2023 United States state legislative elections explained

Election Name:	2023 United States state legislative elections
Country:	United States
Type:	legislative
Ongoing:	yes
Previous Election:	2022 United States state legislative elections
Previous Year:	2022
Next Election:	2024 United States state legislative elections
Next Year:	2024
Seats For Election:	8 legislative chambers 4 states
Election Date:	November 7, 2023
Party1:	Republican Party (US)
1Data1:	57
2Data1:	56
3Data1:	1
Party2:	Democratic Party (US)
1Data2:	40
2Data2:	41
3Data2:	1
1Blank:	Current chambers
2Blank:	Chambers after
3Blank:	Overall change
Map Size:	321px
Map2 Size:	321px
Map2 Caption:	Map of lower house elections:
Colour3:	d9b2d9
Party3:	Coalition
1Data3:	2
2Data3:	2

The 2023 United States state legislative elections were held on November 7, 2023, for eight state legislative chambers in four states.^[1] These off-year elections coincided with other state and local elections, including gubernatorial elections in three states. Special elections were held throughout the year in several states.

The Democratic Party flipped control of Virginia's lower house, the House of Delegates, which it had lost two years earlier, and retained its majority in Virginia's upper house, the Senate. Democrats also expanded their majority in the New Jersey Legislature. The Republican Party strengthened its majorities in the Mississippi and Louisiana legislatures.

Summary table

Regularly-scheduled elections were held in 8 of the 99 state legislative chambers in the United States. Nationwide, regularly-scheduled elections were or are to be held for 578 of the 7,383 legislative seats. This table only covers regularly-scheduled elections; additional special elections may take place concurrently with these regularly-scheduled elections.

State	Upper House				Lower House
	Seats up	Total	% up	Term	Seats up	Total	% up	Term
Louisiana	39	39	100	4	105	105	100	4
Mississippi	52	52	100	4	122	122	100	4
New Jersey	40	40	100	4	80	80	100	2
Virginia	40	40	100	4	100	100	100	2

Election predictions

Several sites and individuals publish predictions of competitive chambers. These predictions look at factors such as the strength of the party, the strength of the candidates, and the partisan leanings of the state (reflected in part by the state's Cook Partisan Voting Index rating). The predictions assign ratings to each chambers, with the rating indicating the predicted advantage that a party has in winning that election.

Most election predictors use:

• "Tossup": No advantage
• "Tilt": Advantage that is not quite as strong as "lean"
• "Lean": Slight advantage
• "Likely": Significant, but surmountable, advantage
• "Safe" or "Solid": Near-certain chance of victory

State	PVI^[2]	Chamber	data-sort-type="number"	Last election	270toWin ^[3]	Elections Daily ^[4]	Result
Louisiana		Senate	data-sort-value="69.2"	R 27–12			data-sort-value="74.4"	R 28–11
		House of Representatives	data-sort-value="67.6"	R 71–33–1			data-sort-value="69.5"	R 73-32
Mississippi		Senate	data-sort-value="69.2"	R 36–16			data-sort-value="69.2"	R 36–16
		House of Representatives	data-sort-value="63.1"	R 77–42–3			data-sort-value="64.8"	R 79-41-2
New Jersey		Senate	data-sort-value="-62.5"	D 25–15			data-sort-value="-62.5"	D 25–15
		General Assembly	data-sort-value="-57.5"	D 46–34			data-sort-value="-65.0"	D 52-28
Virginia		Senate	data-sort-value="-55.0"	D 22–18			data-sort-value="-52.5"	D 21-19
		House of Delegates	data-sort-value="52.0"	R 52–48			data-sort-value="-51.0"	D 51-49

State summaries

Louisiana

See main article: 2023 Louisiana State Senate election and 2023 Louisiana House of Representatives election. All seats of the Louisiana State Senate and the Louisiana House of Representatives were up for election to four-year terms in 2023. Republicans retained control of both chambers.

+colspan=6	Louisiana State Senate
Party		Leader	Before	After	Change
	Republican	Page Cortez (term-limited)		27		28	1
	Democratic	Gerald Boudreaux	12	11	1
Total			39	39

+colspan=6	Louisiana House of Representatives
Party		Leader	Before	After	Change
	Republican	Clay Schexnayder (term-limited)		71		73	2
	Democratic	Samuel Jenkins Jr. (retiring)	33	32	1
	Independent	Joseph A. Marino III (retiring)	1	0	1
Total			105	105

Mississippi

See main article: 2023 Mississippi State Senate election and 2023 Mississippi House of Representatives election. All seats of the Mississippi State Senate and the Mississippi House of Representatives were up for election to four-year terms in 2023. Republicans retained control of both chambers.

