April 20 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 1303  - The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII.^[1]

1601–1900

• 1653  - Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament.^[2]
• 1657  - English Admiral Robert Blake destroys a Spanish silver fleet, under heavy fire from the shore, at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.^[3]
• 1657  - Freedom of religion is granted to the Jews of New Amsterdam (later New York City).
• 1752  - Start of Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War, a new phase in the Burmese Civil War (1740–57).
• 1770  - The Georgian king, Erekle II, abandoned by his Russian ally Count Totleben, wins a victory over Ottoman forces at Aspindza.
• 1775  - American Revolutionary War: The Siege of Boston begins, following the battles at Lexington and Concord.
• 1789  - George Washington arrives at Grays Ferry, Philadelphia, while en route to Manhattan for his inauguration.
• 1792  - France declares war against the "King of Hungary and Bohemia", the beginning of the French Revolutionary Wars.
• 1800  - The Septinsular Republic is established.
• 1809  - Two Austrian army corps in Bavaria are defeated by a First French Empire army led by Napoleon at the Battle of Abensberg on the second day of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory.
• 1828  - René Caillié becomes the second non-Muslim to enter Timbuktu, following Major Gordon Laing. He would also be the first to return alive.^[4]
• 1836  - U.S. Congress passes an act creating the Wisconsin Territory.
• 1861  - American Civil War: Robert E. Lee resigns his commission in the United States Army in order to command the forces of the state of Virginia.^[5]
• 1861  - Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, attempting to display the value of balloons, makes record journey, flying 900 miles from Cincinnati to South Carolina.^[6]
• 1862  - Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard complete the experiment disproving the theory of spontaneous generation.
• 1865  - Astronomer Angelo Secchi demonstrates the Secchi disk, which measures water clarity, aboard Pope Pius IX's yacht, the L'Immaculata Concezion.
• 1876  - The April Uprising begins. Its suppression shocks European opinion, and Bulgarian independence becomes a condition for ending the Russo-Turkish War.
• 1884  - Pope Leo XIII publishes the encyclical Humanum genus, condemning Freemasonry.
• 1898  - U.S. President William McKinley signs a joint resolution to Congress for declaration of war against Spain, beginning the Spanish–American War.^[7]

1901–present

• 1902  - Pierre and Marie Curie refine radium chloride.
• 1908  - Opening day of competition in the New South Wales Rugby League.^[8]
• 1914  - Nineteen men, women, and children participating in a strike are killed in the Ludlow Massacre during the Colorado Coalfield War.^[9]
• 1918  - Manfred von Richthofen, a.k.a. The Red Baron, shoots down his 79th and 80th victims, his final victories before his death the following day.
• 1922  - The Soviet government creates South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within Georgian SSR.
• 1945  - World War II: U.S. troops capture Leipzig, Germany, only to later cede the city to the Soviet Union.
• 1945  - World War II: Führerbunker: On his 56th birthday Adolf Hitler makes his last trip to the surface to award Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth.
• 1945  - Twenty Jewish children used in medical experiments at Neuengamme are killed in the basement of the Bullenhuser Damm school.
• 1946  - The League of Nations officially dissolves, giving most of its power to the United Nations.
• 1961  - Cold War: Failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion of US-backed Cuban exiles against Cuba.
• 1968  - English politician Enoch Powell makes his controversial "Rivers of Blood" speech.^[10]
• 1968  - South African Airways Flight 228 crashes near the Hosea Kutako International Airport in South West Africa (now Namibia), killing 123 people.^[11]
• 1972  - Apollo program: Apollo 16 Lunar Module, commanded by John Young and piloted by Charles Duke, lands on the Moon.
• 1998  - Air France Flight 422 crashes after taking off from El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá, Colombia, killing all 53 people on board.^[12]
• 1999  - Columbine High School massacre: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold kill 13 people and injure 24 others before committing suicide at Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado.^[13]
• 2004 - The Nicoll Highway in Singapore collapsed, killing four workers.^[14]
• 2007  - Johnson Space Center shooting: William Phillips barricades himself with a handgun in NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas before killing a male hostage and himself.^[15]
• 2008  - Danica Patrick wins the Indy Japan 300 becoming the first female driver in history to win an Indy car race.^[16]
• 2010  - The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explodes in the Gulf of Mexico, killing eleven workers and beginning an oil spill that would last six months.
• 2012  - One hundred twenty-seven people are killed when a plane crashes in a residential area near the Benazir Bhutto International Airport near Islamabad, Pakistan.
• 2013  - A 6.6-magnitude earthquake strikes Lushan County, Ya'an, in China's Sichuan province, killing at least 193 people and injuring thousands.
• 2015  - Ten people are killed in a bomb attack on a convoy carrying food supplies to a United Nations compound in Garowe in the Somali region of Puntland.
• 2020  - For the first time in history, oil prices drop below zero, an effect of the 2020 Russia-Saudi Arabia oil price war.^[17]
• 2021  - State of Minnesota v. Derek Michael Chauvin: Derek Chauvin is found guilty of all charges in the murder of George Floyd by the Fourth Judicial District Court of Minnesota.^[18]
• 2023  - SpaceX's Starship rocket, the largest and most powerful rocket ever built, launches for the first time. It explodes 4 minutes into flight.^[19]

