2024 New Caledonia unrest explained

2024 New Caledonia unrest
Place:New Caledonia
Date:13 May 2024 – present
Causes:
  • Attempt to modify France's constitution to enlarge the non-indigenous electorate in New Caledonia
  • Social inequalities, racial tensions[1] [2]
  • Nickel industry collapse
Goals:
  • Cancellation of the reform bill
  • Greater social equality
  • Greater autonomy
Methods:Protests, riots, arson, looting, roadblocks
Status:Ongoing
As of 12 June, the constitutional reform concerning New Caledonian elections was suspended.
Side1: Protesters[3]

Supported by:

Side2:

----Loyalist militias[7]

Fatalities:11 (including 2 police officers)[8] (3 additional non combat)
Howmany1:~9,000 Kanak protesters & rioters
Howmany2:3,000 military & police personnel[9]
~550 loyalist militamen16 vehicles[10]
Injuries:Unknown number of demonstrators
486(Police personnel and Gendarmerie[11]
Arrests:2030+
Damage:€1 billion in economic damage
900 businesses destroyed
200 houses destroyed
600 vehicles burned
400+ businesses damaged
80-90% of grocery network taken out[12]

In May 2024, protests and riots broke out in New Caledonia, a sui generis collectivity of overseas France in the Pacific Ocean.[13] The violent protests have led to ten deaths,[14] the declaration of a state of emergency on 16 May, deployment of the French army, and the block of the social network TikTok.[15] [16]

Violence broke out following a controversial voting reform aiming to change existing conditions which prevent up to one-fifth of the population from voting in provincial elections.[17] Following the Nouméa Accord, the electorate for local elections was restricted to pre-1998 residents of the islands and their descendants who have maintained continuous residence on the territory for at least 10 years. The system, which excludes migrants from European and Polynesian parts of France, including their adult children, had been judged acceptable in 2005 as part of a decolonisation process by the European Court of Human Rights given that it was a provisional measure.[18] Voters in all three referenda were in favour of remaining part of France, though the 2021 referendum was boycotted by most independence supporters. For the French government, the referenda fulfilled the Nouméa Accord process, but independence advocates, who rejected the legitimacy of the boycotted 2021 referendum, considered the process defined by the Nouméa Accord to be still ongoing.

The French government is seeking to undo a 2007 Constitutional amendment, which allows the denial of voting rights in local elections to people even though they have resided in the territory for over 10 years. This reform would allow roughly 60% of those currently prevented from voting to join the electorate and has been decried by independence advocates as a dilution of the indigenous Melanesian Kanak people's political voice.[19] President Emmanuel Macron visited the island on 22 May and asked local actors to reach a comprehensive agreement within a month, mentioning the possibility of a referendum concerning Paris' desired changes in voter eligibility rules.

The state of emergency ended on 28 May.[20] Due to the 9 June dissolution of the National Assembly, Macron announced the de facto suspension of the Constitutional reform while it was impossible to convene the two houses of the French legislature.

Background

New Caledonia is a French overseas territory in the southwest Pacific.[21] It has a population of about 270,000; with the indigenous Kanak people constituting, according to the 2019 census, 41% of the population, the Europeans (Caldoche and metropolitan French) 28%, those of mixed blood 11%, with other ethnic minorities (including Wallisians, Tahitians, Polynesians Ni-Vanuatu, Indonesians, Vietnamese and Chinese) constituting the remainder.[22] New Caledonia became a French overseas territory in 1946 and has representatives in both houses of the French Parliament, while the President of France serves as the territory's head of state. France maintains jurisdiction over New Caledonia's justice system, defense, and internal security.[23]

In 1988, following widespread political violence between Caldoches and indigenous Kanaks[24] a period referred to as "the Events"[25] [26] (French: Les Événements[27] [28]) the Matignon Agreements were signed,[29] establishing a transition to its current large autonomy as a sui generis collectivity within the French state. This was followed in 1998 by the Nouméa Accord. As part of the Accord, New Caledonia was allowed to hold three referendums to decide on the future status of the territory, with voting rights restricted to indigenous Kanak and other inhabitants living in New Caledonia before 1998.

"Frozen" electorate

As part of the Nouméa Accord of 1998, the population of New Caledonia continued to vote in national elections—for the French president and National Assembly—but the number of people who can vote in provincial elections and independence referendums was restricted. This so-called "frozen electorate" consists only of those who were already living in New Caledonia in 1998 as well as their children, provided they maintained uninterrupted residence for ten years prior to each election. This deprived later immigrants, whether European or Polynesian, of voting rights. The number of excluded voters increased from 8,000 in 1999 to 18,000 in 2009 and to 42,000 in 2023, by which time almost one national voter out of five was excluded from participating in provincial elections (of 220,000 national voters only 178,000 were eligible).[30] [31] This restriction aimed at preventing the disempowerment of the native Kanak community that would result from the arrival in large number of people from metropolitan France.[32]

Following a ruling by the French Constitutional Council in 1999 which limited the restriction to a simple ten-year residency requirement (a so-called "rolling electorate"), French president Jacques Chirac promised to have the French constitution amended on the request of independence groups in 2003. His parliamentary majority voted for the revision in 2007, thereby reverting to the "frozen electorate" rule.[30] [33] The European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2005 that the restriction did not infringe the right to free elections and did not give rise to discrimination on the grounds of national origin since "New Caledonia's current status reflects a transitional phase prior to the acquisition of full sovereignty and is part of a process of self-determination", with the system then in place being "incomplete and provisional", which has been interpreted to mean that the frozen electorate was validated on the condition that it was only a provisional measure.[31]

Situation after independence referendums

New Caledonia then had three consecutive independence referendums (in 2018, 2020 and 2021). Before the final referendum, the pro-independence candidate Louis Mapou was elected President of the Government of New Caledonia.[34]

Results of the 2018 and 2020 referenda were 56.6% and 53.2% in favor of remaining part of France[35] with 81% and 85.7% turnout respectively. With 46.7% of the vote in favor of independence and roughly 10,000 votes (of 155,000 participants[36]) separating the two camps at the second referendum, the push for independence was stronger than expected.[21] There was a very strong correlation between ethnic origin and voting, with the Kanaks overwhelmingly voting for and the other communities voting against independence.[37] The pro-independence movement asked that the third referendum, which it had originally requested, be postponed due to the spread of COVID-19 within their community from September 2021 onward and the resulting impossibility of conducting a campaign while observing the customary Kanak mourning periods.[38] The French government decided the referendum would go ahead as long as the sanitary situation improved.[39] The anti-independence movement said that the 280 COVID-19 deaths were being instrumentalized by their opponents to postpone a referendum they were poised to lose. Partisans of independence had recently been weakened by their handling of the nickel economic crisis, as well as by the support given by France during the pandemic, which included 10 billion CFP franc (83 million euros) in financial aid, free vaccines, and medical staff from metropolitan France.[40] The Kanak boycotted the referendum, resulting in a 96.5% victory for the anti-independence camp with 43.9% turnout.[41] The national government viewed the "frozen electorate" as obsolete once the process of the three referenda defined by the Nouméa Accord ended.[42] Documents published by the national government in 2021 listing the consequences of a "yes" or "no" vote in the referendum mentioned that the frozen electorate was not a permanent measure, but that it would not be automatically overturned by a third consecutive "no" vote.[43] [44]

Advocates for independence, who had boycotted the third referendum, considered it illegitimate, leading to institutional deadlock. Local talks ground to a halt and the next provincial election was rescheduled for 15 December 2024. On 26 December 2023, the Conseil d'État concluded that the current rules infringed significantly on universal suffrage, as they denied the vote to people either born or residing in New Caledonia for several decades.[31]

Any revision of the transitional Nouméa Accord rules concerning eligible voters will require changes to the French constitution.[30] At the beginning of 2024, the French government began a revision of the constitution which would "unfreeze" the electorate by keeping only a rolling ten-year residency requirement. Up to 25,841 people of the 42,000 excluded from the electorate would gain voting rights: 12,441 who were born and grew up in New Caledonia would gain the right automatically and up to 13,400 with ten years of continuous residence on the island could request it.[45] [46] A total of 16,000 citizens would remain excluded from participating in the provincial election.[46] It included a clause that would prevent it from being implemented if a local deal between pro- and anti-independence groups was made at least ten days before the election.[31] [47] [48]

A bipartisan group sent by the National Assembly to consult political, religious and tribal leaders concluded that "unfreezing" the electorate was a "legal and democratic necessity". It advised against doing so immediately due to the chaotic political situation. In its report released mid-March, it noted in particular the pessimistic mood prevalent on the island because of the chaotic political situation and permanent uncertainty about its future, which had led to the emigration of New Caledonians, often those excluded from the electorate, but also of educated Kanaks. This demographic trend mentioned in the report contrasts with the pro-independence claims of an ongoing demographic replacement via "massive immigration". The report caused controversy by relaying the opinion of several independence advocates, including Roch Wamytan, president of the Congress of New Caledonia, who asked whether President Emmanuel Macron was considering "recolonizing" New Caledonia and who further said that the "threshold of tolerance for whites" had been reached. Members of the pro-independence Caledonian Union also said that "If you make a change of the electorate, it will be war. Our youth is ready to go for it. If we have to sacrifice a thousand, we will do so".[49] [50]

On 2 April 2024, the French Senate, the French Parliament's upper house, voted to endorse constitutional amendments tabled by Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin to extend suffrage to those who had been residing in New Caledonia for an uninterrupted 10 years. On 15 April, groups of supporters and opponents staged competing marches in Nouméa in response to the proposed French constitutional amendment. The pro-independence march was organized by a field action coordination committee close to Union Calédonienne (UC), which is part of the FLNKS umbrella. The pro-French march was organized by the two pro-French parties Le Rassemblement and Les Loyalistes. The French High Commission estimated that a total of 40,000 people (15% of the population) attended the marches. Pro-independence organisers claimed 58,000 attended their rally and pro-French organizers claimed 35,000 attended theirs.[51]

On 15 May, the National Assembly, the French Parliament's lower house voted in favor of the constitutional amendments by a margin of 351 to 153 votes. While right-wing parties supported "unfreezing" the list of voters, left-wing parties voted against the amendments. After passing both houses, the constitutional amendments still need to be approved by a two-thirds majority of the Congress of the French Parliament (a joint session of both the National Assembly and Senate).

