2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum explained

2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
A Proposed Law: To alter the Constitution to recognise the First Peoples of Australia by establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice.
Do you approve this proposed alteration?
Country:Australia
Website:Official results
Yes:6286894
No:9452792
Invalid:155545
Electorate:17671784
Outcome:Not carried. A majority "no" vote nationally and in all states.
Map Division:state or territory, and division

The 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum was a constitutional referendum held on 14October 2023 in which the proposed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice was rejected. Voters were asked to approve an alteration to the Australian Constitution that would recognise Indigenous Australians in the document through prescribing a body called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice that would have been able to "make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government of the Commonwealth on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples". The proposal was rejected nationally and by a majority in every state, thus failing to secure the double majority required for amendment by section 128 of the constitution. The Australian Capital Territory was the only state or territory with a majority of "yes" votes.

Background

See main article: Indigenous Voice to Parliament and Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians. On 21 May 2022, the Australian Labor Party won government, with party leader Anthony Albanese becoming Prime Minister. During his victory speech, Albanese committed to holding a referendum to enshrine an Indigenous Voice to Parliament in his government's first term of office, acting on the 2017 request of Indigenous leaders for such a body made with the Uluru Statement from the Heart.

Parliamentary process

Short Title:Constitution Alteration (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice) 2023
Legislature:Parliament of Australia
Long Title:A Bill for an Act to alter the Constitution to recognise the First Peoples of Australia by establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice[1]
Territorial Extent:Australia
Enacted By:House of Representatives
Date Passed:31 May 2023
Enacted By2:Senate
Date Passed2:19 June 2023
Bill Date:30 March 2023
Bill History Url:https://parlwork.aph.gov.au/bills/r7019
Introduced By:Mark Dreyfus
1St Reading:30 March 2023
2Nd Reading:30 March 2023 – 31 May 2023
Committee Whole Label:Consideration in detail
Committee Whole:31 May 2023
3Rd Reading:31 May 2023
Bill Date2:13 June 2023
Introduced By2:Murray Watt
1St Reading2:13 June 2023
2Nd Reading2:13 June 2023 – 16 June 2023
Committee Whole2:16 June 2023 – 17 June 2023
3Rd Reading2:19 June 2023
Amends:Constitution of Australia
Summary:Amends the constitution to prescribe an Indigenous Voice to Parliament
Status:not passed

The government settled on and announced the text of the question on the ballot and the actual amendment on 23 March 2023.[2] [3] These were formally approved by parliament through the passage of the amendment bill, Constitutional Alteration (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice) 2023 (Cth). The bill was examined and endorsed by the Joint Select Committee on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice Referendum, subject to two dissenting reports authored by Liberal and National party members respectively.[4]

The Liberal Party of Australia report put forward several changes, including the deletion of sub-section 128(ii) (to reduce a risk that representations from the body must be considered), a new section 77(iv) (to allow the parliament to control the applicability of judicial review under section 75(v) of the Constitution), the addition of the words "and the legal effect of its representations" to sub-section 128(iii) (to clarify the power Parliament has to legislate regarding the Voice), and the replacement of the words "executive government" to "ministers of state" (to reduce the possible ambit of people to whom the Voice may make representations). The Nationals' report, on the other hand, rejected the proposed bill entirely.[5]

Following the passage of the bill, the referendum date was announced by the Prime Minister on 30 August 2023.[6] The referendum was officially triggered on 11 September 2023 with the issuing of a writ by the Governor-General to the Australian Electoral Commission.[7]

Question and proposed amendment

Referendum ballot papers asked voters:[8] The proposed amendment to the Constitution was the insertion of the following chapter:

Chapter IX Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples129 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice

In recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Peoples of Australia:

  1. There shall be a body, to be called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice;
  2. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice may make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government of the Commonwealth on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;
  3. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws with respect to matters relating to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice, including its composition, functions, powers and procedures.

Voting and referendum mechanisms

Double majority

For any amendment of the Constitution to proceed, it must receive a double majority of votes: that is, a majority in each of a majority of the states (i.e. at least four of the six states), as well as a majority overall (i.e. including votes in the territories).[9] [10] [11] [12]

Voters

Voting in the referendum was mandatory for all eligible Australian citizens (and some British subjects).[13] [14] A total of 17,676,347 voters were registered on the electoral roll, and therefore required to either vote in person, by post or by phone. This was 2.6% larger than the electoral roll of the 2022 election.[15]

Cost

The Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) estimated the cost of the referendum would be about $450 million, where the federal government had supplied $364 million in the most recent budget to deliver the referendum. Funding for the referendum was provided to the AEC and National Indigenous Australians Agency in the October 2022 Australian federal budget, with a total distribution of $75.2 million (excluding Contingency Reserves) over two years (FY202224).[16] [17]

There is an additional $160 million of the federal Contingency Reserve available to deliver the referendum. In May 2023 the government announced a total of $10.5 million in the 2023 budget to improve mental health services for Indigenous people in the lead-up to the referendum.

Official pamphlet

The government originally attempted to remove the requirement for an official yes/no pamphlet along with other proposed changes to the referendum process in the Referendum (Machinery Provisions) Amendment Bill 2022 (Cth), arguing that a physical pamphlet was outdated and that information could instead be distributed online or via television.[18] Instead, the government proposed funding an education campaign to inform Australians about the referendum and to "counter misinformation".[19] However, the pamphlet was ultimately retained in order to secure bipartisan support for the bill.[20] Following this, parliamentarians of both houses who had voted for and against the constitutional amendment bill drafted, for inclusion in the pamphlet, 2,000-word essays detailing their Yes and No cases, with the text of each essay approved by a majority respectively of the Yes and No supporters.[21] This approach was criticised by organisations such as The Greens, who wanted these statements to be independently fact-checked, as there was no legal requirement for the pamphlets to be truthful.[22] After the pamphlets were released, several media organisations analysed the claims in both essays, with many characterising some in the no case as "false" or "misleading".[23] [24] No campaigners disputed this however, arguing that fact checkers were labelling claims as "false" that remained subject to debate.[25]

The yes/no pamphlet was published on the AEC website on 18 July 2023[26] [27] and on 11 August 2023 it began to be posted to households.[28]

Key dates

Key dates in relation to the voting process for the referendum were:[29] [30]

Proposed design of the Voice

Positions

Political parties

The following tables summarise the positions of registered political parties at the federal level. Disagreement between federal party rooms and state-level party branches within the Liberal–National Coalition is discussed below.

Parliamentary parties

PartyStanceNotes and references
The party did not openly take a stance on the issue, but does support the recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Constitution.[33]
As of January 2023, Dai Le (the party's only federal representative) maintained a neutral position towards the Voice, claiming that it is not a priority for the culturally diverse communities in her electorate.[34]
The party has a preference for truth-telling and treaty processes to occur prior to the Voice but have nonetheless backed the "yes" campaign for the referendum on the Voice.[35] The party's First Nations Network (aka Blak Greens) encouraged members to abstain or vote no, on the basis that the Voice would be a "powerless advisory body".[36]
Leader Bob Katter (federal MP for the Division of Kennedy) stated that the Voice to Parliament may not cover important issues faced by Indigenous Australians, instead proposing a designated Indigenous senator. However, he has given his support for a referendum.[37] All three of the party's MPs in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland have requested more information from federal and state governments (similar to the Liberals) and said that they could possibly support the Voice. On 16 February 2023, the party announced on Facebook that its MPs would not support the Voice.[38]
Leader Anthony Albanese has given his support and pledged that a referendum would be held. All state and territory Labor leaders support the Voice, however Queensland Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk has said that although she supports the Voice, she believes it should be explained better.[39]
Having publicly called for more information about the Voice to Parliament in August 2022 and February 2023,[40] party leader Jacqui Lambie expressed support for the Voice in May 2023,[41] and disappointment at opinion polling indicating a decline in public support in August 2023.[42]
Federal leader Peter Dutton had requested more information before his party decided on a position; however some members declared their own stances. Federal members of the party's Tasmanian branch were divided on the issue .[43] On 5 April 2023, after a party room meeting, it was announced that the party will oppose the Voice citing constitutional risks. All members of the shadow ministry are bound by this decision but a conscience vote is allowed for backbencher members. The party has proposed an alternative to Labor's initial proposal and does support constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians, however.[44] After the decision, some members of the party indicated they would still support a Voice to Parliament despite their party room's position. Moderate backbenchers including Bridget Archer and Andrew Bragg as well as conservative backbencher Russell Broadbent indicated their support for a Voice.[45] Furthermore, Julian Leeser resigned from his frontbench position as Shadow Attorney-General to support a Voice.[46]
The Nationals at a federal level have stated that they oppose a Voice to Parliament, citing concerns that it would not be inclusive of regional areas.[47] [48] [49]
One Nation opposes both a Voice to Parliament and a referendum on the subject.[50]
United Australia Party[51]

Non-parliamentary parties

PartyStanceNotes and references
[52]
[53]
Citizens
"Our aspiration is to nurture a generation of children and youth who step into the future with confidence, hope, and freedom – a vision that should resonate with everyone."[54] [55]
[56]
[57]
Great Australian
[58]
Rachel Payne announced that the Victorian state branch of the party supports a Voice to Parliament in May 2023, but the party did not made its position clear at a federal level.[59]
Liberal Democratic Party[60]
[61]
Shooters, Fishers and Farmers
The Socialist Alliance recommended a 'critical Yes' vote, expressing concern that the Voice would have served as a token gesture towards the recognition of First Nations' sovereignty and treaty demands. They considered grassroot activism important in ensuring that "...First Nations people's quest for justice can overcome either constraint by a bureaucratic Voice or demoralisation by a majority No vote."[62] [63]
Sustainable Australia[64]
The Local Network
[65]
Victorian SocialistsVictorian Socialists said in a statement that it encouraged its members to vote Yes in the Voice referendum. The party also said that although a victory for the Yes side would not represent a major step forward for Indigenous rights, a No victory is likely to be a step backwards; as the No campaign has gained momentum, "racist elements have come to the fore".[66]
Western Australia Party[67] [68] [69]

Different stances within the Coalition

Nationals leader David Littleproud announced on 28 November 2022 that his party would not support the Voice, with Senator for the Northern Territory Jacinta Price speaking out strongly against it. The decision led to Andrew Gee leaving the party to sit as an independent.[70] [71] The Nationals oppose the Voice on a federal level and in two states (South Australia and Victoria), although the party supports it in New South Wales,[47] and Western Australia.