Births

Pre-1600

• 1494  - Johannes Agricola, German theologian and reformer (d. 1566)^[20]
• 1544  - Renata of Lorraine, Duchess consort of Bavaria (d. 1602)
• 1586  - Rose of Lima, Peruvian mystic and saint (d. 1617)

1601–1900

• 1633  - Emperor Go-Kōmyō of Japan (d. 1654)
• 1646  - Charles Plumier, French botanist and author (d. 1704)
• 1650  - William Bedloe, English spy (d. 1680)
• 1718  - David Brainerd, American missionary (d. 1747)
• 1723  - Cornelius Harnett, American merchant, farmer, and politician (d. 1781)^[21]
• 1727  - Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau, Belgian-Austrian minister and diplomat (d. 1794)
• 1745  - Philippe Pinel, French physician and psychiatrist (d. 1826)
• 1748  - Georg Michael Telemann, German composer and theologian (d. 1831)
• 1808  - Napoleon III, French politician, 1st President of France, Emperor of French Second Empire (d. 1873)
• 1816  - Bogoslav Šulek, Croatian philologist, historian, and lexicographer (d. 1895)
• 1818  - Heinrich Göbel, German-American mechanic and engineer (d. 1893)
• 1826  - Dinah Craik, English author and poet (d. 1887)
• 1839  - Carol I of Romania, King of Romania (d. 1914)
• 1840  - Odilon Redon, French painter and illustrator (d. 1916)
• 1850  - Daniel Chester French, American sculptor, designed the Lincoln statue (d. 1931)
• 1851  - Alexander Dianin, Russian chemist (d. 1918)
• 1851  - Siegmund Lubin, Polish-American businessman, founded the Lubin Manufacturing Company (d. 1923)
• 1860  - Justinien de Clary, French target shooter (d. 1933)
• 1871  - Sydney Chapman, English economist and civil servant (d. 1951)
• 1873  - James Harcourt, English character actor (d. 1951)
• 1875  - Vladimir Vidrić, Croatian poet and lawyer (d. 1909)
• 1879  - Paul Poiret, French fashion designer (d. 1944)
• 1882  - Holland Smith, American general (d. 1967)
• 1884  - Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1966)
• 1884  - Oliver Kirk, American boxer (d. 1960)
• 1884  - Daniel Varoujan, Armenian poet and educator (d. 1915)
• 1889  - Albert Jean Amateau, Turkish rabbi, lawyer, and activist (d. 1996)
• 1889  - Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland (d. 1918)
• 1889  - Marie-Antoinette de Geuser, French mystic (d. 1918)
• 1889  - Adolf Hitler, Austrian-born German politician, Führer of Nazi Germany (d. 1945)
• 1889  - Tonny Kessler, Dutch footballer (d. 1960)
• 1890  - Maurice Duplessis, Canadian lawyer and politician, 16th Premier of Quebec (d. 1959)
• 1890  - Adolf Schärf, Austrian soldier and politician, 6th President of Austria (d. 1965)
• 1891  - Dave Bancroft, American baseball player and manager (d. 1972)
• 1893  - Harold Lloyd, American actor, comedian, and producer (d. 1971)
• 1893  - Joan Miró, Spanish painter and sculptor (d. 1983)
• 1895  - Henry de Montherlant, French essayist, novelist, and dramatist (d. 1972)
• 1896  - Wop May, Canadian captain and pilot (d. 1952)
• 1899  - Alan Arnett McLeod, Canadian lieutenant, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1918)