+colspan=6	Mississippi State Senate
Party		Leader	Before	After	Change
	Republican	Dean Kirby		36		36
	Democratic	Derrick Simmons	16	16
Total			52	52

+colspan=6	Mississippi House of Representatives
Party		Leader	Before	After	Change
	Republican	Philip Gunn (retiring)		77		79	2
	Democratic	Robert Johnson III	42	41	1
	Independent		3	2	1
Total			122	122

New Jersey

See main article: 2023 New Jersey Senate election and 2023 New Jersey General Assembly election. All seats of the New Jersey Senate and the New Jersey General Assembly were up for election. In 2023, senators were be elected to four-year terms in single-member districts, while Assembly members were be elected to two-year terms in two-member districts.^[5] Democrats retained control in both chambers, expanding their majority in the General Assembly.

+colspan=6	New Jersey Senate
Party		Leader	Before	After	Change
	Democratic	Nicholas Scutari		25		25
	Republican	Anthony M. Bucco	15	15
Total			40	40

+colspan=6	New Jersey General Assembly
Party		Leader	Before	After	Change
	Democratic	Craig Coughlin		46		52	6
	Republican	John DiMaio	34	28	6
Total			80	80

Virginia

See main article: 2023 Virginia Senate election and 2023 Virginia House of Delegates election. All seats of the Virginia Senate and the Virginia House of Delegates were up for election in 2023. Senators were elected to four-year terms, while delegates serve terms of two years. At the time of the elections, the Democrats controlled the Senate while the Republicans controlled the House of Delegates. Following the elections, the Democrats flipped control of the House of Delegates and held on to the Senate with a reduced majority.

+colspan=6	Virginia Senate
Party		Leader	Before	After	Change
	Democratic	Dick Saslaw (retiring)		22		21	1
	Republican	Tommy Norment (retiring)	17	19	2
	Non-caucusing	Amanda Chase	1	0	1
Total			40	40

+colspan=6	Virginia House of Delegates
Party		Leader	Before	After	Change
	Democratic	Don Scott	48		51	3
	Republican	Todd Gilbert		52	49	3
Total			100	100

Special elections

There were fifty-one state legislative special elections scheduled for 2023.^[6] The Democratic Party flipped a seat in the Virginia Senate on January 10 and a seat in the New Hampshire House of Representatives on September 19.^{[7] [8]} The Republican Party flipped a seat in the Maine House of Representatives on June 13 and a seat in the Massachusetts Senate on November 7.

Connecticut

District		Incumbent			This race
Chamber	No.	Representative	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
House	6	Edwin Vargas		Democratic	2012		Incumbent resigned January 3, 2023 to pursue an academic post at Central Connecticut State University.^[9] New member elected February 28, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	James Sánchez (Democratic) 62.1% Jason Diaz (Independent) 37.9%^[10]
House	100	Quentin Williams		Democratic	2018		Incumbent died January 5, 2023, in a traffic collision.^[11] New member elected February 28, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Kai Juanna Belton (Democratic) 68.9% Deborah Kleckowski (Republican) 31.1%
House	148	Daniel J. Fox		Democratic	2011		Incumbent resigned January 4, 2023, in anticipation of a nomination to be a judge of the Connecticut Superior Court.^[12] New member elected February 28, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Anabel Figueroa (Democratic) 61.0% Olga Anastos (Republican) 39.0%

Florida

District		Incumbent			This race
Chamber	No.	Representative	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
House	24	Joe Harding		Republican	2020		Incumbent resigned December 8, 2022, after being indicted for wire fraud and money laundering.^[15] New member elected May 16, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Ryan Chamberlin (Republican) 78.0% Robert "Foxy" Fox (Republican, write-in) 22.0%^[16]
House	118	Juan Fernandez-Barquin		Republican	2018		Incumbent resigned June 11, 2023, to become clerk of the court and comptroller of Miami-Dade County.^[17] New member elected December 5, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Mike Redondo (Republican) 51.8% Johnny Farias (Democratic) 45.6% Francisco De La Paz (Independent) 2.6%^[18]

