2023 Vilnius summit explained

Summit Name:NATO Summit Vilnius 2023
Other Titles:2023 Vilnius Summit
Country:Lithuania
Cities:Vilnius
Date:11–12 July 2023
Follows:2022 Madrid summit
Precedes:2024 Washington summit

The 2023 Vilnius summit was the 32nd formal meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of the thirty-one members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), their partner countries, and the European Union, held in Vilnius, Lithuania, on 11–12 July 2023. The summit was officially proposed during the previous 2022 Madrid summit and its dates were fixed on 9 November 2022.[1] [2] It was notable for the discussions about the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine as well as Sweden and Ukraine's prospective memberships into the alliance.

Background

The summit was held in the context of an ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. In his January 2023 address to the Lithuanian Parliament, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy described the summit as fateful.[3] Ukraine expressed the desire to be formally invited to NATO at the Vilnius summit.[4] On 8 July 2023, US President Joe Biden said that Ukraine is not ready to join NATO at that time.[5] By the time of the summit there were 24 member states that had formally declared their support for Ukraine's NATO membership.[6] [7] Before the summit, on 4 July 2023, the former President of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė criticized the Western leaders who failed to prevent the Russian aggression and said that the refusal to invite Ukraine to NATO would be a mistake.[8]

Following the accession of Finland to NATO earlier in 2023, there had been an expectation among many NATO member states that Turkey and Hungary will complete the ratification process and allow the accession of Sweden before the summit.[9] However, due to Turkish objections, it was unclear if Turkey would support Sweden's application by the time of the summit.[10]

Australia, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea attended the summit to strengthen their ties with NATO due to increasing tensions with China and Russia.[11] [12]

Security

According to a representative of the Dignitary Protection Service of Lithuania, 40 heads of state and up to 150 other high-ranking officials will attend the summit and will require personal protection.[13] To ensure the safety and security, Lithuania committed around 1,500 police officers, including the anti-terrorist unit ARAS and the Criminal Police Bureau, as well as over 3,000 troops of the Lithuanian Armed Forces.[13] Additionally, police officers from Latvia and Poland aided in security and around 1,000 troops from NATO states additionally joined as well, including the Polish Special Forces to aid the Lithuanian Special Operations Force.[13] [14] Overall, up to 12,000 officers and soldiers were deployed.[13] In addition to security personnel, Spain is reported to have temporarily moved its NASAMS air defense system from its long-term position in Latvia to Vilnius, in addition to Lithuania's own NASAMS systems.[13] Similarly, German Armed Forces have deployed their MIM-104 Patriot long-range air defense system, placing it in Vilnius International Airport.[15] [16] NATO sent additional warships to the Baltic Sea.[17] CBRN task force was also deployed.[13]

The Lithuanian State Border Guard Service announced that, from 7 to 13 July, internal Schengen Area border control would be reinstated at Lithuania's border checkpoints with member nations Latvia and Poland, as well as its airports and seaports.[18] For the duration of the event, as well as the days leading up to and after the event, many traffic restrictions were announced by the Vilnius City Municipality, including the closure of the entirety of the Vilnius Old Town and many parts of the city center for vehicles.[19] Additionally, from 11 to 12 July, all flights over Vilnius and the surrounding airspace were prohibited and scheduled flights from Vilnius Airport were suspended.[20] According to a representative of Lithuanian Airports, the other two civilian airports in Lithuania – Kaunas Airport and Palanga Airport – would continue to work but could experience delays.[21]

Summit

US President Joe Biden and a number of other leaders began arriving in Vilnius on Monday, the eve of the summit.[22] In the evening, the Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg hosted a meeting between Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson. Following multiple hours of negotiations, Stoltenberg announced that Erdoğan agreed to unblock Swedish accession to NATO and ensure the ratification as soon as possible.[23] Soon after the announcement, Hungarian Prime Minister, Viktor Orban, stated that Hungary would no longer block the entry of Sweden and would also support their membership into the defence bloc.[24]

On 11 July, the three Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) signed an agreement on joint airspace defense.[25]

On 11 July, a memorandum was signed between 11 nations and Ukraine to form the F-16 training coalition. As part of the signed memorandum, Ukrainian pilots, technicians, and support personnel will participate in the training program. The coalition consisted of Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.[26] According to the US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin, Denmark and the Netherlands took leadership of the formed coalition and the two nations are to outline the training plan.[27]

