2024 Tunisian presidential election explained

Country:Tunisia
Type:presidential
Previous Election:2019 Tunisian presidential election
Previous Year:2019
Election Date:6 October 2024
Next Election:2029 Tunisian presidential election
Next Year:2029
Turnout:28.80% (20.18pp)
Image1:Kais Saied 2023.jpg
Candidate1:Kais Saied
Party1:Independent politician
Popular Vote1:2,438,954
Percentage1:90.69%
Candidate2:Ayachi Zammel
Color2:F8B415
Party2:Azimoun
Popular Vote2:197,551
Percentage2:7.35%
President
Before Election:Kais Saied
Before Party:Independent politician
After Election:Kais Saied
After Party:Independent politician

Presidential elections were held in Tunisia on 6 October 2024.[1] They were the first presidential elections since the promulgation of the 2022 constitution and were boycotted by most parties. After rejecting several candidacies, including those of the main opponents of incumbent president Kais Saied, the Independent High Authority for Elections (ISIE) confirmed the candidacies of only three candidates; Saied and former deputies Zouhair Maghzaoui and Ayachi Zammel, rejecting those of Mondher Zenaidi, Abdellatif Mekki and, who had been reinstated by the Administrative Court. This decision was contrary to the constitution, which stipulates that the decisions of the Administrative Court cannot be appealed.

On 14 September the Administrative Court ordered the ISIE to accept the candidacies, which the latter refused, before the Assembly of the Representatives of the People, fearing that the latter would invalidate the elections, transferred, by a controversial amendment to the electoral law, the powers of the Administrative Court to the Court of Appeal of Tunis. A few weeks before the election, Ayachi Zammel, who had obtained the support of part of the opposition, was imprisoned and then sentenced to a total of thirteen years and eight months in prison in three trials for accusations of false sponsorship. The sentences against him were interpreted by several observers and non-governmental organizations as judicial harassment aimed at eliminating his candidacy. Similarly, the sidelining or imprisonment of other candidates were also denounced. Saied won with 91% of the vote, with a voter turnout of just under 29%, the lowest since the Tunisian revolution. He was inaugurated for a second term as president on 21 October.[2]

Background

See also: 2021 Tunisian self-coup, 2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum and 2022–23 Tunisian parliamentary election. On 25 July 2021, Republic Day, after months of political crisis between President of the Republic, Kais Saied and the Assembly of the Representatives of the People, thousands of protesters demanded the latter's dissolution and a change of regime.[3] The government was criticized for the catastrophic state of the economy and its inaction, which led in particular to the worsening of the health crisis linked to the COVID-19 pandemic.[4] That same evening, invoking Article 80 of the 2014 Constitution, Kais Saied dismissed the Mechichi Cabinet with immediate effect, in particular Hichem Mechichi from his duties as head of government and interim Minister of the Interior, announced the suspension of the assembly (whose members he lifted their immunity), the formation of a new government (which would be accountable to him) and his decision to govern by decree; he also indicated that he would chair the prosecution.[5] Ennahda immediately denounced a "coup d'état".[6] This description of a coup d'état is shared by political analysts and lawyers.[7] On 22 September he confirmed by decree the extension of the decisions as well as the dissolution of the Provisional Authority responsible for monitoring the constitutionality of draft laws, and decided to suspend the salaries and benefits granted to the President of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People and its members,[8] and granted himself the right to govern by decree, de facto recovering legislative power.[9] His decision was criticized by most of the parties represented in Parliament.[10] On 29, September the President tasked Najla Bouden with forming a new government. She thus became a pioneer in the country as well as in the Arab world.[11] From 15 January to 20 March 2022, an electronic consultation took place on the reforms to be proposed in anticipation of the referendum.[12] In the vote, which had a very low turnout, the options of a transition to a presidential system and a single-member constituency for the legislative elections prevailed.[13] On 30 March 120 deputies, chaired by the second vice-president of the assembly Tarek Fetiti,[14] met in a virtual session to vote on the end of the exceptional measures in force since 25 July. On the same day, Kais Saied dissolved Parliament, which the Constitution prohibits during the period when the state of emergency is applied, and threatened the deputies with legal action.[15]