Federally, the Liberal Party opposed the Voice, with leader Peter Dutton repeatedly asking for more information before they could make a decision, before deciding on 5 April 2023 to reject the Voice. The Liberals offered an alternative proposal and do support the constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians. Only backbenchers have been allowed a conscience vote on the issue, while members of the Coalition Shadow Ministry are obliged to oppose the Voice. Despite the Liberal Party's federal position, the party is supportive of the Voice in New South Wales and Tasmania.[49] The Western Australian branch was initially supportive, but changed their position in August 2023. On 3 September, Dutton committed to hold a second referendum on Indigenous recognition if the Voice referendum failed, while also expressing support for his party's election proposal for a series of legislated local bodies (without a national one).[72]

Former Liberal MP, and Indigenous Australians Minister, Ken Wyatt, quit the Liberal Party on 6 April 2023, in response to the Federal Liberal Party's opposition to the Voice.[73] Later, Julian Leeser (the member for Berowra) resigned from the Shadow Cabinet to support the Voice and campaign for an improved wording, although he did not quit the party and still remains in Parliament as a Liberal backbencher.[74] [75]

Since the resignation of Dominic Perrottet (a supporter of the Voice) as leader of the NSW Liberal Party after he led the party to defeat at the 2023 state election, most of the support for the Voice from Liberal members has come from Tasmania or from backbenchers, despite state branches refusing to bind their party or frontbenches by a stance (despite the federal Coalition binding its shadow ministers to oppose the Voice). Of other state Liberal leaders, New South Wales leader Mark Speakman[76] [77] supports the Voice, while Western Australian leader Libby Mettam initially supported the Voice, but then began opposing it due to the state's controversial Aboriginal heritage laws. The Liberals for Yes campaign was launched in 2023 as an attempt to attract support for the Voice from centre-right, liberal conservative individuals.[78]

Similar to New South Wales, the Victorian Liberal Party has allowed its members a conscience vote on the issue. The Victorian branch has not yet declared its stance on the Voice. However, party leader John Pesutto confirmed his personal stance[79] and other members have voiced their personal opinions (see below).[80]

PartyStanceNotes and references
Canberra LiberalsThe Canberra Liberals have given its MPs a conscience vote on the issue.[81] The party's leader, Elizabeth Lee, supports the Voice.[82] Mark Parton has announced his support for the Voice, while former opposition leader Jeremy Hanson has announced his opposition to the proposal.[83]
On 19 February 2023, the Country Liberal Party's rank-and-file voted to oppose the Voice.[84] [85] [86] However, members of the party have differing opinions; the party's sole federal senator, Jacinta Price, opposes the Voice, while the party's leader in the Northern Territory, Lia Finocchiaro, said in mid-March that she supported the Voice in principle, but needed more detail.[87] However, on 22 August, Finocchiaro confirmed that she would be voting "no", saying the government had not given enough information about the Voice and she was concerned that the Voice would not adequately represent Aboriginal Territorians, though she also said that party members were allowed a free vote on the issue and that she would not be campaigning against the Voice.[88]
The LNP has not stated a clear position on the Voice.[89] [90] The party's leader in Queensland, David Crisafulli, announced he has an "open mind" on the issue. Crisafulli later announced that he would oppose the Voice, but the LNP would be given a conscience vote on the issue and that he would not be campaigning against it.[91]
NSW LiberalsFormer New South Wales Premier Dominic Perrottet (who was Premier and Liberal leader from 2021 to 2023) supports the Voice.[92] The current leader, Mark Speakman, announced that members of the party will be given a free vote on the issue.[93] On 12 August 2023, Speakman announced that he personally supports the Voice, but would not be campaigning for it.
NSW NationalsThe NSW Nationals opposed the Voice, formally opposing it at their Senior Party Conference in July 2023. However, like the NSW Liberal Party, the NSW Nationals announced that they would give their members a free vote on the issue.
SA LiberalsThe South Australian division opposes the state's version of the Voice to Parliament, but has not yet made a stance on the federal version.[94] David Speirs remains undecided on the Voice, but has stated that the South Australian Liberals will remain neutral and would not campaign for either side.[95] However, Speirs later stated that he and the party would oppose the Voice.[96] [97] [98]
SA Nationals[99]
Tasmanian LiberalsTasmanian premier Jeremy Rockliff openly supports the Voice. Rockliff vowed to campaign "vigorously" in favour of the Voice.
Victorian LiberalsJohn Pesutto, the leader of the party's Victorian division, was initially unclear on the party's position citing a lack of detail on the proposal.[100] The Victorian Liberals decided in May 2023 to allow members to have a conscience vote on this issue.[101] Only Jess Wilson, the Member for Kew, has publicly confirmed she will vote "yes" in the referendum, while the majority of Victorian Liberal MPs have publicly stated they will vote "no".[102] On 4 September, Pesutto declared that he will be voting "no" in the referendum but would not be campaigning against it.
Victorian NationalsPeter Walsh, the leader of the Nationals in Victoria, backed the federal Nationals' decision.[103]
WA LiberalsLibby Mettam, the leader of the party's Western Australian division, announced the party's opposition in August 2023. She had previously endorsed the Voice.[104]
WA NationalsFormer leader Mia Davies stated her party's support for the Voice during her time as leader.[105] [106] While current leader Shane Love initially supported the Voice, he later announced that he and the party would oppose the Voice,[107] following a similar decision made earlier by the WA Liberal Party.

Independents

NameStanceNotes and references
Kate Chaney[108]
Zoe Daniel[109]
Andrew GeeGee defected from the National Party in December 2022, shortly after the party announced its opposition to the Voice, citing a need to support the Voice as a key reason for leaving the party,[110] although party leader David Littleproud mentioned other disagreements that led to the decision.[111]
Helen Haines[112]
David Pocock[113]
Monique Ryan[114]
Sophie ScampsScamps referred to the First Nations Voice to Parliament as a "generous invitation" in her first speech to Parliament in August 2022.[115]
Allegra Spender[116]
Zali Steggall[117]
Lidia ThorpeIn August 2022, when still Greens Indigenous affairs spokesperson, Thorpe called for Treaty before Voice.[118] Defecting from the Greens in February 2023, she said that she wished to lead the "Blak sovereignty" movement and campaign for such a treaty[119] [120] [121] [122] before implementation of the Voice, which would be "powerless".[123] [124] In May 2023, she ruled out supporting the No campaign and said she would consider abstaining.[125] On 20 June Thorpe joined the official No campaign,[126] after she had voted No to the referendum bill in the Senate on 19 June.[127] [128] On 20 July, Thorpe released her own pamphlet advocating against the Voice, criticising both the official Yes and No pamphlets, and claiming that she had been unfairly excluded from contributing to the official No case, which she condemned as racist.[129]
Kylea Tink[130] [131]
Andrew Wilkie[132]

Former prime ministers

Prime MinisterTermPartyPositionNotes and references
1991–1996Paul Keating strongly supported the Voice.[133]
1996–2007After initially not settling on a position, John Howard stated in an interview with The Australian that the Voice will "create a new cockpit of conflict about how to help Indigenous people".[134] [135]
2007–2010, 2013Kevin Rudd supported the Voice to Parliament, stating that Tony Abbott's stance on the issue was "wrong".[136]
2010–2013Julia Gillard supported the Voice, along with Beyond Blue, which she is currently chairing.[137]
2013–2015Tony Abbott opposed the Voice.[138] [139] [140]
2015–2018In August 2022, Malcolm Turnbull stated that despite his previous concerns, he would vote in favour of Albanese's proposal.[141]
2018–2022While he was prime minister, Scott Morrison proposed a version of the Voice,[142] but repeatedly ruled out holding a referendum, and vetoed attempts to do so.[143] He stated that the Voice would be a "third chamber" of Parliament.[144]

Newspaper endorsements

NewspaperCityOwnerEndorsement
The AgeMelbourneNine Entertainment
The AustralianNationwideNews Corp
Herald SunMelbourneNews Corp
The Spectator AustraliaNationwidePress Holdings
The Sydney Morning HeraldSydneyNine Entertainment

Legal commentary

Campaign

Campaigning for both sides of the question started in early 2023. Some of the groups and individuals involved are listed below.[145]

Yes

According to Mayo, all of these campaign groups were working towards the same goal.[145]

No

Advertising and media

The government launched its official advertising campaign about the referendum in May 2022, to provide information about what the proposal is, what the Voice would do and how it would be set up, and to encourage Australians to prepare themselves for it.[165] [166] The AEC (which is an independent statutory authority) launched its major education phase in August 2023, aimed at helping and educating voters to prepare for the referendum.[167]

An analysis of various contributors to the campaigns published in early August suggested that the No campaign represented by Advance Australia were using fear as their underlying message, and focussing on prominent Yes campaigners such as Thomas Mayo and Teela Reid. The Blak Sovereign Movement argued that a treaty should be negotiated ahead of establishing the Voice. The Uluru Dialogue was using a sense of pride to show how the nation would be a better place with the Voice in place. Yes23 emphasised fairness and integrity. The report analysed the relative levels of success of the different approaches.[168]

The Yes and No campaigns started advertising on social media in early 2023, and although both had spent around on advertising on Facebook between mid-March and mid-June 2023, it was found that each had targeted different audiences. The biggest spenders were Fair Australia and Yes23.[169] From 3 September 2023, with John Farnham's support, "You're the Voice" was used to advocate for the Yes campaign as a soundtrack to a video ad.[170] The video for the Yes campaign, which aired on several platforms, includes the 1983 America's Cup yacht race (won by an Australian yacht); the handback of Uluru to its traditional owners in 1985; and the landmark Mabo land rights case in 1992.[171]

At the end of August, the top five items on Facebook and X included several that were critical of the Voice and served the No campaign. Their analysis showed how negative stories can have the strongest impact on people's attention, and also how far articles on traditional media could reach on social media. At that time, the Yes23 campaign had spent more than any other campaign group; however, they were less geographically focused than spending by No campaigns. It concluded that while there were many more Yes than No ads published, its message was spread over 33 disparate themes, whole No ads predominantly covered only seven, which were all negative.[172] By the end of September, online advertising by both camps was heavily focused on the Tasmania and South Australia, which were regarded as "battleground" states.[173] Fair Australia started using TikTok in May, and was using it far more extensively and proving more successful than the Yes campaign by October. Yes campaigners on other social media such as Facebook, X, and Instagram had large followings. This may reflect the fact that the younger demographic on TikTok were more likely to be Yes voters, and the No campaign wanted to reach them.[174]

There has been considerable activity in news and other traditional media from both sides of the debate,[175] including TV news (used by around 58% of Australians in 2023), news published online (51%), and in print (19%).[176]

Mass media in Australia are highly concentrated,[177] with Rupert Murdoch's News Corp Australia dominating the landscape, owning over two-thirds of leading newspapers along with most online news websites;[178] [179] three News Corp outlets occupy the top three positions in the nation, based on popularity and viewership.[180] An interim report commissioned by the Australians for a Murdoch Royal Commission group as part of its "Murdoch Referendum Accountability Project" was published in September 2023. University of Adelaide academic Victoria Fielding and a team of researchers analysed data on reporting and commentary by News Corp about the Voice between July and August 2023, covering The Australian, Herald Sun, Daily Telegraph, and Sky News Australia. It found that on the whole, news reporting was unbiased and accurate, but the opinion pieces were almost all in favour of the No vote. The majority of News Corp's content was commentary, not reporting, so when the various articles and videos were examined together, around 70% of the coverage favoured No arguments. Andrew Bolt and Peta Credlin were the top contributors in favour of a No vote.[181]

Incidents

In July 2023, a cartoon ad promoting the No campaign in the lead-up to the referendum was published by Advance Australia in the Australian Financial Review, featuring caricatures of Thomas Mayo a signatory and advocate of the Indigenous Voice to Parliament, along with, MP and Yes advocate Kate Chaney, and her father businessman Michael Chaney. This led to bipartisan condemnation of the ad as "racist".[182] The AFR later apologised for the ad.[183] [184]

In July 2023, Big W, an Australian chain of discount department stores, announced it would stop its in-store announcements that expressed support for the Indigenous voice to parliament.[185] [186] [187]

In early October, the AEC asked the Yes campaign to remove a social media post that contained a misleading graphic that could cause No voters to cast an invalid vote.[188]

In early October, the AEC asked the Yes campaign to move their signage away from theirs to avoid confusion, because both were of a similar purple colour.[189] [190] [191] [192]

Misinformation and disinformation

Some opponents of the Voice, primarily right-wing and far-right politicians and commentators, internet trolls, and members of the sovereign citizen movement, have spread misinformation, disinformation and unfounded conspiracy theories regarding the referendum online. This activity is most prominent on Telegram, Twitter and WeChat.[193] [194] According to independent monitors and fact-checkers, online debate has focused on race, particularly on Twitter. Ben James, editor of the Australian Associated Press' FactCheck team, which monitors content on Facebook, Instagram and TikTok, says that the amount of misinformation and disinformation had by early September exceeded that which had been observed on social media ahead of the 2022 Australian election. Leading Indigenous campaigner Thomas Mayo has been subjected to a great deal of racial abuse. While some misinformation has been observed from people on both sides of the discussion, there was generally more on the No side – although it is noted that not all of the claims emanated from the official No campaign. Social media experts have observed "bot-like behaviour" that spread the same content across social media.[195]

