2023 opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration explained

This is a list of opinion polls taken on the presidency of Joe Biden in 2023. To navigate between years, see opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration.

According to analysis by Gallup, Biden's average approval rating in 2023 was 39.8%. Compared with presidents going back to Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Gallup Poll only recorded one president, Jimmy Carter, as having a lower average approval rating in their third year (37.4%). Notably, this is the first year in which Joe Biden's average approval rating was lower than his predecessor's at the same point in their terms (Donald Trump's average in 2019 was 42.0%).[1] Biden's low approval ratings in 2023 were attributed to continued disapproval over the economy, immigration, and Biden's age as well as his response to the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war in October.[2] [3] [4]

January

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
YouGov (for CBS News)January 4–6, 202344%56%0%2,144onlineAll adults[5]
YouGov (for The Economist)January 8–10, 202347%45%7%1,500onlineAll adults[6]
Quinnipiac UniversityJanuary 11–15, 202338%53%9%1,466telephoneRegistered voters[7]
IpsosJanuary 13–15, 202340%53%7%1,035onlineAll adults[8]
Harris (for Harvard University)January 18–19, 202342%56%2%2,050onlineRegistered voters[9]
Emerson CollegeJanuary 19–21, 202344%48%8%1,015IVR/onlineRegistered voters[10]
Marist CollegeJanuary 23–26, 202342%49%9%1,327telephone/onlineAll adults[11]
YouGov (for The Economist)January 29–31, 202341%52%7%1,319onlineRegistered voters[12]
Monmouth UniversityJanuary 26–30, 202343%48%9%805telephoneAll adults[13]

February

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
YouGov (for CBS News)February 1–4, 202345%55%0%2,030onlineAll adults[14]
Ipsos (for Reuters)February 3–5, 202341%52%7%1,029onlineAll adults[15]
Quinnipiac UniversityFebruary 9–14, 202340%55%5%1,429telephoneRegistered voters[16]
Marist College (for NPR & PBS)February 13–16, 202346%46%8%1,352telephone/onlineAll adults[17]
Harris (for Harvard University)February 15–16, 202342%55%3%1,838onlineRegistered voters[18]
YouGov (for The Economist)February 20–21, 202344%50%6%1,500onlineAll adults[19]
Emerson CollegeFebruary 24–25, 202344%50%6%1,060IVR/onlineRegistered voters[20]

March

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
Ipsos (for Reuters)March 3–5, 202342%52%6%1,023onlineAll adults[21]
Quinnipiac UniversityMarch 9–13, 202339%55%6%1,600telephoneRegistered voters[22]
Monmouth UniversityMarch 16–20, 202341%51%8%805telephoneAll adults[23]
YouGov (for The Economist)March 19–21, 202343%51%6%1,500onlineAll adults[24]
YouGov (for CBS News)March 20–22, 202345%55%0%2,117onlineAll adults[25]
Marist College (for NPR & PBS)March 20–23, 202342%49%9%1,327telephone/onlineAll adults[26]
Harris (for Harvard University)March 22–23, 202343%55%2%2,905onlineRegistered voters[27]
Quinnipiac UniversityMarch 23–27, 202338%57%5%1,635telephoneRegistered voters[28]
Investor's Business Daily/TIPPMarch 29–31, 202345%45%10%1,365onlineAll adults[29]

April

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
YouGov (for The Economist)April 1–4, 202344%50%6%1,500onlineAll adults[30]
YouGov (for CBS News)April 12–14, 202343%57%0%2,065onlineAll adults[31]
Harris (for Harvard University)April 18–19, 202343%54%3%1,845onlineRegistered voters[32]
Ipsos (for Reuters)April 21–24, 202341%54%5%1,005onlineAll adults[33]
YouGov (for The Economist)April 22–25, 202347%48%6%1,500onlineAll adults[34]
Emerson CollegeApril 24–25, 202341%49%10%1,100IVR/onlineRegistered voters[35]