Stoltenberg stated that Ukraine will not become a NATO member while the Russo-Ukrainian War remains ongoing and that the summit was not meant to be a formal invitation for it to join NATO, although countries remain divided on whether Ukraine should be able to join after the war ends.[28] Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that he wanted NATO to allow Ukraine to join as soon as possible after the war ends. However, other nations feared that such quick admittance of Ukraine to NATO could potentially increase Russian aggression and drag out the war even farther.[29] Stoltenberg has also stated that he expects the summit to create a program of long-term aid over several years for Ukraine: "We have already pledged 500 million euros [US$548m] for critical needs, including fuel, medical supplies, de-mining equipment and pontoon bridges. We will also help build Ukraine's security and defence sector, including with military hospitals. And we will help Ukraine transition from Soviet-era to NATO equipment and standards."[30]

Following the summit, Biden gave a speech at Vilnius University that touched on themes of unity between liberal democracies in the face of Russian aggression.[31]

Participants

Key
Non-NATO member
Country or
organization		Head of DelegationTitle
Jens StoltenbergSecretary General[32]
Edi RamaPrime Minister[33]
Anthony AlbanesePrime Minister[34] [35]
Alexander De CrooPrime Minister
Josip BrkićDeputy Foreign Minister
Nikolai DenkovPrime Minister[36]
Prime Minister[37]
Zoran MilanovićPresident[38]
Petr PavelPresident
Mette FrederiksenPrime Minister[39]
Kaja Kallas[40]
Council President[41]
Commission President[42]
Sauli NiinistöPresident[43]
Emmanuel MacronPresident[44]
Foreign Minister[45]
Chancellor[46]
Kyriakos MitsotakisPrime Minister[47]
Viktor OrbánPrime Minister
Katrín JakobsdóttirPrime Minister
Giorgia MeloniPrime Minister
Fumio KishidaPrime Minister[48]
Krišjānis KariņšPrime Minister[49]
Gitanas Nausėda (host)President
Xavier BettelPrime Minister[50]
Nicu PopescuForeign Minister
Jakov MilatovićPresident
Mark RuttePrime Minister
Chris HipkinsPrime Minister
Dimitar KovačevskiPrime Minister
Jonas Gahr StørePrime Minister[51]
Andrzej DudaPresident[52]
António CostaPrime Minister[53]
Klaus IohannisPresident[54]
Zuzana ČaputováPresident
Robert GolobPrime Minister[55]
Yoon Suk YeolPresident[56]
Pedro SánchezPrime Minister
Ulf KristerssonPrime Minister
Recep Tayyip ErdoğanPresident
Volodymyr ZelenskyyPresident[57]
Rishi SunakPrime Minister[58]
Joe BidenPresident[59]

Reactions

In a 12 July CNN interview, Boris Johnson, prime minister of the United Kingdom at the onset of the war, criticized the ambiguity about Ukraine's future membership and supported President Biden's decision to send cluster munitions to Ukraine.