On 6 April, Kais Saied announced that the elections would be held by a two-round majority single-member constituency.[16] On 5 September, he indicated that the electoral law would be drawn up taking into account the recommendations of the supporters of the 25 July process, and that the rest of the political class would be excluded from this process.[17] On 25 July 2022, the new Constitution was adopted by constitutional referendum with 94.60% of the vote.[18] The new electoral law was published by decree on 15 September.[19] The suspension of parliament was extended pending the investiture of the new legislature.[20] In October 2024, a few days before the presidential election, several demonstrations took place in Tunis, with protesters calling for a boycott of the election.[21]

Candidacy requirements

The Independent High Authority for Elections has announced the following candidacy requirements:[22]

Candidates

Expected or not having submitted their candidacy

Submitted candidacy

The submission of applications to the Independent High Authority for Elections (ISIE) began on 29 July 2024 and ended on 6 August.[42] The preliminary list of applications was announced on 11 August after the examination of the applications and the final list announced on 3 September.[43]

Disqualifications and arrests

On 4 July 2024 the ISIE announced changes to the rules regulating candidates to the presidential elections by issuing Ordinance 544 in which they raised the age limit of presidential candidates to 40 years old compared to the age limit of 35 years old currently enacted by the electoral law as well as adding other constraining requirements exceeding the electoral law requirements.[62] The ordinances were contested by multiple political parties such as the Third Republic Party and Attayar Party. Both parties filed lawsuits against the electoral committee for the annulment of Ordinance 544.[63] [64] A total of 17 candidates applied to run in the presidential election.[65]

On 19 July 2024 a court barred Lotfi Mraïhi, the president of the Republican People's Union, from standing in elections for life after convicting him of vote-buying involving the 2019 presidential election. He was also sentenced to eight months' imprisonment.[66] Several candidates and campaign workers were also arrested and sentenced to prison during the candidate registration process, including Abir Moussi, who received a two-year sentence for charges of spreading false news shortly after registering her candidacy on 3 August, as well as Nizar Chaari, who received an eight-month prison term on 5 August and had three of his campaign workers arrested on charges of forging signatures. Four staffers of Karim Gharbi's presidential campaign were also arrested on charges of buying signatures of endorsement.[67]

Due to the minimum age rule, Olfa Hamdi was automatically banned from participating.[68] K2Rhym was convicted to four years in prison in absentia and banned from voting and running for the presidency for life.[69] Safi Said was arrested on 22 August 2024 and placed in pre-trial detention.[70] On 2 September Ayachi Zammel was arrested on suspicion of falsifying endorsements shortly before his candidacy was confirmed by the ISIE.[71] On 18 September, he was sentenced to 20 months imprisonment for the charges. Despite this, he has pledged to continue his presidential campaign.[72] He was sentenced to another six months' imprisonment on related charges on 25 September[73] and an additional 12 years' imprisonment in four related cases on 1 October.[74] On 27 September, the Assembly of the Representatives of the People voted to amend the country's election law by preventing the judiciary from interfering with decisions of the ISIE.[75]

Successful candidacy

The preliminary applications were announced on 10 August. These were those of the incumbent president Kais Saied, Zouhair Maghzaoui and Ayachi Zammel.[76] The other candidates saw their applications rejected, generally for a lack of sponsorships.[77] [78] Many of them and those who had given up running were prosecuted for suspicion of false sponsorships. On 2 September, the electoral authority confirmed the validation of the three applications, three other applications, those of Mondher Zenaidi, Abdellatif Mekki and Imed Daïmi, who had been reinstated by the Administrative Court, were however rejected.[79] This decision is however contrary to the Constitution, which stipulates that the decisions of the Administrative Court cannot be appealed and that the role of the Independent High Authority for Elections is only technical. The president of the ISIE claimed that the Administrative Court is not competent and accused the latter of failing to notify them of the decision to reinstate the candidates, which the Administrative Court denied.[80] The decision was denounced by the Tunisian General Labour Union and Human Rights Watch.[81] [82]

Daïmi was referred by the ISIE for perjury regarding the failure to renounce his French nationality.[83] In response, Zenaidi announced that he was filing an appeal with the Administrative Court. On 14 September, the latter ordered the ISIE to accept these candidacies.[84] On 20 September, deputies submitted a draft amendment to the electoral law, to remove the Administrative Court's prerogatives to validate the election results, in anticipation that it, independent unlike other jurisdictions, would invalidate the results of the presidential election.[85] Entrusting the powers of the Administrative Court to the Court of Appeal, the law was adopted on 27 September.[86]

Candidate (name and age) and political partyMain political mandates exercisedOther information
Kais Saied
(66 years)[87]
Independent		President of the Republic
(since 2019)		Incumbent President
Ayachi Zammel
(47 years)[88]
Azimoun		Member of Parliament for Kébili constituency
(2014–2021)		President of Azimoun
Zouhair Maghzaoui
(59 years)[89]
People's Movement		Member of Parliament for Siliana constituency
(2019–2021)		Secretary General of the People's Movement. An admirer of Lula da Silva, he has long been an unofficial advisor to the outgoing president.