1901–present

• 1904  - Bruce Cabot, American actor (d. 1972)
• 1907  - Miran Bakhsh, Pakistani cricketer (d. 1991)^[22]
• 1907  - Augoustinos Kantiotes, Greek bishop (d. 2010)
• 1908  - Lionel Hampton, American vibraphone player, pianist, bandleader, and actor (d. 2002)
• 1910  - Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, Turkish diplomat and politician (d. 1961)
• 1913  - Mimis Fotopoulos, Greek actor and poet (d. 1986)
• 1913  - Willi Hennig, German biologist and entomologist (d. 1976)
• 1914  - Betty Lou Gerson, American actress (d. 1999)
• 1915  - Joseph Wolpe, South African psychotherapist and physician (d. 1997)
• 1916  - Nasiba Zeynalova, Azerbaijani actress (d. 2004)
• 1918  - Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007)
• 1919  - Richard Hillary, Australian lieutenant and pilot (d. 1943)
• 1920  - Frances Ames, South African neurologist, psychiatrist, and human rights activist (d. 2002)
• 1920  - Clement Isong, Nigerian banker and politician, Governor of Cross River State (d. 2000)
• 1920  - John Paul Stevens, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2019)^[23]
• 1921  - Katarína Kolníková, Slovak actress (d. 2006)^[24]
• 1923  - Mother Angelica, American nun and broadcaster, founded Eternal Word Television Network (d. 2016)^[25]
• 1923  - Irene Lieblich, Polish-American painter and illustrator (d. 2008)
• 1923  - Tito Puente, American drummer and producer (d. 2000)^[26]
• 1924  - Nina Foch, Dutch-American actress (d. 2008)^[27]
• 1924  - Leslie Phillips, English actor and producer (d. 2022)^[28]
• 1924  - Guy Rocher, Canadian sociologist and academic
• 1925  - Ernie Stautner, German-American football player and coach (d. 2006)
• 1925  - Elena Verdugo, American actress (d. 2017)
• 1927  - Bud Cullen, Canadian judge and politician, 1st Canadian Minister of Employment and Immigration (d. 2005)
• 1927  - Phil Hill, American race car driver (d. 2008)
• 1927  - K. Alex Müller, Swiss physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)^[29]
• 1928  - Robert Byrne, American chess player and author (d. 2013)
• 1928  - Johnny Gavin, Irish international footballer (d. 2007)^[30]
• 1930  - Dwight Gustafson, American composer and conductor (d. 2014)
• 1930  - Antony Jay, English director and screenwriter (d. 2016)
• 1931  - Michael Allenby, 3rd Viscount Allenby, English lieutenant and politician (d. 2014)
• 1931  - John Eccles, 2nd Viscount Eccles, English businessman and politician
• 1932  - Myriam Bru, French actress
• 1936  - Lisa Davis, English-American actress
• 1936  - Pauli Ellefsen, Faroese technician, surveyor, and politician, 6th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 2012)^[31]
• 1936  - Pat Roberts, American captain, journalist, and politician^[32]
• 1937  - Jiří Dienstbier, Czech journalist and politician, Czech Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2011)
• 1937  - Harvey Quaytman, American painter and educator (d. 2002)^[33]
• 1937  - George Takei, American actor^[34]
• 1938  - Betty Cuthbert, Australian sprinter (d. 2017)^[35]
• 1938  - Manfred Kinder, German runner^[36]
• 1938  - Eszter Tamási, Hungarian actress (d. 1991)
• 1939  - Peter S. Beagle, American author and screenwriter
• 1939  - Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norwegian physician and politician, 22nd Prime Minister of Norway
• 1939  - Johnny Tillotson, American singer-songwriter
• 1940  - James Gammon, American actor (d. 2010)^[37]
• 1941  - Ryan O'Neal, American actor (d. 2023)^[38]
• 1943  - Alan Beith, English academic and politician
• 1943  - John Eliot Gardiner, English conductor and director
• 1944  - Toivo Aare, Estonian journalist and author (d. 1999)
• 1945  - Michael Brandon, American actor and director
• 1945  - Olga Karlatos, Greek actress and Bermudian lawyer
• 1945  - Thein Sein, Burmese general and politician, 8th President of Burma
• 1945  - Naftali Temu, Kenyan runner (d. 2003)
• 1945  - Steve Spurrier, American football player and coach^[39]
• 1946  - Sandro Chia, Italian painter and sculptor