Response to the bill

Local leaders said that giving "foreigners" the right to vote would dilute the vote of indigenous Kanak people and increase the vote share for pro-French politicians.[52] [53]

Socio-economic factors

The economy and unemployment were reportedly factors in the unrest due to the local nickel mining sector having experienced a downturn.[54] According to Politico, New Caledonia has 30% of the world's nickel reserves. Nikkei Asia reported that New Caledonia had the 5th largest reserve of the world's nickel and that difficulties were caused by a glut in the global nickel market.[55] Nickel mining makes up 90% of all exports and employs around a "quarter of its workforce" according to the Associated Press.[56] By 2023, the nickel sector's profitability had declined due to governmental export restrictions, high energy costs and competition from Indonesian and other Asian nickel producers. With production down 32% in the first quarter of 2023, French authorities warned that the territory's three main nickel processing factories could shut down, leading to an unemployment crisis. Several major investors including Glencore and Euramet either curtailed new investments in New Caledonia or sought to sell off their holdings.[57] The French government promised €200 million in subsidies for the nickel sector, but this "nickel pact" was denounced by independence supporters as a neocolonial measure that would increase Paris' power over the territory.[58]

While strides have been made towards making access to higher education more equitable, the programs for secondary education are still decided in metropolitan France. In 2021, Kanaks were 2.4 times less likely to find a professional internship for their last year of middle school. In 2017, Kanaks were 5.1 times less likely to earn a baccalauréat général and 8.3 times less likely to have a college degree than their Caldoche counterparts. According to studies carried out in the 2010s, Kanaks were more likely to experience discrimination in access to everything from nightclubs to housing, particularly in Nouméa. A 2014 Senate report indicated that 95% of the inmates in were of Kanak origin. According to Marie Salaün and Benoît Trépied, it was this socioeconomic context that led "marginalized youth" to "play a leading role in the explosion of urban violence in May 2024."[59]

Firearms ownership

New Caledonia also has a high level of gun ownership. French youth sociologist Evelyne Barthou and French National Centre for Scientific Research anthropologist Benoît Trépied have attributed New Caledonia's high level of gun ownership to a long history of hunting and cattle herding among both the Kanak and Caldoche populations.[60] In 2011, gun sales soared in New Caledonia after the government eased firearms regulations, with a total value of US$1.6 million in 2011. According to RNZ and Nouméa's daily newspaper Les Nouvelles Caledoniennes, the number of firearms being sold rose from 1,800 in 2010 to 2,500 in 2011.[61] Under the new law, people could buy an unlimited number of firearms if they could provide an identity card, hunting license and a medical certificate confirming physical and mental aptitude to buy a firearm.[62]

In November 2013, the French Government announced that it would tighten gun laws before the end of the year, leading to a spike in gun sales in New Caledonia. French High Commissioner Jean-Jacques Brot said that gun sales had doubled while local media claimed that the figure had increased tenfold.[63] In late September 2016, the French Supreme Court struck down a decree seeking to limit gun ownership in New Caledonia since it had not been signed by the ministers of sport and transport. The process for reissuing the decree is expected to take six months. By April 2024, a French National Assembly report estimated that 64,000 hunting and sporting weapons were in circulation across the archipelago. If illegal weapons were included, French authorities estimated that this figure rose to 100,000 firearms, resulting in a high ratio of gun ownership per total population (roughly 286,500 people). According to anthropologist Nathanaëlle Soler, weapons were stockpiled "in anticipation of post-referendum strife".[64]

Timeline

On 13 May 2024, violence broke out in Nouméa. The clashes pitted law enforcement forces against pro-independence demonstrators, causing fires, looting and injuries among the gendarmes. Three prison employees were briefly taken hostage during an attempted mutiny in the Nouméa prison center. Schools and public services in the affected areas were closed. The French high commissioner requested reinforcements from Paris to maintain order and announced a ban on the carrying and transporting of weapons as well as on the sale of alcohol for 48 hours.[65] A large factory, specializing in bottling was completely burnt down in Nouméa. Nouméa firefighters said they received nearly 1,500 calls overnight and responded to around 200 fires. Around thirty shops, factories and other businesses were set on fire.[65]

Supermarkets and car dealerships were looted and vehicles and businesses were burned.[66] [67] Areas affected include Nouméa and the neighbouring towns of Dumbéa and Le Mont-Dore,[68] where gendarmes were fired upon with large caliber hunting rifles.[69] Thirty-six protesters were arrested.[70] Authorities imposed a curfew and public gatherings were banned for two days beginning on May 14.[71] [72] The French Minister of the Interior Gérald Darmanin announced that police reinforcements were being sent to the island.[73]

On 15 May, reports arose about the deaths of two people overnight, the first was apparently killed in an act of self defence while the circumstances of the second death remained unclear.[74] Violent riots continued. Clashes erupted between supporters and opponents of independence.[75] Three Kanak protestors were killed during a drive-by shooting committed by a motorist whose car was stopped at a barricade, while a gendarme was killed in an ambush.[76] [77] By the end of the day four people were dead (including a gendarme) and 300 people were injured. 140 people were arrested. More than 70 police officers and gendarmes were also injured, while around 80 businesses were burned or ransacked.[78] Some residents erected barricades to protect their properties and the riots lead to food shortages. The high commissioner described situation as “insurrectional” and evoking the risk of a “civil war” . Emmanuel Macron called for calm and stated that he plans to hold a meeting of the territorial congress to ratify the reform.[79] [80] [81] A defense council was held by Emmanuel Macron, following which a decree aimed at declaring a state of emergency in New Caledonia was requested by the President of the Republic and placed on the agenda of the Council of Ministers.[82]

On 16 May, the state of emergency came into force at 05:00 in Nouméa.[83] [84] Forty-five minutes after imposition of the state of emergency, Prime Minister Gabriel Attal announced the deployment of the French army to ensure the security of seaports and airports.[85] TikTok was also banned in New Caledonia.[85]

On 18 May, French interior minister Gérald Darmanin announced the launch of a major operation aimed at taking total control of the 60 km main road between Nouméa and La Tontouta International Airport. More than 600 gendarmes, including a hundred GIGN operatives were set to take part in the operation.[86]

On 19 May, French authorities announced the success of the operation, claiming the destruction of 76 barricades, more than 200 arrests and the reopening of 20 food businesses.[87] The French High Commissioner's office confirmed that unidentified groups set two fires and raided a police station between 18 and 19 May, with 230 rioters arrested.[88] It was reported that the rioters had taken control of the northern districts of Nouméa.[87] French High Commissioner Louis Le Franc announced that French security forces would be launching new raids against pro-independence strongholds across New Caledonia. Le Franc also confirmed that customs officials had secured 103 containers of food and medicine at Nouméa's port.

On the night of 21 May to 22 May, a cyber attack took place in New Caledonia after the announcement of Emmanuel Macron's arrival. This alleged external attack was carried out by sending millions of emails simultaneously and was aimed at saturating the New Caledonian internet network. But the French authorities were able to thwart the cyber attack before it caused significant damage.[89] Moreover, Australia evacuated 300 citizens who had registered with the Australian authorities for assistance in leaving New Caledonia. and RNZAF Lockheed C-130 Hercules plane evacuated 50 New Zealanders.

On 22 May, President Emmanuel Macron visited the island[90] and asked local actors to reach a comprehensive agreement within a month. He evoked the possibility of a referendum concerning Paris' desired changes in voter eligibility rules if the Congress did not reach an agreement, and compared the violence gripping the territory to the riots in the Hexagon after the killing of Nahel Merzouk.[91] Two primary schools and 300 vehicles at a car dealership were torched overnight.

On May 23, a RNZAF Boeing 757 evacuated 50 more civilians.

Clashes continued and on 24 May, a clash between police and rioters led to the death of a Kanak demonstrator.[92] [93] On May 24, a third flight evacuated 50 New Zealanders on a C130.

On 25 May, riots continued and France started the evacuation of French tourists from new Caledonia. Some were evacuated via aircraft of the French military. Some were evacuated via flights chartered by French army to Australia and New Zealand and from there to France.[94]

On 26 May, pro-independence leaders stated the goal of full independence from France and also advised rioters to loosen their grip on barricades to allow supplies to pass through while making it clear that 'resistance' would continue and barricades would remain in place.[95]

The French government lifted the state of emergency in New Caledonia at 05:00 on 28 May.[96] A facilitation mission aimed at reestablishing dialogue between the independentists and the loyalists. The establishment of the curfew and the ban on TikTok, taken outside of this framework, was maintained, as was the ban on transporting or carrying weapons and the sale of alcohol. The reopening of Nouméa-La Tontouta International Airport was not planned before June 2.[97] [98]

The ban on TikTok was lifted on 29 May.[99]

On 31 May, French authorities announced the restoration of full control over Nouméa following a major police operation in the Riviere-Salee district that resulted in 12 arrests.[100]

On 1 June, a young off-duty police officer of Kanak origin was attacked by vigilantes.[101]

On 3 June, two men attacked a gendarme vehicle, prompting its occupant to gendarme shooting them both. One of the attackers died from his injuries on 7 June.[102]

By 5 June, commercial flights had resumed at La Tontouta International Airport on a limited basis. The main road between Nouméa and the international airport remains blocked by numerous blockades erected by groups of rioters.[103]

On 12 June, Emmanuel Macron announced the suspension of the constitutional reform changing New Caledonia's electoral body during a press conference following the dissolution of the National Assembly.[104]

On 19 June, authorities announced the arrest of 11 people, including Christian Tein, the leader of the pro-independence movement CCAT (Field Action Coordination Cell), on suspicion of instigating the violence.[105] Seven of the eleven were flown to metropolitan France, including: Tein, who was detained in Mulhouse for further questioning; the CCAT communications director, who was held in Dijon;[106] and the director of the Congressional president's office, who was incarcerated in Riom.[107] Demonstrations took place in mainland France notably near the building of the Ministry of Justice and in Lutterbach.[108] [109] [110] [111]

On 23 June, riots broke out again in Nouméa, during which protesters set fire to the town hall of Koumac as well as several police vehicles, destroyed parts of Païta and set up roadblocks. A firefighting vehicle was also attacked in Dumbéa.[112] A police station and several other buildings were set alight across New Caledonia.[113]

On 1 July, French police and GIGN carried out an operation in Houillou on the eastern coast of the island.

On 10 July, a gun battle between French security forces and rioters led to the death of an alleged gunman and police had been deployed in the area to arrest the perpetrators.

On 15 August, an alleged gunman was shot dead by the French police in the majority Kanak town of Thio, bringing the death toll during the unrest to 11.[114]

Loyalist militias

Armed loyalist militias formed to support police and to defend neighborhoods[115] [116] due to the perception that law enforcement was overwhelmed.[117] Some loyalist militias also set up sniper positions on the rooftops.[117] The High Commissioner of the Republic Louis Le Franc called upon the militias to stand down rather than to create a vicious circle of violence. The Field Action Coordination Unit accused loyalist militias of violence with the tacit complicity of the police.

Analysis

According to Australian peace and conflict studies professor Nicole George and University of Pau and the Adour Region sociologist Évelyne Barthou, Kanaky youth played a major role in leading the protests and violence. George said that the protests were rooted in "the highly visible wealth disparities" in the territory which “fuel resentment and the profound racial inequalities that deprive Kanak youths of opportunity and contribute to their alienation." Similarly Barthou said that many Kanaky young people resented having to compete for limited opportunities with migrants from mainland France. Anthropologist Nathanaëlle Soler identifies the proximity of some of the Loyalist leaders, like Sonia Backès, as well as white militias, with far-right parties, and cites the unwillingness of the French government to recognize colonial history and the "pervasiveness of racism in Nouvelle-Caledonian society" as among the causes of the unrest. Retired Auckland University of Technology professor of journalism David Robie has likened the youth-led protests to the concurrent Generation Z - led pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in the United States and Europe as well as Palestinian youth journalists during the ongoing Israel–Hamas war.[118] Former president Philippe Gomès identifies the economic downturn due to the collapse of the nickel industry, as "one of the main causes" of the strife.