Campaign

Boycott

The opposition was divided between boycotting and voting for an opposition candidate.[90] A candidate from the National Salvation Front can initially be presented by the coalition if the conditions are met.[91] However, in April 2024, it announced a boycott of the election, which it described as an "electoral farce".[92] The Workers' Party announced in July that it was boycotting the elections and would not present a candidate.[93] On 2 October, five left-wing parties announced a boycott of the elections, including the Workers' Party, the Socialist Party, Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties, Social Democratic Path and Democratic Modernist Pole.[94] For their part, the Democratic Current and the Free Destourian Party announced that they would reject the results in advance.[95] On 3 October, Ennahda strongly criticized the electoral process and its legitimacy, without giving any voting instructions. Former President Moncef Marzouki also called for a boycott.[96]

Imprisonment of Ayachi Zammel

On 4 September, Ayachi Zammel was arrested and placed in pretrial detention two days later on charges of false sponsorship.[97] [98] After obtaining his provisional release on 5 September,[99] he was immediately arrested and sentenced to twenty months in prison on 18 September.[100] [101] On 25 September, a new six-month prison sentence for "falsification of documents" was handed down against Zammel.[102] On 1 October, he was sentenced to an additional twelve years in prison, a decision, as well as the rejection and imprisonment of other candidates, which were denounced by Human Rights Watch.[103] This accumulation of summary sentences was interpreted as judicial relentlessness reflecting the government's panic over his electoral potential, with many opponents considering voting for him, despite his lack of notoriety, the latter having initially spared him from a rejection of his candidacy.[104] [105]

Saied

With little involvement in the campaign, Kais Saied enjoyed the support of the 25 July movement, which is campaigning for him. According to political scientist Khadija Mohsen Finan, the challenge for the outgoing president is a decent turnout. Moreover, although his authoritarianism is tarnishing his image, he cares little about it as he capitalizes on nationalist, sovereignist and anti-Western rhetoric. In return, this discourse reaches a large part of the population, who see him as a man of integrity.[106]

Conduct

Voting was held in 5,000 polling stations[107] from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.[108] Around 9.7 million people were eligible to vote.[109] On 7 October, the ISIE announced the results, Kais Saied was re-elected president of Tunisia with 90.69% but on a turnout of 28.8%, the lowest since 2011, with Ayachi Zammel winning 7.3% and Zouhair Maghzaoui winning 1.9%.[110]

Observers

The ISIE banned the groups I Watch and Mourakiboun from monitoring the election, alleging that they had received funds from overseas in a suspicious manner. In response, I Watch said it received foreign funding through legal means, while Mourakiboun called the claims "baseless".[111]

Preliminary results

Voter demographics

SIGMA Conseil exit polling for state broadcaster Télévision Tunisienne suggested the following demographic breakdown.

Voter demographics in percentage[112] [113]
Social groupSaiedZammelMaghzaouiLead
Exit poll result89.26.93.982.3
Preliminary result90.77.41.283.3
Gender
Men88.37.64.180.7
Women90.45.93.684.5
Age
Younger than 3587.38.54.378.8
35–4587.08.05.079.0
46–6090.06.53.483.5
Older than 6092.74.23.188.5
Level of education
No education90.14.06.086.1
Lower education93.13.73.289.4
Secondary education89.66.63.883.0
Higher education86.110.03.976.1