A preprint study in September 2023 showed Yes tweets dominating the Twitter platform, including amplification of misinformation and conspiracy theories created by the No side, with the Yes voters trying to fact-check and correct them. Politicians and media were also increasing the themes of "racial division" and "hidden agenda" on Twitter, in particular Sky News Australia. Many of the No accounts appeared to be recently created and suspicious, although there was little evidence of social bots. The preprint concluded "Overall, our findings reveal a media ecosystem fraught with confusion, conspiratorial sensemaking, and strategic media manipulation".[196]

It was reported that much of the misleading information and disinformation has been promoted by internet trolls linked to the Chinese Communist Party, with China being accused of espionage, attempting to undermine Western influence and attempting to silence Western criticism of human rights abuses in China. An analysis by Recorded Future confirmed the findings of Australian Strategic Policy Institute in this regard but found no evidence that Iran or Russia were trying to influence the debate. Chinese social media platforms such as WeChat also prominently spread misinformation and occasionally even racism.[193]

Australian Electoral Commissioner Tom Rogers said that social media had not adequately dealt with misinformation and disinformation on their platforms; of 47 reported by the AEC as being of concern, only 16 had been taken down.[15]

RMIT FactLab, which had been checking some of the claims made by the No campaign, including that the Uluru Statement comprised more than one page, was suspended by Meta as its key fact-checking organisation in August 2023 because its certification from the International Fact-Checking Network had expired in December 2022.[197] [198] [199] However, it continues its work and is regularly published by ABC News.[200]

Quality of public debate

Concerns were aired about the quality of public debate, by both campaigns and private individuals on both sides of the debate,[201] in some cases describing it as divisive and "toxic".[202] Political commentator Laura Tingle described the debate as "bitter", criticising the No campaign in particular.[203]

Marcia Langton was accused of calling No voters "racists",[204] after The Australian published an article headlined "Langton brands No voters 'racist, stupid;[205] it was shown afterwards that she was referring to the tactics of No campaigners, not the voters, which she said were "based in racism and stupidity".[206]

There has been racism directed against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people,[207] including criticism of unrelated topics such as Welcomes to Country, claims that Indigenous people have special treatment, and promulgation of racist stereotypes.[208] "Progressive No" campaigner Lidia Thorpe, who herself has been subject to racist abuse and death threats, exposed a video of a hooded man making racist remarks, burning an Aboriginal flag, and giving a Nazi salute.[207] Abuse towards campaigners on both sides reportedly affected the mental health of several people.[209]

Opinion polling

Despite "Yes" having a large lead in opinion polls initially, public opinion slowly began shifting in favour of "No" in late 2022, with the latter coming out ahead in every poll taken since July 2023 (a month after the Constitutional Amendment bill passed through the Senate).

Early voting

On 4 October, the AEC reported that 903,570 votes had been cast after three days of early voting.[210]

By polling day, 6 million early votes had been cast at pre-poll centres, and 2 million postal votes were expected.[211]

Result

The Constitutional amendment was rejected in both the state and national vote counts, with the Australian Capital Territory being the only state or territory with a majority "yes" vote.[212] [213]

Despite some predictions of a low turnout, the participation rate for the referendum was 89.92%, just higher than the rate for the 2022 election of 89.82%. Similarly, despite concerns about ticks and crosses, the informal voting rate was 0.98%, comparable to the rate for the republic referendum of 0.86% and lower than the typical rate for federal elections of around 2%.[214]

Regions with a high proportion of Indigenous Australians overwhelmingly voted yes in the referendum. Labor MP for Lingiari, Marion Scrymgour suggested that 74% of the 11,000 people that live in the division's remote areas voted yes.[215] The highest vote in support of yes in an Indigenous community was in Wadeye, at 92.1%. The Tiwi Islands voted 84% in favour, and Maningrida recorded an 88% yes vote. However, many of these remote communities also had a very low turnout, with Palm Island, which recorded a yes vote of around 75%, having a preliminary participation rate of around 1 in 3.[216] Warren Mundine suggested that the low turn-out in remote communities indicated "that, at best, most Aboriginal people of voting age in remote communities didn't vote at all, and the percentage who voted Yes was less than 30 per cent".[217] Election analyst Antony Green argued that drawing conclusions based on a relation between the vote of an electorate and its recorded Indigenous population was an example of the ecological fallacy as the data could not be used to predict the vote of individual voters.[218]

States and territories

Analysis

Analysis of a survey data collected immediately after the referendum was conducted by ANU to attempt to gauge the intention and reasoning of voters. The report found, inter alia, that despite the no vote in this case a majority of voters indicated they would have voted yes on symbolic recognition in the Constitution. The data also suggested that the main reason Australians voted no was due to a dislike of "division" and a scepticism of rights that are only held by some Australians.[219]

The results also demonstrated some evidence of an urban–rural political divide.[220] The four electorates returning more than 70% of votes in favour of Yes were the namesake electorates centred on the CBDs of Melbourne, Sydney and Canberra, as well as Prime Minister Albanese's inner Sydney electorate of Grayndler. By contrast, the only five electorates to return less than 20% of votes in favour of Yes — Maranoa, Flynn, Capricornia, Hinkler and Dawson — were all rural electorates in southern and central Queensland.

Analysis by DesmosAU concluded that fear of constitutional change in general was the primary reason for the referendum's failure, with 29% of the electorate opposed to any change and 23% believing it should only be changed "if it doesn't work". They concluded that the referendum would have failed regardless of the proposal without bi-partisan support.[221]

Aftermath

Once the referendum result became clear on the night of 14 October, Yes23 campaign co-chair Rachel Perkins called for a week of silence "to grieve this outcome and reflect on its meaning and significance".[222] After this period, an unsigned open letter was distributed by the public relations firm that had worked for the Uluru Dialogue (a key yes group based at the Indigenous Law Centre of UNSW Sydney)[223] that decried the result as "unbelievable and appalling" and concluded that constitutional recognition would no longer be possible.[224] It also highlighted the role the Liberal and National parties had in the defeat, stating "there was little the yes campaign could do to countervail" the impact of their opposition.[225] Warren Mundine responded to the letter, saying it was a "disgraceful attack on Australia and Australian people".[226]

The result was perceived by many as a significant setback to reconciliation in Australia.[227] [228] Aboriginal academic and pro-Voice campaigner Marcia Langton declared that Australian voters' rejection of the Voice made it "very clear that Reconciliation is dead".[229] [230]

After the referendum, in which over 64% of South Australians voted against the Voice, state Liberal leader David Speirs cast some doubt on the state based voice. South Australian One Nation MP Sarah Game announced plans to introduce a bill to repeal the First Nations Voice Act 2023.[231]

On 19 October 2023, the Queensland opposition Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) leader David Crisafulli announced that they would be dropping their support for a state based treaty. The LNP had previously supported a treaty in early 2023.[232] [233] [234]

The Victorian Liberal Party were divided in the aftermath of the referendum over whether to continue supporting the state's treaty process.[235] Alongside their fellow Coalition partners, the National Party of Victoria, in January 2024 both parties withdrew their support for treaty, leaving Victoria without bipartisan backing for the proposal.[236] [237]