Casualties

Between 13 and 24 May, seven people were killed, including two gendarmes. On 31 May, another 153[119] police officers were injured.[120] [121] Ten independence activists accused of organizing violence were placed under house arrest.[122] [123]

On 15 May, a gendarme was seriously injured in Plum and died later in the same day. On 16 May, three Kanak civilians aged 17 to 35 were killed in Nouméa by unidentified armed civilians,[124] while on the same day, the death of another French gendarme in New Caledonia from accidental gunshot wounds inflicted by another member of the security forces was announced by Gérald Darmanin in a message to Agence France-Presse.[125] On 18 May, a Caldoche man, aged 51, was killed in a gunfight in Kaala-Gomen, after firing on Kanak protestors as a result of rocks being thrown at his car at a roadblock, breaking a window.[126] His son as well as two Kanak protestors were injured.[127] On 24 May, a seventh person was killed by a police officer who opened fire while being attacked by a group of around 15 rioters.[92] [93] A 26-year-old man who was shot by gendarmes during a shootout on 3 June died of his injuries on 7 June.[128] On 11 June, a 34-year-old man who was shot by a GIGN gendarme on 19 May in Dumbéa succumbed to his wounds.[129] On 10 July, one person was fatally shot by police following a gun battle in Mont-Dore, bringing the death toll to 10.[130]

Non-combat

On 13 May, a pregnant woman due to give birth suffered a miscarriage due to the authorities not having been able to help her in time due to riots.[131] On 15 May, a 40-year-old diabetic man died at his home, having not been able to receive dialysis in time due to riots.[132] On May 18, a motorcyclist died upon hitting a car wreck serving as a roadblock set up by Kanak protesters.[133] From 14 May to 28 May, an abnormally high number of people died according to the Nouméa city morgue: 79 people in two weeks, nearly twice the normal figure for a two-week period.[134]

Impact

The looting and destruction cost on 16 May more than 200 million euros in damage.[135] The cost increased to one billion euros on 21 May.[136] More than 150 businesses were completely destroyed and around 1,500 jobs were lost.[137] The riots have taken a heavy toll the New Caledonian economy, reducing its annual GDP by two percent.[138] [139] La Tontouta International Airport was closed for commercial flights from 14 May until 3 June.[140] Full operations are expected to resume on 17 June.[141] According to the Chamber of Commerce and Industry president, 80 to 90% of the grocery distribution network has been taken out. On 14 May the Nouméa bus network was suspended until further notice.[142] The Médipôle main hospital was overwhelmed.[143]

On 17 May, it was announced that the Olympic Torch Relay for the 2024 Paris Olympics would not pass through New Caledonia on 11 June as had originally been planned.[144]

On 22 May, the Mayor of Nouméa reported that two primary schools and a car dealership containing 300 cars had been torched overnight. Police reported that 280 protesters had been arrested while local prosecutors reported that 400 shops and businesses had been damaged.[145]

In a month of riots, the toll was estimated at 900 businesses and 200 houses destroyed, 600 vehicles burned.[146]

Citing the ongoing unrest and the resulting decline of tourism demands, Aircalin announced in July that it would suspend its Tokyo-Narita route indefinitely from September, which led to New Caledonia's tourism board to close its Tokyo office as of that month.[147] [148]

Alleged interference

Azerbaijan

On 16 May, French Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin accused Azerbaijan of interfering in the unrest by making a deal with independence advocates on France 2.[149] Azerbaijan denied Darmanin's accusations.[150] However, in July 2023, Azerbaijan had invited pro-independence activists from the French overseas territories of Martinique, French Guiana, New Caledonia and French Polynesia for a conference in Baku, which saw the creation of a "Baku Initiative Group" whose stated aim is to support "French liberation and anti-colonial movements." Azerbaijan has made increasingly unfriendly statements to France since October 2023, when France sold military equipment to Armenia.[151] The Ministry of the Interior and VIGINUM also accused Azerbaijan of interference, by spreading disinformation on social networks to support the pro-independence activists.[152] [153] [154]

On 6 June, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty reported that X accounts affiliated with several Azeri government and New Azerbaijan Party officials including Esmira Xalil, Rasadat Xaliqov, Ramila Seyidova, Anar Sahmurad, and Turkan Quliyeva had circulated anti-French disinformation and propaganda on the platform including allegations that French police had killed Kanaks.[155]

Turkey

The same day, a report by French radio station Europe 1 also accused Turkey of interfering in a "circumstantial alliance of secret services to designate a common enemy" or steered by Russia and China to "open peripheral fronts, such as in New Caledonia, or to weaken the French state."[156] An unnamed Turkish source was reportedly "amused by the unsubstantiated allegations" but did not expect Turkey to "formally repudiate" the claims.[157]

Responses

New Caledonia

In response to the unrest, pro-independence President of the Government of New Caledonia Louis Mapou called for a "return to reason". Meanwhile, the FLNKS called for "calm, peace, stability and reason", the lifting of blockades and the withdrawal of the controversial French constitutional amendments.[158] He also appealed to French President Emmanuel Macron to prioritise a comprehensive agreement between "all political leaders of New Caledonia, to pave the way for the archipelago's long-term political future".

A group affiliated with the National Union for Independence (UNI) also stated they were "moved by and deplored the exactions and violence taking place". North Province provincial assembly UNI member Patricia Goa said it was "necessary to preserve all that we have built together for over thirty years and that the priority was to preserve peace, social cohesion".

, the anti-independence President of the Loyalty Islands Province, said absolute priority must be given to dialogue and the search for intelligence to reach a consensus., the French High Commissioner to New Caledonia, told the media he would use military force "if necessary" and that reinforcements from metropolitan France would arrive on 16 May.

During a live event on the website X, anti-independence politician Deputy Nicolas Metzdorf, representative of New Caledonia's 2nd constituency, called on President Emmanuel Macron to keep the electoral reform going as doing otherwise would be a "political and moral defeat for the Republic". He also said the only present solution would be to put the territory under government tutelage and to become a department for two or three years.[159]

On 22 May, the New Caledonian government confirmed that telecom services had thwarted an "unprecedented" mass email cyber attack on a New Caledonian internet provider, which occurred shortly after Macron had announced his visit to the territory. Activist Viro Xulue said that the climate of fear was exacerbated by "the anti-Kanak militia".[160]

During Bastille Day on 14 July, Southern Province President Sonia Backès gave a controversial speech criticising the Nouméa Accord and advocating partitioning New Caledonia along provincial lines in light of the 2024 unrest. While Southern Province is ruled by pro-loyalist parties, the Northern and Loyalty Islands Provinces are ruled by pro-independence parties. Backès' speech was criticised by the pro-independence FLNKS political bureau spokesperson Aloisio Sako and Party of Kanak Liberation spokesperson Judickaël Selefen. By contrast, her speech was praised by vice-president of the Southern Province Virginie Ruffenach, who advocated a return to the provincial autonomy arrangement between 1988 and 1998.[161]

Metropolitan France

On 16 May, Emmanuel Macron indicated that he would delay convening the upcoming Congress of the French Parliament until at least June 2024 "to give a chance for dialogue and consensus". He also extended an invitation to New Caledonian political leaders to attend a meeting in Paris to cover various including the constitutional amendments around franchise extension and the current economic crisis in the nickel industry sector. The Paris meeting is scheduled to take place in late May 2024 under the supervision of French Prime Minister Gabriel Attal.

On 15 May, Attal deployed the army to protect ports and airports, and issued a ban on TikTok in response,[162] which French authorities said had previously been used to organize riots.[163] [164] On 16 May, Macron declared a state of emergency in New Caledonia.[163] By 17 May, the number of French police and gendarmes in New Caledonia had risen from 1,700 to 2,700. French forces were also deployed to supply food and medicine to the public while teams of mine clearing specialists were deployed to remove barricades that may have been booby trapped by activists.[165]

On 19 May, Radio New Zealand reported that Attal was chairing daily meetings of an "inter-ministerial crisis cell" which included also Interior Minister Darmanin, Minister of the Overseas Marie Guévenoux, Minister of the Armed Forces Sébastien Lecornu and Minister of Justice Éric Dupond-Moretti. In addition, Attal also chaired a parliamentary "liaison committee" on New Caledonia on 17 May, which was attended by New Caledonian parliamentary representatives and parliamentary groups specialising on the Pacific territory. RNZ also reported that the French government had plans to send a "dialogue mission" to New Caledonia to restore dialogue and trust between Paris and the New Caledonians. On 19 May, French High Commissioner Louis Le Franc announced that 600 security personnel were being deployed in an operation to regain control of the highway area between Nouméa and its international airport including removing roadblocks and debris.[166]

By 19 May, French forces had broken through 60 roadblocks along the Route Territorial 1. On 20 May, French High Commissioner Louis Le Franc announced that French security forces would be launching new raids against pro-independence strongholds across New Caledonia. Le Franc also confirmed that customs officials had secured 103 containers of food and medicine at Nouméa's port. On 21 May, the French government announced that Macron would visit New Caledonia the next day.[167]

In early June 2024, French Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin confirmed that the National Gendarmerie had deployed several armoured vehicles known as "Centaurs" to New Caledonia for the purposes of breaking road blocks and reestablishing public order. These Centaur armoured cars can be equipped with machine guns and tear gas canisters. High Commissioner Louis Le Franc confirmed that voting for the 2024 European Parliament elections would go ahead in New Caledonia and that a curfew as well as a ban on the sales of firearms and alcohol would be imposed during the voting period.[168]

Overseas France

On 19 May, the presidents of the regional councils of Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana and Réunion as well as representatives from the same regions and French Polynesia, Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin put out a statement calling the proposed modifications of the electoral corps without consultation of all involved parties a betrayal of the spirit and text of the Matignon and Nouméa Accords, demanding the immediate retreat of the changes as prerequisite for the restart of peaceful dialogue and denouncing the security measures taken by the government as repressive and risking the start of a spiral of violence.[169]

Pro-independence activists in other overseas regions of France such as the Martinican Party for the Liberation from Martinique, the Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement (MDES) from Guyana, as well as several Guadeloupean pro-independence organizations have expressed support for Kanak protestors.[170]

Polynesian deputy member of the French National Assembly Tematai Le Gayic said: "That which calls out to me (...), is that this assembly that should, during this mandate, decide the constitutional future of my country doesn't recognize the position of the first peoples". While Guianan deputy Jean-Victor Castor warned: "We're not in the presence of a social movement similar to that set off by the pension reform law, we're dealing with a people demanding their full sovereignty" and "whether you want it or not, Kanaky was independent before the arrival of French colonists!."[170]

International

Governments

On 16 May, Foreign Minister Penny Wong called for calm, upgraded the level of caution in Australia's travel advice for New Caledonia and urged Australian travellers in the territory to "exercise a high degree of caution." Similar sentiments were echoed by Opposition foreign affairs spokesperson Simon Birmingham.[171] On 18 May, Wong confirmed that Australia was working with French, New Caledonian and New Zealand authorities to evacuate Australians stranded in the territory. An estimated 3,200 tourists and other travelers including 300 Australians remain stranded in New Caledonia.[172] [173] On 20 May, Wong confirmed that the Australian Defence Force was ready to send planes to evacuate stranded tourists, pending approval from New Caledonian authorities and the resumption of commercial flights. The first of these flights departed on 21 May. The operation will repatriate 300 citizens who have registered with the Australian authorities for assistance in leaving New Caledonia.[174]

On 27 May, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning confirmed that it was monitoring the situation in New Caledonia and had directed Chinese embassies in France, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore to assist with the evacuation of Chinese nationals stranded by the conflict. Eighteen Chinese nationals left the territory on 26 May with the assistance of the French Government.[175]

On 15 May, Prime Minister and outgoing Pacific Islands Forum chair Mark Brown described the unrest as a "cause to recognise greater autonomy and greater independence from the people on those islands." He also stated that the Cook Islands would provide support assistance to Forum members New Caledonia and French Polynesia to avoid any escalation of conflict.[176]

On 14 May, Foreign Minister Winston Peters cancelled plans to visit New Caledonia in response to the unrest. National carrier Air New Zealand also stated it was monitoring the situation in the territory ahead of its next flight to Nouméa at 08:25 on 18 May.[177] Following the closure of La Tontouta International Airport, the airline cancelled its flights to Nouméa scheduled for 18 and 20 May.[178] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade confirmed that 219 New Zealanders were registered with Safe Travel in New Caledonia. Peters confirmed that the Government was exploring ways of evacuating New Zealanders including deploying the Royal New Zealand Air Force. While the New Zealand Consulate General remained open, staff were working remotely due to safety concerns.[179] On 20 May New Zealand announced a flight on 21 May to evacuate 50 New Zealand nationals from Nouméa. On 21 May, Peters confirmed that an RNZAF Lockheed C-130 Hercules plane would be flying to New Caledonia to evacuate about 50 passengers, marking the first in a series of evacuation flights.[180] On May 23, a further 50 passengers were repatriated back to Auckland on a RNZAF Boeing 757, who had travelled from Nouméa to Brisbane on a French-operated flight.[181] On May 24, a third flight took place, returning another 50 New Zealanders on a C130.[182] By 27 May, the NZDF had evacuated 300 people from New Caledonia. The final NZDF flight took place the following day on 28 May to evacuate about 20 New Zealand citizens.[183] [184]

Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova rejected claims of foreign interference in the New Caledonia unrest and urged France to "look at its own deep-down problems." Zakharova stated that Russia regarded New Caledonia as a non-self governing territory that had not yet completed the process of decolonisation. Russia called on France to "refrain from an unjustified use of force against the protesters and respect the rights and liberties of the indigenous population of New Caledonia and other overseas territories under its control."[185]

Colin Beck, the Permanent Secretary of Foreign Affairs, said that using military force was not a method to resolve issues, and it could prevent indigenous Kanak people from expressing their rights.[186]

On 17 May, Prime Minister Charlot Salwai, the concurrent Chair of the intergovernmental organization Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG), reaffirmed the MSG's support for the FLNKS's opposition to France's constitutional bill "unfreezing" New Caledonia's electoral roll. It also opposed proposed changes to the citizens' electorate and the distribution of seats in New Caledonia's Congress. Salwai endorsed the FLNKS's call for calm and condemnation of violence. He also warned that the indiscriminate destruction of property would adversely affect New Caledonia's economy and the "welfare and lives of all New Caledonians, including the Kanaks." Salwai also called for France to accept an FLNKS proposal to establish a "dialogue and mediation mission" to discuss how peace and normalcy could be restored to the territory.[187]

Non-state organisations

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 17 May 2024 . Émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie : les inégalités entre les Kanaks et le reste de la population persistent . Riots in New Caledonia: inequalities between Kanaks and the rest of the population persist . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518214058/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/nouvelle-caledonie/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-les-inegalites-entre-les-kanaks-et-le-reste-de-la-population-persistent_6550433.html . 18 May 2024 . 19 May 2024 . franceinfo.
  2. Emmanuel Macron . Nouvelle-Calédonie: les inégalités sociales "nourrissent une part du racisme qui a réémergé", déplore Emmanuel Macron . Le Figaro . 2024-05-23 . 25 May 2024 . 25 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240525201805/https://video.lefigaro.fr/figaro/video/nouvelle-caledonie-les-inegalites-sociales-nourrissent-une-part-du-racisme-qui-a-reemerge-deplore-emmanuel-macron/ . live .
  3. Web site: fr . Benjamin König . Kanaky-Nouvelle-Calédonie : pourquoi le dégel du corps électoral pourrait mettre le feu aux poudres . . 2024-05-13 . 24 May 2024 . 13 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240513222418/https://www.humanite.fr/monde/decolonisation/kanaky-nouvelle-caledonie-pourquoi-le-degel-du-corps-electoral-pourrait-mettre-le-feu-aux-poudres . live .
  4. News: Decloitre . Patrick . Clashes between pro-independence protesters, police as 3 ministers visit New Caledonia . 12 June 2024 . . 22 February 2024.
  5. Web site: Nouvelle-Calédonie : les gendarmes engagés sur les émeutes. gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr. 24 May 2024. 15 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240515183309/https://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/gendinfo/actualites/2024/nouvelle-caledonie-les-gendarmes-engages-sur-les-emeutes. live. .
  6. Web site: Nouvelle-Calédonie : les gendarmes fortement engagés sur les émeutes . Desjardins . Charlotte . 2024-05-15 . Gendarmerie Nationale . fr . 24 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524082834/https://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/gendinfo/actualites/2024/nouvelle-caledonie-les-gendarmes-fortement-engages-sur-les-emeutes . live .
  7. News: Décodeurs . Les . 2024-05-17 . New Caledonia: Six questions to understand the current crisis . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524043355/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/les-decodeurs/article/2024/05/17/new-caledonia-six-questions-to-understand-the-current-crisis_6671770_8.html . 24 May 2024 . 2024-05-19 . Le Monde . en .
  8. Web site: Nouvelle-Calédonie : un homme blessé le 29 mai par un gendarme a succombé à ses blessures . 12 June 2024. francetvinfo.fr.
  9. Web site: 2024-05-16 . REPLAY. Violences en Nouvelle-Calédonie : le bilan humain est passé cinq morts, Gabriel Attal annonce un millier de forces de sécurité supplémentaires en cours de déploiement . 2024-05-17 . Nouvelle-Calédonie la 1ère . fr-FR . 18 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080708/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-troisieme-nuit-d-affrontements-assignations-a-residence-tik-tok-coupe-sur-le-territoire-1488524.html . live .
  10. News: Decloitre . Patrick . 15 July 2024 . New shipment arrives for police, firemen in New Caledonia . RNZ . 23 July 2024.
  11. Web site: Point de situation - Troubles à l'ordre public en Nouvelle Calédonie . 9 July 2024 . 9 July 2024.
  12. Web site: 21 May 2024 . Nouvelle-Calédonie : la chambre de commerce et d'industrie s'attend à un "milliard d'euros" de dégâts . France Info.
  13. Web site: About New Caledonia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514231503/https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/australia-and-pacific/new-caledonia/new-zealand-consulate-general-noumea-new-caledonia/about-new-caledonia . 14 May 2024 . 14 May 2024 . New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
  14. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/521843/death-toll-in-new-caledonia-unrest-reaches-10
  15. News: France Info . Yann . Thompson . Clément . Parrot . Emeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie : un homme de 48 ans a été tué par un policier "pris à partie" par "une quinzaine d'individus", annonce le parquet . fr . 2024-05-24 . 24 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524104515/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/nouvelle-caledonie/direct-crise-en-nouvelle-caledonie-ce-n-est-pas-le-far-west-donc-la-republique-doit-reprendre-l-autorite-declare-emmanuel-macron_6562802.html . live .
  16. Web site: Village de la Justice . Gardien . Pierrick . fr . Nouvelle-Calédonie : le Conseil d'État refuse de suspendre le blocage de TikTok . 24 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524113156/https://www.village-justice.com/articles/nouvelle-caledonie-conseil-etat-refuse-suspendre-blocage-tiktok,49831.html . live .
  17. Web site: 2024-05-15 . New Caledonia: Two dead as riots escalate after French vote . 2024-05-18 . BBC News . en-GB . 19 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519133755/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1d4dlxd10xo . live .
  18. Web site: Py c. France - 66289/01. 6 June 2005. European Court of Human Rights. 19 May 2024. 7 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151107024019/http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#%7B%22itemid%22:%5B%22001-67928%22%5D%7D. live.
  19. News: 14 May 2024 . New Caledonia announces curfew after riots over voting reforms . 14 May 2024 . Le Monde.fr . en . . 14 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514231457/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/05/14/new-caledonia-announces-curfew-after-riots-over-voting-reforms_6671384_7.html . live .
  20. Web site: 2024-05-29 . New Caledonia TikTok ban lifted as state of emergency ends . 2024-05-29 . BBC News . en-GB . 30 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113047/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0dd94jv9jpo . live .
  21. Kowasch M. and Batterbury, S.P.J. (eds.). 2024. Geographies of New Caledonia-Kanaky: environments, politics and cultures. Springer Open Access. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49140-5
  22. Web site: Verge . Pauline . 17 May 2024 . Nouvelle-Calédonie: quatre indicateurs des fractures de la population . Les Echos . 26 May 2024 . 26 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240526152534/https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/societe/nouvelle-caledonie-quatre-indicateurs-des-fractures-de-la-population-2095580 . live .
  23. News: Explainer: What sparked New Caledonia's deadly civil unrest? . 17 May 2024 . . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516112654/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/516978/explainer-what-sparked-new-caledonia-s-deadly-civil-unrest . 16 May 2024.
  24. News: 4 May 1988 . White settlers set to fight Kanaks . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519133808/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19880504.2.76.1 . 19 May 2024 . 19 May 2024 . The Press . 10 . Papers Past, National Library of New Zealand.
  25. News: Mannevy . Charlotte . Derel . Mathurin . Guibert . Nathalie . Second night of riots shakes New Caledonia: 'I didn't think it could come to this' . Le Monde . May 15, 2024 . 24 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524043441/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/05/15/second-night-of-riots-shakes-new-caledonia-i-didn-t-think-it-could-come-to-this_6671533_7.html . live .
  26. News: Vinograd . Cassandra . Breeden . Aurelien . France Declares State of Emergency Amid Protests in New Caledonia . The New York Times . May 15, 2024 . 24 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524053018/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/15/world/asia/new-caledonia-france-macron.html . live .
  27. Horowitz . Leah S. . Environmental violence and crises of legitimacy in New Caledonia . . May 2009 . 28 . 4 . 248–258 . 10.1016/j.polgeo.2009.07.001 . 1873-5096 . 24 May 2024 . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516233831/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S096262980900064X . live .
  28. Book: Fisher . Denise . France in the South Pacific: Power and Politics . May 2013 . 10.22459/FSP.05.2013 . free . . . 9781922144942.
  29. News: Agreement reached . The Press . 1 . 28 June 1988 . 19 May 2024 . Papers Past . 18 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518234437/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19880628.2.11 . live .
  30. Web site: Wéry . Claudine . 20 January 2005 . Nouvelle-Calédonie : la controverse sur le gel du corps électoral continue . New Caledonia: the controversy over the freezing of the electorate continues . 14 May 2024 . . fr . 1950-6244 . 14 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514182428/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2005/01/20/nouvelle-caledonie-la-controverse-sur-le-gel-du-corps-electoral-continue_394944_1819218.html . live .
  31. Web site: 26 March 2024 . Dégel du corps électoral calédonien : 12 clés pour comprendre le projet de loi constitutionnelle . Thawing of the New Caledonian electorate: 12 keys to understanding the draft constitutional law . 14 May 2024 . Nouvelle-Calédonie la 1ère . . fr . 13 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240513223547/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/degel-du-corps-electoral-caledonien-douze-cles-pour-comprendre-le-projet-de-loi-constitutionnelle-1474968.html . live .
  32. Web site: Belanyi . Jeanne . 24 May 2024 . Le dégel du corps électoral en Nouvelle-Calédonie : autopsie d'une réforme incendiaire . Foundation Jean Jaurès . 26 May 2024 . 26 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240526163812/https://www.jean-jaures.org/publication/le-degel-du-corps-electoral-en-nouvelle-caledonie-autopsie-dune-reforme-incendiaire/ . live .
  33. Web site: Révisions constitutionnelles de février 2007 . Constitutional Law No. 2007-237 of February 23, 2007 amending Article 77 of the Constitution [Electoral body of New Caledonia] . 14 May 2024 . . fr . 14 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514182428/https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/les-revisions-constitutionnelles/revisions-constitutionnelles-de-fevrier-2007 . live .
  34. Web site: 2021-07-08 . New Caledonia gets first leader in favour of independence from France ahead of referendum . 2024-05-19 . France 24 . en . 19 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221119030606/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210708-new-caledonia-gets-first-leader-in-favour-of-independence-from-france-ahead-of-referendum . live .
  35. Angela Diffley . France 24 . What to know about New Caledonia . 1:16 . 24 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524115743/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGKTVD2k09M . live .
  36. Web site: nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr . Résultats définitifs du référendum du 4 octobre 2020 . fr . 2020-10-05 . 27 May 2024 . 30 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113014/https://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/contenu/telechargement/6849/53341/file/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum%20du%204%20octobre%202020%20-%20R%C3%A9sultat%20d%C3%A9finitifs.pdf . live .