British Secretary of Defence Ben Wallace made a remark that "we are not Amazon" and that Ukraine should show more thanks for international military aid.[60] [61] British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, however, distanced himself from the comment and said that Ukrainians repeatedly expressed the gratitude.[62]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Madrid Summit Declaration . NATO . 15 February 2023 . 29 June 2022 . 6 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706202731/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_196951.htm . live .
  2. Web site: NATO Secretary General announces dates for 2023 Vilnius Summit . NATO . 15 February 2023 . 9 November 2022 . 14 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214090415/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_208802.htm . live .
  3. Web site: Zelenskyy Hopes That NATO Summit in Lithuania Will Be Fateful . eurointegration.com.ua . 15 February 2023 . 13 January 2023 . 15 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230315013639/https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/eng/news/2023/01/13/7154097/ . live .
  4. Web site: Ukraine wants NATO invite at Vilnius summit, urges 'courage,' Zelenskiy aide says. 29 June 2023. 4 July 2023. Reuters. 4 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230704111909/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-wants-nato-invite-vilnius-summit-urges-courage-zelenskiy-aide-2023-06-29/. live.
  5. Web site: 2023-07-08 . Biden: Ukraine is not ready for NATO membership now . 2023-07-08 . Yahoo Life.
  6. Web site: 2023-07-08 . Portugal supports Ukraine's membership in NATO when conditions allow . 2023-07-08 . ukrinform.net. 8 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230708122245/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3733222-portugal-supports-ukraines-membership-in-nato-when-conditions-allow.html . live .
  7. Web site: Hira . Humayun. Radina. Gigova. Mariya. Knight. Tara . John . Gul . Tuysuz . 2023-07-07 . Turkey's Erdogan says Ukraine deserves NATO membership . 2023-07-08 . CNN. 8 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230708084745/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/07/europe/turkey-ukraine-nato-membership-intl/index.html . live .
  8. Web site: Europe said Baltics were right about Russia, but is ignoring us again, says Lithuania's former president. 4 July 2023. 4 July 2023. LRT. 4 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230704090934/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2027748/europe-said-baltics-were-right-about-russia-but-is-ignoring-us-again-says-lithuania-s-former-president. live.
  9. Web site: Lithuania hopes Sweden will join NATO ahead of Vilnius summit despite Hungary's objection. 2023-06-29. 4 July 2023. LRT. 4 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230704111410/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2024473/lithuania-hopes-sweden-will-join-nato-ahead-of-vilnius-summit-despite-hungary-s-objection. live.
  10. Web site: Sweden's NATO bid could face delay beyond Vilnius summit – Western official. 28 June 2003. 4 July 2003. Reuters. 28 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230628202417/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/swedens-nato-bid-could-face-delay-beyond-vilnius-summit-western-official-2023-06-28/. live.
  11. Web site: Statement of the NATO Secretary General with representatives of Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea. NATO. 5 April 2023. 4 July 2023. 4 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230704115036/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_213474.htm. live.
  12. Web site: With eye on China, Japan to deepen ties with NATO at key leaders' summit. 2 July 2023. 4 July 2023. The Japan Times. 4 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230704115036/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/07/02/national/nato-leaders-summit-japan-preview/. live.
  13. Web site: Unprecedented scale: 12,000 officers, troops to ensure security during NATO summit in Vilnius. 2023-07-03. 2023-07-03. Lithuanian National Radio and Television. 3 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230703101611/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2026864/unprecedented-scale-12-000-officers-troops-to-ensure-security-during-nato-summit-in-vilnius. live.
  14. Web site: Poland to send special forces contingent to Lithuania for NATO summit. 2023-06-30. 4 July 2023. Lithuanian National Radio and television. 4 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230704104323/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2025344/poland-to-send-special-forces-contingent-to-lithuania-for-nato-summit. live.
  15. Web site: Germany deploys Patriot air defence system for NATO summit in Vilnius. 2023-06-29. 2023-07-03. Lithuanian National Radio and television. 3 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230703101609/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2025030/germany-deploys-patriot-air-defence-system-for-nato-summit-in-vilnius. live.
  16. Web site: Nausėda lankysis "Patriot" dislokacijos vietoje Vilniuje. Nausėda will visit the "Patriot" deployment site in Vilnius. 7 July 2023. 9 July 2023. lt. Delfi. 8 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230708104405/https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/nauseda-lankysis-patriot-dislokacijos-vietoje-vilniuje.d?id=93874099. live.