• 1947  - Rita Dionne-Marsolais, Canadian economist and politician
• 1947  - Viktor Suvorov, Russian intelligence officer, historian, and author
• 1948  - Matthias Kuhle, German geographer and academic (d. 2015)
• 1949  - Veronica Cartwright, English-American actress^[40]
• 1949  - Toller Cranston, Canadian-Mexican figure skater and painter (d. 2015)
• 1949  - Massimo D'Alema, Italian journalist and politician, 76th Prime Minister of Italy
• 1949  - Jessica Lange, American actress
• 1950  - Alexander Lebed, Russian general and politician (d. 2002)
• 1950  - N. Chandrababu Naidu, Indian politician, 13th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
• 1951  - Luther Vandross, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2005)^[41]
• 1952  - Louka Katseli, Greek economist and politician
• 1953  - Sebastian Faulks, English journalist and author^[42]
• 1953  - James Chance, American musician (d. 2024)^[43]
• 1955  - Donald Pettit, American engineer and astronaut^[44]
• 1955  - Svante Pääbo, Swedish geneticist and Nobel Laureate ^[45]
• 1956  - Beatrice Ask, Swedish politician, Swedish Minister for Justice^[46]
• 1956  - Peter Chelsom, English film director, writer, and actor
• 1956  - Kakha Bendukidze, Georgian economist and politician (d. 2014)^[47]
• 1958  - Viacheslav Fetisov, Russian ice hockey player and coach
• 1960  - Debbie Flintoff-King, Australian hurdler and coach^[48]
• 1961  - Don Mattingly, American baseball player, coach, and manager
• 1961  - Konstantin Lavronenko, Russian actor
• 1963  - Rachel Whiteread, English sculptor
• 1964  - John Carney, American football player^[49]
• 1964  - Crispin Glover, American actor and filmmaker^[50]
• 1964  - Andy Serkis, English actor and director
• 1964  - Rosalynn Sumners, American figure skater^[51]
• 1965  - Kostis Chatzidakis, Greek politician, Ministry of Economy, Infrastructure, Shipping and Tourism
• 1965  - Léa Fazer, Swiss film director, screenwriter and actress
• 1965  - Mark Mallia, Maltese painter and sculptor (d. 2024)^[52]
• 1966  - David Chalmers, Australian philosopher and academic
• 1966  - David Filo, American businessman, co-founded Yahoo!
• 1967  - Mike Portnoy, American drummer and songwriter^[53]
• 1968  - Julia Morris, Australian entertainer
• 1969  - Felix Baumgartner, Austrian daredevil^[54]
• 1969  - Will Hodgman, Australian politician, 45th Premier of Tasmania^[55]
• 1970  - Shemar Moore, American actor^[56]
• 1971  - Allan Houston, American basketball player^[57]
• 1972  - Carmen Electra, American model and actress^[58]
• 1972  - Stephen Marley, Jamaican-American musician^[59]
• 1973  - Julie Powell, American food writer and memoirist (d. 2022)^[60]
• 1975  - Killer Mike, American rapper^[61]
• 1978  - Carl Greenidge, English cricketer^[62]
• 1980  - Emma Husar, Australian politician^[63]
• 1983  - Miranda Kerr, Australian model^[64]
• 1987  - Jorge Pinto, Portuguese politician^[65]
• 1988  - Brandon Belt, American baseball player^[66]
• 1989  - Vannesa Rosales, Venezuelan activist and teacher^[67]
• 1990  - Jason Behrendorff, Australian cricketer^[68]
• 1991  - Luke Kuechly, American football player^[69]
• 1997  - Alexander Zverev, German tennis player^[70]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 689  - Cædwalla, king of Wessex (b. 659)^[71]
• 888  - Xi Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 862)
• 1099  - Peter Bartholomew (b. 1061)^[72]
• 1164  - Antipope Victor IV
• 1176  - Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English-Irish politician, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland (b. 1130)
• 1248  - Güyük Khan, Mongol ruler, 3rd Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (b. 1206)
• 1284  - Hōjō Tokimune, regent of Japan (b. 1251)
• 1314  - Pope Clement V (b. 1264)
• 1322  - Simon Rinalducci, Italian Augustinian friar
• 1502  - Mary of Looz-Heinsberg, Dutch noble (b. 1424)^{[73] [74] [75] [76] [77]}
• 1521  - Zhengde, Chinese emperor (b. 1491)
• 1534  - Elizabeth Barton, English nun and martyr (b. 1506)
• 1558  - Johannes Bugenhagen, German priest and theologian (b. 1485)