By governorate

Preliminary results by governorate
GovernorateSaiedZammelMaghzaoui
Votes%Votes%Votes%
Ariana111,05684.56%17,09113.01%3,1932.43%
Béja71,57294.92%2,7583.66%1,0761.43%
Ben Arous137,57688.02%15,3569.83%3,3622.15%
Bizerte111,67292.71%7,2235.79%1,8791.51%
Gabès68,03188.82%6,4978.48%2,0642.69%
Gafsa69,80492.63%3,7975.04%1,7532.33%
Jendouba89,72095.97%2,6392.82%1,1311.21%
Kairouan117,39994.92%5,0794.11%1,2020.97%
Kasserine103,94395.17%3,8463.52%1,4341.31%
Kebili33,31186.89%2,5266.59%2,4986.52%
Kef58,12695.49%1,9373.18%8061.32%
Mahdia91,34493.99%4,4184.55%1,4241.47%
Manouba85,94792.46%5,5936.02%1,4201.53%
Medenine70,97488.49%6,9628.68%2,2722.83%
Monastir128,36493.04%7,6675.56%1,9291.40%
Nabeul198,51793.35%10,9375.14%3,1981.50%
Sfax215,85687.89%24,3079.90%5,4472.22%
Sidi Bouzid99,80195.74%2,7772.66%1,6661.60%
Siliana56,01892.81%3,7196.16%6231.03%
Sousse138,62691.17%10,8037.10%2,6281.73%
Tataouine18,07587.21%2,09210.09%5592.70%
Tozeur27,04393.20%1,4144.87%5601.93%
Tunis207,45885.65%28,86511.92%5,8972.43%
Zaghouan48,01495.09%1,8633.69%6181.22%
Diaspora76,70777.99%17,38517,68%4,2644.34%
Total2,438,95490.69%197,5517.35%52,9031.97%
Source: Independent High Authority for Elections

Overseas

Preliminary results per collection centre in the Tunisian diaspora
Collection centreSaiedZammelMaghzaoui
Votes%Votes%Votes%
Africa48668.64%17424.58%486.78%
Americas2,41157.40%1,53636.57%2536.02%
Arab countries8,41578.81%1,86217.44%4013.76%
Italy13,12093.69%6864.90%1981.41%
Germany4,18870.30%1,41223.70%3575.99%
Asia and Australia16972.53%4318.45%219.01%
Rest of Europe7,04871.29%2,32923.56%5105.16%
France 117,98767.16%7,05626.35%1,7386.49%
France 210,73485.62%1,37110.94%4323.45%
France 312,14990.86%9166.85%3062.29%
Total76,70777.99%17,38517,68%4,2644.34%
Source: Independent High Authority for Elections