  37. Web site: Milhiet . Paco . 16 May 2023 . Quel avenir géopolitique pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie ? . Conseil québécois d'études géopolitiques . 26 May 2024 . 30 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113048/https://cqegheiulaval.com/2023/05/16/quel-avenir-geopolitique-pour-la-nouvelle-caledonie/ . live .
  38. Web site: David . Carine . Tirard . Manuel . April 2022 . La Nouvelle-Calédonie après le troisième référendum d'autodétermination du 12 décembre 2021 : 40 ans pour rien ? . La Revue des Droits de l'Homme . 26 May 2024 . 30 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113032/https://journals.openedition.org/revdh/14593 . live .
  39. Le Point . Emery . Audrey . 2021-12-11 . Nouvelle-Calédonie : les enjeux d’un référendum placé sous haute surveillance . fr . 2023-09-08 . https://archive.today/20230908184108/https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/nouvelle-caledonie-les-enjeux-d-un-referendum-place-sous-haute-surveillance-11-12-2021-2456263_20.php.
  40. News: Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes . Bacquet . Brice . 10 milliards de francs débloqués pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie . fr . 2021-06-05 . 27 May 2024 . 23 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230923033844/https://www.lnc.nc/article-direct/nouvelle-caledonie/economie/10-milliards-de-francs-debloques-pour-la-nouvelle-caledonie . live .
  41. Web site: Résultats définitifs Référendum NC du 12 décembre 2021 . Haut-Comissariat de la République en Nouvelle-Calédonie.
  42. Web site: Havard . Léa . 3 January 2022 . 3ème référendum en Nouvelle-Calédonie : l'Accord de Nouméa est‑il vraiment caduc ? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519133813/https://blog.juspoliticum.com/2022/01/03/3eme-referendum-en-nouvelle-caledonie-laccord-de-noumea-est%E2%80%91il-vraiment-caduc-par-lea-havard/ . 19 May 2024 . 18 May 2024 . Juspoliticum Blog.
  43. Web site: 4 June 2024 . Conséquences du Oui et du Non à l’indépendance : ce que dit le document dévoilé par l'Etat . Nouvelle-Calédonie la 1ère. .
  44. Web site: 4 June 2024 . Discussions sur l’avenir institutionnel de la Nouvelle-Calédonie . www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr. .
  45. Web site: Dégel du corps électoral calédonien : 12 clés pour comprendre le projet de loi constitutionnelle . 26 March 2024 . 15 May 2024 . 13 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240513223547/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/degel-du-corps-electoral-caledonien-douze-cles-pour-comprendre-le-projet-de-loi-constitutionnelle-1474968.html . live .
  46. Web site: Projet de loi constitutionnelle portant modification du corps électoral pour les élections au congrès et aux assemblées de province de la Nouvelle-Calédonie . Draft constitutional law modifying the electorate for elections to the congress and provincial assemblies of New Caledonia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518145112/https://www.senat.fr/rap/l23-441/l23-441_mono.html#toc127 . 18 May 2024 . 18 May 2024 . Sénat.
  47. Web site: Becel . Rose Amélie . 13 February 2024 . Nouvelle-Calédonie : un projet de loi constitutionnelle pour élargir le corps électoral prévu au Sénat en mars . New Caledonia: a constitutional bill to expand the electoral body planned for the Senate in March . 13 May 2024 . . fr-FR . 13 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240513222422/https://www.publicsenat.fr/actualites/institutions/nouvelle-caledonie-un-projet-de-loi-constitutionnelle-pour-elargir-le-corps-electoral-prevu-au-senat-en-mars . live .
  48. Web site: 15 May 2024 . Nouvelle-Calédonie: l'Assemblée nationale adopte le projet de révision constitutionnelle . New Caledonia: the National Assembly adopts the constitutional revision project . 15 May 2024 . . . 15 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515000719/https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/parlement/nouvelle-caledonie-l-assemblee-nationale-adopte-le-projet-de-revision-constitutionnelle_AD-202405141039.html . live .
  49. Web site: 1 May 2024 . Dégel : " un texte qui répond à une nécessité juridique et démocratique " . Dégel: "a text which responds to a legal and democratic necessity" . 16 May 2024 . La Voix du Caillou . 17 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240517144757/https://voixducaillou.nc/2024/05/02/degel-un-texte-qui-repond-a-une-necessite-juridique-et-democratique/ . live .
  50. Web site: Ferbos . Aude . 16 May 2024 . Émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie : " On a une population qui fait preuve d'un racisme extrême " . Riots in New Caledonia: "We have a population that demonstrates extreme racism" . 16 May 2024 . SudOuest.fr . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516162236/https://www.sudouest.fr/politique/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-on-est-desormais-en-situation-de-guerre-civile-19734449.php . live .
  51. News: Decloitre . Patrick . New Caledonia: Flags and emotions high over proposed changes . 17 May 2024 . . 15 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514040525/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/514261/new-caledonia-flags-and-emotions-high-over-proposed-changes . 14 May 2024.
  52. News: Stargardter . Gabriel . 14 May 2024 . Explainer: Why are there riots in New Caledonia against France's voting reform? . Reuters.
  53. News: 14 May 2024 . France imposes curfew in New Caledonia after unrest by people who have long sought independence . 14 May 2024 . . en . 14 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514231500/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/curfew-imposed-new-caledonia-after-unrest-wracks-french-110204078 . live .
  54. News: 17 May 2024 . 'Ripped open a seam in society': Why New Caledonia's violent riots this week are unsurprising for many . 18 May 2024. . . en-AU . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518151903/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-18/new-caledonia-unrest-riots-referendum/103861204. 18 May 2024. live.
  55. News: Turton . Shaun . May 24, 2024 . New Caledonia unrest deals further blow to nickel industry . May 24, 2024 . NikkeiAsia . Digital . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524121157/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Spotlight/New-Caledonia-unrest-deals-further-blow-to-nickel-industry . live .
  56. News: Milko . Victoria . May 22, 2024 . How is the violent unrest in New Caledonia impacting global nickel prices? . May 23, 2024 . Associated Press . Digital . 22 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522125502/https://apnews.com/article/nickel-caledonia-mining-evs-unrest-969ad15c442b70e430ea2d83494fb47f . live .
  57. News: Ouest France . fr . Yann . Mainguet . Décision " catastrophique " : en Nouvelle-Calédonie, Glencore met en veille l'usine KNS de nickel . 16 February 2024 . 20 May 2024 . 21 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240221230254/https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/nouvelle-caledonie/decision-catastrophique-en-nouvelle-caledonie-glencore-met-en-veille-son-usine-de-nickel-2096a48c-ccd8-11ee-ae65-ae2b32b20025 . live .
  58. News: Leali . Giorgio . Goury-Laffont . Victor . Nickel, guns and foreign powers: How France's New Caledonia reached the brink of 'civil war' . 20 May 2024 . . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519132515/https://www.politico.eu/article/new-caledonia-france-brink-civil-war-nickel-gun-macron/ . 19 May 2024. live.
  59. News: Le Monde Diplomatique . Salaün . Marie . Trépied . Benoît . Nouvelle-Calédonie: une histoire de la colère . fr . July 2024 .
  60. News: Souvanlasy . Leslie . New Caledonia: Why are there so many guns in the French Pacific territory? . 20 May 2024 . . 18 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519122206/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/05/18/new-caledonia-why-are-there-so-many-guns-the-french-pacific-territory_6671853_7.html . 19 May 2024. subscription.
  61. News: Gun sales soar in New Caledonia . 20 May 2024 . . 5 December 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520032131/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/201274/gun-sales-soar-in-new-caledonia. 20 May 2024. live.
  62. News: New Caledonia gun law voided by Supreme Court . 20 May 2024 . . 30 September 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211129034400/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/314564/new-caledonia-gun-law-voided-by-supreme-court . 29 November 2021. live.
  63. News: Spike in gun sales in New Caledonia worries French High Commissioner . 20 May 2024 . . 23 December 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520032430/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/231650/spike-in-gun-sales-in-new-caledonia-worries-french-high-commissioner . 20 May 2024.
  64. Soler . Nathanaëlle . Jacobin . In New Caledonia, Kanak People Are Defending Their Autonomy . 2024-06-01 . Behind the issue of voter rolls, or even independence, the explosive issue here is the profound inequalities that structure New Caledonia–Kanaky along racial lines.. https://web.archive.org/web/20240605052746/https://jacobin.com/2024/06/new-caledonia-kanak-independence-france . 5 June 2024.
  65. Web site: fr . Nouvelle-Calédonie : émeutes et tensions en marge du vote sur la réforme constitutionnelle à l'Assemblée . . 13 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . 30 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113017/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2024/05/14/nouvelle-caledonie-couvre-feu-decrete-a-noumea-pour-la-nuit-prochaine-en-raison-d-emeutes-et-de-tensions-en-marge-du-vote-sur-la-reforme-constitutionnelle-a-l-assemblee_6233010_823449.html . live .
  66. News: Livingstone . Helen . 14 May 2024 . New Caledonia imposes curfew after day of violent protests against constitutional change . 14 May 2024 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077 . 17 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240517144745/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/14/new-caledonia-curfew-noumea-violence-protests-constitution-change . live .
  67. Web site: Kaminov . Liza . 14 May 2024 . Pro-independence protests in French territory of New Caledonia turn violent . 14 May 2024 . . en . 14 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514231502/https://www.france24.com/en/video/20240514-pro-indepence-protests-in-french-territory-of-new-caledonia-turn-violent . live .
  68. Web site: 14 May 2024 . New Caledonia: 'Shots fired' at police in French territory amid riots over voting reforms . 14 May 2024 . . en . 15 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515003829/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240514-shots-fired-at-security-forces-in-new-caledonia-riots-over-constitutional-reform . live .
  69. Web site: fr . Violences, interpellations… Le point sur la situation en Nouvelle-Calédonie . 2024-05-14 . 20minutes.fr . 24 May 2024 . 18 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518075101/https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/4090915-20240514-nouvelle-caledonie-violences-interpellations-couvre-feu-fait-point-situation . live .
  70. News: 14 May 2024 . 'High-calibre weapons' fired in riots on French Pacific island . 14 May 2024 . The Telegraph . en-GB . 0307-1235 . 15 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515041953/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/05/14/new-caledonia-riots-french-pacific-island/ . live .
  71. Web site: Perelman . Marc . 14 May 2024 . France imposes curfew in New Caledonia after unrest over voting reform . 14 May 2024 . . en . 14 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514231458/https://www.france24.com/en/video/20240514-france-imposes-curfew-in-new-caledonia-after-unrest-over-voting-reform . live .
  72. News: Zhuang . Yan . 14 May 2024 . Curfew Imposed Amid Protests in Pacific Territory of New Caledonia . 14 May 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . 14 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514231456/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/14/world/asia/new-caledonia-curfew-protests.html . live .
  73. Web site: 14 May 2024 . France imposes curfew in New Caledonia to quell independence-driven unrest . 14 May 2024 . Los Angeles Times . en-US . 14 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514204225/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2024-05-14/france-imposes-curfew-in-new-caledonia-after-unrest-by-people-who-have-long-sought-independence . live .
  74. Web site: fr. Nouvelle-Calédonie : deux morts au cours des émeutes. Le Monde.fr. 2024-05-15. 24 May 2024. 23 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240523225230/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2024/05/15/nouvelle-caledonie-a-noumea-un-mort-durant-une-deuxieme-nuit-d-emeutes_6233203_823449.html. live.