Former Prime Minister Tony Abbott said the result was a rejection of identity politics and a chance to reject or reduce Aboriginal "separatism" with the wider Australian community, such as by no longer flying Aboriginal flags equally with the national flag or by not giving an acknowledgment of country prior to speaking at an official event.[238] Former Deputy Prime Minister Barnaby Joyce reflected that "there's a new type of politics in Australia and it's a little bit Trumpian".[239]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Constitution Alteration (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice) 2023 . . 30 March 2023 . 22 September 2023 . 23 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230823085446/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2023B00060 . live .
  2. Web site: 23 March 2023 . Constitutional amendment and referendum question announced . live . 12 September 2023 . 18 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110508/https://voice.gov.au/news/constitutional-amendment-and-referendum-question-announced .
  3. Web site: 23 March 2023 . Next Step Towards Voice Referendum: Constitutional Alteration Bill . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330153146/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/next-step-towards-voice-referendum-constitutional-alteration-bill . 30 March 2023 . 2023-03-24 . Prime Minister of Australia . Media release.
  4. Web site: corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House . Canberra . Constitution Alteration (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice) 2023 . 2023-10-15 . www.aph.gov.au . en-AU . 13 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013020900/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd2223a/23bd080 . live .
  5. Book: Advisory Report on the Constitution Alteration (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice) 2023. May 2023. Joint Select Committee on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice Referendum. Green, Nita. Nita Green. Commonwealth of Australia. 978-1-76092-504-8. Nita Green. 6 October 2023. 6 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231006050909/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Former_Committees/Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Voice_Referendum/VoiceReferendum/Report. live.
  6. News: Butler . Josh . 2023-08-30 . Indigenous voice to parliament referendum date announced as 14 October . . 2023-08-30 . 30 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830032025/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/aug/30/referendum-date-indigenous-voice-to-parliament-vote-australia-anthony-albanese . live .
  7. Web site: 11 September 2023 . 2023 referendum: Final key dates confirmed . Australian Electoral Commission . Australian Government . en-AU . 3 October 2023 . 4 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004022244/https://aec.gov.au/media/2023/09-11.htm . live .
  8. Web site: Press Conference – Parliament House . Prime Minister of Australia . 2023-03-24 . 30 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330153146/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-parliament-house . live .
  9. [Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Australia|Constitution]
  10. Web site: Referendums and changing Australia's constitution . . 11 June 2023 . 11 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230611134420/https://www.naa.gov.au/learn/learning-resources/learning-resource-themes/government-and-democracy/constitution-and-referendums/referendums-and-changing-australias-constitution . live .
  11. News: Silva . Angelica . 2023-05-14 . What is the Indigenous Voice to Parliament? Here's how it would work and who's for and against it . en-AU . ABC News . 2023-05-31 . 31 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531120311/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-15/what-is-the-indigenous-voice-to-parliament-referendum-australia/102317242 . live .
  12. Web site: The referendum count . 2023-05-31 . Australian Electoral Commission . en-AU . 31 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531053907/https://www.aec.gov.au/referendums/count.htm . live .
  13. Web site: 1 March 2023 . Enrol to vote . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330054628/https://aec.gov.au/enrol/ . 30 March 2023 . 30 March 2023 . Australian Electoral Commission.
  14. Web site: 21 April 2015 . British subjects . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230320090935/https://www.aec.gov.au/enrolling_to_vote/british_subjects.htm . 20 March 2023 . 30 March 2023 . Australian Electoral Commission.
  15. Web site: Largest voter enrolment on record ahead of Voice referendum . . 21 September 2023 . 22 September 2023 . 24 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230924040250/https://indaily.com.au/news/2023/09/22/largest-voter-enrolment-on-record-ahead-of-voice-referendum/ . live .
  16. Web site: Chalmers . Jim . Jim Chalmers . Gallagher . Katy . Katy Gallagher . 25 October 2022 . Budget Paper No. 2: Budget Measures . live . 31 March 2023 . . 107 . 1 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601032924/https://archive.budget.gov.au/2022-23-october/bp2/download/bp2_2022-23.pdf .
  17. News: Morse . Dana . 28 October 2022 . Voice to Parliament funding welcomed but questions raised over who will pay for the campaign . . 31 March 2023 . 31 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230331124337/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-28/voice-funding-welcome-questions-raised-over-who-funds-campaign/101587684 . live .
  18. Web site: Kildea . Paul . The government wants to change Australia's referendum laws. How will this affect the Voice to Parliament? . 16 December 2022 . 4 October 2023 . The Conversation . en . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005045835/http://theconversation.com/the-government-wants-to-change-australias-referendum-laws-how-will-this-affect-the-voice-to-parliament-195632 . live .
  19. Web site: Twomey . Anne . The government will not send out Yes and No case pamphlets ahead of the Voice to Parliament referendum. Does this matter? . 2 December 2022 . 4 October 2023 . The Conversation . en . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005045836/http://theconversation.com/the-government-will-not-send-out-yes-and-no-case-pamphlets-ahead-of-the-voice-to-parliament-referendum-does-this-matter-195806 . live .
  20. News: Hegarty . Nicole . Lowrey . Tom . Coalition set to support referendum framework bill as deadline nears for final wording . ABC News . 21 March 2023 . 4 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005045835/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-22/voice-negotiations-near-conclusion/102125920 . live .
  21. News: Voice to Parliament pamphlets advocating both sides to be sent to Australians, in concession to Peter Dutton . 8 February 2023 . 16 September 2023 . 16 September 2023 . Jake . Evans . Stephanie . Borys . https://web.archive.org/web/20230916015602/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-08/dutton-claims-albanese-concession-on-voice-to-parliament/101945154 . live . Labor had sought to dump the pamphlet as it prepared arrangements for the referendum, saying it was no longer needed in the "digital age", with parliamentarians able to express their views to voters directly. . ABC News.
  22. News: Greens, Pocock push for independent fact-checking of Voice referendum pamphlet . Visentin . Lisa . 7 March 2023 . 16 September 2023 . registration . . 15 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230915172802/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/greens-pocock-push-for-independent-fact-checking-of-voice-referendum-pamphlet-20230303-p5cpal.html . live .
  23. Web site: Allam . Lorena . Butler . Josh . Evershed . Nick . Ball . Andy . The no pamphlet: campaign's voice to parliament referendum essay – annotated and factchecked . 2023-11-07 . the Guardian . en.
  24. Web site: Voice pamphlet's convention claim misleads . 2023-11-07 . Australian Associated Press.
  25. Web site: Mundine . Nyunggai Warren . 2023-02-15 . Media shouldn't be asked to gaslight Voice opponents . subscription . 2023-11-07 . Australian Financial Review . en.
  26. News: Voice to Parliament referendum pamphlets for Yes and No camps published by AEC. 16 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230916023709/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-18/the-voice-essays-for-referendum-published/102613238 . live . 16 September 2023 . 18 July 2023 . Paige . Cockburn . ABC News.
  27. News: Voice to parliament referendum Yes and No pamphlets published today. 16 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230916023325/https://www.9news.com.au/national/voice-referendum-yes-and-no-pamphlets-from-aec-published-today/0b2d6b4b-93df-42d0-b386-35fab78ae7eb . live . 16 September 2023 . 18 July 2023 . . 9news.com.au.
  28. News: Printing of Voice referendum pamphlets outlining Yes and No arguments begins . . 11 August 2023 . 16 September 2023 . 16 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230916015721/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-08-11/aec-prints-indigenous-voice-to-parliament-referendum-pamphlets/102717246 . live . ABC News.
  29. Web site: 2023 referendum timetable. aec.gov.au. 11 September 2023. 18 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110508/https://www.aec.gov.au/referendums/learn/timetable.html. live.
  30. Web site: Notification of Particulars of Writ for Referendum. legislation.aus.gov.au. 11 September 2023. 11 September 2023. 18 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110508/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2023G01061. live.
  31. Web site: Largest enrolment in history ahead of 2023 referendum. aec.gov.au. 21 September 2023.
  32. Web site: Writ for the 2023 referendum returned today. aec.gov.au. 6 November 2023.
  33. Web site: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Centre Alliance. 31 March 2023. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326142620/https://centrealliance.org.au/policies/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islanders/. live.
  34. Web site: Ethnic voters loom as crucial to success of Voice vote. 23 January 2023. Australian Financial Review. 31 March 2023. 30 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230330221913/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/ethnic-voters-yet-to-hear-voice-20230123-p5cepp. live.
  35. Web site: Greens to back Voice. 6 February 2023. Australian Greens. 31 March 2023. 16 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230316101852/https://greens.org.au/news/media-release/greens-back-voice. live.
  36. Web site: Puglisi . Leonardo . Greens First Nations Network calls on party members to vote No or abstain in Voice referendum . . 28 September 2023 . 8 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008073452/https://www.6newsau.com/post/greens-first-nations-network-calls-on-members-to-vote-no-or-abstain-in-voice-referendum . live .
  37. Web site: Bob Katter weighs in on proposed Voice to Parliament. Harry. Clarke. 30 November 2022. Country Caller. 31 March 2023. 3 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230303203042/https://countrycaller.com.au/2022/11/30/bob-katter-weighs-in-on-proposed-voice-to-parliament/. live.
  38. Web site: Katter's Australian Party has announced its MPs will not support the Indigenous Voice to Parliament. Facebook. 17 February 2023. 19 April 2023. 28 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230228030246/https://www.facebook.com/KattersAusParty/posts/pfbid0GZBH5CN8AB5YD9HNProJfnrSzqn54VmQgB2BMXSKTJoTHispDvvmz45uoU6KbExbl. live.
  39. News: Explanation of voice can be improved, Qld premier says. The Canberra Times. 5 April 2023. 5 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405083551/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8149340/explanation-of-voice-can-be-improved-qld-premier-says/. live.
  40. Web site: Ransley . Ellen . Gould . Courtney . 'It will fail': Lambie's message to Albo . 31 July 2022 . . 16 April 2023 . 2 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220802015715/https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/jacqui-lambie-says-australians-need-detail-about-voice-to-parliament-as-pm-remains-tightlipped/news-story/dceac791a154f34fe908c5f36d7c21aa . live .
  41. Web site: Evans. Lauren. Jacqui Lambie confirms she won't block Voice vote as she argues Labor can surely 'walk and chew gum at the same time'. Sky News Australia. 29 May 2023. 30 August 2023. 30 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230830063247/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/jacqui-lambie-confirms-she-wont-block-voice-vote-as-she-argues-labor-can-surely-walk-and-chew-gum-at-the-same-time/news-story/8f453bb8fe36894bbb9f2dcf6a5c799b. live.
  42. News: Australians think the Voice is 'too bloody hard': Jacqui Lambie. The Australian. 7 August 2023.
  43. Web site: Federal Liberal ranks split on Voice to Parliament. National Indigenous Times. 3 January 2023. 31 March 2023. 6 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230206051557/https://nit.com.au/03-01-2023/4636/divisions-in-tasmania-as-liberal-mps-take-sides-on-voice. live.
  44. Web site: Hitch . Georgia . Liberal Party confirms it will oppose the Indigenous Voice to Parliament . ABC News . 5 April 2023 . 16 April 2023 . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415165437/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-05/liberal-party-oppose-voice-to-parliament/102188290 . live .
  45. News: Peter Dutton confirms Liberals will oppose Indigenous voice to parliament. The Guardian. 6 April 2023. 6 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230406013107/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/apr/05/peter-dutton-confirms-liberals-will-oppose-indigenous-voice-to-parliament. live.
  46. News: Lisa Visentin . Paul Sakkal . Natassia Chrysanthos . Angus Thompson . 2023-04-11 . 'I believe the time for the Voice has come': Shadow attorney-general Julian Leeser resigns from opposition frontbench . 2023-04-11 . . 11 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411042310/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/shadow-attorney-general-julian-leeser-to-resign-from-opposition-front-bench-over-voice-20230411-p5czhx.html . live .
  47. News: NSW Nationals announce their support for an Indigenous Voice to Parliament. SBS News. audio. ta. 31 March 2023. 19 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230319002057/https://www.sbs.com.au/language/tamil/en/podcast-episode/nsw-nationals-announce-their-support-for-an-indigenous-voice-to-parliament/v3snna6rw. live.
  48. Web site: Landsey . Amy . 29 November 2022 . Split emerges within Nationals over Indigenous Voice . . 31 March 2023 . 11 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211212652/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/voice-to-parliament/western-australia-national-party-split-from-federal-counterparts-over-support-for-indigenous-voice-to-parliament/news-story/653d62252a0d5cabeb291b0a966b8ca1 . live .