Georgia

District		Incumbent			This race
Chamber	No.	Representative	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
House	7	David Ralston		Republican	2002	data-sort-value=4/6/2021	Incumbent died November 16, 2022, after a long illness.^[19] New member elected January 31, 2023, after no one received over 50% of the vote on January 3, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	First round: Sheree Ralston (Republican) 45.0% Johnny Chastain (Republican) 39.3% Justin Heitman (Republican) 7.4% Brian Pritchard (Republican) 6.2% Richie Stone (Republican) 2.1%^[20] Runoff: Johnny Chastain (Republican) 52.8% Sheree Ralston (Republican) 47.2%^[21]
House	119	Terry England		Republican	2004		Incumbent's term expired January 9, 2023. Representative-elect Danny Rampey withdrew prior to being seated, after being arrested for stealing prescription narcotics.^[22] New member elected February 28, 2023, after no one received over 50% of the vote on January 31, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	First round: Holt Persinger (Republican) 27.9% Charles Chase III (Republican) 25.5% Bill Ritter (Republican) 18.3% Renee Lord (Republican) 12.4% Shelbey Diamond Alexander (Democratic) 11.7% Joseph Grodzicki (Republican) 2.2% Joe Price (Republican) 2.0%^[23] Runoff: Holt Persinger (Republican) 59.3% Charles Chase III (Republican) 40.7%^[24]
House	172	Sam Watson		Republican	2012	data-sort-value=4/6/2021	Incumbent resigned December 30, 2022, to run for State Senate.^[25] New member elected January 31, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Charles Cannon (Republican)^[26]
Senate	11	Dean Burke		Republican	2013		Incumbent resigned December 31, 2022, to become chief medical officer of the Georgia Department of Community Health.^[27] New member elected January 31, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Sam Watson (Republican) 76.0% Mary Weaver-Anderson (Democratic) 23.0% John Monds (Libertarian) 1.0%^[28]
House	75	Mike Glanton		Democratic	2012		Incumbent resigned January 24, 2023, for health reasons.^[29] New member elected March 21, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Eric Bell II (Democratic) 61.6% Herman Andrews (Democratic) 27.0% Della Ashley (Republican) 11.4%^[30]
House	68	Tish Naghise		Democratic	2022		Incumbent died March 8, 2023, of a recent illness.^[31] New member elected June 13, 2023, after no one received over 50% of the vote on May 16, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	First round: Mark Baker (Democratic) 33.1% Derrick Jackson (Democratic) 32.2% Taiwo Idowu (Democratic) 17.6% Jane Williams (Democratic) 13.5% John Culbreth (Democratic) 3.6%^[32] Runoff: Derrick Jackson (Democratic) 50.4% Mark Baker (Democratic) 49.6%^[33]

Kentucky

District		Incumbent			This race
Chamber	No.	Representative	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Senate	19	Morgan McGarvey		Democratic	2012		Incumbent resigned January 1, 2023, to become a U.S. representative.^[34] New member elected February 21, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Cassie Chambers Armstrong (Democratic) 77.0% Misty Glin (Republican) 22.9% Write-in 0.1%^[35]
Senate	28	Ralph Alvarado		Republican	2014		Incumbent resigned January 6, 2023, to become commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Health.^[36] New member elected May 16, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Greg Elkins (Republican) 49.8% Robert Sainte (Democratic) 31.3% Richard Henderson (Independent) 18.9%^[37]
House	93	Lamin Swann		Democratic	2022		Incumbent died May 14, 2023, after being hospitalized for a medical emergency.^[38] New member elected November 7, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Adrielle Camuel (Democratic) 57.6% Kyle Whalen (Republican) 42.4%^[39]

Maine

District		Incumbent			This race
Chamber	No.	Representative	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
House	45	Clinton Collamore		Democratic	2022		Incumbent resigned February 16, 2023, after being indicted for forging signatures to qualify for public campaign funds.^[43] ^[44] New member elected June 13, 2023. Republican gain.	nowrap	Abden Simmons (Republican) 52.2% Wendy Pieh (Democratic) 47.8%^[45]
House	50	Sean Paulhus		Democratic	2019		Incumbent resigned July 14, 2023, to become register of probate of Sagadahoc County.^[46] New member elected November 7, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	David Sinclair (Democratic)^[47]

Massachusetts

District		Incumbent			This race
Chamber	No.	Representative	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
House	Suffolk 9	Jon Santiago		Democratic	2018		Incumbent resigned March 1, 2023, to become Massachusetts' Secretary of the Executive Office of Veterans' Services.^[48] New member elected May 30, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	John F. Moran (Democratic) 97.7% Write-in 2.3%^[49]
House	Suffolk 10	Ed Coppinger		Democratic	2010		Incumbent resigned February 28, 2023, to become head of government affairs of the Massachusetts Biotechnology Council.^[50] New member elected May 30, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Bill MacGregor (Democratic) 93.0% Write-in 7.0%
Senate	Worcester and Hampshire	Anne Gobi		Democratic	2014		Incumbent resigned June 4, 2023, to become Massachusetts' Director of Rural Affairs of the Executive Office of Economic Development.^[51] New member elected November 7, 2023. Republican gain.	nowrap	Peter Durant (Republican) 54.2% Jonathan Zlotnik (Democratic) 45.2% Write-in 0.6%^[52]

New Hampshire

See main article: article and 2023–2024 New Hampshire state legislative special elections.