  75. Web site: France backs controversial New Caledonia vote changes amid continued unrest. Al Jazeera. 15 May 2024. 15 May 2024. 15 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240515065520/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/15/france-backs-controversial-new-caledonia-vote-changes-amid-continued-unrest. live.
  76. Web site: Three dead in New Caledonia amid violent unrest — reports. 1News. 15 May 2024. 15 May 2024. 15 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240515082935/https://www.1news.co.nz/2024/05/15/three-dead-in-new-caledonia-amid-violent-unrest-reports/. live.
  77. Web site: Cazaux . Stéphane . 15 May 2024 . Émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie : le gendarme blessé par balle est décédé . 15 May 2024 . Actu17.fr . fr . 15 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515135649/https://actu17.fr/faits-divers/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-le-gendarme-blesse-par-balle-est-decede.html . live .
  78. Web site: Emeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie : état d'urgence déclaré, quatre morts… Les dernières infos. 15 May 2024. L'Express. 24 May 2024. 24 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240524130336/https://www.lexpress.fr/societe/violences-en-nouvelle-caledonie-un-mort-et-des-centaines-de-blesses-les-dernieres-infos-DJEECJRADBAQNNEMHU23Z6U4X4/. live.
  79. Web site: fr . Charlotte Mannevy . Mathurin Derel . Nathalie Guibert . Nouvelle-Calédonie . . 15 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523105351/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2024/05/15/en-nouvelle-caledonie-les-habitants-face-a-une-situation-insurrectionnelle-ca-sent-comme-en-1984_6233390_823448.html . live .
  80. Web site: fr . Emeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie : la réforme gouvernementale adoptée, deux morts dans une nouvelle nuit de violences . . 2024-05-15 . 24 May 2024 . 15 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515072345/https://www.liberation.fr/societe/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-la-reforme-gouvernementale-adoptee-un-mort-dans-une-nouvelle-nuit-de-violences-20240515_J6GFRY2SFZFQXOE3OP2QKZXMEA/ . live .
  81. Web site: en . Angelique Chrisafis . New Caledonia: three dead in French territory in unrest over voting change . . 15 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . 30 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/15/new-caledonia-protests-law-constitution-changes . live .
  82. Web site: fr . DIRECT. Émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie: l'Élysée annonce un bilan de trois morts et un gendarme "très grièvement blessé" . 24 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524021523/https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-la-revision-constitutionnelle-adoptee-par-l-assemblee-emmanuel-macron-condamne-des-violences-indignes_LN-202405150045.html . live .
  83. Web site: 15 May 2024 . 15 May 2024 . 1950-6244 . Le Monde . En direct, émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie : l'état d'urgence entrera en vigueur " dès 20 heures, heure de Paris " . Le Monde.fr . 15 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515121410/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/15/en-direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-le-bilan-s-eleve-a-trois-morts-emmanuel-macron-declare-l-etat-d-urgence_6233400_823448.html . live . .
  84. Web site: Emmanuel Macron décrète l'état d'urgence en Nouvelle-Calédonie. 15 May 2024. Nouvelle-Calédonie la 1ère. 24 May 2024. 24 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240524025438/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/violences-en-nouvelle-caledonie-emmanuel-macron-decrete-l-etat-d-urgence-sur-le-territoire-1488332.html. live. .
  85. Web site: DIRECT. Nouvelle-Calédonie : Attal annonce le déploiement de l'armée pour sécuriser ports et aéroport de l'île et l'interdiction de TikTok . 15 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523113506/https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/direct-nouvelle-caledonie-une-personne-tuee-par-balle-apres-une-nouvelle-nuit-demeutes-15-05-2024-IF3FKT4ER5GTFOERIF4GIBJFDI.php . live .
  86. Web site: Nouvelle-Calédonie : " Plus de 600 gendarmes " à l'œuvre pour libérer la route entre Nouméa et l'aéroport . Le Parisien . 19 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523123454/https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/nouvelle-caledonie-gerald-darmanin-annonce-une-operation-mobilisant-plus-de-600-gendarmes-19-05-2024-HHLJFP5W6VHIBHYDWNVFOUPHNU.php . live .
  87. Web site: LM . Émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie: 76 barrages détruits et plus de 200 interpellations, annonce Gérald Darmanin . 19 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . 30 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113022/https://rmc.bfmtv.com/actualites/police-justice/faits-divers/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-76-barrages-detruits-et-plus-de-200-interpellations-annonce-gerald-darmanin_AN-202405190228.html . live .
  88. News: Australian Defence Force ready to fly to New Caledonia as France launches raids on independence strongholds . 21 May 2024 . . . 20 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520142156/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-19/australian-defence-force-prepares-to-fly-to-new-caledonia/103867358 . 20 May 2024.
  89. Web site: fr. DIRECT. Crise en Nouvelle-Calédonie : les indépendantistes appellent Emmanuel Macron à "impulser un nouveau souffle" pour rétablir le dialogue. 2024-05-22. 24 May 2024. 24 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240524075215/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/nouvelle-caledonie/direct-crise-en-nouvelle-caledonie-une-cyberattaque-d-une-force-inedite-a-ete-bloquee-dans-la-nuit-annonce-le-gouvernement-local_6559025.html. live.
  90. Web site: 2024-05-22. Macron arrives in New Caledonia amid calls for France to withdraw voting changes. 2024-05-22. The Guardian. en-GB. 30 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113517/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/22/macron-arrives-in-new-caledonia-amid-calls-for-france-to-withdraw-voting-changes. live.
  91. News: Le Parisien . Théveniaud . Pauline . fr . Emmanuel Macron après sa visite surprise en Nouvelle-Calédonie : " Il faudra revivre ensemble " . 2024-05-24 . 26 May 2024 . 26 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240526034241/https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/emmanuel-macron-apres-sa-visite-surprise-en-nouvelle-caledonie-il-faudra-revivre-ensemble-25-05-2024-N4J3ZNLMNZED7EI6WAUCB4T74I.php . live .
  92. Web site: 2024-05-24 . Nouvelle-Calédonie : un homme tué par un tir de policier après la visite de Macron . 2024-05-24 . Le Figaro . fr . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524131429/https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/nouvelle-caledonie-un-homme-tue-par-un-tir-de-policier-apres-la-visite-de-macron-20240524 . live .
  93. Web site: 2024-05-24 . A police officer is held in deadly shooting in riot-hit New Caledonia after Macron pushes for calm . 2024-05-24 . AP News . en . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524161227/https://apnews.com/article/new-caledonia-france-death-e76845220854d0ebd274bf4a219f626d . live .
  94. News: New Caledonia's Noumea airport will remain closed to commercial flights until June. 26 May 2024. Le Monde. 26 May 2024. 26 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240526134926/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/05/26/new-caledonia-s-noumea-airport-will-remain-closed-to-commercial-flights-until-june-2_6672703_7.html. live.
  95. News: 'Maintain resistance': New Caledonia independence leader calls for protests against France. 26 May 2024. 26 May 2024. 26 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240526145730/https://www.euronews.com/2024/05/26/maintain-resistance-new-caledonia-independence-leader-calls-for-protests-against-france. live.
  96. News: France to lift state of emergency in riot-hit New Caledonia . 27 May 2024 . . 27 May 2024 . 27 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240527062416/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240527-state-of-emergency-to-be-lifted-in-riot-hit-new-caledonia . live .
  97. Web site: Nouvelle-Calédonie : l'état d'urgence sera levé ce lundi à 20 heures. 27 May 2024. Le Figaro.fr. 0182-5852. 29 May 2024. 29 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240529055510/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/nouvelle-caledonie-l-etat-d-urgence-sera-leve-ce-lundi-a-20-heures-20240527. live.
  98. Web site: Crise en Nouvelle-Calédonie : ce que va changer la levée de l'état d'urgence mardi. 27 May 2024. Franceinfo. 29 May 2024. 29 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240529183553/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/nouvelle-caledonie/crise-en-nouvelle-caledonie-ce-que-va-changer-la-levee-de-l-etat-d-urgence-mardi_6568691.html. live.
  99. News: TikTok ban lifted on French overseas territory of New Caledonia . 29 May 2024 . . 29 May 2024 . 29 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240529090550/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240529-tiktok-ban-lifted-on-french-overseas-territory-of-new-caledonia . live .
  100. News: French authorities regain full control of New Caledonia’s capital after days of deadly unrest . 31 May 2024 . . 31 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240605173504/https://apnews.com/article/new-caledonia-france-unrest-police-operation-noumea-0038cc9a790ee7f5edb1f08bf731db91. 5 June 2024. live.
  101. Web site: fr-FR . Un jeune policier passé à tabac par des "voisins vigilants" dans le quartier de Tuband, à Nouméa . Nouvelle-Calédonie la 1ère . 4 June 2024.
  102. Web site: fr. Nouvelle-Calédonie : un huitième mort après une fusillade entre des gendarmes et des indépendantistes survenue lundi. Le Monde.fr. 8 June 2024.
  103. News: Decloitre . Patrick . Commercial flights resume from Nouméa after weeks of unrest in New Caledonia . 7 June 2024 . . 5 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240606012220/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/518761/commercial-flights-resume-from-noumea-after-weeks-of-unrest-in-new-caledonia . 6 June 2024. live.
  104. News: Nouvelle-Calédonie : Emmanuel Macron "a décidé de suspendre" la réforme électorale contestée, en raison des législatives anticipées . fr . New Caledonia: Emmanuel Macron "has decided to suspend" the disputed electoral reform, due to early legislative elections . 12 June 2024 . .
  105. News: New Caledonia police arrest pro-independence leader over deadly protests . en . 19 June 2024 . .
  106. News: Nouvelle-Calédonie : le chef indépendantiste Christian Tein va être placé en détention en métropole . Le Parisien . fr . 2024-06-22.
  107. News: La Montagne . Nouvelle-Calédonie : une militante indépendantiste doit être incarcérée dans le Puy-de-Dôme . 2024-06-23 . fr .
  108. Web site: Regain de violences en Nouvelle-Calédonie après le transfert d'indépendantistes en métropole . France 24 . 24 June 2024 . 27 June 2024.
  109. Web site: Nouvelle-Calédonie : Nuit de tensions après l'incarcération en métropole du leader de la CCAT . Challenges . 24 June 2024 . 27 June 2024.
  110. Web site: Jean-Claude Samyde . Nouvelle-Calédonie : manifestation à Paris pour la libération des prisonniers de la CCAT . Outre-mer la 1ère . 23 June 2024 . 27 June 2024.
  111. Web site: Alain Cheval . Manifestation des indépendantistes au centre pénitentiaire de Lutterbach . . 24 June 2024 . 27 June 2024.
  112. News: Al Jazeera . Violence returns to New Caledonia after activists sent to France . 2024-06-24 . en.
  113. Web site: 2024-06-24 . New Caledonia: Violence flares up after France detains activists . 2024-06-25 . BBC News . en-GB.
  114. Web site: Alleged gunman killed in shootout with police in restive French territory of New Caledonia. 15 August 2024. France24.
  115. Web site: fr . Jon Elizade . Violences en Nouvelle-Calédonie: des milices d'autodéfense prêtes à en découdre avec les émeutiers . . 2024-05-16 . 24 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524101153/https://www.lopinion.fr/politique/nouvelle-caledonie-nous-sommes-lourdement-armes-a-noumea-des-milices-dautodefense-pretes-a-en-decoudre-avec-les-emeutiers . live .
  116. Web site: fr . Ariel Guez . Émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie: les autorités condamnent "une spirale de violence" après la constitution de milices . . 2024-05-16 . 24 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523204742/https://www.bfmtv.com/police-justice/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-les-autorites-condamnent-une-spirale-de-violence-apres-la-constitution-de-milices_AV-202405160092.html . live .
  117. Web site: fr . Gilles . Caprais . Dans les milices à Nouméa, entre " voisins vigilants " et " snipers sur les toits " . . 2024-05-17 . 24 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523204743/https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/170524/dans-les-milices-noumea-entre-voisins-vigilants-et-snipers-sur-les-toits . live .