  49. News: Liberals rebel on Voice stance. The Saturday Paper. 6 April 2023. Max. Opray. 6 April 2023. 7 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230407232048/https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/post/max-opray/2023/04/06/liberals-rebel-voice-stance. live.
  50. Web site: Aboriginal Voice to Parliament. Pauline Hanson's One Nation. 31 March 2023. 23 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230323132656/https://www.onenation.org.au/aboriginal-voice-to-parliament. live.
  51. Web site: If you don't know, VOTE NO . United Australia Party . 25 July 2023 . 6 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012185238/https://www.unitedaustraliaparty.org.au/if-you-dont-know-vote-no/ . live .
  52. Web site: First Nations. Animal Justice Party Australia. 31 March 2023. 19 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230319112856/https://www.animaljusticeparty.org/first_nations. live.
  53. News: Standing with First Nations – our plan. Australian Democrats. 10 May 2022. 31 March 2023. 23 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230323141400/https://www.democrats.org.au/standing-with-first-nations-our-plan/. live.
  54. Web site: 14 September 2023 . The Voice Referendum: Consider the facts . live . 19 September 2023 . Australian Christians Party . 29 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230929003041/https://australianchristians.org.au/the-voice-referendum-consider-the-facts/ .
  55. Web site: Jesus, the real HOPE of the world (and Australia's Parliament) – Australian Christians. 12 December 2022. australianchristians.org.au. 31 March 2023. 28 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230328045135/https://australianchristians.org.au/jesus-the-real-hope-of-the-world-and-australias-parliament/. live.
  56. Web site: Pavlou . Drew . Just consulted the board – big support. . Twitter . 17 April 2023 . 21 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231021110427/https://twitter.com/DrewPavlou/status/1647812826533351424 . live .
  57. Web site: Fair + Inclusive Society . 2023-04-05 . Fusion Party . en . 30 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330070430/https://www.fusionparty.org.au/fair_inclusive_society . live .
  58. Web site: The Indigenous-Aboriginal Party of Australia supports "The Uluru Statement from the Heart". 13 April 2023. 13 April 2023. 13 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230413132525/https://www.indigenouspartyofaustralia.com/the-uluru-statement-from-the-heart. live.
  59. Web site: Hansard details | Parliament of Victoria . 30 August 2023 . 30 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830063912/https://new.parliament.vic.gov.au/parliamentary-activity/hansard/hansard-details/HANSARD-974425065-22017 . live .
  60. Silence an Indigenous Voice, LibDems say. Liberal Democrats. 2023-04-20. 2023-03-23. 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230323173848/https://www.ldp.org.au/silence_an_indigenous_voice_lib_dems_say. live.
  61. Web site: First Nations Self Determination. Reason Australia. 31 March 2023. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326185739/https://www.reason.org.au/first_nations_self_determination_vic. live.
  62. Web site: Voice to Parliament has to be more than a token gesture | Socialist Alliance. socialist-alliance.org. 19 January 2023. 19 May 2023. 19 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230519141346/https://socialist-alliance.org/news/2023-01-19/voice-parliament-has-be-more-token-gesture. live.
  63. Web site: Socialist Alliance National Council . Socialist Alliance position on the Voice . Socialist Alliance . 20 October 2023 . 11 September 2023 . 10 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010161336/https://socialist-alliance.org/news/2023-09-11/socialist-alliance-position-voice . live .
  64. Web site: Support a stronger and equal voice for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians in our democracy. 20 April 2023. 26 May 2023. 4 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230604150522/https://www.sustainableaustralia.org.au/aboriginal_torres_strait_islander_australians. live.
  65. Web site: We will adopt the Uluru Statement from the Heart and initiate a voice to parliament.. 13 April 2023. 13 April 2023. 3 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230303192516/https://tnl.net.au/policies/. live.
  66. Web site: Victorian Socialists encourages its members and supporters to vote 'yes' in the 14 October referendum on establishing an Indigenous Voice to Parliament. Twitter. 5 September 2023. 5 September 2023. 29 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230929002304/https://twitter.com/vic_socialists/status/1698918803491713083?s=46&t=yMNUf-L4bRyfi3bchcsFoQ. live.
  67. Web site: First Nation's People have a voice! .... Western Australia Party. Facebook. 9 May 2023. 19 June 2023. 6 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231006053913/https://www.facebook.com/WesternAustraliaPartyWA/posts/pfbid02LkTSAW72aW9qsoX9ZMxipkkwTLfiu5dGSE8M1yV1jfCQroZRL5gV83Smz9jsgpVul. live.
  68. Web site: Say no to the Voice.... Western Australia Party. Facebook. 8 April 2023. 19 June 2023. 16 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231016052958/https://www.facebook.com/WesternAustraliaPartyWA/posts/pfbid02vtYZo5Cnr69TmGq9KX4zaf63EBzmXWwLQXEuUdmpfww67BJvpmKPYxcrGDbpZ9iUl. live.
  69. Web site: It's OK to say No.... Facebook. Western Australia Party. 6 April 2023. 19 June 2023. 6 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231006054502/https://www.facebook.com/WesternAustraliaPartyWA/posts/pfbid0323fuJBRVedpjYfRgcQGVDnYbLqLrPL24YadS33n7u2dTArXHG6WQTKXgkE4zxCwMl. live.
  70. News: 30 November 2022 . Split in Nationals over Indigenous Voice to Parliament as Andrew Gee breaks ranks . . 17 April 2023 . 16 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230416183516/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-30/split-in-nationals-indigenous-voice-to-parliament-andrew-gee/101714738 . live . |
  71. Web site: Nationals will oppose Indigenous Voice to Parliament . 28 November 2022 . Rebecca . Masters . 23 January 2023 . . 28 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221128074437/https://www.9news.com.au/national/nationals-will-not-support-indigenous-voice-to-parliament-david-littleproud-politics-news/6a13603c-0473-4baf-8488-7fbc52cfc63d . live .
  72. News: Peter Dutton pledges to hold second referendum if Voice vote fails. 9News. 2023-09-03. 2023-09-16. 15 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230915105516/https://www.9news.com.au/national/peter-dutton-pledges-second-voice-referendum-if-vote-fails/ce9c02e5-d72a-4cfe-ad6d-8506aee71c70. live.
  73. News: 2023-04-06 . Former MP Ken Wyatt quits Liberals after party decides not to back Voice . en-AU . ABC News . 2023-04-06 . 6 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406081744/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-06/ken-wyatt-quits-liberals-over-voice-to-parliament-stance/102197862 . live .
  74. Web site: Karp . Paul . 11 April 2023 . Julian Leeser resigns from shadow cabinet over Liberals' voice stance . 11 April 2023 . . 11 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411010645/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/apr/11/julian-leeser-resigns-from-shadow-cabinet-over-liberals-voice-stance . live .
  75. Web site: Meacham . Savannah . 11 April 2023 . Julian Leeser quits Liberal frontbench to support Voice to parliament . 11 April 2023 . . video + text . 11 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411015142/https://www.9news.com.au/national/shadow-attorney-general-julian-leeser-resigns-cabinet/11661bfb-8fcf-4076-83a4-2182ae5004cd . live .
  76. Web site: NSW Opposition Leader Mark Speakman throws personal support behind the Voice referendum – ABC News . 13 August 2023 . 13 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813054111/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102722388 . live .
  77. Web site: Liberal leaders remain divided on Indigenous voice vote . 13 August 2023 . 13 August 2023 . 13 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813054109/https://www.seymourtelegraph.com.au/national/liberal-leaders-remain-divided-on-indigenous-voice-vote/ . live .
  78. Web site: Liberals for Yes. 2 September 2023. Liberals for Yes. 13 August 2023. 13 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230813054108/https://liberalsforyes.com.au/. live.
  79. News: Victorian Opposition Leader John Pesutto to vote No on Indigenous Voice. Annika. Smethurst. Annika Smethurst. 4 September 2023. The Age. 4 September 2023. 4 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230904065935/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/victorian-opposition-leader-john-pesutto-to-vote-no-on-indigenous-voice-20230904-p5e1vp.html. live.
  80. Web site: Voice to parliament: Yes campaign's only public backer in Victorian Liberals is Jess Wilson . 2023-08-13 . amp.theage.com.au . 13 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813054112/https://amp.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/the-sole-victorian-liberal-mp-publicly-backing-the-voice-20230812-p5dvy5.html . live .
  81. Web site: Canberra Libs to have free vote on the Voice . Canberra CityNews . 16 March 2023 . 19 April 2023 . 1 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230901061726/https://citynews.com.au/2023/canberra-libs-to-have-free-vote-on-the-voice/ . live .
  82. News: Maley . Jacqueline . 2023-06-03 . It's OK to vote Yes: Meet the Liberals campaigning for the Voice . 2023-08-13 . . 10 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230610153126/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/it-s-okay-to-vote-yes-meet-the-liberals-campaigning-for-the-voice-20230603-p5ddn4.html . live .
  83. News: French . Ethan . 19 April 2023 . Canberra Liberals MLA Mark Parton says he will vote yes to an Indigenous Voice to Parliament, putting him at odds with party colleague . ABC News (Australia) . 19 April 2023 . 19 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419063900/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-19/canberra-liberals-mark-parton-says-yes-to-voice-to-parliament/102242280 . live .
  84. Web site: Morgan . Thomas . Rank-and-file of NT's Country Liberal Party support motions backing No campaign of Voice to Parliament . . 19 February 2023 . 19 April 2023 . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418175359/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-19/nt-clp-no-voice-to-parliament-split-central-council/101995356 . live .
  85. Web site: Cunningham . Matt . Country Liberal Party to oppose Voice . . 18 February 2023 . 7 June 2023 . 28 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230328023635/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/voice-to-parliament/northern-territorys-country-liberal-party-to-oppose-indigenous-voice-to-parliament/news-story/58cca1c6c0184543aa6fcdddc5d4eed5 . live .
  86. News: CLP's internal division on Voice to Parliament. NT News. subscription.
  87. News: After a dramatic resignation, Jacinta Price says the NT Country Liberal Party is united against the Voice . ABC News . 13 March 2023 . 31 March 2023 . 31 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230331034930/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-14/nt-jacinta-price-clp-split-unified-voice-to-parliament/102089250 . live .
  88. Web site: 'Canberra-based body' won't represent Aboriginal Territorians: NT Opp leader . . 22 August 2023 . 23 August 2023 . 23 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230823080247/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/nt-opposition-leader-lia-finocchiaro-reveals-voice-stance-says-canberrabased-body-wont-adequately-represent-aboriginal-territorians/news-story/45be419c16b1399e85a886fb13d65845?amp . live .
  89. News: Gillespie . Eden . Queensland premier calls for clear LNP position on voice . 14 April 2023 . . 13 April 2023 . 14 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230414020130/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/live/2023/apr/13/australia-news-live-politics-cost-of-sydney-metro-jobs-figures-unemployment-indigenous-voice-to-parliament?page=with:block-64375a548f0885230b2d9b4b#block-64375a548f0885230b2d9b4b . live .
  90. News: Crisafulli won't reveal position on Voice to Parliament . 12 April 2023 . Courier Mail . News Corp . 5 April 2023 . 12 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230412225630/https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/qld-politics/qld-lnp-leader-david-crisafulli-wont-reveal-position-on-voice-to-parliament/news-story/11a1467aa99aec81e11868b0c0d36e35 . live .
  91. Web site: Voice to parliament: Qld LNP leader David Crisafulli to vote no but allow MPs freedom . . 31 May 2023 . 19 June 2023 . 1 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601060349/https://amp.brisbanetimes.com.au/politics/queensland/queensland-lnp-leader-to-vote-against-indigenous-voice-20230531-p5dcu7.html . live .
  92. News: Should be above politics': Liberal leaders Dominic Perrottet and Peter Dutton divided as National Cabinet signs on to support Voice to Parliament. Sky News Australia. 31 March 2023. 19 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230319001511/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/should-be-above-politics-liberal-leaders-dominic-perrottet-and-peter-dutton-divided-as-national-cabinet-signs-on-to-support-voice-to-parliament/news-story/3444e29648494577fb2aeb77066080a0?amp. live.
  93. Web site: Costin . Luke . NSW coalition MPs free to campaign yes or no to voice . South Coast Register . 10 May 2023 . 19 June 2023 . 19 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230619104223/https://www.southcoastregister.com.au/story/8190387/nsw-coalition-mps-free-to-campaign-yes-or-no-to-voice/ . live .
  94. Web site: South Australian Liberals to oppose state First Nations Voice to Parliament proposal. ABC News (Australia). 21 February 2023. 20 April 2023. 17 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230417060222/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-21/sa-liberals-to-oppose-proposed-first-nations-voice-to-parliament/102002038. live.
  95. Web site: SA Liberals will hold no stance on federal Indigenous Voice. SA Opposition leader David Speirs says it is up to individual Australians to make their own decision in voting yes or no for a national Indigenous Voice to parliament at a referendum later this year.. The Advertiser. subscription.
  96. Web site: Walter . Riley . SA Libs reveal stance on Voice to Parliament . adelaidenow . 27 July 2023 . 3 October 2023.
  97. Web site: SA Liberals to oppose voice ahead of referendum . 28 July 2023 . 24 August 2023 . 1 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230901073214/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8287133/sa-liberals-to-oppose-voice-ahead-of-referendum/ . live .