May

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
YouGov (for The Economist)April 29–May 2, 202344%49%7%1,500onlineAll adults[36]
Investor's Business Daily/TIPPMay 3–5, 202343%49%8%1,480onlineAll adults[37]
Ipsos (for Reuters)May 5–7, 202340%54%6%1,022onlineAll adults[38]
YouGov (for Yahoo! News)May 5–8, 202343%48%9%1,584onlineAll adults[39]
Harris (for Harvard University)May 17–18, 202343%54%3%2,004onlineRegistered voters[40]
YouGov (for CBS News)May 17–19, 202341%59%0%2,188onlineAll adults[41]
Quinnipiac UniversityMay 18–22, 202339%54%4%1,635telephoneRegistered voters[42]
Monmouth UniversityMay 18–23, 202341%53%6%981telephoneAll adults[43]

June

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
Investor's Business Daily/TIPPMay 31–June 2, 202340%51%9%1,358onlineAll adults[44]
Ipsos (for Reuters)June 2–5, 202341%54%5%1,056onlineAll adults[45]
YouGov (for The Economist)June 3–6, 202344%53%6%1,315onlineRegistered voters[46]
YouGov (for CBS News)June 7–10, 202341%59%0%2,480onlineAll adults[47]
Quinnipiac UniversityJune 8–12, 202342%54%2%1,735telephoneRegistered voters[48]
Harris (for Harvard University)June 14–15, 202343%53%4%2,090onlineRegistered voters[49]
Emerson CollegeJune 19–20, 202341%51%8%1,105IVR/onlineRegistered voters[50]

July

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
YouGov (for The Economist)July 1–5, 202338%55%7%1,350onlineRegistered voters[51]
Redfield & Wilton StrategiesJuly 6, 202340%48%12%1,500onlineRegistered voters[52]
Investor's Business Daily/TIPPJuly 5–7, 202338%51%13%1,341onlineAll adults[53]
Ipsos (for Reuters)July 7–9, 202340%54%6%1,028onlineAll adults[54]
YouGov (for The Economist)July 8–11, 202339%56%5%1,500onlineAll adults[55]
Marquette University Law SchoolJuly 7–12, 202342%57%1%1,005onlineAll adults[56]
Monmouth UniversityJuly 12–17, 202344%52%4%910telephoneAll adults[57]
Quinnipiac UniversityJuly 13–17, 202340%53%3%1,809telephoneRegistered voters[58]
Harris (for Harvard University)July 19–20, 202342%55%3%2,068onlineRegistered voters[59]
YouGov (for The Economist)July 22–25, 202345%52%5%1,306onlineRegistered voters[60]
YouGov (for CBS News)Jul 26–28, 202340%60%0%2,181onlineAll adults[61]