  118. Web site: Robie . David . Kanaky in flames: Five takeaways from the New Caledonia independence riots . Asia Pacific Report . . 19 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080351/https://asiapacificreport.nz/2024/05/17/kanaky-in-flames-five-takeaways-from-the-new-caledonia-independence-riots/ . 18 May 2024 . 17 May 2024 . live.
  119. Web site: Point de situation - Troubles à l'ordre public en Nouvelle Calédonie . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240527045810/https://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/Actualites/Point-de-situation-Troubles-a-l-ordre-public-en-Nouvelle-Caledonie2 . 27 May 2024 . 2024-05-27 . Les services de l'État en Nouvelle-Calédonie . fr.
  120. News: En direct, émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Gérald Darmanin annonce l'arrivée de renforts . Live, riots in New Caledonia: Gérald Darmanin announces the arrival of reinforcements . 16 May 2024 . Le Monde.fr . fr-FR . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516232223/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/16/en-direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-gerald-darmanin-annonce-l-arrivee-de-renforts_6233400_823448.html . live .
  121. Web site: 2024-05-18 . Nouvelle-Calédonie : un nouveau décès porte à six le bilan humain en marge des émeutes . 2024-05-18 . Le Figaro . fr . 18 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518172114/https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/nouvelle-caledonie-un-nouveau-deces-porte-a-six-le-bilan-humain-en-marge-des-emeutes-20240518 . live .
  122. News: Mazzoni . Julien . 17 May 2024 . New Caledonia riots: parts of territory 'out of state control', French representative says . 17 May 2024 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077 . 17 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240517144634/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/17/new-caledonia-riots-protests-noumea-out-of-state-control . live .
  123. News: Photos: Violent protests rage in New Caledonia amid growing civil unrest . 19 May 2024 . Al Jazeera . 18 May 2024 . en . 19 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519015216/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/5/18/violent-protests-rage-in-new-caledonia-amid-growing-civil-unrest . live .
  124. News: Nouvelle-Calédonie : ce que l'on sait de la mort des trois civils à Nouméa - Le Parisien . 22 May 2024 . Le Parisien . 16 May 2024 . fr-FR . 21 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521212128/https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/nouvelle-caledonie-ce-que-lon-sait-de-la-mort-des-trois-personnes-civiles-16-05-2024-LRV23ETQPNGARP2PAJG5ZNR2QU.php . live .
  125. Web site: 16 May 2024 . Nouvelle-Calédonie : Un gendarme tué ce matin à la suite " d'un tir accidentel ", annonce Gérald Darmanin . New Caledonia: A gendarme killed this morning due to an accidental shooting, announces Gérald Darmanin . 16 May 2024 . . fr . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516095602/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/16/en-direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-un-deuxieme-gendarme-est-mort-en-nouvelle-caledonie-apres-un-tir-accidentel-annonce-gerald-darmanin_6233400_823448.html#id-1511203 . live .
  126. News: Nouvelle-Calédonie : Edouard Philippe " espère " des annonces " à la hauteur ", de la part d'Emmanuel Macron . 22 May 2024 . Le Monde.fr . Le Monde . 19 May 2024 . fr-FR . 22 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522000340/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/21/en-direct-nouvelle-caledonie-le-point-sur-la-situation-en-fin-de-journee_6233400_823448.html#id-1516609 . live .
  127. Web site: 18 May 2024 . Un mort et deux blessés dans un échange de tirs au niveau d'un barrage à Kaala-Gomen, dans la province Nord . One killed and two injured in a gunfight at a roadblock in Kaala-Gomen, in the Nord province . 18 May 2024 . . fr . 18 May 2024 . https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20240518184548/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/18/en-direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-la-situation-est-loin-d-un-retour-a-l-apaisement-selon-sonia-lagarde-maire-de-noumea_6233400_823448.html#id-1515609 . live .
  128. Web site: 8 June 2024 . A man shot by police in New Caledonia has died. The French Pacific territory remains restive . 8 June 2024 . AP News . en.
  129. Web site: Crise en Nouvelle-Calédonie : l’homme grièvement blessé par un gendarme à Dumbéa le 29 mai est décédé, neuf tués par balle à déplorer . 12 June 2024. francetvinfo.fr.
  130. Web site: French police kill alleged gunman amid continued unrest in New Caledonia . 10 July 2024. France 24.
  131. Web site: fr-FR . RECIT. Violences en Nouvelle-Calédonie : retour en 10 temps sur un mardi éprouvant . 2024-05-15 . 24 May 2024 . 30 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113623/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/province-sud/recit-violences-en-nouvelle-caledonie-retour-en-10-temps-sur-un-mardi-eprouvant-1488161.html . live .
  132. Web site: fr-FR . Nouvelle-Calédonie : "Ces émeutes vont faire beaucoup de victimes collatérales", craint une famille après la mort d'un proche, diabétique . 2024-05-20 . 24 May 2024 . 21 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521103719/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/nouvelle-caledonie-ces-emeutes-vont-faire-beaucoup-de-victimes-collaterales-craint-une-famille-apres-la-mort-d-un-proche-diabetique-1489655.html . live .
  133. Web site: fr-FR . Un motard décède dans un accident à la Vallée-du-Tir, à Nouméa . 2024-05-18 . 24 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524100947/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/province-sud/noumea/un-motard-decede-dans-un-accident-a-la-vallee-du-tir-a-noumea-1489196.html . live .
  134. Web site: Coupry . Eloi . fr . Depuis le début des émeutes, le nombre de morts naturelles a presque doublé . voixducaillou.nc . 2024-05-29.
  135. 16 May 2024 . Nouvelle-Calédonie: les dégâts des émeutes estimés à 200 millions d'euros . New Caledonia: damage from riots estimated at 200 million euros . Le Moniteur . fr . 16 May 2024 . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516222935/https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/nouvelle-caledonie-les-degats-des-emeutes-estimes-a-200-millions-d-euros.2328890 . live . Moniteur . Le .
  136. Web site: 2024-05-21 . Emeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie : 1 milliard d'euros de dégâts, une partie des habitants pas assurés . 2024-05-27 . Europe 1 . fr . 30 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113546/https://www.europe1.fr/economie/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-1-milliard-deuros-de-degats-une-partie-des-habitants-pas-assures-4248293 . live .
  137. Web site: Dumoulin . Sébastien . 16 May 2024 . Nouvelle-Calédonie : des dégâts économiques déjà considérables . New Caledonia: economic damage already considerable . 16 May 2024 . Les Echos . fr . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516232143/https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/societe/nouvelle-caledonie-des-degats-economiques-deja-considerables-2095314 . live .
  138. Web site: fr . Nouvelle-Calédonie : des dégâts économiques déjà considérables . 2024-05-16 . 16 May 2024 . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516232143/https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/societe/nouvelle-caledonie-des-degats-economiques-deja-considerables-2095314 . live .
  139. Web site: 2024-05-16 . Nouvelle-Calédonie: les dégâts des émeutes estimés à 200 millions d'euros . . fr . 16 May 2024 . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516222935/https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/nouvelle-caledonie-les-degats-des-emeutes-estimes-a-200-millions-d-euros.2328890 . live .
  140. Web site: Nouvelle-Calédonie: la réouverture de l'aéroport de Nouméa une nouvelle fois repoussée . 2024-05-31 . BFMTV . fr.
  141. News: New Caledonia airport to fully reopen following closure during deadly unrest . 16 June 2024 . . 16 June 2024.
  142. Web site: 2024-05-14 . SYNTHESE. Nouvelle-Calédonie : nuit d'émeutes dans le Grand Nouméa . 2024-05-18 . Nouvelle-Calédonie la 1ère . fr-FR . 17 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240517153945/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/nuit-d-emeutes-dans-le-grand-noumea-1487888.html . live .
  143. Web site: fr. A Nouméa, les émeutes compliquent l'accès aux soins : " Des gens qui en ont besoin ne se font plus soigner ". Le Monde.fr. 2024-05-17. 25 May 2024. 25 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240525115332/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2024/05/17/a-noumea-les-emeutes-compliquent-l-acces-aux-soins-des-gens-qui-en-ont-besoin-ne-se-font-plus-soigner_6233894_823448.html. live.
  144. Web site: Émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie – JO de Paris 2024 : le Premier ministre annonce que la flamme olympique ne passera pas sur l'archipel . 2024-05-18 . lindependant.fr . fr . 18 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080711/https://www.lindependant.fr/2024/05/18/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-jo-de-paris-2024-le-premier-ministre-annonce-que-la-flamme-olympique-ne-passera-pas-sur-larchipel-11958877.php . live .
  145. News: New Caledonia hit by cyberattack ahead of Macron's arrival in restive territory . 22 May 2024 . . 22 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522122827/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240522-french-president-emmanuel-macron-flies-to-riot-struck-territory-of-new-caledonia . 22 May 2024.
  146. Web site: fr-FR . Crise en Nouvelle-Calédonie. "Il y a plus de 200 maisons, 900 entreprises et 600 véhicules sinistrés depuis le début des émeutes", estime le président du comité des sociétés d’assurances . Nouvelle-Calédonie la 1ère . 2024-06-11 . 2024-06-24.
  147. Web site: 2024-07-11 . エアカラン、東京/成田〜ヌメア線を運休 9月1日から . 2024-07-13 . TRAICY（トライシー） . ja.
  148. Web site: 2024-07-11 . ニューカレドニア観光局、日本支局を休局、5月から暴動続き、エアカランの9月運休が影響 . 2024-07-13 . トラベルボイス（観光産業ニュース） . ja.
  149. Web site: 16 May 2024 . Nouvelle-Calédonie : Gérald Darmanin accuse l'Azerbaidjan d'ingérence . New Caledonia: Gérald Darmanin accuses Azerbaijan of interfering . 16 May 2024 . . fr . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516095602/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/16/en-direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-un-deuxieme-gendarme-est-mort-en-nouvelle-caledonie-apres-un-tir-accidentel-annonce-gerald-darmanin_6233400_823448.html#id-1510992 . live .
  150. News: 16 May 2024 . Azerbaijan Rejects 'Baseless' French Claims Of Interference In New Caledonia . 16 May 2024 . . . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516102015/https://www.barrons.com/news/azerbaijan-rejects-baseless-french-claims-of-interference-in-new-caledonia-afb5b871?refsec=topics_afp-news . live .
  151. News: France accuses Azerbaijan of meddling in New Caledonia with social media campaign . . 17 May 2024 . 21 May 2024 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519023817/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-accuses-azerbaijan-meddling-new-caledonia-with-social-media-campaign-2024-05-17/ . 19 May 2024.
  152. Web site: fr . Amaelle . Guiton . Ingérences en Nouvelle-Calédonie : le trouble jeu de l'Azerbaïdjan auprès des indépendantistes . 27 May 2024 . 25 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240525013856/https://www.liberation.fr/societe/ingerences-en-nouvelle-caledonie-le-trouble-jeu-de-lazerbaidjan-aupres-des-independantistes-20240519_OCFPK7TNYRGWNGNPEBFDR6TXLU/ . live .
  153. Web site: fr . Pourquoi la France accuse l'Azerbaïdjan d'ingérence étrangère en Nouvelle-Calédonie ? . 27 May 2024 . 21 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521152753/https://www.rtbf.be/article/pourquoi-la-france-accuse-l-azerbaidjan-d-ingerence-etrangere-en-nouvelle-caledonie-11376052 . live .
  154. Web site: Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale /VIGINUM. Sur X et Facebook, plusieurs manuevres informationnelles d'origine azerbaidjanaise ciblent la France dans le contexte des émeutes en Nouvelle Calédonie. SGDSN. 17 May 2024. 27 May 2024. 30 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113518/https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/Publications/20240517_NP_SGDSN_VIGINUM_Fiche%20Technique_RecognizeNewCaledonia.pdf. live.
  155. News: Exclusive: Azerbaijani Officials Targeted France With New Caledonia Disinformation Campaign . 7 June 2024 . . 6 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240606143641/https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-france-new-caledonia-disinformation/32979044.html . 6 June 2024.
  156. Web site: 16 May 2024 . Nouvelle-Calédonie : terrain de jeu des services secrets turcs et azerbaïdjanais . New Caledonia: playground for Turkish and Azeri secret services . 16 May 2024 . . fr . 19 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519132631/https://www.europe1.fr/societe/nouvelle-caledonie-terrain-de-jeu-des-services-secrets-turcs-et-azerbaidjanais-4247214 . live .