District		Incumbent			This race
Chamber	No.	Representative	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
House	Strafford 8	Chuck Grassie		Democratic	2016		Regular election tied, resulting in a do-over election.^[58] Incumbent re-elected February 21, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Chuck Grassie (Democratic) 55.7% David Walker (Republican) 44.3%^[59]
House	Hillsborough 3	Stacie-Marie Laughton		Democratic	2020		Incumbent resigned December 22, 2022, after being arrested for stalking.^[60] New member elected May 16, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Marc Plamondon (Democratic) 71.6% David Narkunas (Republican) 28.4%^[61]
House	Grafton 16	Joshua Adjutant		Democratic	2018		Incumbent resigned April 1, 2023, after suffering a head injury while working as a security officer.^[62] New member elected August 22, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	David Fracht (Democratic) 71.8% John Keane (Republican) 28.2%^[63]
House	Rockingham 1	Benjamin T. Bartlett IV		Republican	2022		Incumbent resigned April 26, 2023, for health reasons.^[64] New member elected September 19, 2023. Democratic gain.	nowrap	Hal Rafter (Democratic) 55.9% Jim Guzofski (Republican) 44.1%^[65]
House	Hillsborough 3	David Cote		Democratic	1982		Incumbent resigned July 5, 2023, due to health issues.^[66] New member elected November 7, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Paige Beauchemin (Democratic) 60.7% David Narkunas (Republican) 39.3%^[67]

Pennsylvania

District		Incumbent			This race
Chamber	No.	Representative	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Senate	27	John Gordner		Republican	2003		Incumbent resigned November 30, 2022, to become counsel to incoming President pro tempore of the Pennsylvania Senate Kim Ward.^[72] New member elected January 31, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Lynda Schlegel Culver (Republican) 68.7% Patricia Lawson (Democratic) 31.3%^[73]
House	32	Anthony DeLuca		Democratic	1982		Incumbent died October 9, 2022, of lymphoma.^[74] New member elected February 7, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Joe McAndrew (Democratic) 75.0% Clay Walker (Republican) 25.0%^[75]
House	34	Summer Lee		Democratic	2018		Incumbent resigned December 7, 2022, to become a U.S. representative.^[76] New member elected February 7, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Abigail Salisbury (Democratic) 87.9% Robert Pagane (Republican) 12.1%^[77]
House	35	Austin Davis		Democratic	2018		Incumbent resigned December 7, 2022, to become Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania. New member elected February 7, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Matt Gergely (Democratic) 74.7% Don Nevills (Republican) 25.3%^[78]
House	108	Lynda Schlegel Culver		Republican	2010		Incumbent resigned February 28, 2023, to join the State Senate.^[79] New member elected May 16, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Michael Stender (Republican) 58.3% Trevor Finn (Democratic) 38.2% Elijah Scretching (Libertarian) 3.5%^[80]
House	163	Michael Zabel		Democratic	2018		Incumbent resigned March 16, 2023, following accusations of sexual harassment.^[81] New member elected May 16, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Heather Boyd (Democratic) 60.2% Katie Ford (Republican) 38.6% Alfe Goodwin (Libertarian) 1.2%^[82]
House	21	Sara Innamorato		Democratic	2018		Incumbent resigned July 19, 2023, to focus on her campaign for Allegheny County executive.^[83] New member elected September 19, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Lindsay Powell (Democratic) 65.5% Erin Autenreith (Republican) 34.5%^[84]

Tennessee

District		Incumbent			This race
Chamber	No.	Representative	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
House	86	Barbara Cooper		Democratic	1996		Incumbent died October 25, 2022.^[89] New member elected March 14, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Justin J. Pearson (Democratic) 97.8% Write-in 2.2%^[90]
House	3	Scotty Campbell		Republican	2020		Incumbent resigned April 20, 2023, after an ethics subcommittee found he sexually harassed two interns.^[91] New member elected August 3, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Timothy Hill (Republican) 74.5% Lori Love (Democratic) 25.5%^[92]
House	52	Justin Jones		Democratic	2022		Incumbent expelled April 6, 2023, after violating decorum rules.^[93] Incumbent re-elected August 3, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Justin Jones (Democratic) 77.7% Laura Nelson (Republican) 22.3%^[94]
House	86	Justin J. Pearson		Democratic	2023		Incumbent expelled April 6, 2023, after violating decorum rules. Incumbent re-elected August 3, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Justin J. Pearson (Democratic) 94.0% Jeff Johnston (Independent) 6.0%^[95]
House	51	Bill Beck		Democratic	2014		Incumbent died June 4, 2023, of a heart attack.^[96] New member elected September 14, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Aftyn Behn (Democratic) 75.6% David Hooven (Republican) 21.5% Annabelle Lee (Independent) 2.9%^[97]