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2 July 2024 . Tunisian president sets election date for Oct. 6 . Reuters . en.
  2. Web site: Tunisia’s president is inaugurated for a second term following a crackdown on his opponents . 22 October 2024 . Associated Press . 22 October 2024 . en.
  3. News: 25 July 2021 . En Tunisie, des milliers de manifestants défilent contre leurs dirigeants - Le Temps . 6 October 2024 . fr . 1423-3967.
  4. News: 23 September 2021 . Kaïs Saïed, seul maître à bord en Tunisie - Le Temps . 6 October 2024 . fr . 1423-3967.
  5. Web site: Kais Saied prend tous les pouvoirs en main, suspend le parlement, limoge Mechichi et s’érige en chef de l’exécutif et du parquet . 6 October 2024 . Leaders . fr.
  6. Web site: 1 April 2022 . Tunisie : une consultation largement boudée plébiscite un régime présidentiel . 6 October 2024 . Le Figaro . fr.
  7. Web site: 25 July 2021 . Tunisie : le président s’arroge le pouvoir exécutif, Ennahdha condamne un «coup d’Etat contre la révolution» . 6 October 2024 . Le Parisien . fr-FR.
  8. Web site: Publication de dispositions exceptionnelles de la présidence . 6 October 2024 . Mosaique FM . fr.
  9. Web site: 22 September 2021 . Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed renforce les pouvoirs de la présidence . 6 October 2024 . Le Figaro . fr.
  10. Web site: 23 September 2021 . Tunisie: mécontentement dans la classe politique après les annonces de Kaïs Saïed . 6 October 2024 . RFI . fr.
  11. Web site: 29 September 2021 . Tunisie : Najla Bouden Romdhane chargée de former un nouveau gouvernement . 6 October 2024 . France 24 . fr.
  12. Web site: 22 March 2022 . Tunisie: échec de la consultation nationale en ligne voulue par le président Saïed . 6 October 2024 . RFI . fr.
  13. Web site: 18 March 2022 . Tunisie : la consultation citoyenne du président Kaïs Saïed a du plomb dans l’aile . 6 October 2024 . France Culture . fr.
  14. Web site: Chamsi . Chahrazed . 31 March 2022 . Ftiti: Leur but était de pousser le chef de l'Etat à organiser un dialogue national ou à dissoudre le Parlement [Audio] ]. 6 October 2024 . Tunisie . fr-FR.
  15. Web site: Tunisie : poussé dans ses derniers retranchements, Kaïs Saïed dissout l’Assemblée . 6 October 2024 . JeuneAfrique.com . fr-FR.
  16. Web site: 6 April 2022 . Tunisie: Saïed annonce des nouvelles règles de vote aux élections législatives . 6 October 2024 . Challenges . fr.
  17. Web site: Législatives: Un nouveau projet avec les adhérents au 25 juillet . 6 October 2024 . Mosaique FM . fr.
  18. Web site: 26 July 2022 . Référendum en Tunisie : la nouvelle Constitution adoptée malgré une forte abstention . 6 October 2024 . France 24 . fr.
  19. Web site: 15 September 2022 . En Tunisie, une nouvelle loi électorale réduit le rôle des partis politiques . 6 October 2024 . France 24 . fr.
  20. Web site: 13 December 2021 . Tunisie : Saied prolonge la suspension du Parlement, nouvelles élections en décembre 2022 . 6 October 2024 . Le Figaro . fr.
  21. Web site: 5 October 2024 . Tunisie : des centaines de manifestants appellent au boycott de l'élection de dimanche . 6 October 2024 . Africanews . fr.
  22. Web site: 15 July 2024 . Tunisie - Présidentielle : Règles et procédures de candidature . 6 October 2024 . www.webdo.tn . fr.
  23. Web site: 16 November 2020 . خاص 90 دقيقة: حاتم بولبيار يعلن ترشحه للإنتخابات الرئاسية 2024 . 7 October 2024 . www.ifm.tn . ar.
  24. Web site: 1 March 2022 . Tunisie : Adel Ltifi candidat à la prochaine élection présidentielle . Directinfo . 7 October 2024 . fr-FR.
  25. Web site: NY . Yusra . 1 March 2022 . Tunisie : Adel Ltifi lance son projet politique "Takaddom" et annonce sa candidature à la prochaine présidentielle . 7 October 2024 . Kapitalis . fr-FR.
  26. Web site: 31 January 2023 . Lotfi Mraihi probable candidat à la présidentielle, si ... . 7 October 2024 . African Manager . fr-FR.
  27. Web site: NY . Yusra . 2 April 2024 . Tunisie : Lotfi Mraihi annonce sa candidature officielle à la présidentielle (Vidéo) . 7 October 2024 . Kapitalis . fr-FR.
  28. Web site: 24 April 2024 . Mraïhi undertakes to modify constitution if he is elected to presidency . Tunisia News.
  29. Web site: Loum . Souleymane . 16 February 2023 . Abdelkefi ouvre le bal de la présidentielle : il a des solutions et une équipe . 7 October 2024 . Tunisie . fr-FR.
  30. Web site: 12 November 2023 . Prochaine élection présidentielle 2024 : Olfa Hamdi annonce sa candidature . 7 October 2024 . La Presse de Tunisie . fr-FR.