August

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
Ipsos (for Reuters)July 28 – August 1, 202340%55%5%2,009onlineAll adults[62]
YouGov (for The Economist)July 29 – August 1, 202340%56%4%1,500onlineAll adults[63]
Noble Perspective Insights/The Center SquareJuly 31 – August 3, 202340%54%6%2,500onlineRegistered voters[64]
Investor's Business Daily/TIPPAugust 2–4, 202338%51%11%1,369onlineAll adults[65]
Ipsos (for Reuters)August 4–6, 202340%54%6%1,032onlineAll adults[66] -United StatesRegistered votersNavigator ResearchAugust 3–7, 202340%56%5%1,000online[67] --->
YouGov (for The Economist)August 5–8, 202341%53%6%1,500onlineAll adults[68] -United StatesRegistered votersThe Bullfinch GroupAugust 5–10, 202343%52%5%1,000online[69] --->
AP-NORCAugust 10–14, 202342%57%1,165online/phoneAll adults[70]
Quinnipiac UniversityAugust 10–14, 202337%56%7%1,818phoneAll adults[71]
LégerAugust 11–14, 202343%54%3%1,002onlineAll adults[72]
Marist CollegeAugust 11–14, 202342%52%6%1,100online/phoneRegistered voters[73]
YouGov (for The Economist)August 12–15, 202340%53%7%1,500onlineAll adults[74]
Emerson CollegeAugust 16–17, 202342%47%11%1,000online/phoneRegistered voters[75] -United StatesLikely votersMcLaughlin & Associates (for America's New Majority Project)August 17–20, 202344%56%2,000online[76]
United StatesRegistered votersHarrisX/American Free Enterpreise Chamber of CommerceAugust 17–21, 202344%52%4%2,327online[77] --->
YouGov (for Yahoo! News)August 17–21, 202341%54%6%1,665onlineAll adults[78]
YouGov (for The Economist)August 19–22, 202341%54%5%1,500onlineAll adults[79]
GallupAugust 1–23, 202342%53%5%1,014phoneAll adults[80] -United StatesLikely votersMcLaughlin & AssociatesAugust 15–23, 202343%55%2%1,014[81] --->
Public Policy Polling (for Congressional Integrity Project)August 23–24, 202344%50%6%606phoneRegistered voters[82]
SurveyMonkey (for CNBC)August 21–25, 202341%56%4,324onlineAll adults[83]
NewsNation/Decision Desk HQAugust 24–25, 202348%52%1,000Registered voters[84]
HarrisX/The MessengerAugust 24–26, 202343%54%3%2,013onlineRegistered voters[85]
Emerson CollegeAugust 25–26, 202343%47%1,000online/phoneRegistered voters[86] -United StatesAll adultsBig VillageAugust 25–27, 202337%55%2,029online[87] --->
YouGov (for The Economist)August 26–29, 202338%55%6%1,500onlineAll adults[88]
Fabrizio, Lee & Associates/GBAO (for The Wall Street Journal)August 24–30, 202342%57%1,500phoneRegistered voters[89]
The 19th/SurveyMonkeyAugust 24–31, 202341%56%20,191onlineAll adults[90]
SSRS/CNNAugust 25–31, 202339%61%0%1,503online/phoneAll adults[91]
Echelon InsightsAugust 28–31, 202341%57%2%1,022onlineLikely voters[92]

September

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
YouGov (for The Economist)September 2–5, 202341%53%6%1,500onlineAll adults[93]
YouGov (for CBS News)September 5–8, 202340%60%0%2,335onlineAll adults[94]
YouGov (for Yahoo! News)September 14–18, 202342%55%3%1,097onlineRegistered voters[95]

October

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
YouGov (for The Economist)September 30 – October 3, 202340%55%5%1,500onlineAll adults[96]
YouGov (for Yahoo! News)October 12–16, 202342%55%3%1,123onlineRegistered voters[97]
YouGov (for CBS News)October 16–19, 202340%60%0%1,878onlineAll adults[98]

November

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
YouGov (for The Economist)November 5–7, 202340%54%6%1,500onlineAll adults[99]
YouGov (for Yahoo! News)November 9–13, 202340%58%2%1,062onlineRegistered voters[100]