Virginia

District		Incumbent			This race
Chamber	No.	Representative	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
House	24	Ronnie Campbell		Republican	2018	data-sort-value=1/10/2023	Incumbent died December 13, 2022, of cancer.^[98] New member elected January 10, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Ellen Campbell (Republican) 62.5% Jade Harris (Democratic) 37.3% Write-in 0.2%^[99]
House	35	Mark Keam		Democratic	2009	data-sort-value=1/10/2023	Incumbent resigned September 6, 2022, to become Deputy Assistant Secretary for Travel and Tourism within the International Trade Administration.^[100] New member elected January 10, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Holly Seibold (Democratic) 67.7% Monique Baroudi (Republican) 32.2% Write-in 0.1%^[101]
Senate	7	Jen Kiggans		Republican	2019	data-sort-value=1/10/2023	Incumbent resigned November 15, 2022, to become a U.S. representative.^[102] New member elected January 10, 2023. Democratic gain.	nowrap	Aaron Rouse (Democratic) 50.8% Kevin Adams (Republican) 49.1% Write-in 0.1%^[103]
Senate	9	Jennifer McClellan		Democratic	2017		Incumbent resigned March 7, 2023, to become a U.S. representative.^[104] New member elected March 28, 2023. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Lamont Bagby (Democratic) 89.8% Stephen Imholt (Republican) 9.9% Write-in 0.3%^[105]
House	6	Jeff Campbell		Republican	2013		Incumbent resigned July 14, 2023, to assume a judicial appointment.^[106] New member elected August 29, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Jed Arnold (Republican) 80.9% Write-in 19.1%^[107]

Wisconsin

District		Incumbent			This race
Chamber	No.	Representative	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Senate	8	Alberta Darling		Republican	1992		Incumbent resigned December 1, 2022, for personal reasons.^[108] New member elected April 4, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Dan Knodl (Republican) 50.9% Jodi Habush Sinykin (Democratic) 49.1%^[109]
Assembly	24	Dan Knodl		Republican	2008		Incumbent resigned May 3, 2023, to join the State Senate.^[110] New member elected July 18, 2023. Republican hold.	nowrap	Paul Melotik (Republican) 53.7% Bob Tatterson (Democratic) 46.3%^[111]

