2023 United States elections explained

Year:	2023
Type:	Off-year elections
Election Day:	November 7 (October 14 in Louisiana)
House Seats Contested:	3 mid-term vacancies
House Net Change:	0
Governor Seats Contested:	3
Governor Net Change:	Republican +1
Governor Map Caption:

The 2023 United States elections were held, in large part, on Tuesday, November 7, 2023. The off-year election included gubernatorial and state legislative elections in a few states, as well as numerous citizen initiatives, mayoral races, and a variety of other local offices on the ballot. At least three special elections to the United States Congress were scheduled as either deaths or vacancies arose. The Democratic Party retained control of the governorship in Kentucky, flipped the Wisconsin Supreme Court and held a seat on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, gained six seats in the New Jersey General Assembly, and won back unified control of the Virginia General Assembly, while Republicans also flipped the governorship in Louisiana and narrowly retained Mississippi's governorship. The election cycle also saw Ohio voting to enshrine abortion rights in the state constitution and legalize cannabis for recreational use. The results were widely seen as a success for the Democratic Party.

The election cycle was generally marked by a trend of strong Democratic overperformances in special elections. Daily Kos and FiveThirtyEight analyses of at least 38 races in September 2023 determined that the party outperformed the partisan lean by an average of 10 percent. In comparison, Democrats outperformed by an average of 4 percent in elections held between the 2018 and 2020 elections, and an average of 7.6 percent in elections held in 2020. The 2023 overperformances consisted of unusually larger margins of victory in races held in safely Democratic areas and unusually smaller margins of defeat in races held in safely Republican areas.^[1] The results indicate a suburban shift among affluent, college-educated voters that started as an underlying reaction to Donald Trump's election in 2016.^[2] While the results were generally in line with predictions, Democrats still outperformed expectations despite the low approval ratings of incumbent Democratic president Joe Biden and polls indicating his middling prospects in the 2024 presidential election.^[3]

Both Democratic and Republican operatives attributed the Democrats' overperformance streak to general support of broad abortion rights in the wake of the Supreme Court's Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision. This marked a continuing trend of bipartisan voter support for ballot initiatives on abortion rights since the June 2022 decision.^{[4] [5]} Many conservative political analysts and commentators called a continued Republican alliance with the anti-abortion movement "untenable" and an "electoral disaster", and urged the party to favor abortion rights.^[6] Young voters in particular gave overwhelming support for abortion rights. Among voters between 18 and 29 years old in increasingly Republican Ohio, an estimated 77% voted for Ohio Issue 1, including a majority of Republicans.^[7] Exit polling indicated Ohioans believed abortion should be "mostly legal" by a margin of 61–36%.^[8]

Federal elections

House of Representatives

See main article: 2023 United States House of Representatives elections. Three special elections were held in 2023 to fill vacancies during the 118th U.S. Congress.

• Virginia's 4th congressional district: Democrat Jennifer McClellan defeated Republican Leon Benjamin in the March special election, to succeed Donald McEachin who died on November 28, 2022, of colorectal cancer.^[9] The district has a partisan index of D+16.^[10]
• Rhode Island's 1st congressional district: Democrat Gabe Amo defeated Republican Gerry Leonard Jr. to succeed David Cicilline, who resigned on May 31, 2023, to become the president and CEO of the Rhode Island Foundation.^{[11] [12]} The district has a partisan index of D+14.^[13]
• Utah's 2nd congressional district: Republican Celeste Maloy defeated State Senator Kathleen Riebe, as well as five independent candidates, to succeed Republican Chris Stewart, who resigned on September 15, 2023, due to his wife's ongoing health issues.^[14] The district has a partisan index of R+11.^[15]

State elections

Gubernatorial elections

See main article: 2023 United States gubernatorial elections. Three states held gubernatorial elections in 2023:

• Kentucky: One-term Democrat Andy Beshear won re-election, defeating Republican nominee Daniel Cameron by a margin of 52.5% to 47.5%.^{[16] [17]}
• Louisiana: Republican attorney general Jeff Landry won outright with 51.6% of the vote, beating his closest competitor, Democrat Shawn Wilson, who earned 25.9%, in a 14-candidate jungle primary, succeeding term-limited Democratic governor John Bel Edwards.^[18]
• Mississippi: One-term Republican Tate Reeves won re-election, narrowly defeating Democrat Brandon Presley by a 3.2-point margin of 50.9% to 47.7%.^{[19] [20]}

