist Party National Congress began in 2021 and ended with a plenary session of the 19th Central Committee, a few days prior to the 20th National Congress.[1] Elections for the delegates of the 20th Chinese Communist Party National Congress started in November 2021,[2] as well as receiving and amending party documents. In that month, the 19th Central Committee decided in its sixth plenary session that the 20th National Congress would be held in the second half of 2022.[3]

In May 2022, the CCP General Office issued a set of regulations warning retired members not to make any ‘negative’ political comments or discussion of the party's policies in the run-up to the 20th National Congress and that violations of the disciplinary rules will be ‘dealt with seriously’.[4]

On 30 August, the Politburo held a meeting for preparatory work for the seventh plenary session of the 19th Central Committee and the 20th National Congress, which put the dates for the Plenary Session and the Congress on 9 October and 16 October respectively.[5]

In September, unsubstantiated rumors of a coup spread throughout social media, but were quashed after Xi Jinping appeared days later.[6]

A total of 2,296 delegates were elected to represent the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s 96.7 million members by 25 September 2022.[7]

On 13 October, three days prior to the opening of the CCP National Congress, the Beijing Sitong Bridge protest took place.[8] [9] This protest against Xi Jinping and his policies was rare as it came just days before the start of the Congress, a period during which the authorities imposed extremely tight control over protests and dissent.[10] Similar protest slogans subsequently appeared in other cities in China and around the world.[11] [12] [13] Some people shared these messages as graffiti or via AirDrop.[14]

The Congress

On 15 October, a preparatory meeting of the party congress was presided by CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, which elected the Presidium of the 20th Chinese Communist Party National Congress and the Qualification Review Committee. In the meeting, it was decided that Wang Huning would serve as the secretary-general of the party congress.[15] On the same day, the presidium of the National Congress, chaired by Wang Huning, held its first session.[16]

On 16 October, at 10 am, Li Keqiang announced the opening of the conference.[17] Subsequently, Xi gave a work report in behalf of the 19th Central Committee. The speech lasted for around 104 minutes, roughly half of his speech in the 19th Congress.[18] [19] During the speech, he defended China's zero-COVID approach to the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, said that Hong Kong had "a major transition from chaos to governance", advocated for Taiwan's "peaceful reunification" but vowed to not renounce the use of force, advocated for "common prosperity," and denounced corruption. Xi reaffirmed China's socialist market economy, including support for both the public ownership system and the private economy.[20] He also spoke of enacting policies to boost China's birth rate, which is among the lowest in the world.[21] Additionally, he emphasized China's national security, including food, energy, and supply chain safety.[22] Xi outlined the "Chinese path to modernization", mentioning the slogan 11 times.[23] On China's position on the world stage, he said that "China’s international influence, appeal and power to shape the world has significantly increased".[24] Overall, the speech was said to be showing continuity rather than change.[25]

The second meeting of the Presidium was held on 18 October, presided by Xi. The meeting decided to submit draft resolutions on the 19th Central Committee's and 19th CCDI's reports as well as the amendment to the CCP Constitution. It also adopted proposed lists of preliminary nominees for the 20th Central Committee and the 20th CCDI.[26] The draft name lists for both were approved during the third meeting of the Presidium, held on 21 October.[27] On 22 October, the National Congress adopted the work reports of the 19th Central Committee and the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. It also adopted the proposed amendments to the CCP Constitution, and elected members of the 20th Central Committee and the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. Official voting results showed that all proposals passed unanimously with no abstentions or negative votes.[28] The National Congress concluded that day.[29]

At the closing ceremony on 22 October, Hu Jintao, the former General Secretary of the CCP and President, who had been sitting next to Xi, was pulled from his seat and escorted out of the hall by two men in suits and with name badges.[30] [31] [32] This incident occurred before the votes that day, and Hu was absent from the voting due to this incident.[33] [34] Xinhua News Agency, China's official press agency, stated that Hu was not feeling well,[35] while foreign news speculated whether Hu was genuinely sick or whether this was a deliberate political signal by Xi.[36] [37] [38] The incident was not broadcast in China and both Hu's and Hu's son's names were blocked by Chinese censors.[39] Academics Steve Tsang and Olivia Cheung write that the ban on images and reporting of the incident suggests that Xi did not intend to humiliate Hu.[40]

1st Plenum

The 1st plenum of the 20th Central Committee, to elect the central party leadership, was held immediately after the Congress, CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping was appointed for an unprecedented third term as party leader.[41] The newly elected members of the 20th Politburo Standing Committee in addition to Xi were, in their orders of precedence:[42]