Recall elections

Oregon

Notes and References

1. Web site: State legislative elections, 2023 . . May 22, 2022 .
2. Web site: 2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List. 2023-01-10. Cook Political Report. en.
3. Web site: 2023–24 State House Elections Map. November 2, 2023. November 2, 2023.
4. Web site: Election Ratings. November 2, 2023. November 2, 2023.
5. Web site: New Jersey Secretary of State. state.nj.us. en.
6. Web site: State legislative special elections, 2023. Ballotpedia. October 8, 2022.
7. Web site: Manchester . Julia . 2023-01-11 . Democrat appears to flip Virginia state Senate seat in closely watched special election . 2023-02-08 . . en-US.
8. Web site: Kisluk . Jessica . 2023-09-20 . Balance of power tightens at NH state House after special election in Northwood, Nottingham . 2023-09-20 . . en.
9. Web site: Pazniokas. Mark . Hartford Democratic Rep. Edwin Vargas is resigning his seat. The Connecticut Mirror. January 3, 2023. February 22, 2023.
10. Web site: Democrats hold three CT House seats in special elections. Pazniokas. Mark. February 28, 2023. February 28, 2023. The Connecticut Mirror.
11. Web site: Sundby. Alex. U.S. Connecticut state Rep. Quentin Williams killed in wrong-way crash at age 39. CBS News. January 5, 2023. February 22, 2023.
12. Web site: Pazniokas . Mark . Rep. Dan Fox, D-Stamford, expected to leave House . The Connecticut Mirror. December 22, 2022. February 22, 2023.
13. News: Curtis. Sean. Delaware State Rep. Ruth Briggs King Resigns. November 15, 2023. WBOC-TV. November 19, 2023.
14. Web site: 2023 Special Election – Representative District 37. December 21, 2023.
15. Web site: Florida Republican who sponsored 'Don't Say Gay' resigns after federal indictment. Dixon. Matt. December 8, 2022. December 9, 2022. Politico.
16. Web site: 2023 Special General Election: State Representative House District 24. May 16, 2023. Marion County Supervisor of Elections. May 17, 2023.
17. News: Cooper. Amber Jo. Juan Fernandez-Barquin takes on role of Clerk of the Court and Comptroller in Miami-Dade. June 16, 2023. Florida's Voice. July 10, 2023.
18. Web site: State representative – District 118. November 7, 2023. Miami-Dade County Supervisor of Elections. December 5, 2023.
19. Web site: Georgia House Speaker David Ralston dies at age 68. November 16, 2022. November 16, 2022. WSB-TV.
20. Web site: January 3, 2023: House District 7 – Special Election. January 3, 2023. Georgia Secretary of State. January 24, 2023.
21. Web site: January 31, 2023: State House District 7 – Special Election. January 31, 2023. Georgia Secretary of State. February 4, 2023.
22. Web site: New Georgia House member steps aside after drug arrest. January 2, 2023. January 7, 2023. WXIA-TV.
23. Web site: January 31, 2023: State House District 119 – Special Election. January 31, 2023. Georgia Secretary of State. February 4, 2023.
24. Web site: February 28, 2023: State House District 119 – Special Election. February 28, 2023. Georgia Secretary of State. February 28, 2023.
25. Web site: Williams. Dave. Georgia Rep. Sam Watson resigns to seek vacant state Senate seat. December 27, 2022. WFXL. December 29, 2022.
26. Web site: January 31, 2023: State House District 172 – Special Election. January 31, 2023. Georgia Secretary of State. February 4, 2023.
27. Web site: Sen. Burke resigns to take position at Dept. of Community Health. December 22, 2022. The Moultrie Observer. December 29, 2022.
28. Web site: January 31, 2023: State Senate District 11 – Special Election. January 31, 2023. Georgia Secretary of State. February 4, 2023.
29. News: Middleton. Heather. Rep. Mike Glanton resigns House seat for health reasons. Clayton News-Daily. January 27, 2023. January 25, 2023.
30. Web site: March 21, 2023: House District 75 – Special Election. March 21, 2023. Georgia Secretary of State. March 24, 2023.
31. News: Ga. Representative Tish Naghise dies while serving first term. March 8, 2023. WSB-TV. March 9, 2023.
32. Web site: May 16, 2023: House District 68 – Special Election. May 16, 2023. Georgia Secretary of State. May 16, 2023.
33. Web site: June 13, 2023: House District 68 – Special Election. June 13, 2023. Georgia Secretary of State. June 13, 2023.
34. Web site: McGarvey set to be Kentucky's lone Democrat in Congress. Karthikeyan. Divya. November 28, 2022. December 14, 2022. WKYU-FM.
35. Web site: Election Summary Report 19th Senate District Special Election February 21, 2023. February 21, 2023. Jefferson County Clerk. February 22, 2023.
36. News: Gluck. Frank. Kentucky state Sen. Ralph Alvarado to become Tennessee health commissioner. November 22, 2022. Louisville Courier Journal. May 15, 2022.
37. Web site: Kentucky State Senate District 28 Special Election Results. May 16, 2023. May 16, 2023. The New York Times.
38. News: Horn. Austin. Six. Taylor. Lexington state representative Lamin Swann dies after 'significant medical emergency'. May 14, 2023. Lexington Herald-Leader. May 14, 2023.
39. News: Lexington Herald-Leader. November 7, 2023. November 7, 2023. Democrat Camuel wins open Fayette County House seat in special election. Musgrave. Beth.