  17. Web site: NATO sends more warships to the Baltic Sea. 4 July 2023. 5 July 2023. LRT. 4 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230704234042/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2028164/nato-sends-more-warships-to-the-baltic-sea. live.
  18. Web site: Lithuania to reinstate checks on borders with Poland, Latvia for NATO summit . 2023-07-03 . 2023-05-31 . Lithuanian National Radio and television. 3 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230703101606/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2002054/lithuania-to-reinstate-checks-on-borders-with-poland-latvia-for-nato-summit . live .
  19. Web site: NATO viršūnių susitikimas Vilniuje. NATO summit in Vilnius. 2023-07-03. NATO viršūnių susitikimas Vilniuje. lt-LT. 3 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230703101609/https://nato.vilnius.lt/. live.
  20. Web site: Dažnai užduodami klausimai . NATO summit in Vilnius – FAQ . 2023-07-03 . NATO viršūnių susitikimas Vilniuje . lt-LT . 3 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230703101607/https://nato.vilnius.lt/daznai-uzduodami-klausimai/ . live .
  21. Web site: NATO viršūnių susitikimas: svarbiausia informacija keleiviams. NATO summit: essential information for passengers. 2023-07-03. Kaunas Airport. lt. 4 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230704105029/https://kaunas-airport.lt/lt/pries-skrydi/nato. live.
  22. Web site: US President Joe Biden arrives in Lithuania – photos. 10 July 2023. 10 July 2023. LRT. 11 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230711010036/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2031575/us-president-joe-biden-arrives-in-lithuania-photos. live.
  23. Web site: Turkey's Erdogan to back Sweden joining Nato – Stoltenberg. 10 July 2023. 10 July 2023. BBC News. 10 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230710193316/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-66160319. live.
  24. News: Siebold . Sabine . Irish . John . 2023-07-10 . Turkey gives green light to Swedish NATO membership bid. Reuters. 2023-07-11.
  25. Web site: Baltic States agree on joint airspace defense. 11 July 2023. 10 November 2023. en. LSM.
  26. Web site: In Vilnius, Oleksii Reznikov signed the Memorandum on the establishing of the coalition for the training Ukrainian pilots for the F-16. mil.gov.ua. 2023-07-11.
  27. Web site: NATO Allies Reveal New Details on Ukrainian F-16 Training. Chris. Gordon. airandspaceforces.com. 15 June 2023.
  28. News: Siebold . Sabine . 10 July 2023 . Explainer: What's on the table for NATO at Vilnius summit?. Reuters. 11 July 2023 . 11 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230711010047/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/whats-table-nato-vilnius-summit-2023-07-10/ . live .
  29. News: 10 July 2023 . Nato summit: Ukraine's future membership to be discussed by leaders in Vilnius. BBC News . 11 July 2023.
  30. Web site: Shankar . Priyanka . NATO membership of Ukraine, Sweden in focus at Vilnius summit . 11 July 2023 . Al Jazeera. 11 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230711010024/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/10/nato-membership-of-ukraine-sweden-in-focus-at-vilnius-summit . live .
  31. Web site: 2023-07-12 . Biden vows U.S. and allies 'will not waver' in defense of Ukraine . 2023-07-26 . NBC News.
  32. News: 2023-06-13. NATO chief offers Vilnius summit preview at White House. Al Jazeera. 2023-06-25. 25 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230625143610/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/13/nato-chief-offers-vilnius-summit-preview-at-white-house. live.
  33. Web site: NATO summit in Lithuania, Rama: Albania ready to commit additional troops. 9 July 2023. 10 July 2023. Euronews Albania. 11 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230711010024/https://euronews.al/en/nato-summit-in-lithuania-rama-albania-ready-to-commit-additional-troops/. live.
  34. News: 2023-05-29 . Ahead of the NATO Summit in Vilnius: What Vilnius Residents and Visitors Need to Know . Vilnius City Municipality . live . 2023-06-22 . 22 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230622121708/https://vilnius.lt/en/2023/05/29/ahead-of-the-nato-summit-in-vilnius-what-vilnius-residents-and-visitors-need-to-know/ .
  35. News: 2023-04-21 . Australia prime minister to attend NATO summit in July. Reuters. 2023-06-27 . 27 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627080503/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/australia-prime-minister-attend-nato-summit-july-2023-04-21/ . live .
  36. Web site: Bulgaria's PM will lead the Delegation to the NATO Summit – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency . 2023-06-27 . novinite.com . 27 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627080514/https://www.novinite.com/articles/220602/Bulgaria%E2%80%99s+PM+will+lead+the+Delegation+to+the+NATO+Summit . live .
  37. Web site: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau travelling to Latvia and NATO summit in Lithuania . 2023-07-06 . CTV News . 4 July 2023 . 6 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230706011016/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/prime-minister-justin-trudeau-travelling-to-latvia-and-nato-summit-in-lithuania-1.6466709 . live .