The new PSC was filled almost completely with people close to Xi, with four out of the seven members of the previous PSC including Premier Li Keqiang and CPPCC Chairman Wang Yang stepping down.[43] The only remaining members of the previous PSC except Xi were Zhao Leji and Wang Huning, though their ranking and positions changed.[44] Reuters remarked that the retirement of Wang Yang and Li Keqiang, as well as the demotion of vice premier Hu Chunhua from the Politburo meant the wipeout of Tuanpai,[45] while Willy Wo-Lap Lam wrote that there were no representatives from the Tuanpai or the Shanghai clique, leading to a total dominance of Xi's own faction.[46]

Policy changes

Party Constitution amendments

See main article: Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party. The Congress saw several amendments to the CCP Constitution. Additions included opposition to Taiwan independence,[47] [48] developing a "fighting spirit" and strengthening fighting ability, as well as additions of goals related to Xi, including gradually achieving common prosperity, promoting Chinese-style modernization and developing a "broader, fuller and more robust" whole-process people's democracy. The status of Xi and the Party were further strengthened with the amendments, with the amended constitution naming the CCP as the "highest force for political leadership" and including the Two Upholds, which call for safeguarding the status of Xi Jinping as the core of the CCP and safeguarding the centralized authority of the party.[49]

Economy

The Congress emphasized that the CCP's economic agenda should focus on quality of growth, rather than solely quantity, consistent with principles of security and common prosperity.[50] The importance of growing the digital economy was also emphasized.

The 20th National Congress further highlighted ecological civilization as a core developmental goal of the CCP.[51]

Reaction

Countries

Stock markets

Stocks related to Chinese corporations suffered major losses on 24 October, with the Hang Seng Index falling 6%, its worst daily decline since the 2008 financial crisis. The Shanghai Stock Exchange only declined by 2% after the meeting.[57] The renminbi also nearly fell to a rate of 7.31 to the dollar. The Golden Dragon China Index, an index of multiple Chinese companies listed on American exchanges, fell 14% in its worst daily drop since 2004, before partially rebounding a day later.