  98. Web site: South Australian Liberal Party opposes national Voi... | NIT. 3 October 2023. 24 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230824220503/https://nit.com.au/28-07-2023/6981/south-australian-liberal-party-opposes-national-voice-to-parliament. live.
  99. Web site: We Support Real Change, say No to The Voice.. Facebook. SA Nationals. 5 April 2023. 19 April 2023. 20 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230420181120/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FSANationals%2Fposts%2Fpfbid032AJJqjHh7cWbCpgwxTKEc4SQQQ3PdnztcSZQeUi9xNUMPkzVzchKbTqccB6YUeKNl%3F__cft__%255B0%255D%3DAZVt9dvBHqLk72xdBgQI1Lk2SV5N0GR0SKdoGW0BKE9p2kOOH0jtfHC_JvONj7buxI114C_0NmLWX7RnE6ai54gLERR6aU0scxo90vmM-6UL5lzq1g3Ue-APrCnAx3vOrBzEoB4zh6w4Lsmh1Q4ZDwmy1lwpkryzqcpHK7d7AlY92JPEGzuRm_EPFK9QQEWFSNQ%26__tn__%3D%252CO%252CP-R. live.
  100. News: McCubbing . Gus . Victorian Liberals question Voice after listening to their 'gut' . 13 April 2023 . Australian Financial Review . 12 February 2023 . en . 19 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230319031505/https://www.afr.com/politics/victorian-liberals-question-voice-after-listening-to-their-gut-20230212-p5cjty . live .
  101. Web site: Victorian Liberal MPs to have free vote in Indigenous Voice to Parliament referendum . . Dan . Oakes . 2 May 2023 . 19 June 2023 . 18 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230618235053/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102285654 . live .
  102. News: The sole Victorian Liberal MP publicly backing the Voice. Annika. Smethurst. Annika Smethurst. 12 August 2023. The Age. 17 September 2023. 24 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230924070736/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/the-sole-victorian-liberal-mp-publicly-backing-the-voice-20230812-p5dvy5.html. live.
  103. Web site: Victorian Nationals back federal party's stance on Indigenous Voice to Parliament . ABC News . 29 November 2022 . 16 April 2023 . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415130047/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-30/victorian-nationals-on-indigenous-voice-to-parliament/101714488 . live .
  104. Web site: Sorensen . Hayley . 2023-08-10 . 'Why I can't vote Yes': Mettam reveals why she changed mind . subscription . live . https://archive.today/20230811060836/https://thewest.com.au/opinion/libby-mettam/libby-mettam-wa-liberal-leader-has-revealed-why-she-no-longer-supports-the-voice-to-parliament--c-11549063 . 2023-08-11 . 2023-08-11 . . . en-AU . Perth.
  105. News: Western Australia National Party split from federal counterparts over support for Indigenous Voice to Parliament. Sky News Australia. 29 November 2022. 31 March 2023. 6 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230206050337/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/voice-to-parliament/western-australia-national-party-split-from-federal-counterparts-over-support-for-indigenous-voice-to-parliament/news-story/653d62252a0d5cabeb291b0a966b8ca1?amp. live.
  106. News: West Australian National Party breaks ranks over Indigenous Voice to Parliament. ABC News (Australia). 29 November 2022. 31 March 2023. 5 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405085034/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/101710240. live.
  107. Web site: Voice Backflip: WA Nats withdraw referendum support . 26 August 2023 . 26 August 2023 . 26 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230826082631/https://thewest.com.au/news/indigenous-voice-to-parliament/wa-nationals-withdraw-support-for-voice-in-massive-referendum-backflip-c-11702102 . live .
  108. Web site: Inclusive communities. Kate Chaney. 31 March 2023. 22 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230322194329/https://www.katechaney.com.au/policies/communities. live.
  109. Web site: Zoe Daniel Recognition for First Nations Australians. Zoe Daniel. 7 September 2023. 7 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230907100726/https://zoedaniel.com.au/policies/recognition-for-first-nations-australians/. live.
  110. News: Nationals MP Andrew Gee quits party citing its opposition to Indigenous voice. Paul. Karp. 23 December 2022. The Guardian. 31 March 2023. 4 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230404083907/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/dec/23/nationals-mp-andrew-gee-quits-party-citing-opposition-to-indigenous-voice. live.
  111. News: David Littleproud says Andrew Gee didn't quit the Nationals because of Voice. news.com.au. 31 March 2023. 29 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230129010143/https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/leaders/david-littleproud-says-andrew-gee-didnt-quit-the-nationals-because-of-voice/news-story/6360de5d872e61544fa2b5ff05831158. live.
  112. Web site: Where I stand on.... Helen Haines MP – Independent Federal Member for Indi. 31 March 2023. 21 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230321142433/https://www.helenhaines.org/issues/where-i-stand-on/. live.
  113. Web site: Senator Pocock's First Speech. David Pocock. 31 March 2023. 25 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230325221138/https://www.davidpocock.com.au/senator_pocock_s_first_speech. live.
  114. Web site: Policy Priorities. Dr Monique Ryan for Kooyong. 31 March 2023. 2 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230402184530/https://www.moniqueryan.com.au/policies. live.
  115. Web site: Dr Sophie Scamps' first speech in Parliament. Dr Sophie Scamps. 31 March 2023. 24 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230324201412/https://www.sophiescamps.com.au/first_speech. live.
  116. Web site: Other Policies. Allegra Spender. 31 March 2023. 3 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230303034805/https://www.allegraspender.com.au/more_policy_positions. live.
  117. Web site: Where does Zali stand on.... Zali Steggall. 31 March 2023. 24 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230324095446/https://www.zalisteggall.com.au/where_does_zali_stand_on. live.
  118. Web site: 'On the table': Greens want treaty before backing Voice to Parliament. 9 August 2022. The Canberra Times. 31 March 2023. 13 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213060426/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7853291/on-the-table-greens-want-treaty-before-backing-voice-to-parliament/. live.
  119. Web site: Butler . Dan . 'I am here for a reason': defiant Lidia Thorpe says she will stay put to pursue Treaty and Sovereignty . . 7 February 2023 . 17 May 2023 . 17 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230517102446/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/i-am-here-for-a-reason-newly-independent-lidia-thorpe-defiant-as-she-declares-blak-sovereign-movement/0ev8gamgt . live .
  120. Web site: Revell . Jack . What Is the Blak Sovereign Movement Lidia Thorpe Wants to Lead? . The Latch . 10 February 2023 . 17 May 2023 . 17 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230517102449/https://thelatch.com.au/what-does-black-sovereignty-mean/ . live .
  121. Web site: Murphy-Oates . Laura . Karp . Paul . Herbert . Miles . Koning . Joe . Lidia Thorpe on Blak sovereignty and leaving the Greens . podcast . . 14 February 2023 . 17 May 2023 . 17 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230517102446/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/audio/2023/feb/14/lidia-thorpe-on-blak-sovereignty-and-leaving-the-greens . live .
  122. Web site: What is 'black sovereignty' and how does it conflict with the Voice?. 6 February 2023. ABC News. 31 March 2023. 1 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230401024417/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-07/lidia-thorpe-what-is-black-sovereignty/101937924. live.
  123. News: Butler . Josh . 2023-06-19 . Historic Indigenous voice referendum bill passes parliament ahead of public vote . en-AU . . 2023-06-19 . 19 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230619013634/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jun/19/indigenous-voice-to-parliament-referendum-bill-passed-alter-constitution-public-vote-australia . live .
  124. News: Sakkal . Lisa . Visentin . Paul . 2023-02-06 . Lidia Thorpe splits from Greens on Voice to parliament . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206052159/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/thorpe-to-split-from-party-on-voice-20230206-p5ci5y.html . 2023-02-06 . 2023-04-03. The Sydney Morning Herald.
  125. News: Visentin . Lisa . 27 May 2023 . Thorpe says she won't lead progressive No campaign against the Voice . . 28 May 2023 . 27 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230527210255/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/thorpe-says-she-won-t-lead-progressive-no-campaign-against-the-voice-20230526-p5dbn9.html . live .
  126. News: Morse . Dana . 20 June 2023 . Lidia Thorpe announces she will be backing No campaign against Indigenous Voice . . 20 June 2023 . 20 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230620055728/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-20/lidia-thorpe-will-back-no-campaign-against-indigenous-voice-/102500592 . live .
  127. Web site: Constitution Alteration (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice) 2023. Commonwealth Parliament. Parliament House, Canberra. www.aph.gov.au. 20 June 2023. 19 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230619091548/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r7019. live.
  128. News: Butler . Josh . Allam . Lorena . 19 June 2023 . Tensions arise as Lidia Thorpe and Pauline Hanson vie to contribute to voice pamphlet . . 20 June 2023 . 20 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230620055725/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jun/19/tensions-arise-as-lidia-thorpe-and-pauline-hanson-vie-to-contribute-to-voice-pamphlet . live .
  129. News: Massola . James . 2023-07-20 . Blak Sovereign Movement blasts Yes and No camps, dismisses Voice as 'cheap window dressing' . 2023-07-22 . . 22 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230722001346/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/blak-sovereign-movement-blasts-yes-and-no-camps-dismisses-voice-as-cheap-window-dressing-20230720-p5dpwq.html . live .
  130. News: Teal backs voice, even if it fails referendum. The Australian. 20 January 2023. Sarah. Iveson. 19 April 2023. 19 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230419114857/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/teal-backs-voice-even-if-it-fails/news-story/68d76aaa3a8ed5a36b23ae1244f38ca3. live.
  131. Web site: Every party's stance on the Voice to Parliament – and those who have split on the issue . 6 News Australia . 19 April 2023 . 19 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419051602/https://www.6newsau.com/post/every-party-s-stance-on-the-voice-to-parliament-and-those-who-have-split-on-the-issue . live .
  132. Web site: Andrew in Parliament on Indigenous Land Rights, Closing the Gap & the Uluru Statement from the Heart . Andrew Wilkie . 17 October 2021 . 17 May 2023 . 17 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230517092307/https://andrewwilkie.org/2021/10/andrew-in-parliament-on-indigenous-land-rights-closing-the-gap-the-uluru-statement-from-the-heart/ . live .
  133. News: Labor must not betray Indigenous voters by delaying voice to parliament, Keating and Pearson say. The Guardian. 14 October 2023. 22 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230422064750/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/apr/06/labor-must-not-betray-indigenous-voters-by-delaying-voice-to-parliament-keating-and-pearson-say. live.
  134. Web site: Prime Minister hits back at John Howard, warning Indigenous Voice could be 'coercive' and divisive . . 18 August 2022 . 16 April 2023 . 16 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230416112627/https://thewest.com.au/news/indigenous-australians/prime-minister-hits-back-at-john-howard-warning-indigenous-voice-could-be-coercive-and-divisive-c-7926843 . live .
  135. Web site: 'Why are we doing this to ourselves?' John Howard sees Indigenous voice to parliament as cockpit of conflict . . 25 July 2023 . 27 July 2023.
  136. Web site: Kevin Rudd says Tony Abbott is wrong on the Voice to parliament. The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 August 2022. 14 October 2023. 22 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230422063857/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/rudd-rebukes-abbott-for-stoking-anxiety-and-fear-over-voice-to-parliament-20220805-p5b7hs.html. live.
  137. Web site: Beyond Blue chair and former prime minister Julia Gillard has announced the national mental health organisation will "wholeheartedly" support the Yes vote for an Indigenous Voice to Parliament. abc.net.au. 30 May 2023. 30 May 2023. 30 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230530024018/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-30/julia-gillard-ken-wyatt-beyond-blue-support-voice-to-parliament/102406794. live.
  138. Web site: Voice to Parliament wrong in principle, bad in practice: Tony Abbott. 23 December 2022. Sky News Australia. 5 April 2023. 11 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230211212649/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/voice-to-parliament-wrong-in-principle-bad-in-practice-deeply-counterproductive-tony-abbott-says-in-stinging-critique/news-story/ee82c49897f1177264b2ed0a679589a7. live.
  139. Web site: Tony Abbott accuses tech of censoring 'no' campaign. 4 January 2023. Sky News Australia. 5 April 2023. 11 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230211212651/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/voice-to-parliament/engaging-in-censorship-former-prime-minister-tony-abbott-blasts-tech-giants-for-pulling-antivoice-advertisements/news-story/219f294c4dc332b61cdd6f5b97057b41. live.
  140. News: Tony Abbott tells CPAC an Indigenous voice to parliament would promote 'discrimination'. The Guardian. 5 April 2023. 1 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230901084254/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/oct/01/tony-abbott-tells-cpac-an-indigenous-voice-to-parliament-would-promote-discrimination. live.
  141. News: I will be voting yes to establish an Indigenous voice to parliament. Malcolm Turnbull. The Guardian. 15 August 2022. 16 August 2022. 16 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220816031036/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/commentisfree/2022/aug/15/i-will-be-voting-yes-to-establish-an-indigenous-voice-to-parliament. live.
  142. Web site: PM Scott Morrison shares his version of the "Voice to Parliament." Mparntwe Alice Springs, February 18 – 2022. Paul. Wiles. 18 February 2022. 5 April 2023. 10 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044312/https://www.caama.com.au/2022/02/18/pm-scott-morrison-shares-his-version-of-the-voice-to-parliament-mparntwe-alice-springs-february-18-2022/. live.