Attorney general elections

See main article: 2023 United States attorney general elections. Three states held attorney general elections in 2023:

• Kentucky: One-term Republican Daniel Cameron retired to run for governor.^[21] Republican Russell Coleman defeated Democrat Pamela Stevenson by a margin of 58% to 42%.^[22]
• Louisiana: Republican Liz Murrill defeated Democrat Lindsey Cheek in the November 18 runoff to succeed incumbent Jeff Landry, who retired to run for governor.^[23]
• Mississippi: One-term Republican Lynn Fitch won re-election, defeating Democratic nominee Greta Kemp Martin by a margin of 58.7% to 41.3%.^[24]

Secretary of state elections

See main article: 2023 United States secretary of state elections. Three states held secretary of state elections in 2023:

• Kentucky: One-term Republican Michael Adams won re-election, defeating Democratic nominee Buddy Wheatley by a margin of 60.6% to 39.3%.^[25]
• Louisiana: Republican Nancy Landry defeated Democrat Gwen Collins Greenup in a runoff election, succeeding two-term Republican Kyle Ardoin, who retired.^[26]
• Mississippi: One-term Republican Michael Watson ran for re-election, defeating Democratic nominee Ty Pinkins by a margin of 60.1% to 39.9%.^[27]

State treasurer elections

Three states held state treasurer elections in 2023:

• Kentucky: Republican Mark Metcalf defeated Democrat Micheal Bowman by a margin of 57.2% to 42.8%,^[28] succeeding two-term Republican Allison Ball who was term-limited and therefore ran for state auditor.^[29]
• Louisiana: Republican John Fleming defeated Democrat Dustin Granger in a runoff to succeed incumbent two-term Republican John Schroder, who retired to run for governor.^{[30] [31] [32]}
• Mississippi: One-term Republican David McRae ran for re-election, defeating Democrat Addie Green by a margin of 59% to 41%.^[33]

State agriculture commissioner elections

Three states held agriculture commissioner elections in 2023:

• Kentucky: Republican Jonathan Shell defeated Democrat Sierra Enlow by a margin of 59.3% to 40.7%,^[34] succeeding two-term Republican Ryan Quarles, who was term-limited and ran for governor.^[35]
• Louisiana: Four-term Republican Michael G. Strain won re-election unopposed.^[36]
• Mississippi: Two-term Republican Andy Gipson won re-election, defeating Democrat Robert Bradford by a margin of 58.4% to 41.6%.^[37]

State supreme court elections

Two states, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania, held state Supreme Court elections in 2023:

• Wisconsin: Incumbent justice Patience Roggensack retired. The election for a new justice was held on April 4, 2023. Janet Protasiewicz defeated Daniel Kelly by a margin of 11.02%.^{[38] [39]}
• Pennsylvania: Justice Max Baer died in September 2022. The election for a new justice was held on November 7, 2023. Democratic nominee Daniel McCaffery defeated GOP nominee Carolyn Carluccio by a margin of 6.02%.^{[40] [41]}

Legislative

See main article: 2023 United States state legislative elections. Legislative elections were held for both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Mississippi Legislature, the New Jersey Legislature, and the Virginia General Assembly. Kentucky, which holds gubernatorial elections in off-years, holds state legislative elections concurrent with presidential and midterm elections.

In addition, other states held special elections to fill open legislative seats vacated for various reasons (death, retirement, resignation for personal reasons, expulsion, or election to a higher office).

The Democratic Party flipped control of Virginia's lower house, the House of Delegates,^[42] which it had lost two years earlier, and retained its majority in Virginia's upper house, the Senate.^[43] Democrats also expanded their majority in the lower house of the New Jersey legislature.^{[44] [45]} The Republican Party strengthened its majorities in the Mississippi and Louisiana legislatures.^[46]

Referendums

Six states held a statewide referendum: Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Ohio, Texas, Maine, and New York.