  31. Former TunisAir CEO Olfa Hamdi is running for Presidency in Tunisia . 16 February 2024 . en . 7 October 2024 . www.voaafrica.com.
  32. Web site: NY . Yusra . 7 March 2024 . Tunisie : Al-Joumhouri propose son candidat pour la présidentielle . 7 October 2024 . Kapitalis . fr-FR.
  33. Web site: Dhaker Lahidheb révèle son intention de se présenter à la Présidentielle . 7 October 2024 . Espace Manager . fr.
  34. Web site: Barbirou . Cyrine . 12 April 2024 . L'actrice Najoua Miled, candidate à la présidentielle . 7 October 2024 . Leconomiste Maghrebin . fr-FR.
  35. Web site: 19 May 2021 . Tunisie: Kamel Akrout, l’ex-amiral qui rêve de Carthage . 7 October 2024 . Arab News FR . fr.
  36. Web site: Tunisie – Kamel Akrout : « Le courant nationaliste est l’avenir du pays » . 7 October 2024 . Jeune Afrique. fr-FR.
  37. Web site: Kamel Akrout, l’amiral qui veut remettre le navire Tunisie à flot . 7 October 2024 . Jeune Afrique . fr-FR.
  38. Web site: Kamel Akrout annonce sa candidature à la présidentielle de 2024 . 7 October 2024 . Webdo TN . fr.
  39. Web site: Tunisie : le rappeur K2Rhym veut faire entendre sa voix à la présidentielle . JeuneAfrique.com.
  40. Web site: Tunisie : le rappeur K2Rhym veut faire entendre sa voix à la présidentielle . 7 October 2024 . JeuneAfrique.com . fr-FR.
  41. Web site: 14 August 2024 . Un rappeur tunisien condamné à de la prison . 7 October 2024 . Voice of America . fr.
  42. News: 30 August 2024 . En Tunisie, la réintégration inattendue de l’opposant Mondher Zenaidi dans la course présidentielle . 7 October 2024 . fr.
  43. Web site: Présidentielle tunisienne : le détail du calendrier est annoncé . 7 October 2024 . JeuneAfrique.com . fr-FR.
  44. Web site: 31 July 2024 . Présidentielle en Tunisie : Leila Hammami présente sa candidature pour la 3e fois . 7 October 2024 . Kapitalis . fr-FR.
  45. Web site: 14 April 2024 . PDL: Abir Moussi candidate for presidential elections . Tunisia News.
  46. Web site: 21 February 2022 . Abir Moussi, la candidate du PDL pour les prochaines élections . 7 October 2024 . Tunisie Numerique . fr-FR.
  47. Web site: NY . Yusra . 3 August 2024 . Tunisie-Présidentielle : Le dossier de candidature d'Abir Moussi déposé auprès de l'Isie . 7 October 2024 . Kapitalis . fr-FR.
  48. Web site: 20 July 2024 . Tunisian President Saied says he will seek re-election in October . 20 July 2024 . Al Jazeera.
  49. Web site: Tunisie : Le président Kaïs Saïed officialise sa candidature à sa propre succession . 7 October 2024 . www.aa.com.tr.
  50. Web site: 5 August 2024 . Tunisie: Kais Saïed dépose sa candidature aux élections présidentielles [Vidéo] ]. 7 October 2024 . Tunisie Numerique . fr-FR.
  51. Web site: 14 April 2024 . Tunisie – Ayachi Zammel annonce sa candidature à la présidentielle et donne un aperçu de son programme . 7 October 2024 . Tunisie . fr-FR.
  52. Web site: NY . Yusra . 5 August 2024 . Présidentielle-Tunisie : Ayachi Zammel dépose son dossier de candidature . 7 October 2024 . Kapitalis . fr-FR.
  53. News: 30 August 2024 . En Tunisie, la réintégration inattendue de l’opposant Mondher Zenaidi dans la course présidentielle . 7 October 2024 . fr.
  54. Web site: Tunisie : Mondher Zenaidi annonce sa candidature à l’élection présidentielle . 7 October 2024 . Webdo TN . fr.
  55. Web site: 20 July 2024 . Tunisia : Mondher Zenaidi ties up loose ends ahead of presidential bid - 01/03/2024 . Africa Intelligence.
  56. Web site: Issam . Issam . 8 August 2022 . Abdellatif Mekki : Je serai peut-être candidat aux prochaines élections présidentielles . 7 October 2024 . Tunisie . fr-FR.
  57. Web site: Présidentielle : Zouhair Maghzaoui dépose sa candidature . 7 October 2024 . Mosaique FM . fr.
  58. Web site: 17 April 2024 . Tunisia-Safi Saïd: "I have decided to run for 2024 presidential election" (Video) . Tunisia News.
  59. Web site: 18 April 2024 . Tunisie-Présidentielle : L’horizon est-il dégagé devant Safi Saïd ? . 7 October 2024 . Kapitalis . fr-FR.
  60. Web site: 6 August 2024 . Présidentielle en Tunisie : Safi Saïd dépose sa candidature . 7 October 2024 . Tunisie Numerique . fr-FR.
  61. Web site: NY . Yusra . 18 July 2024 . Officiel : Imed Daïmi candidat à la présidentielle du 6 octobre . 7 October 2024 . Kapitalis . fr-FR.
  62. Web site: Marzouk . Hamza . 15 July 2024 . ISIE : annonce de la décision sur les procédures électorales .