  143. Web site: Election 2022: Scott Morrison rules out referendum on Indigenous Voice if re-elected. Sydney Morning Herald. 2 May 2022. 14 October 2023. 25 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230725020528/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/why-would-i-morrison-rules-out-referendum-on-indigenous-voice-if-re-elected-20220502-p5ahue.html. live.
  144. Web site: Morrison vetoes enshrining Indigenous voice in constitution. Crikey. 12 July 2019. 15 April 2023. 15 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230415071103/https://www.crikey.com.au/2019/07/12/worm-morrison-indigenous-voice/. live.
  145. Web site: Allam . Lorena . Josh . Butler . Voice referendum: who's behind the yes and no campaigns and how do they plan to convince Australia? . . 20 February 2023 . 15 April 2023 . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415195501/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/20/voice-referendum-whos-behind-the-yes-and-no-campaigns-and-how-do-they-plan-to-convince-australia . live .
  146. Park . Andy . Sean . Gordon . Sean Gordon to co-lead Liberals for Yes campaign . . audio + text . 12 June 2023 . 22 September 2023 . 22 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230922084019/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/radionational-drive/sean-grodon-co-lead-liberals-for-yes-campaign-voice-referendum/102470602 . live .
  147. News: Gordon . Sean . A voice will make right this country's history of division. Will Australians slap away our outstretched hand? . . 15 September 2023 . 22 September 2023 . 20 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230920081452/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/sep/15/a-voice-will-help-make-right-this-countrys-history-of-division-will-australians-slap-away-our-outstretched-hand . live .
  148. Web site: Raised on Brewarrina Mission, Sean Gordon is the latest addition to the Order of Australia . . 11 June 2023 . 22 September 2023 . 29 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230929001523/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/raised-on-brewarrina-mission-sean-gordon-is-the-latest-addition-to-the-order-of-australia/gx2y6xaro . live .
  149. Web site: About . Yes23 . 14 June 2023 . 14 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230614093330/https://yes23.com.au/about . live .
  150. Web site: One Journey, Together. 3 October 2023. 7 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230907071400/https://indigenousvoice.church/. live.
  151. Web site: 2023-04-09 . Voice would 'lift quality of life for everybody' . 2023-10-07 . PerthNow . en . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011113311/https://www.perthnow.com.au/politics/mundine-backs-liberals-practical-voice-proposal-c-10300718 . live .
  152. Web site: The Voice is not enough: vote now . Facebook . 2 June 2023 . 2 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230602071615/https://www.facebook.com/voiceisnotenough . live .
  153. News: Crowe . David . Revealed: The elite money behind the No campaign . 21 February 2024 . . 15 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230926084455/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/revealed-the-elite-money-behind-the-no-campaign-20230913-p5e4eh.html . 26 September 2023.
  154. News: Campbell . David . No campaign accused of misrepresenting First Nations commentators in youth-targeted advertisements . . 2 June 2023 . 2 June 2023 . 1 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601232257/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-02/fact-check-fair-australia-not-enough-no-campaign-quotes/102422750 . live .
  155. Web site: Referendum News . Facebook . 2 June 2023 . 16 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231016052959/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Freferendumnews . live .
  156. Web site: Wilson . Cam . Anti-Voice 'news' Facebook page is run by the No camp, but you wouldn't know it . . 22 May 2023 . 2 June 2023 . 2 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230602073925/https://www.crikey.com.au/2023/05/22/voice-to-parliament-no-advance-australia-unbranded-news-facebook-advertising-page/ . live .
  157. Walker . Jeremy . Silencing the Voice: the Fossil-fuelled Atlas Network's Campaign against Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australia . Cosmopolitan Civil Societies . 30 September 2023 . 15 . 2 . 105-125 . 10.5130/ccs.v15.i2.8813 . UTS ePRESS . 20 February 2024. free .
  158. News: Williams . David . Chiding in plain sight, Part II . 20 February 2024 . . 2 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240204203510/https://newsroom.co.nz/2023/11/02/chiding-in-plain-sight-part-two/ . 4 February 2024.
  159. Web site: Morse . Dana . Dan . Bourchier . Dan Bourchier . Key 'No' camps merge to form Australians for Unity to strengthen referendum campaign . . 11 May 2023 . 13 May 2023 . 12 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230512230906/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-11/key-no-camps-merge-to-strengthen-referendum-campaign/102329478 . live .
  160. Web site: Grattan . Michelle . Former deputy prime minister John Anderson joins group spearheading "no" campaign on the Voice . 2023-04-14 . . 30 January 2023 . en . 14 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031638/http://theconversation.com/former-deputy-prime-minister-john-anderson-joins-group-spearheading-no-campaign-on-the-voice-195571 . live .
  161. Web site: Home . Recognise a Better Way . 17 April 2023 . 13 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230413082342/https://www.recogniseabetterway.org.au/ . live .
  162. Web site: Jacinta Price quits "no" campaign group. The Klaxon. 19 September 2023. 19 September 2023. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012190957/https://theklaxon.com.au/ztem-64/. live.
  163. Web site: Home. Blak Sovereign Movement. 7 September 2023. 7 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230907061852/https://blaksovereignmovement.com/. live.
  164. Web site: Lidia Thorpe says voice referendum should be called off and attacks 'powerless advisory body'. Sarah Basford. Canales. 16 August 2023. The Guardian. 7 September 2023. 7 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230907061851/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/aug/16/lidia-thorpe-calls-for-referendum-called-off-indigenous-voice-to-parliament-no-campaign. live.
  165. Web site: Get ready for a conversation about the Voice. The Voice. Australian Government. 22 May 2022. 5 October 2023. 6 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231006050912/https://voice.gov.au/news/get-ready-conversation-about-voice. live.
  166. Web site: Be ready to vote – 14 October 2023. The Voice. Australian Government. 5 October 2023. 5 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231005001324/https://voice.gov.au/. live.
  167. Web site: Your Answer Matters – AEC launches 2023 referendum advertising campaign . . 19 August 2023 . 5 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005052012/https://www.aec.gov.au/media/2023/08-19.htm . live .
  168. Web site: Sutton-Brady . Catherine . Laer . Tom van . Fear vs pride: how do the Voice to Parliament ads try to influence voters? And is it effective? . . 2 August 2023 . 5 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006050910/https://theconversation.com/fear-vs-pride-how-do-the-voice-to-parliament-ads-try-to-influence-voters-and-is-it-effective-209834 . live .
  169. Web site: Briggs . Casey . What social media ads and polling tells us about the Voice to Parliament referendum campaign strategies so far . ABC News . 24 June 2023 . 5 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005091233/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-25/voice-no-campaign-strategy-facebook-ad-spend/102510194 . live .
  170. News: Visentin. Lisa. 3 September 2023. John Farnham backs Voice, permits his anthem to front Yes campaign ad. The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 September 2023. 3 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230903020741/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/john-farnham-backs-voice-permits-his-anthem-to-front-yes-campaign-ad-20230901-p5e18t.html. live.
  171. Web site: Yu . Andi . John Farnham's hit song 'You're the Voice' the official soundtrack for the 2023 referendum Yes campaign . . Australia . 3 September 2023 . 3 September 2023 . 3 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230903013248/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-03/john-farnhams-youre-the-voice-for-referendum-yes-campaign/102806260 . live .
  172. Web site: Carson . Andrea . Grömping . Max . Jackman . Simon . Voice referendum: is the 'yes' or 'no' camp winning on social media, advertising spend and in the polls? . . 4 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005145456/https://theconversation.com/voice-referendum-is-the-yes-or-no-camp-winning-on-social-media-advertising-spend-and-in-the-polls-208956 . live .
  173. Web site: Evershed . Nick . Voice referendum battlegrounds: digital ad spending surges in South Australia and Tasmania . the Guardian . 28 September 2023 . 5 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006050600/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/sep/29/voice-referendum-battlegrounds-digital-ad-spending-surges-in-south-australia-and-tasmania . live .
  174. Web site: Carson . Andrea . Strating . Rebecca . Jackman . Simon . The 'no' campaign is dominating the messaging on the Voice referendum on TikTok – here's why . . 4 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005013758/https://theconversation.com/the-no-campaign-is-dominating-the-messaging-on-the-voice-referendum-on-tiktok-heres-why-212465 . live .
  175. Web site: Muller . Denis . Journalists reporting on the Voice to Parliament do voters a disservice with 'he said, she said' approach . The Conversation . 1 May 2023 . 5 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006050909/https://theconversation.com/journalists-reporting-on-the-voice-to-parliament-do-voters-a-disservice-with-he-said-she-said-approach-204361 . live .
  176. Web site: Australia: news sources 2023 . Statista . 14 June 2023 . 5 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006050909/https://www.statista.com/statistics/588441/australia-news-sources/ . live .
  177. Lidberg . Johan . The distortion of the Australian public sphere: Media ownership concentration in Australia . AQ: Australian Quarterly . Australian Institute of Policy and Science . 90 . 1 . 2019 . 1443-3605 . 26563019 . 12–20 . 5 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006050909/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26563019 . live .
  178. Web site: Australia . Reporters Without Borders . 1 January 2023 . 5 October 2023 . 28 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220428174928/https://rsf.org/en/country/australia . live .
  179. Web site: Campbell . David . How large is Rupert Murdoch's reach through News Corp in Australian media, old and new? . ABC News . 13 April 2021 . 5 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006050909/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-14/fact-file-rupert-murdoch-media-reach-in-australia/100056660 . live .
  180. Web site: Tazewell . Charlie . Top 4 Australian media outlets based on popularity and viewership . Quilter . 18 July 2020 . 5 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006050911/https://www.quilter.com.au/top-4-australian-media-outlets-based-on-popularity-and-viewership/ . live .
  181. Poisoning the debate: How the Murdoch press is campaigning against the Voice: Interim report: 17 July – 27 August 2023. Fielding, Victoria. Australians for a Murdoch Royal Commission. September 2023. Murdoch Referendum Accountability Project. 5 October 2023. 29 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230929071903/https://murdochroyalcommission.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Poisinging-the-Debate-Interim-Report.pdf. live.
  182. Web site: Worthington . Brett . No campaign advertisement dubbed 'personal and racist attack' on Voice Yes campaigner Thomas Mayo . ABC News . 6 July 2023 . 13 August 2023 . 12 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230812185626/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-06/no-voice-newspaper-ad-dubbed-racist/102304488 . live .
  183. Web site: Butler . Josh . AFR apologises for running voice no campaign ad featuring 'racist trope' . . 6 July 2023 . 13 August 2023 . 9 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230809073630/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/06/no-campaign-cartoon-ad-newspaper-indigenous-voice-to-parliament . live .
  184. Web site: Wedesweiler . Madeleine . Australian newspaper apologises over 'racist' ad from No campaign . . 6 July 2023 . 13 August 2023 . 15 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230815035232/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australian-newspaper-apologises-over-racist-ad-from-voice-to-parliament-no-campaign/hic3jkzuq . live .
  185. News: Big W ditches in-store announcements that supported Indigenous voice to parliament . The Guardian . 21 July 2023 . Barrett . Jonathan . 12 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012233820/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/21/indigenous-voice-to-parliament-big-w-in-store-announcement . live .
  186. Web site: Big W stops in-store Voice support over customer complaints . 20 July 2023 . 12 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012233826/https://thewest.com.au/business/retail/indigenous-voice-to-parliament-big-w-to-stop-supportive-in-store-announcements-after-complaints-c-11338232 . live .
  187. Web site: Big W backflips on Indigenous Voice move . 21 July 2023 . 12 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012233820/https://au.news.yahoo.com/big-w-backflips-on-indigenous-voice-move-063840509.html . live .
  188. News: Wu . David . 4 October 2023 . Yes23 campaign deletes tweet suggesting No voters could put a cross on Voice to Parliament ballot after AEC flagged it would not be counted as a formal vote . . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045145/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/voice-to-parliament/yes23-campaign-deletes-tweet-suggesting-no-voters-could-put-a-cross-on-voice-to-parliament-ballot-after-aec-flagged-it-would-not-be-counted-as-a-formal-vote/news-story/fba4dbf82898246908f446f7232e4aaf . live .
  189. Web site: Yes23 warned by AEC on 'potentially misleading' purple signs . 3 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003044146/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/yes23-warned-by-aec-on-potentially-misleading-purple-signs-20231003-p5e99p.html . live .
  190. Web site: Yes23 campaign warned over signs which could 'mislead' voters at polling stations . ABC News . 3 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003095925/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-03/yes23-campaign-asked-to-keep-purple-white-signs-away-from-aec/102927986 . live .