1601–1900

• 1643  - Christoph Demantius, German composer and poet (b. 1567)
• 1703  - Lancelot Addison, English clergyman and educator (b. 1632)
• 1769  - Chief Pontiac, American tribal leader (b. 1720)
• 1831  - John Abernethy, English surgeon and anatomist (b. 1764)
• 1873  - William Tite, English architect, designed the Royal Exchange (b. 1798)
• 1874  - Alexander H. Bailey, American lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1817)
• 1881  - William Burges, English architect and designer (b. 1827)
• 1886  - Charles-François-Frédéric, marquis de Montholon-Sémonville, French general and diplomat, French ambassador to the United States (b. 1814)
• 1887  - Muhammad Sharif Pasha, Greek-Egyptian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1826)
• 1899  - Joseph Wolf, German ornithologist and illustrator (b. 1820)

1901–present

• 1902  - Joaquim de Sousa Andrade, Brazilian poet and educator (b. 1833)
• 1912  - Bram Stoker, Anglo-Irish novelist and critic, created Count Dracula (b. 1847)
• 1918  - Jussi Merinen, Finnish politician (b. 1873)^[78]
• 1918  - Karl Ferdinand Braun, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850)
• 1927  - Enrique Simonet, Spanish painter and educator (b. 1866)
• 1929  - Prince Henry of Prussia (b. 1862)
• 1931  - Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, 5th Baronet, Scottish-English fencer and businessman (b. 1862)
• 1932  - Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician and philosopher (b. 1858)
• 1935  - John Cameron, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1872)
• 1935  - Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, English fashion designer (b. 1863)
• 1942  - Jüri Jaakson, Estonian businessman and politician, 6th State Elder of Estonia (b. 1870)
• 1944  - Elmer Gedeon, American baseball player and pilot (b. 1917)
• 1945  - Erwin Bumke, Polish-German jurist and politician (b. 1874)
• 1946  - Mae Busch, Australian actress (b. 1891)
• 1947  - Christian X of Denmark (b. 1870)
• 1951  - Ivanoe Bonomi, Italian politician, 25th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1873)
• 1967  - Léo-Paul Desrosiers, Canadian journalist and author (b. 1896)
• 1968  - Rudolph Dirks, German-American illustrator (b. 1877)
• 1969  - Vjekoslav Luburić, Croatian Ustaše official and concentration camp administrator (b. 1914)
• 1980  - M. Canagaratnam, Sri Lankan politician (b. 1924)
• 1982  - Archibald MacLeish, American poet, playwright, and lawyer (b. 1892)
• 1986  - Sibte Hassan, Pakistani journalist, scholar, and activist (b. 1916)
• 1991  - Steve Marriott, English singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1947)