  38. Web site: "We are going to Vilnius to show solidarity, but Croatia has no say on important decisions" . 2023-06-27 . The Voice of Croatia . 27 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627080505/https://glashrvatske.hrt.hr/en/politics/we-are-going-to-vilnius-to-show-solidarity-but-croatia-has-no-say-on-important-decisions--10856006 . live .
  39. Web site: Arrival of Danish Prime Minister at the NATO Summit in Vilnius . 2023-07-11 . DVIDS.
  40. Web site: Greetings to NAFOfellas at the first-ever NAFOSummit in Vilnius. NAFO is a living example of how to disarm Russian disinformation with humour, intelligence and enthusiasm. Behind every Fella is a real person who believes in Ukraine's victory. Thank you for your service. . 2023-07-09 . Twitter. 9 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230709053850/https://twitter.com/kajakallas/status/1677659297600217091?s=20 . live .
  41. https://twitter.com/CharlesMichel/status/1678467528115232778?s=20
  42. https://twitter.com/MariusVascega/status/1678794296256868360?s=20
  43. Web site: President Niinistö to NATO Summit in Vilnius . 7 July 2023 . 9 July 2023.
  44. Web site: S.A . Telewizja Polska . Macron and Nausėda discuss Ukraine crisis strengthening NATO defense . 2023-06-27 . tvpworld.com . pl . 27 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627080504/https://tvpworld.com/70078931/macron-and-nausda-discuss-ukraine-crisis-strengthening-nato-defense . live .
  45. Web site: Foreign Minister Ilia Darchiashvili Attends the NATO Vilnius Summit . 2023-07-11 . Civil.ge . 11 July 2023 . 11 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230711110530/https://civil.ge/archives/551762 . live .
  46. Web site: Tautiškos giesmės" giedojimas Lietuvoje ir visame pasaulyje . 2023-07-06 . Delfi . 7 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162710/https://www.delfi.lt/video/aktualijos/tautiskos-giesmes-giedojimas-lietuvoje-ir-visame-pasaulyje.d?id=93850815 . live .
  47. Web site: 2023-06-26 . Turkiye Erdogan, Greece Mitsotakis to meet at July NATO summit . 2023-06-27 . Middle East Monitor. 27 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627080503/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230626-turkiye-erdogan-greece-mitsotakis-to-meet-at-july-nato-summit/ . live .
  48. Web site: 2023-06-21 . Japan's Kishida to Visit Europe, Middle East in July . 2023-06-27 . nippon.com. 27 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627080504/https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2023062101009/ . live .
  49. Web site: Kariņš at NATO summit: Sweden's accession will change Baltic military situation. 11 July 2023. 11 July 2023. LSM.
  50. Web site: Xavier Bettel, François Bausch et Jean Asselborn participeront au Sommet de l'OTAN à Vilnius . 10 July 2023 .
  51. Web site: Historic Summit for Norway, the Nordic countries and NATO. 11 July 2023. 11 July 2023. Government of Norway.
  52. Web site: Participation of the Polish President in the NATO Summit in Vilnius . prezydent . Polish . 2023-07-10 . 4 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230704150113/https://www.prezydent.pl/dla-mediow/zapowiedzi-prasowe/udzial-prezydenta-rp-w-szczycie-nato-w-wilnie-,70057 . dead .
  53. Web site: NATO accepts Portuguese proposal to focus on Africa more closely. 11 July 2023. 11 July 2023. Government of Portugal.
  54. Web site: President Iohannis to attend NATO summit in Vilnius. 11 July 2023. 11 July 2023. National Press Agency AGERPRES.
  55. Web site: Golob: Sweden's accession to NATO signals change in its doctrine. 11 July 2023. 11 July 2023. Slovenian Press Agency.
  56. Web site: 2023-06-04 . President Yoon to attend NATO Summit in Lithuania next month . 2023-06-27 . koreatimes. 27 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627080504/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/06/120_352294.html . live .
  57. News: 2023-02-22 . Zelenskiy plans to attend July NATO summit in Vilnius – Ukraine ambassador. Reuters. 2023-06-22 . 22 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230622121702/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/zelenskiy-plans-attend-july-nato-summit-vilnius-ukraine-ambassador-2023-02-22/ . live .
  58. Web site: 2023-07-02. Joe Biden will meet with King Charles at Windsor Castle on UK visit this month. 2023-07-03. inews. 3 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230703131809/https://inews.co.uk/news/joe-biden-king-charles-rishi-sunak-uk-visit-2448849. live.
  59. Web site: 2023-05-08 . Sky-high NATO summit costs raise questions in Lithuania . 2023-06-27 . euronews. 27 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627080504/https://www.euronews.com/2023/05/08/the-price-of-nato-sky-high-summit-costs-raise-questions-for-lithuanias-government . live .
  60. News: Moody . Oliver . George . Grylls . 2023-07-13 . Russia-Ukraine war: Kyiv voices gratitude for aid after Ben Wallace warns 'we're not Amazon' . The Times. 2023-07-13 . 0140-0460.
  61. News: Sabbagh . Dan . 2023-07-12 . US and UK call for more gratitude from Kyiv after Zelenskiy's Nato complaint. The Guardian . 2023-07-13 . 0261-3077.
  62. Web site: Ben Wallace accused of 'scolding' Ukraine over demands for weapons: 'We're not Amazon'. 13 July 2023. 10 November 2023. The Independent.

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