40. Web site: Royce Duplessis defeats Mandie Landry to claim state Senate seat representing New Orleans. Bridges. Tyler. November 8, 2022. December 12, 2022. The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate.
41. Web site: State Representative – 93rd Representative District. February 18, 2023. Louisiana Secretary of State. March 24, 2023.
42. Web site: State Representative – 93rd Representative District. March 25, 2023. Louisiana Secretary of State. March 25, 2023.
43. News: Bellavance. Meaghan. Maine lawmaker Clinton Collamore pleads not guilty, resigns after fraud indictment. February 16, 2023. WCSH. February 17, 2022.
44. Web site: June Special Election Set for House District 45 Seat . The Lincoln County News . March 16, 2023 . March 29, 2023. Walztoni, Elizabeth.
45. Web site: Republicans flip Maine House seat along midcoast in Tuesday special election. Shepherd. Michael. June 13, 2023. June 13, 2023. Bangor Daily News.
46. News: Claffey. Jason. Bath Rep. Sean Paulhus resigns to take register of probate appointment. July 17, 2023. The Times Record. July 20, 2023.
47. Web site: Bath election results: Sinclair new state rep while Mansfield-Pryor wins City Council seat; voters also approve $30M for infrastructure. Claffey. Jason. November 8, 2023. November 8, 2023. Portland Press Herald.
48. News: Kuznitz. Alison. Gov. Maura Healey taps Rep. Jon Santiago as veterans' secretary. February 17, 2023. MassLive. April 30, 2023.
49. Web site: Boston Special State Election May 2023. May 30, 2023. City of Boston. June 1, 2023.
50. News: Lisinski. Chris. Coppinger heads for exit as latest lawmaker lured to MassBio. February 24, 2023. Worcester Business Journal. April 30, 2023.
51. News: Wright. Sarah. State Sen. Anne Gobi will become Massachusetts’ first director of rural affairs starting June 5 . May 31, 2023. The Berkshire Edge. June 9, 2023.
52. Web site: 2023 State Senate Special General Election: Worcester & Hampshire District. November 7, 2023. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. December 17, 2023.
53. News: Miles. Kyra. Minnesota State Rep. Ruth Richardson resigns to focus on Planned Parenthood role. September 2, 2023. KNOW-FM. September 3, 2023.
54. Web site: Results for State Representative District 52B. November 7, 2023. Minnesota Secretary of State. December 5, 2023.
55. News: Arbuckle. Alyssa. Reeves appoints two new executive directors, one district attorney. September 23, 2022. Supertalk Mississippi. January 8, 2023.
56. Web site: Special election for Mississippi House District 23 goes to a runoff. Ford. Craig. January 10, 2023. January 10, 2023. WTVA.
57. News: Ford . Craig . Winner determined in runoff for local seat in Mississippi House . February 9, 2023 . . February 8, 2023.
58. Web site: After an Election Tie in New Hampshire, a Do-Over Without the Drama. Russell. Jenna. December 12, 2022. December 12, 2022. The New York Times.
59. Web site: Grassie Wins Ward 4 Rochester House Seat in Special Election. West. Nancy. February 21, 2023. February 21, 2023. InDepthNH.org.
60. Web site: Nashua state Rep. Laughton resigns House seat . Feely, Paul. December 27, 2022. February 23, 2023. New Hampshire Union Leader.
61. News: Landrigan. Kevin. NH House GOP majority shrinks after Dems special election win. May 16, 2023. New Hampshire Union Leader. May 18, 2023.
62. News: Doyle-Burr. Nora. Enfield state rep resigns seat following head injury. April 4, 2023. Valley News. April 5, 2023.
63. News: Kisluk. Jessica. Democrat David Fracht wins special election in Enfield for New Hampshire House. August 22, 2023. WMUR-TV. August 23, 2023.
64. News: Burack. Beatrice. Citing poor health, Nottingham Republican House member steps down. April 26, 2023. New Hampshire Bulletin. April 7, 2023.
65. Web site: Kisluk . Jessica . 2023-09-20 . Balance of power tightens at NH state House after special election in Northwood, Nottingham . 2023-09-20 . . en.
66. News: 5 July 2023 . 5 July 2023 . Bookman . Todd . . After extended health-related absence, Nashua state lawmaker who sued for remote participation resigns.
67. Web site: Democrat wins special election for New Hampshire House seat; balance of power now tighter. Downey. KC. November 8, 2023. November 8, 2023. WMUR-TV.
68. Web site: Queens lawmaker resigning to take top job at Jewish philanthropy. Kornbluh. Jacob. June 13, 2023. June 13, 2023. The Forward.
69. Web site: Member of the Assembly 27th Assembly District. September 12, 2023. New York City Board of Elections. September 12, 2023.
70. News: Patterson . Matt . Sen. John Michael Montgomery resignation will trigger SD 32 special election . 8 July 2023 . NonDoc . July 7, 2023.
71. Web site: For State Senator District 32 (Unexpired Term). November 7, 2023. Oklahoma State Election Board. December 17, 2023.
72. Web site: Pa. Senator John Gordner resigns from Senate . NorthcentralPA.com . 13 December 2022 . 29 November 2022.
73. Web site: 2023 Special Election 27th Senatorial District. Pennsylvania Department of State. February 4, 2023.
74. Web site: Tony DeLuca, Penn Hills representative and longest-serving member of Pa. House, dies at 85. October 10, 2022. October 10, 2022. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