  63. Web site: 31 July 2024 . Third Republic Party files appeal against new electoral law . Tunisia News.
  64. Web site: Règles de candidature à la présidentielle : Attayar dépose un recours contre la décision de l'Isie .
  65. Web site: 3 September 2024 . Tunisia's electoral authority approves just 2 candidates to challenge Saied. 1 has been detained . 3 September 2024 . Associated Press.
  66. Web site: 19 July 2024 . Tunisian presidential candidate Lotfi Mraihi barred from contesting elections for life . Associated Press . en.
  67. Web site: 6 August 2024 . Key Saied critic gets jail sentence as Tunisia presidential hopefuls report blocks to entering race . France 24 . en.
  68. Web site: 30 July 2024 . Election présidentielle : Le parti d'Olfa Hamdi dépose un recours contre l'ISIE .
  69. Web site: Kotan . Bilge . 15 August 2024 . Tunisia: Rapper K2Rhym jailed in absentia and banned from standing for presidency for life . 2 September 2024 . Middle East Eye.
  70. Web site: 22 August 2024 . Tunisian politician Safi Said arrested after illegally crossing into Algeria . 2 September 2024 . The Arab Weekly.
  71. Web site: 2 September 2024 . Tunisian police detain presidential hopeful as candidacy confirmed . Al Jazeera . en.
  72. Web site: 19 September 2024 . A Tunisian presidential candidate sentenced to 20 months vows to campaign from prison . 19 September 2024 . Associated Press.
  73. Web site: 26 September 2024 . Tunisian presidential candidate Zammel sentenced to six months in prison . 27 September 2024 . Al Jazeera.
  74. Web site: 1 October 2024 . Tunisia reportedly jails presidential candidate Ayachi Zammel for 12 years . 1 October 2024 . Al Jazeera.
  75. Web site: 27 September 2024 . Tunisia passes law to strip courts of power over election authority appointed by president . 28 September 2024 . Associated Press.
  76. Web site: 11 August 2024 . En Tunisie, seuls trois candidats, incluant le président sortant Kaïs Saïed, ont été retenus pour se présenter à la présidentielle . 7 October 2024 . Franceinfo . fr-FR.
  77. Web site: 11 August 2024 . Tunisia's electoral commission approves two candidates and incumbent Saied for presidential vote . France 24 . en.
  78. Web site: 29 August 2024 . Tunisia court allows former minister Znaidi to run for president . Al Jazeera . en.
  79. Web site: 2 September 2024 . Tunisie: trois candidats à la présidentielle retenus, dont Kaïs Saïed, trois autres exclus définitivement . 7 October 2024 . RFI . fr.
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  81. News: 4 September 2024 . En Tunisie, le candidat à la présidentielle Ayachi Zammel a été placé en détention provisoire . 7 October 2024 . fr.
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  93. Web site: kapitalis . webmaster . 9 July 2024 . Hamma Hammami : «Nous boycotterons les prochaines présidentielles» . 8 October 2024 . Kapitalis . fr-FR.
  94. Web site: تونس.. 5 أحزاب يسارية تدعو إلى "مقاطعة" الانتخابات الرئاسية . Tunisia.. 5 leftist parties call for "boycott" of presidential elections . 8 October 2024 . www.aa.com.tr.
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  105. Web site: Galtier . Mathieu . En Tunisie, un grain de sable nommé Ayachi Zammel dans la campagne électorale de Kaïs Saïed . 8 October 2024 . Libération . fr.
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  107. Web site: 6 October 2024 . Tunisia voting ends as Saied eyes re-election with critics behind bars . France 24 . en.
  108. Web site: 6 October 2024 . En Tunisie, 14,5 % de votants à la mi-journée et des bureaux ouverts jusqu'à 18 heures . Jeune Afrique . en.
  109. Web site: 6 October 2024 . Tunisia votes in presidential election against a backdrop of repression . France 24 . en.
  110. Web site: 7 October 2024 . Tunisian President Kais Saied wins second term in landslide victory . Le Monde . en.
  111. Web site: Lack of election observers for Tunisia vote reflects crackdown . France 24 . 4 October 2024 . en.
  112. Web site: Présidentielle 2024 – Selon Sigma, Kaïs Saïed réélu avec 89,2% . Presidential 2024 - According to Sigma, Kaïs Saïed re-elected with 89.2% . 6 October 2024 . fr . 6 October 2024 . Business News.
  113. 6 October 2024 . التقديرات الأولية لنتائج التصويت للانتخابات الرئاسية أربع و عشرين و ألفين . Preliminary estimates of the voting results for the 2024 presidential election . YouTube video . ar-TN . 6 October 2024 . Télévision Tunisienne.

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