• In a March special election, Oklahoma voters rejected State Question 820, a ballot initiative that would have legalized the recreational use of marijuana by people 21 and older.^[47]
• In an April special election, Wisconsin voters approved three measures all by landslides: Question 1 and Question 2, expanding judges' criteria for setting cash bail; and Question 3, a non-binding question regarding welfare benefits.^[48]
• In an August special election, Ohio voters, with more than 57% voting No, rejected a measure that would have required future amendments to the Ohio Constitution to be approved by 60% of the electorate in a referendum rather than a simple majority.^{[49] [50]}
• In November, the following referendums were on the ballot in their respective states.
  • Maine voters rejected a ballot initiative to establish a public power company,^[51] but approved a constitutional amendment to require Article X, Sections 1, 2, and 5, to be included in all official printings of the state constitution.^[52] The three sections have not been included since 1876, but were never formally repealed. Sections 1 and 2 deal with the convening of the first Maine Legislature; Section 5 deals with the state's obligations to indigenous tribes, among other details of the separation of Maine from Massachusetts.
  • New York voters approved two proposals on the ballot, Proposal One, concerning small city school districts, and Proposal Two, which concerns sewer systems.^[53]
  • Ohio voters approved two measures, one that codified abortion rights in the state's constitution,^{[54] [55]} and another, which legalized marijuana for recreational use.^{[56] [57]} Both received more than 56% Yes votes, mirroring the August special election results.^[58]
  • Texas voters statewide voted on 14 proposed amendments to the Texas Constitution. All except one passed. In addition, some Texas counties, cities, and school and other special districts had other ballot issues, such as bond proposals.

Local elections

Mayoral elections

Since the beginning of 2023, elections were held for the office of mayor, as well as several other municipal and county-level positions. Major U.S. cities saw incumbent mayors re-elected, including Montgomery, Alabama (Steven Reed);^[59] Tucson, Arizona (Regina Romero);^[60] Aurora, Colorado (Mike Coffman);^[61] New Haven, Connecticut (Justin Elicker);^[62] Orlando (Buddy Dyer)^[63] and Tampa, Florida (Jane Castor);^[64] Savannah, Georgia (Van R. Johnson);^[65] Boise, Idaho (Lauren McLean);^[66] Fort Wayne (Tom Henry),^[67] Indianapolis (Joe Hogsett),^[68] and South Bend, Indiana (James Mueller);^[69] Springfield (Domenic Sarno),^[70] Worcester, Massachusetts (Joseph Petty);^[71] Kansas City, Missouri (Quinton Lucas);^[72] Lincoln, Nebraska (Leirion Gaylor Baird);^[73] Charlotte, North Carolina (Vi Lyles);^[74] Columbus, Ohio (Andrew Ginther);^[75] Greenville, South Carolina (Knox H. White);^[76] Knoxville, Tennessee (Indya Kincannon);^[77] Arlington (Jim Ross),^[78] Dallas (Eric Johnson),^[79] Fort Worth (Mattie Parker),^[80] and San Antonio, Texas (Ron Nirenberg);^[81] Salt Lake City, Utah (Erin Mendenhall);^[82] Green Bay (Eric Genrich) and Madison, Wisconsin (Satya Rhodes-Conway).^[83]

Open mayoral seats were won in Colorado Springs (Yemi Mobolade)^[84] and Denver, Colorado (Mike Johnston);^[85] Hartford, Connecticut (Arunan Arulampalam);^[86] Jacksonville, Florida (Donna Deegan);^{[87] [88]} Carmel (Sue Finkam)^[89] and Evansville, Indiana (Stephanie Terry);^[90] Des Moines, Iowa (Connie Boesen);^[91] Portland, Maine (Mark Dion);^[92] Manchester, New Hampshire (Jay Ruais);^[93] Durham, North Carolina (Leonardo Williams);^[94] Akron, Ohio (Shammas Malik);^[95] Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cherelle Parker);^{[96] [97]} Memphis (Paul Young)^[98] and Nashville, Tennessee (Freddie O'Connell);^[99] and Houston, Texas (John Whitmire).^[100]