75. Web site: 2023 Special Election 32nd Legislative District. Pennsylvania Department of State. February 16, 2023.
76. News: Austin Davis, Summer Lee resign state House seats. December 7, 2022. WTAE-TV. February 4, 2023.
77. Web site: 2023 Special Election 34th Legislative District. Pennsylvania Department of State. February 16, 2023.
78. Web site: 2023 Special Election 35th legislative District. Pennsylvania Department of State. February 16, 2023.
79. Web site: Schlegel-Culver to be sworn in to Senate Feb. 28. February 15, 2023. February 22, 2023. Jones. Matt. The Standard-Journal.
80. Web site: 2023 Special Election 108th Legislative District. May 16, 2023. Pennsylvania Department of State. May 17, 2023.
81. Web site: Caruso . Stephen . Pa. House lawmaker accused of sexual harassment says he will resign . . March 8, 2023. March 8, 2023.
82. Web site: 2023 Special Election 163rd Legislative District. May 16, 2023. Pennsylvania Department of State. May 17, 2023.
83. News: Potter. Chris. Sara Innamorato resigns from state House to focus on Allegheny County executive bid. July 19, 2023. WESA (FM). July 19, 2023.
84. Web site: 2023 Special Election 21st Legislative District. September 19, 2023. Pennsylvania Department of State. September 23, 2023.
85. Web site: Dube. Alex. April 15, 2023. Senate Majority Whip Maryellen Goodwin passes away after battling cancer. April 16, 2023. WLNE-TV. en-US.
86. Web site: Senator in General Assembly District 1. November 7, 2023. State of Rhode Island Board of Elections. November 8, 2023.
87. Web site: Kimpson leaving South Carolina Senate to join Biden admin. Kinnard. Meg. March 12, 2023. March 13, 2023. Associated Press.
88. Web site: State Senate District 42 (Unexpired Term). November 7, 2023. South Carolina Election Commission. November 8, 2023.
89. Web site: Oldest Tennessee lawmaker, Rep. Barbara Cooper, dies at 93. October 26, 2022. October 29, 2022. WTVC.
90. Web site: Summary Results Report: Tennessee House District 86 Special General Election – March 14, 2023. Shelby County Election Commission. March 15, 2023. August 4, 2023.
91. News: Roush. Ty. Tennessee Republican Resigns Over Sexual Harassment Of Interns. April 20, 2023. Forbes. April 20, 2023.
92. Web site: Tennessee House of Representatives District 3. August 3, 2023. Tennessee Secretary of State. August 4, 2023.
93. Web site: Two Democrats, one from Memphis, expelled from TN House following gun law protest. April 6, 2023. April 6, 2023. WHBQ-TV.
94. Web site: August 3, 2023 Election Results. Davidson County Election Commission. August 3, 2023. August 4, 2023.
95. Web site: August 3, 2023 Special Tennessee State House District 86 General Election. Shelby County Election Commission. August 3, 2023. August 4, 2023.
96. News: Guerry. Colleen. State Rep. Bill Beck dies at age 61. June 4, 2023. WKRN-TV. June 4, 2023.
97. Web site: September 14, 2023 Election Results (Unofficial). September 14, 2023. Davidson County Election Commission. September 14, 2023.
98. Web site: Delegate Ronnie Campbell dies. Geary. Justin. December 13, 2022. December 15, 2022. WDBJ.
99. Web site: 2023 January House 24 Special Election. Virginia Department of Elections. January 10, 2023.
100. Web site: Moomaw. Graham. Democrat Mark Keam stepping down from Virginia House. September 6, 2022. Virginia Mercury. January 8, 2023.
101. Web site: Member House of Delegates – 035 (Fairfax County). Virginia Department of Elections. January 10, 2023.
102. News: Mirshahi. Dean. Special election to fill Kiggans' Virginia Senate seat set for Jan. 10. November 15, 2022. WRIC-TV. January 8, 2023.
103. Web site: Member Senate of Virginia – 7th District (Norfolk City–Virginia Beach City). Virginia Department of Elections. January 10, 2023.
104. Web site: Jennifer McClellan will win special election and become Virginia's first Black congresswoman. Duster. Chandelis. February 21, 2023. February 21, 2023. CNN.
105. Web site: Member, Senate of Virginia (Charles City County–Hanover County–Henrico County–Richmond City). Virginia Department of Elections. March 28, 2023. April 3, 2023.
106. News: Virginia lawmaker’s promotion to judge triggers unusual special election. Moomaw. Graham. August 4, 2023. August 4, 2023. Virginia Mercury.
107. Web site: August 29, 2023 Special Election. Virginia Department of Elections. August 29, 2023. August 29, 2023.
108. Web site: Longtime GOP Sen. Alberta Darling says she'll step down. November 23, 2022. Associated Press. November 23, 2022.
109. Web site: Wisconsin spring 2023 election results: State Senate District 8 seat. Curtis. Lisa. April 4, 2023. April 5, 2023.
110. News: McKillen. Thomas J.. Knodl sworn in to 8th District Senate seat. May 4, 2023. Express News. May 4, 2023.
111. News: Karnopp. Hope. Republican Melotik defeats Tatterson in special election for Assembly seat. July 18, 2023. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. July 19, 2023.
112. News: VanderHart. Dirk. October 4, 2023. Eugene voters reject recall against state Rep. Paul Holvey in resounding fashion. October 5, 2023. OPB.