  191. Web site: Burns . Brielle . Yes camp smashed over 'misleading' Voice act . . 2 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012122605/https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/yes-camp-smashed-over-misleading-voice-act-after-releasing-purple-campaign-signage/news-story/8f48598778f4ce1c6e4616833040a109 . live .
  192. Web site: AEC contacts Yes23 campaign over 'potential confusion' caused by voting centre signs . . 2 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003142543/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/aec-contacts-the-yes23-campaign-over-potential-confusion-caused-by-colour-scheme-on-vote-yes-signs-at-referendum-voting-centres/news-story/7260776b7874921da2623b8c6bd6e278 . live .
  193. Web site: Are Chinese Australians getting both sides of the argument on the Voice?. Cheng. Joyce. Dziedzic. Stephen. ABC News. 7 October 2023. 29 April 2024.
  194. Web site: McIlroy . Tom . Trolls, China spreading Voice disinformation . . 28 August 2023 . 21 September 2023 . 20 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230920053400/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/trolls-china-spreading-voice-disinformation-20230828-p5dzvm . live .
  195. Web site: Ritchie . Hannah . Voice referendum: Lies fuel racism ahead of Australia's Indigenous vote . BBC News . 5 September 2023 . 27 September 2023 . 27 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230927015237/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66470376 . live .
  196. Web site: Graham. Timothy. 8 September 2023. Understanding Misinformation and Media Manipulation on Twitter During the Voice to Parliament Referendum. OSF Preprints. 10.31219/osf.io/qu2fb. 4. 29 September 2023. 27 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230927091609/https://osf.io/qu2fb/. dead.
  197. Web site: Meta suspends fact-checker ahead of Voice referendum . . 30 August 2023 . 21 September 2023 . 21 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230921073042/https://nit.com.au/30-08-2023/7428/meta-suspends-fact-checker-ahead-of-voice-referendum . live .
  198. Web site: Houghton . Jack . 2023-08-30 . ABC embroiled in RMIT foreign-funded fact checking scandal as pressure mounts for review . 2023-09-16 . . 18 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110508/https://www.skynews.com.au/business/media/abc-embroiled-in-rmit-foreignfunded-fact-checking-scandal-as-pressure-mounts-for-the-national-broadcaster-to-cut-ties-with-the-university/news-story/3a66512c2345ab83ab35b18550beecda . live .
  199. Web site: Butler . Josh . Facebook suspends RMIT FactLab after voice no campaigners criticise factchecker . . 29 August 2023 . 21 September 2023 . 22 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230922055304/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/aug/29/facebook-meta-suspends-rmit-factlab-factchecker-indigenous-voice-to-parliament-referendum . live .
  200. Web site: Campbell . David . Secret agendas, context-free claims and mistaken identities: these are the key themes in Voice to Parliament misinformation . ABC News . 28 September 2023 . 4 October 2023 . 4 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004083853/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-29/fact-check-voice-to-parliament-misinformation/102913680 . live .
  201. Web site: Kelly . Sean . Voice to parliament stirring up 200 years of messy Australian history . . 17 September 2023 . 6 October 2023 . subscription . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045144/https://www.smh.com.au/national/we-ve-been-avoiding-this-for-200-years-no-wonder-the-voice-debate-has-turned-so-ugly-20230915-p5e536.html . live .
  202. Web site: Australian PM's hopes for unifying aboriginal referendum dashed as debate turns toxic . The Straits Times . 25 September 2023 . 6 October 2023 . 16 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231016053525/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/australian-pm-s-hopes-for-unifying-aboriginal-referendum-dashed-as-debate-turns-toxic . live .
  203. Web site: Tingle . Laura . Laura Tingle . Voice to parliament: Depressing quality of referendum debate . Australian Financial Review . 6 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045144/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/depressed-by-the-voice-debate-no-wonder-20231005-p5e9y5 . live .
  204. News: Chung . Frank . 14 September 2023 . Yes campaigner Marcia Langton's heated comments resurface after branding No campaign 'racist' . news.com.au .
  205. Web site: Butler . Josh . Marcia Langton denies criticising no voters, and says media is targeting her . the Guardian . 12 September 2023 . 6 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006002159/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/sep/12/marcia-langton-denies-criticising-no-voters-and-says-media-is-targeting-her . live .
  206. Web site: Roberts . Georgia . Marcia Langton 'racism' comments thrown into Voice debate during Question Time . ABC News . 13 September 2023 . 6 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005222446/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-13/marcia-langton-clarifies-no-camp-racism-comments/102848644 . live .
  207. Web site: As vote nears, 'horrific racism' mars Australian Voice referendum campaign — Racism News . Al Jazeera . 6 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006034139/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/6/as-vote-nears-horrific-racism-mars-australian-voice-referendum-campaign . live .
  208. Web site: Allam . Lorena . The voice debate has been a long fight – and the blows have landed hardest on First Nations people . the Guardian . 28 September 2023 . 6 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006214210/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/commentisfree/2023/sep/29/the-voice-debate-has-been-a-long-fight-and-the-blows-have-landed-hardest-on-first-nations-people . live .
  209. Web site: Sky News Australia . No campaigner reveals abuse and threats that led to mental health struggles . 2023-10-06 . 23 July 2023 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007050647/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/voice-to-parliament/no-campaigner-reveals-abuse-and-threats-that-led-to-mental-health-struggles/video/10f21f81c533263d83921380d9fecdce . live .
  210. Web site: Rawling . Caitlin . More than 900,000 early votes cast in Voice to Parliament referendum in three days — as it happened . ABC News . 3 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005074842/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-04/voice-to-parliament-referendum-live-blog-october-4/102930762 . live .
  211. News: How soon will we know the October 14 Voice to Parliament referendum result?. The Canberra Times. 2023-10-14. 14 October 2023. 14 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231014063812/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8358637/how-soon-will-we-know-the-voice-referendum-result/. live.
  212. Web site: 2023-10-14 . Australia rejects historic Indigenous referendum . 2023-10-14 . BBC News . en-GB . 14 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014154957/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-67110193 . live .
  213. News: 2023-10-14 . PM says Australia must do better for first peoples as Voice referendum voted down . en-AU . ABC News . 2023-10-15 . 15 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231015034213/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-14/voters-reject-indigeneous-voice-to-parliament-referendum/102974522 . live .
  214. Web site: Green . Antony . 2023-10-24 . The Voice Referendum Results by Vote Type and Electoral Division . 2023-11-07 . en-AU.
  215. News: Beazley . Jordyn . 2023-10-15 . Indigenous communities overwhelmingly voted yes to Australia's voice to parliament . The Guardian . 2023-10-23 . 0261-3077 . 23 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023061644/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/15/indigenous-communities-overwhelmingly-voted-yes-to-australias-voice-to-parliament . live .
  216. Web site: Bowe . William . 2023-10-16 . Crunching the numbers on Indigenous support for the Voice . 2023-10-23 . Crikey . 24 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231024055659/https://www.crikey.com.au/2023/10/16/voice-to-parliament-indigenous-support-voting-numbers/ . live .
  217. News: Mundine . Nyunggai Warren . Warren Mundine . 24 January 2024 . Change the date but celebrate the day . subscription . 24 January 2024 . . Nine Entertainment .
  218. Web site: Green . Antony . 2023-10-17 . The Most Meaningless Graph I've Ever Drawn . Antony Green's Election Blog . en-AU.
  219. Web site: Biddle . Nicholas . 2023-11-27 . Detailed analysis of the 2023 Voice to Parliament Referendum and related social and political attitudes . . The ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods.
  220. News: Voice result reveals more than just Australia's country-city divide . ABC News . 14 October 2023 .
  221. Web site: DesmosAU . Voice to Parliament Research: What Drove The No Victory? .
  222. Web site: Indigenous yes advocates have called for a week of silence post-referendum . 2023-10-20 . NITV . en . 19 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231019232959/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/indigenous-yes-advocates-have-called-for-a-week-of-silence-post-referendum/upp1jn4ak . live .
  223. Web site: Foley . Mike . 2023-10-23 . 'Shameful victory': Indigenous leaders' bitter lesson from Voice campaign . subscription . 2023-10-24 . . . en . 22 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231022054900/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/politics/federal/declaration-of-war-mundine-rejects-criticism-from-yes-campaign-20231022-p5ee3g.html . live .
  224. Web site: [Unknown] . 22 October 2023 . Open Letter: Statement for Our People and Country . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026080612/https://fpdn.org.au/open-letter-statement-for-our-people-and-country/ . 26 October 2023 . 26 October 2023 . First Peoples Disability Network Australia.
  225. News: Canales . Sarah Basford . 2023-10-22 . Yes supporters say voice referendum 'unleashed a tsunami of racism' . The Guardian Australia . 0261-3077 . 23 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023010825/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/22/indigenous-groups-say-voice-referendum-unleashed-a-tsunami-of-racism . live .
  226. Web site: Staveley . Patrick . 2023-10-23 . 'Disgraceful attack on Australia': Warren Mundine tees off on Yes supporters' open letter . Sky News Australia . News Corp . en . 26 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026081413/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/voice-to-parliament/warren-mundine-hits-back-at-yes-camp-over-open-letter-that-accused-australians-of-shameful-act-for-voting-no-in-referendum/news-story/c2bf88a02f48bf4f0ea1b0c1446db62f . live .
  227. News: Menon . Praveen . Jackson . Lewis . Cole . Wayne . 15 October 2023 . Australia rejects Indigenous referendum in setback for reconciliation . Reuters.
  228. Web site: Hobbs . Harry . Harry Hobbs . Reconciliation Rejected: Is Constitutional Change Possible after the Voice Referendum in Australia? . 2024-01-29 . ConstitutionNet . en.
  229. Web site: Langton . Marcia . 2023-10-14 . Marcia Langton: 'Whatever the outcome, reconciliation is dead' . subscription . 2023-11-29 . The Saturday Paper . en.
  230. Web site: As Australians reject the Voice, Marcia Langton declares Reconciliation 'dead' . 2023-10-20 . SBS News . en . 19 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231019213828/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australians-say-no-to-the-voice-before-polls-close-in-the-west/yt2y7eb9s . live .
  231. Web site: This state had the second-highest No vote, so why is it introducing its own Voice? . 2023-10-20 . SBS News . en . 19 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231019225044/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/this-state-had-the-second-highest-no-vote-so-why-is-it-introducing-its-own-voice/qxrasyk03 . live .
  232. News: Gillespie . Eden . Smee . Ben . 2023-10-18 . Queensland LNP abandons support for treaty with First Nations people . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-10-20 . 0261-3077 . 20 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020064642/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/19/queensland-lnp-abandons-support-for-treaty-with-first-nations-people . live .
  233. News: 2023-10-18 . Queensland Opposition Leader David Crisafulli says Path to Treaty 'will only create further division', retracts support for laws . Kate . McKenna . Rachel . Riga . en-AU . ABC News . 2023-10-20 . 20 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020064648/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-19/david-crisafulli-backflips-on-path-to-treaty-support-queensland/102984166 . live .
  234. Web site: October 18, 2023 . LNP flips on support for treaty . Lydia . Lynch . Michael . McKenna . subscription . live . https://archive.today/20231018094740/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/indigenous/queensland-lnp-flips-on-support-for-indigenous-treaty/news-story/74219eafa2f25e58befb099516381851?amp&nk=91c17c2ce0acfd9b343ec54198fe27fd-1697622469 . 18 Oct 2023 . The Australian.
  235. Web site: Victorian Liberals' moderate credentials looking shaky as commitment to treaty wavers . The Guardian . 20 Oct 2023 . Benita . Kolovos . 22 October 2023 . 23 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023035826/https://amp.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/21/victorian-liberals-moderate-credentials-looking-shaky-as-commitment-to-treaty-wavers . live .
  236. News: Kolovos . Benita . Ore . Adeshola . 2024-01-22 . Treaty could make people 'feel more divided', Victorian opposition leader says, as Coalition withdraws support . 2024-01-24 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
  237. News: Love . Simon . Roulston . Amy . 2024-01-21 . 'We don't believe we should proceed with Treaty': Leader of Nationals confirms Coalition U-turn on support for Treaty in Victoria . . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240124140550/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/we-dont-believe-we-should-proceed-with-treaty-leader-of-nationals-confirms-coalition-uturn-on-support-for-treaty-in-victoria/news-story/310d54e27b55a0c43fb587ebed8a7163 . Jan 24, 2024 .
  238. Web site: Abbott . Tony . 2023-10-20 . Voice defeat delivers opening salvo against identity politics . subscription . 22 October 2023 . The Australian.
  239. Web site: Albanese had been underestimated his whole life. Then he overestimated himself . 20 October 2023 . 22 October 2023 . 22 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231022232712/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/albanese-had-been-underestimated-his-whole-life-then-he-overestimated-himself-20231019-p5edne.html . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.