• 1991  - Don Siegel, American director and producer (b. 1912)
• 1992  - Marjorie Gestring, American springboard diver (b. 1922)
• 1992  - Benny Hill, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1924)
• 1993  - Cantinflas, Mexican actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1911)
• 1995  - Milovan Đilas, Yugoslav communist, politician, theorist and author (b. 1911)
• 1996  - Trần Văn Trà, Vietnamese general and politician (b. 1918)
• 1999  - Rick Rude, American professional wrestler (b. 1958)^{[79] [80]}
• 1999  - Rachel Scott, American victim of Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)^[81]
• 1999  - Cassie Bernall, American victim of Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)^[82]
• 2001  - Giuseppe Sinopoli, Italian conductor and composer (b. 1946)
• 2002  - Alan Dale, American singer (b. 1925)
• 2003  - Bernard Katz, German-English biophysicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
• 2004  - Lizzy Mercier Descloux, French musician, singer-songwriter, composer, actress, writer and painter (b. 1956)
• 2005  - Fumio Niwa, Japanese journalist and author (b. 1904)
• 2007  - Andrew Hill, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1931)
• 2007  - Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese bishop (b. 1931)
• 2008  - Monica Lovinescu, Romanian journalist and author (b. 1923)
• 2010  - Dorothy Height, American educator and activist (b. 1912)
• 2011  - Tim Hetherington, English photographer and journalist (b. 1970)
• 2012  - Bert Weedon, English guitarist and songwriter (b. 1920)^[83]
• 2014  - Neville Wran, Australian politician, 35th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1926)^[84]
• 2016  - Victoria Wood, British comedian, actress and writer (b. 1953)
• 2018  - Avicii, Swedish DJ and musician (b. 1989)^[85]
• 2021  - Idriss Déby, Chadian politician and military officer (b. 1952)^[86]
• 2021  - Monte Hellman, American film director (b. 1929)^[87]
• 2021  - Les McKeown, Scottish pop singer (b. 1955)^[88]
• 2022  - Gavin Millar, Scottish film director (b. 1938)^[89]
• 2024  - Antonio Cantafora, Italian film and television actor (b. 1944)^[90]
• 2024  - Andrew Davis, English conductor (b. 1944)^[91]
• 2024  - Roman Gabriel, Filipino-American NBA American footballer^[92]
• 2024  - Lourdes Portillo, Mexican film director, producer, and writer (b. 1943)^[93]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Agnes of Montepulciano^[94]
  • Beuno
  • Johannes Bugenhagen (Lutheran)
  • Theotimos
  • April 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• 420 (cannabis culture)^{[95] [96]}
• UN Chinese Language Day (United Nations)^[97]