December

Polling groupDateApproveDisapproveUnsureSample sizePolling methodSegment polledSource(s)
YouGov (for CBS News)December 6–8, 202341%59%0%2,144onlineAll adults[101]
YouGov (for The Economist)December 9–12, 202339%55%6%1,500onlineAll adults[102]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: January 25, 2024 . Biden's Third-Year Job Approval Average of 39.8% Second Worst . 2024-03-31 . Gallup.com . en.
  2. Web site: December 23, 2024 . What Biden’s rough 2023 in the polls means — and doesn’t mean — for 2024 . 2024-03-31 . NBC News . en.
  3. Web site: Collinson . Stephen . 2023-11-08 . Analysis: 5 takeaways from new polls that reveal Biden’s challenges and Trump’s potential victory path CNN Politics . 2024-03-31 . CNN . en.
  4. Web site: Biden ends 2023 in polling rut, near all-time low approval ratings . 2024-03-31 . ny1.com . en.
  5. Web site: CBS News poll — Americans' views on 2023: Things get better, but still not good . 2023-04-12 . www.cbsnews.com . January 8, 2023 . en-US.
  6. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll January 8 – 10, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . YouGov.
  7. Web site: January 18, 2023 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Quinnipiac University.
  8. Web site: January 19, 2023 . Ipsos Poll Core Political Data January 19, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . Ipsos.
  9. Web site: January 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-04-12 . Harvard Harris Poll.
  10. Web site: January 24, 2023 . National Poll: Biden's Approval Recovers Two Years into Term, Trump Maintains Lead over DeSantis in GOP Primary . 2023-04-12 . Emerson College Polling.
  11. Web site: January 27, 2023 . Marist Poll of 1,257 National Adults . 2023-04-12 . Marist College.
  12. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll January 29 – 31, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . YouGov.
  13. Web site: February 1, 2023 . Monmouth University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Monmouth University.
  14. Web site: Views of U.S. economy improve but remain low; debt ceiling uncertainty looms — CBS News poll . 2023-04-12 . www.cbsnews.com . February 5, 2023 . en-US.
  15. Web site: February 8, 2023 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data February 8, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . Ipsos.
  16. Web site: February 16, 2023 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Quinnipiac University.
  17. Web site: February 17, 2023 . NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll of 1,352 National Adults . 2023-04-12 . Marist College.
  18. Web site: February 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-04-12 . Harvard Harris Poll.
  19. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll February 20 – 21, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . YouGov.
  20. Web site: February 28, 2023 . National Poll: 71% of Democratic Voters Think Biden Should Be 2024 Nominee . 2023-04-12 . Emerson College Polling.
  21. Web site: March 8, 2023 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data March 8, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . Ipsos.
  22. Web site: March 15, 2023 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Quinnipiac University.
  23. Web site: March 21, 2023 . Monmouth University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Monmouth University.
  24. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll March 19 – 21, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . YouGov.
  25. Web site: Americans voice confidence in their banks, but inflation woes continue — CBS News poll . 2023-04-12 . www.cbsnews.com . March 23, 2023 . en-US.
  26. Web site: March 24, 2023 . NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll of 1,327 National Adults . 2023-04-12 . Marist College.
  27. Web site: March 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-04-12 . Harvard Harris Poll.
  28. Web site: March 29, 2023 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Quinnipiac University.
  29. Web site: April 3, 2023 . Biden Approval Rating Shows Resilience As Financial Stress Rises . 2023-04-12 . Investor's Business Daily . en-US.
  30. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll April 1 – 4, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . YouGov.
  31. Web site: 2023-04-16 . Most want abortion pill to remain available — CBS News poll - CBS News . 2023-08-01 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US.
  32. Web site: 2023-04-19 . April 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-08-01 . Harvard Harris Poll.
  33. Web site: 2023-04-27 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data April 27, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . Ipsos.