In Bridgeport, Connecticut, two-term incumbent Joe Ganim was declared the winner, although the race remains controversial amid lawsuits surrounding an absentee ballot scandal.^{[101] [102]} In Chicago, Illinois, county commissioner Brandon Johnson defeated former superintendent Paul Vallas in a close election to succeed one-term mayor Lori Lightfoot, who lost re-election in the blanket primary.^[103] In Springfield, Illinois, two-term incumbent Jim Langfelder lost re-election to city treasurer Misty Buscher.^[104] In Gary, Indiana, state legislator Eddie Melton was elected to replace incumbent Jerome Prince, who lost renomination in the Democratic primary.^[105] In Wichita, Kansas, television news anchor Lily Wu defeated one-term incumbent Brandon Whipple in his bid for re-election;^[106] in Spokane, Washington, Nadine Woodward also lost re-election to a second term to former state senator Lisa Brown.^[107] Mableton, Georgia held its first mayoral election in 2023 after being reincorporated in November 2022.^[108]

Seats that changed parties

• Colorado Springs, Colorado: On May 16, Yemi Mobolade defeated Wayne W. Williams in a runoff election, succeeding two-term incumbent John Suthers, who was term-limited.^[84] Independent gain from Republican. (officially nonpartisan)
• Jacksonville, Florida: On May 16, Donna Deegan defeated Daniel Davis in a runoff election, succeeding two-term incumbent Lenny Curry, who was term-limited.^{[87] [88]} Democratic gain from Republican
• Danbury, Connecticut: On November 7, Roberto Alves defeated one-term incumbent Dean Esposito.^[109] Democratic gain from Republican
• Evansville, Indiana: On November 7, Stephanie Terry defeated Natalie Rascher and Michael Daugherty,^[110] succeeding three-term incumbent Lloyd Winnecke, who retired.^[111] Democratic gain from Republican
• Manchester, New Hampshire: On November 7, Jay Ruais defeated Kevin Cavanaugh,^[112] succeeding three-term incumbent Joyce Craig, who retired to run for governor in 2024.^{[113] [114]} Republican gain from Democratic (officially nonpartisan)
• Spokane, Washington: On November 7, Lisa Brown defeated one-term incumbent Nadine Woodward.^[115] Democratic gain from Republican (officially nonpartisan)
• Terre Haute, Indiana: On November 7, Brandon Sakbun defeated four-term incumbent Duke Bennett.^[116] Democratic gain from Republican
• Wichita, Kansas: On November 7, Lily Wu defeated one-term incumbent Brandon Whipple.^[117] Libertarian gain from Democratic (officially nonpartisan)
• Charleston, South Carolina: On November 21, William Cogswell defeated two-term incumbent John Tecklenburg in a runoff.^[118] Republican gain from Democratic (officially nonpartisan)

Other local elections

This is a partial list of notable or major elections.

• Allegheny County, Pennsylvania: County Executive, District Attorney, Board of Legislators
• Chicago, Illinois: City Council, City Clerk, City Treasurer, Police District Councils
• Cincinnati, Ohio: City Council
• Columbus, Ohio: City Council (two new seats), Board of Education
• Gaithersburg, Maryland: City Council^[119]
• Los Angeles, California: City Council (special election)
• Duluth, Minnesota: Mayor, City Council^[120]
• Minneapolis, Minnesota: City Council^[121]
• New York, New York: City Council
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: City Council
• Seattle, Washington: City Council
• St. Louis, Missouri: Board of Aldermen
• Suffolk County, New York: County Executive
• Tucker, Georgia: City Council
• Fall River, Massachusetts: City Council and School Committee

Tribal elections

Several Native American tribes held elections for tribal executive and other positions during 2023.^[122]

The Cherokee Nation held elections for principal chief, deputy chief, and eight of the seventeen Tribal Council seats on June 3.^[123] Principal chief Chuck Hoskin Jr. and deputy chief Bryan Warner were re-elected.^{[124] [125]} Five councilors were elected on June 3 and three were elected on July 8 after a runoff.^{[126] [127]} Also on June 3, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma held elections for chairman and treasurer of the tribe.^[128] Jacob Keyes was narrowly elected chairman, beating challenger Alexandria Harjo by six votes,^[129] and Judy Barnes was elected treasurer.^[130] On June 8, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians reelected Tribal Chief Cyrus Ben to a second term with 61.6% of the vote.^[131] Eight tribal council members were also reelected.^[132]