  157. Web site: 17 May 2024 . French report blames Turkey for interference in New Caledonia unrest. 17 May 2024 . . 19 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519134925/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/french-report-blames-turkey-interference-new-caledonia-unrest. live .
  158. News: Decloitre . Patrick . New Caledonia unrest: Pro-independence calls for calm 'to preserve peace' . 17 May 2024 . . 15 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516040720/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/516836/new-caledonia-unrest-pro-independence-calls-for-calm-to-preserve-peace . 16 May 2024.
  159. News: Nouvelle-Calédonie : Edouard Philippe " espère " des annonces " à la hauteur ", de la part d'Emmanuel Macron . 22 May 2024 . Le Monde . 20 May 2024 . fr-FR . 22 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522000340/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/21/en-direct-nouvelle-caledonie-le-point-sur-la-situation-en-fin-de-journee_6233400_823448.html#id-1517369 . live .
  160. Web site: Macron heading to New Caledonia as France deploys more troops amid unrest . 2024-05-23 . Al Jazeera . en . 21 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521112624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/21/france-to-deploy-more-troops-to-troubled-pacific-territory-of-new-caledonia . live .
  161. News: Pro-France Backès faces backlash over her New Caledonia partition statements . 22 July 2024 . . 17 July 2024.
  162. Web site: 15 May 2024 . Nouvelle-Calédonie : Gabriel Attal annonce le déploiement de l'armée, le réseau social TikTok interdit . New Caledonia: Gabriel Attal announces the deployment of the army, the social network TikTok banned . 15 May 2024 . . fr . 15 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515175742/https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/politique/nouvelle-caledonie-une-personne-tuee-par-balle-des-centaines-de-blesses-dans-les-emeutes-3277029 . live .
  163. News: 16 May 2024 . New Caledonia riots: France declares state of emergency, bans TikTok . 16 May 2024 . . en . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516151654/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3262838/france-declares-state-emergency-bans-tiktok-new-caledonia-amid-deadly-riots . live .
  164. News: 'It's a revolution here, using Tiktok' – Pro-independence activist on New Caledonia unrest . 17 May 2024 . . 17 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240517023241/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/517073/it-s-a-revolution-here-using-tiktok-pro-independence-activist-on-new-caledonia-unrest . 17 May 2024.
  165. News: Australians barricaded in New Caledonia accommodation as violence spreads, French government hopeful riots are calming . 19 May 2024 . . . 17 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518152058/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-17/second-police-officer-dies-in-new-caledonia-riots/103858934 . 18 May 2024.
  166. News: Decloitre . Patrick . New Caledonia unrest rocks French politics as leaders plead for end to division . 20 May 2024 . . 19 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519143447/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/517239/new-caledonia-unrest-rocks-french-politics-as-leaders-plead-for-end-to-division . 19 May 2024. live.
  167. News: Macron heading to New Caledonia as France deploys more troops amid unrest . 21 May 2024 . . 21 May 2024 . 21 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521112624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/21/france-to-deploy-more-troops-to-troubled-pacific-territory-of-new-caledonia . live .
  168. News: Staunton . Margot . France sends armoured vehicles with machine gun capability to New Caledonia . 7 June 2024 . . 4 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240604050834/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/518600/france-sends-armoured-vehicles-with-machine-gun-capability-to-new-caledonia . 4 June 2024.
  169. News: Péru-Gelly . Jeanne . Émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie : des élus d'Outre-mer appellent à une "réponse politique" pour éviter "la guerre civile" . 22 May 2024 . Outre-mer la 1ère . 19 May 2024 . fr-FR . 21 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521182338/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-des-elus-d-outre-mer-appellent-a-une-reponse-politique-pour-eviter-la-guerre-civile-1489427.html . live .
  170. Web site: fr-FR . Nouvelle-Calédonie : dans les outre-mer, des soutiens à la contestation indépendantiste se font entendre . 2024-05-18 . 24 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523043236/https://www.sudouest.fr/france/outre-mer/nouvelle-caledonie/nouvelle-caledonie-dans-les-outre-mer-des-soutiens-a-la-contestation-independantiste-se-font-enendre-19762665.php . live .
  171. News: Australia's fresh travel warning for New Caledonia after state of emergency declared . 19 May 2024 . . . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518152738/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australias-fresh-travel-warning-for-new-caledonia-after-state-of-emergency-declared/6n84zssa9 . 18 May 2024. live.
  172. News: Australians trapped in New Caledonia amid riots urged to exercise 'high degree of caution' . 19 May 2024 . . . 18 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518151615/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-18/australians-trapped-in-new-caledonia-ration-food-amid-riots/103865550 . 18 May 2024.
  173. News: Australia and New Zealand sending planes to evacuate nationals from New Caledonia's unrest . 21 May 2024 . . 21 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521023135/https://apnews.com/article/australia-new-zealand-new-caledonia-australia-8fb1ad85f675720ed77c03b718533bd2 . 21 May 2024.
  174. News: Atkinson . Simon . Australia and NZ begin New Caledonia evacuations . 21 May 2024 . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 21 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521025532/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/crgg821ezz8o . 21 May 2024 . live.
  175. Web site: Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning’s Regular Press Conference on May 27, 2024 . . 28 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240527131357/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202405/t20240527_11312506.html . 27 May 2024 . 27 May 2024 . live.
  176. News: 15 May 2024 . New Caledonia violence 'unfortunate', but Pacific Islands Forum secretary-general is 'not surprised' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519041106/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/516883/new-caledonia-violence-unfortunate-but-pacific-islands-forum-secretary-general-is-not-surprised . 19 May 2024 . 20 May 2024 . RNZ.
  177. News: Winston Peters cancels New Caledonia visit amid violent unrest . 17 May 2024 . . 14 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514212317/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/516750/winston-peters-cancels-new-caledonia-visit-amid-violent-unrest . 14 May 2024. live.
  178. News: New Caledonia's Nouméa airport is closed until Tuesday, Air New Zealand says . 17 May 2024 . . 17 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240517023232/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/517083/new-caledonia-s-noumea-airport-is-closed-until-tuesday-air-new-zealand-says . 17 May 2024.
  179. News: Crimp . Lauren . NZers trapped by New Caledonia riots feel 'abandoned' by their own country . 17 May 2024 . . 17 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123238/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/517116/nzers-trapped-by-new-caledonia-riots-feel-abandoned-by-their-own-country . 17 May 2024.
  180. News: Plane heading for New Caledonia to bring Kiwis home . 21 May 2024 . . 21 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521004747/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/517385/plane-heading-for-new-caledonia-to-bring-kiwis-home . 21 May 2024. live.
  181. Web site: Royal New Zealand Air Force aircraft involved in safe return of New Zealanders . New Zealand Defence Force. 23 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524062602/https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/media-centre/news/royal-new-zealand-air-force-aircraft-involved-in-safe-return-of-new-zealanders/. 24 May 2024. live.
  182. News: Passenger outlines what evacuation from New Caledonia looks like . 24 May 2024 . . 24 May 2024 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524114739/https://www.1news.co.nz/2024/05/24/passenger-outlines-what-evacuation-from-new-caledonia-looks-like/. 24 May 2024. live.
  183. News: More New Zealanders stuck in New Caledonia evacuated . 27 May 2024 . . 27 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240527095256/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/517969/more-new-zealanders-stuck-in-new-caledonia-evacuated . 27 May 2024.
  184. News: NZ Ends New Caledonia Repatriation, Urges Continued Dialogue . 28 May 2024 . Mirage News . en-AU . 30 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113521/https://www.miragenews.com/nz-ends-new-caledonia-repatriation-urges-1243732/ . live .
  185. Web site: Zakharova . Maria . Comment by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova on riots in New Caledonia . . 28 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522004933/https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1951427/ . 22 May 2024 . 18 May 2024 . live.
  186. News: Aumanu-Leong . Chrisnrita . 20 May 2024 . Solomon Islands i agensim yusim military force long New Caledonia pipol . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520101308/https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/programs/wantok/sols-newcal-stand/103868952 . 20 May 2024 . 20 May 2024 . . . tpi.
  187. News: Vanuatu, MSG chief reaffirms support for FLNKS, blames France over unrest . 19 May 2024 . Asia Pacific Report . . 17 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080421/https://asiapacificreport.nz/2024/05/17/vanuatu-msg-chief-reaffirms-support-for-flnks-blames-france-over-unrest/ . 18 May 2024.
  188. Web site: Fiji and PNG push for peace in New Caledonia with UN draft resolution . Fiji Village . Rashika Kumar . 22 June 2024 . 23 June 2024.
  189. News: Melanesian leaders oppose 'militarisation', call for joint UN-MSG mission to New Caledonia . 28 July 2024 . . 17 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240723002229/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/522403/melanesian-leaders-oppose-militarisation-call-for-joint-un-msg-mission-to-new-caledonia . 23 July 2024. live.
  190. News: New Zealand urged to take bolder stand on New Caledonia's third referendum . 28 July 2024 . . 23 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240725231800/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/522866/new-zealand-urged-to-take-bolder-stand-on-new-caledonia-s-third-referendum . 25 July 2024.
  191. Web site: Kanaky New Caledonia: French authorities must uphold rights of the Indigenous Kanak people amid unrest . . 20 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520025109/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/05/kanaky-new-caledonia-french-authorities-must-uphold-rights-of-the-indigenous-kanak-people-amid-unrest/ . 20 May 2024 . 17 May 2024 . live.
  192. News: Pacific NGO alliance condemns France for 'betrayal of the Kanaky people' . . 20 May 2024 . 20 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240520053231/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/517295/pacific-ngo-alliance-condemns-france-for-betrayal-of-the-kanaky-people. 20 May 2024. live.
  193. Web site: Pacific civil society groups condemn 'heavy-handed' French crackdown over Kanaky unrest . Asia Pacific Report . . 20 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520053525/https://asiapacificreport.nz/2024/05/19/pacific-civil-society-groups-condemn-heavy-handed-french-crackdown-over-kanaky-unrest/ . 20 May 2024 . 19 May 2024 . live.
  194. News: Lewis . Lydia . Force not the answer in New Caledonia - PANG . 7 June 2024 . . 7 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240607025544/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/518898/force-not-the-answer-in-new-caledonia-pang . 7 June 2024. live.
  195. News: McDonald . Kelvin . Te Pāti Māori responds to Kanak call for Māori support, France ‘suspends’ controversial electoral reform . 13 June 2024 . Te Ao Māori News . . 13 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240613024049/https://www.teaonews.co.nz/2024/06/13/te-pati-maori-responds-to-kanak-call-for-maori-support-france-suspends-controversial-electoral-reform/ . 13 June 2024. live.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "2024 New Caledonia unrest".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.