  34. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll April 22 – 25, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . YouGov.
  35. Web site: Mumford . Camille . 2023-04-27 . April 2023 National Poll: Biden and Trump on Track for 2024 Rematch . 2023-08-01 . Emerson Polling . en-US.
  36. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll April 29 – May 2, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . YouGov.
  37. Web site: 2023-05-08 . Biden Approval Rating Falls Sharply. It's The Economy. . 2023-08-01 . Investor's Business Daily . en-US.
  38. Web site: 2023-05-10 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data May 10, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . Ipsos.
  39. Web site: 2023-05-10 . New Yahoo News poll shows Biden still leads Trump for 2024 . 2023-08-01 . Yahoo News . en-US.
  40. Web site: 2023-05-18 . May 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-08-01 . Harvard Harris Poll.
  41. Web site: 2023-05-21 . CBS News poll: Think your town could house migrants? That may depend as much on your politics as where you live. - CBS News . 2023-08-01 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US.
  42. Web site: 2023-05-24 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-08-01 . Quinnipiac University.
  43. Web site: NJ 07764571-3400 . 400 Cedar Avenue West Long Branch . 2023-05-24 . Clean Debt Deal Preferred by 2:1 . 2023-08-01 . Monmouth University Polling Institute . en-US.
  44. Web site: 2023-06-05 . Biden Approval Rating Slides; Young Adults Turn Cool Amid Debt-Ceiling Deal . 2023-08-01 . Investor's Business Daily . en-US.
  45. Web site: 2023-06-07 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data June 7, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . Ipsos.
  46. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll April 1 – 4, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . YouGov.
  47. Web site: 2023-06-11 . CBS News Poll: After Trump indictment, most see security risk, but Republicans see politics - CBS News . 2023-08-01 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US.
  48. Web site: 2023-06-14 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-08-01 . Quinnipiac University.
  49. Web site: 2023-06-15 . June 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-08-01 . Harvard Harris Poll.
  50. Web site: Mumford . Camille . 2023-06-22 . June 2023 National Poll: Third Party Candidacy Could Derail President Biden's Reelection Bid . 2023-08-01 . Emerson Polling . en-US.
  51. Web site: The Economist/YouGov poll July 1 – 5, 2023 . 30 September 2023.
  52. Web site: Joe Biden Administration Approval Ratings and Hypothetical Voting Intention (6 July 2023) . Redfield & Wilton Strategies . 30 September 2023 . 14 July 2023.
  53. Web site: 2023-07-10 . Biden Approval Rating Sinks As College Grad Support Dims . 2023-08-01 . Investor's Business Daily . en-US.
  54. Web site: 2023-07-12 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data July 12, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . Ipsos.
  55. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll July 8 – 11, 2023 . 30 September 2023.
  56. Web site: Marquette University Law School News Release . . 30 September 2023 . 27 July 2023.
  57. Web site: NJ 07764571-3400 . 400 Cedar Avenue West Long Branch . 2023-07-19 . Biden Gets Little Economic Credit . 2023-08-01 . Monmouth University Polling Institute . en-US.
  58. Web site: 2023-07-19 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-08-01 . Quinnipiac University.
  59. Web site: 2023-06-20 . July 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-08-01 . Harvard Harris Poll.
  60. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll July 22 – 25, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . YouGov.
  61. Web site: 2023-07-30 . The economy's long, hot, and uncertain summer — CBS News poll - CBS News . 2023-08-01 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US.
  62. Web site: Reuters/IPSOS Poll: Perceptions of the economy impact Biden's approval . 30 September 2023.
  63. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll July 29 – August 1, 2023 . 30 September 2023.
  64. Web site: Harper . Casey . More voters say Biden untrustworthy, a poor leader . . 30 September 2023 . 18 August 2023.
  65. Web site: Carson . Ed . Biden Approval Rating Holds At Record Low As Americans Feel They're Falling Behind . . 30 September 2023 . 7 August 2023.
  66. Web site: Reuters/Ipsos Core Political Data . 9 August 2023 . 30 September 2023.
  67. Web site: Bhatt . Vishwa . Abortion Access Seen as in Peril Nationwide . Navigator Research . 30 September 2023 . 17 August 2023.