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on April 20

Notes and References

1. Book: Torgil Magnuson. Urban Transformation of Medieval Rome, 312-1420. 2004. Swedish Institute in Rome. 978-91-7042-167-9. 121.
2. Book: William Robison. Ronald H. Fritze. Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689. Greenwood Press. 1996. 9780313283918. 147.
3. Book: Manganiello . Stephen C . The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660 . 2004 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-5100-9. 481.
4. Book: Quella-Villéger, Alain . 2012 . René Caillié, l'Africain: une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 . Aubéron . Anglet, France . 978-2-84498-137-0 . fr. 95 .
5. Pryor. Elizabeth Brown. Robert E. Lee's 'Severest Struggle'. American Heritage. Winter 2008 . April 20, 2019.
6. Book: Daniel, Clifton. Chronicle of America. Chronicle publication. 1989. 364. 0-13-133745-9.
7. Book: McCallum, Jack. Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century. Santa Barbara, Calif.. ABC-CLIO. 2008. 978-1-85109-693-0. 306.
8. Book: Cunneen, Chris. The best ever Australian Sports Writing. 2001. Black Inc.. Australia. 1-86395-266-7. 321. 19 February 2011.
9. Book: Rees, Jonathan. Ludlow Massacre. The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History. Volume 1: Abra to Mutu. Dubofsky. Melvyn. Oxford, UK. Oxford University Press. 2013. 978-0-19-999304-8. 483–484.
10. Book: Anthony F Heath. Sin Yi Cheung. Shawna N. Smith. Unequal Chances: Ethnic Minorities in Western Labour Markets. 25 October 2007. OUP/British Academy. 978-0-19-726386-0. 512.
11. Web site: Ranter . Harro . ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-344C ZS-EUW Windhoek-Strijdom International Airport (WDH) . 2022-04-19 . aviation-safety.net . Aviation Safety Network.
12. Web site: Ranter . Harro . ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-230 HC-BSU Bogotá-Eldorado Airport (BOG) . 2019-04-17 . aviation-safety.net . Aviation Safety Network.
13. Web site: Toppo . Greg . April 13, 2009 . 10 years later, the real story behind Columbine . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230806205358/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2009-04-13-columbine-myths_N.htm . August 6, 2023 . August 6, 2023 . USA Today.
14. Web site: Singapore . National Library Board . Nicoll Highway collapse . 2024-04-20 . www.nlb.gov.sg . en.
15. Web site: April 20, 2007 . Gunman kills hostage, self at NASA center . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230806205611/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18233965 . August 6, 2023 . August 6, 2023 . . en.
16. News: Danica Patrick makes history with Indy Japan 300 win. April 21, 2008. CBC News. January 1, 2018. https://archive.today/20180106094637/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/danica-patrick-makes-history-with-indy-japan-300-win-1.715905. January 6, 2018. live. mdy-all.
17. News: About 150-years of oil-price history in one chart illustrates crude's spectacular plunge below $0 a barrel . Mark DeCambre . Market Watch . April 22, 2020 .
18. News: Jonathan. Allen. Nathan. Layne. Gabriella. Borter. April 21, 2021. Minneapolis jury convicts ex-policeman Derek Chauvin of murdering George Floyd. Reuters. en. April 25, 2022.
19. Web site: 2023-04-20 . Musk's SpaceX big rocket explodes on test flight . 2023-04-20 . BBC News . en-GB.
20. Book: Joseph Whitaker. An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord .... 1993. J. Whitaker. 14.
21. Book: John Hill Wheeler. Reminiscences and Memoirs of North Carolina and Eminent North Carolinians. 1966. Genealogical Publishing Com. 978-0-8063-0375-8. 46.
22. https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1003/1003.html Miran Bakhsh
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36. Web site: Manfred Kinder . Olympic.org . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210422090159/https://www.olympic.org/manfred-kinder . 2021-04-22.
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43. Web site: James Chance, No Wave Icon and Saxophonist of The Contortions, Dies at 71 . June 18, 2024 . Variety . June 18, 2024 . June 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240620131935/https://variety.com/2024/music/news/james-chance-dead-no-wave-contortions-1236041979/ . live .
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56. Web site: Thomas. Michael. Shemar Moore Celebrates His Birthday - Check Out His Amazing Photos Here!. 2021-06-15. Soap Opera News.
57. Web site: Allan Houston . . 10 April 2023.
58. Web site: Carmen Electra. Biography.com. The Biography Channel. April 17, 2017. November 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181115203219/https://www.biography.com/people/carmen-electra-10604780. dead.
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61. Web site: Madden . Sidney . Happy Birthday, Killer Mike! . . 10 April 2023 . 20 April 2015.
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95. Web site: Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday . Matt . King . April 24, 2007 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20070426081319/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm . April 26, 2007.
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