See also

External links

Notes and References

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  2. News: 19 November 2021 . CCP formally starts selection process for delegates to next year's congress . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220809212504/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3156743/chinese-communist-party-formally-starts-process-selecting . 9 August 2022 . 9 August 2022 . . en.
  3. News: 18 November 2021 . CPC initiates election process for delegates to 20th national congress . . live . 18 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211120000030/http://www.news.cn/english/2021-11/18/c_1310319129.htm . 20 November 2021.
  4. News: Rui . Guo . 17 May 2022 . Retired Chinese cadres warned not to make 'negative' comments . . live . 23 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221023140555/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3177966/chinese-communist-party-warns-retired-members-not-make-negative . 23 October 2022.
  5. News: 30 August 2022 . Meeting of CPC Central Committee Political Bureau proposes convening 20th CPC National Congress on Oct. 16 in Beijing . . 18 September 2023 . 7 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107140404/https://english.news.cn/20220830/e3ede2ba6e9f4de6b9eebe30603b51e4/c.html . live .
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  10. News: Davidson . Helen . 2022-10-14 . ‘We all saw it’: anti-Xi Jinping protest electrifies Chinese internet . 2024-07-14 . . en-GB . 0261-3077 . Such an overt and publicised protest against Xi specifically would be significant at the best of times, but this occurred just days out from the ruling Communist party congress. . 14 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014084020/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/14/we-all-saw-it-anti-xi-jinping-protest-electrifies-chinese-internet . live .
  11. News: 23 October 2022 . Anti-Xi protest spreads in China and worldwide as Chinese leader begins third term . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104000332/https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/22/china/china-party-congress-overseas-students-protest-intl-hnk . 4 November 2022 . 4 November 2022 . . Over the past week, as party elites gathered in Beijing’s Great Hall of the People to extoll Xi and his policies at the 20th Party Congress, anti-Xi slogans echoing the Sitong Bridge banners have popped up in a growing number of Chinese cities and hundreds of universities worldwide..
  12. News: 18 October 2022 . China's 'Bridge Man' inspires Xi Jinping protest signs around the world . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221129141316/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63295749 . 29 November 2022 . 4 November 2022 . . A rare one-man protest against Xi Jinping in Beijing has inspired solidarity protests around the world as China's party congress sits this week..
  13. News: 18 October 2022 . Anti-Xi Slogans in Rare Beijing Protest Spread Within China . . 18 October 2022 . 18 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221018110555/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-18/anti-xi-slogans-in-rare-beijing-protest-spread-within-china . live .
  14. News: Cheung . Rachel . 19 October 2022 . Anti-Xi Jinping Posters Are Spreading in China via AirDrop . . 19 October 2022 . 19 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221019134948/https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxn7nq/anti-xi-jinping-posters-are-spreading-in-china-via-airdrop . live .
  15. News: (CPC Congress) Xi presides over preparatory meeting for 20th CPC National Congress . . live . 15 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015113832/https://english.news.cn/20221015/9b144d5bcacc4df5bb17f4556b4f0521/c.html . 15 October 2022.
  16. News: (CPC Congress) Presidium of 20th CPC National Congress holds first meeting . . live . 15 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015154526/https://english.news.cn/20221015/ed345ce1359d4597b336ca508e49a730/c.html . 15 October 2022.
  17. News: 16 October 2022 . (CPC Congress) CPC opens 20th National Congress . . 18 September 2023 . 22 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230922044433/https://english.news.cn/20221016/c724ab3d19674095a9da5eec5c1d7365/c.html . live .
  18. News: Wong . Chun Han . China's Xi Jinping Stakes Out Ambitions, With Himself at the Center . 19 October 2022 . . en-US . 18 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221018225115/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-xi-jinping-hails-communist-partys-self-revolution-in-bid-to-extend-rule-11665894731 . live .
  19. Web site: Presidium of 20th CPC National Congress holds its first meeting Xi Jinping delivers speech . 22 October 2022 . . 22 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221022120136/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/202210/t20221016_10784402.html . live .
  20. News: 2022-10-16 . Key Xi quotes at China's 20th Communist Party Congress . en . . 2023-11-11 . 11 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111032608/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/key-xi-quotes-chinas-20th-communist-party-congress-2022-10-16/ . live .
  21. News: Tian . Yew Lun . Pollard . Martin Quin . 16 October 2022 . Xi says China will seek to lift birth rate in face of ageing population . . 12 August 2023 . 12 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230812223920/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/xi-says-china-will-seek-lift-birth-rate-face-ageing-population-2022-10-16/ . live .
  22. News: October 17, 2022 . China's Xi talks up security, reiterates COVID stance as congress opens . Reuters .
  23. Web site: May 12, 2023 . Chinese-style Modernization . China Media Project . 11 November 2023 . 8 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231208074148/https://chinamediaproject.org/the_ccp_dictionary/chinese-style-modernization/ . live .
  24. News: 16 October 2022 . Xi Jinping's vision for China's next five years: key takeaways from his speech . 19 October 2022 . . en . 19 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221019005508/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/16/xi-jinping-vision-china-next-five-years-key-takeaways-from-speech . live .
  25. News: 16 October 2022 . Xi signals continuity in his China Communist Party congress speech . en . . 19 October 2022 . 18 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221018192120/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/16/1129341289/xi-china-communist-party-congress-speech . live .
  26. News: 18 October 2022 . (CPC Congress) Xi chairs 2nd meeting of 20th CPC National Congress presidium . . 18 September 2023 . 22 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221022131315/https://english.news.cn/20221018/4292fd9ab2a2435b8d2349910af94399/c.html . live .
  27. News: 21 October 2022 . Presidium of 20th CPC National Congress holds third meeting, Xi Jinping presides over meeting . . 18 September 2023 . 10 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080144/https://english.news.cn/20221021/2e188977e03d41eaa5235e3e1405bce1/c.html . live .
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  39. News: 2022-10-25 . Hu Jintao argued about official papers before being escorted out of congress . en . the Guardian . live . 2022-10-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221027205200/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/25/hu-jintao-argued-about-official-papers-before-being-escorted-out-of-congress . 27 October 2022.
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  52. News: 2022-10-23 . Kim Jong Un congratulates Xi for reelection, hopes for 'more beautiful' ties . en . . 2022-11-13 . 13 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221113142042/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nkoreas-kim-sends-congratulatory-letter-chinas-xi-kcna-2022-10-23/ . live .
  53. News: 2022-10-23 . Putin congratulates China's Xi on unprecedented third term . en . . 2022-11-13 . 13 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221113142040/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/putin-congratulates-xi-after-chinese-leader-secures-unprecedented-third-term-2022-10-23/ . live .
  54. News: 16 October 2022 . Taiwan says it will not back down on its sovereignty . en . . 16 October 2022 . 16 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016065653/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/taiwan-says-it-will-not-back-down-its-sovereignty-2022-10-16/ . live .
  55. News: Tian . Yew Lun . Blanchard . Ben . 16 October 2022 . China will never renounce right to use force over Taiwan, Xi says . en . . 16 October 2022 . 16 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016044736/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/xi-china-will-never-renounce-right-use-force-over-taiwan-2022-10-16/ . live .
  56. News: 2022-10-17 . China lists KMT as 'Taiwan Area political party' in thank-you letter . 2022-11-13 . . 13 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221113142043/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4688840 . live .
  57. News: Tucker . Hank . President Xi's Tightening Grip On China Could Boost Some Chinese Stocks . 2022-10-28 . Forbes . en . 26 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221026174514/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hanktucker/2022/10/25/president-xis-tightening-grip-on-china-could-boost-some-chinese-stocks/ . live .

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