  68. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll August 5–8, 2023 . 30 September 2023.
  69. Web site: Public Release Of Bullfinch Q3 Nationwide Survey . The Bullfinch Group . 30 September 2023 . 11 August 2023.
  70. Web site: The August 2023 AP-NORC Center Poll . 1 October 2023.
  71. Web site: Majority Of Americans Say Trump Should Be Prosecuted On Federal Criminal Charges Linked To 2020 Election, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; DeSantis Slips, Trump Widens Lead In GOP Primary . . 1 October 2023 . 16 August 2023.
  72. Web site: JOE BIDEN AND KAMALA HARRIS' APPROVAL RATING . . 1 October 2023 . 14 August 2023.
  73. Web site: Trump's Indictments & 2024 . . 1 October 2023 . 16 August 2023.
  74. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll August 12–15, 2023 . 1 October 2023.
  75. Web site: August 2023 National Poll: DeSantis Fades Into Tie with Ramaswamy; Trump Maintains Majority of GOP Support Ahead of Debate . . 1 October 2023 . 19 August 2023.
  76. Web site: America’s New Majority Project: National Survey . 1 October 2023.
  77. Web site: American Free Enterprise Chamber of Commerce Releases Its First 2024 Presidential Race National and Iowa Surveys of Voters, Conducted by HarrisX . HarrisX . 1 October 2023.
  78. Web site: Romano . Andrew . Poll: Americans more concerned with Trump charges than Hunter Biden allegations . . 1 October 2023 . 25 August 2023.
  79. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll August 19 – 22, 2023 . 1 October 2023.
  80. Web site: Brenan . Megan . Biden's Job Approval 42%; Higher on Ukraine, Race Relations . . 1 October 2023 . 25 August 2023.
  81. Web site: National Survey Results 1,000 General Election Likely Voters Political Environment, Trends & Analysis . 1 October 2023.
  82. Web site: New Poll: Majority of Voters Believe Impeachment Inquiry of President Biden Would Be More of a Partisan Political Stunt Than a Serious Investigation . Congressional Integrity Project . 1 October 2023 . 30 August 2023.
  83. Web site: CNBC SurveyMonkey Your Money Poll August 2023 . . 1 October 2023 . 31 August 2023.
  84. Web site: Whiteside . Stephanie . Poll: Where voters stand on education to start the school year . . 1 October 2023 . 5 September 2023.
  85. Web site: Holt . Matt . Harris/Messenger Poll: Biden, Trump in Dead Heat, Ramaswamy Wins the Debate . . 1 October 2023 . 29 August 2023 . September 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230929203042/https://themessenger.com/politics/harris-messenger-poll-biden-trump-in-dead-heat-ramaswamy-wins-the-debate . dead .
  86. Web site: August 2023 National Poll: Trump Debate Snub May Open Door for Other Candidates . . 1 October 2023 . 28 August 2023.
  87. Web site: Big Village CARAVAN Political Poll . 1 October 2023.
  88. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll August 26 – 29, 2023 . 1 October 2023.
  89. Web site: Siddiqui . Sabrina . Lucey . Catherine . Biden's Age, Economic Worries Endanger Re-Election in 2024, WSJ Poll Finds . . 1 October 2023 . https://archive.today/20230913173043/https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/bidens-age-economic-worries-endanger-re-election-in-2024-wsj-poll-finds-67a7bba8 . 13 September 2023 . 4 September 2023 . live. subscription.
  90. Web site: The 19th SurveyMonkey 2023 . 1 October 2023.
  91. Web site: SSRS/CNN Poll . 1 October 2023 . 7 September 2023.
  92. Web site: August Verified Voter Omnibus . Echelon Insights . 1 October 2023.
  93. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll September 2 – 5 2023 . 18 December 2023.
  94. Web site: CBS News Poll – September 5-8, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
  95. Web site: Yahoo! News Survey - 20230918 - Politics September 14 – 18, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
  96. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll September 30 - October 3, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
  97. Web site: Yahoo! News Survey - 20231016 October 12 - 16, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
  98. Web site: CBS News Poll – October 16-19, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
  99. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll November 5 - 7, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
  100. Web site: Yahoo! News Survey - 20231113 - Politics November 9 – 13, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
  101. Web site: CBS News Poll – December 6 - 8, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
  102. Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll December 9 - 12, 2023 . 18 December 2023.

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