On July 8, the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma held a general election for Tribal Council, reelecting four incumbents. Two other incumbent councilors, along with Choctaw Nation Chief Gary Batton, were unopposed in seeking reelection.^[133] Tehassiʔtasi Hill was reelected on July 15 to a third term as chair of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin. Vice Chairman Brandon Yellowbird–Stevens and Secretary Lisa Liggins were also reelected. Larry Barton was elected treasurer over the incumbent, Curtis Danforth.^[134] In a July 22 special election, Wena Supernaw was elected to succeed Joseph Tali Byrd who resigned as chairman of the Quapaw Nation in April 2023.^{[135] [136]} In the Chickasaw Nation's July 25 election, Governor Bill Anoatubby and Lieutenant Governor Chris Anoatubby were unopposed in seeking reelection. Four tribal council members were also unopposed and thus reelected.^[137] A fifth tribal council seat was won by challenger Dusk Monetathchi in an August runoff.^[138]

In September, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians former principal chief Michell Hicks defeated incumbent chief Richard Sneed. Hicks previously served three terms as chief from 2003 to 2015. Incumbent vice chief Alan "B" Ensley was reelected.^[139] On September 16, Muscogee Nation voters reelected Principal Chief David Hill and Second Chief Del Beaver.^[140]

In October, the Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe elected Amber Caldera as tribal chair in a special election following the death of the previous PGST chairman, Jeromy Sullivan.^[141] Also, the Qawalangin Tribe of Unalaska elected Nick Tutiakoff as tribal president, replacing Dennis Robinson who remained on the tribal council. Vicki Williams was elected vice president.^[142]

Referendums

• The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians passed by a wide margin an advisory referendum approving adult use of recreational cannabis use on tribal land with 70% of voters approving the measure.^{[143] [144]} A second referendum on the ballot allowing the sale of by-the-glass mixed drinks was also approved.^[145]

Notes and References

1. Web site: Nathaniel. Rakich . Democrats have been winning big in special elections. September 20, 2023 . November 11, 2023 . ABC News . en.
2. Web site: Paz . Christian . 2023-11-11 . The other warning Republicans should heed from this year's elections . 2023-11-16 . Vox . en.
3. Web site: Tal. Axelrod. Democrats are overperforming in 2023's special elections. Is it a clue for Biden vs. Trump? . August 5, 2023 . November 8, 2023 . ABC News . en.
4. News: Knowles . Hannah . November 7, 2023 . Abortion rights advocates win major victories in Ohio, Kentucky . November 8, 2023 . The Washington Post.
5. Web site: Caitlin. Owens. Stef W.. Kight. November 7, 2023 . Abortion rights win big in 2023 off-year elections . Axios.
6. Web site: Luciano . Michael . 2023-11-08 . Hannity Resigns Himself to Abortion Rights Victory in Ohio: 'If We're Really Gonna Be Honest About This...' . 2023-11-08 . Mediaite . en.
7. Web site: November 7, 2023 . Exit polls for Ohio ballot measure election results 2023 . November 8, 2023. CNN . en.
8. Web site: Filer . Christine . Langer . Gary . De Jong . Allison . November 7, 2023 . Ohio voters broadly support abortion access, early exit poll of ballot measure shows . November 11, 2023. ABC News . en.
9. News: For the first time, a Black woman will represent Virginia in Congress . . February 21, 2023 . Ben . Paviour .
10. Web site: 2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List. July 12, 2022. July 15, 2022. The Cook Political Report. en.
11. Web site: Shapero . Julia . 2023-02-21 . Rep. David Cicilline to leave Congress in June . 2023-02-21 . . en-US.
12. News: Gorman . Reese . Gabriel Amo wins Rhode Island congressional seat vacated by David Cicilline . 8 November 2023 . . 8 November 2023 . en.
13. Web site: Iyer . Shania . Kaanita . Shelton . 2023-09-05 . Former White House aide will win Democratic primary for Rhode Island special House election, CNN projects . 2023-09-07 . CNN . en.
14. Web site: Schott . Bryan . May 30, 2023 . Rep. Chris Stewart plans to resign from Congress . May 30, 2023 . The Salt Lake Tribune . en-US.
15. Web site: Jackson . Herb . 2023-09-06 . Former Stewart aide Maloy wins Utah primary for his seat . 2023-09-07 . Roll Call . en-US.
16. News: Schreiner . Bruce . Kentucky governor looks beyond virus to post-pandemic world . April 27, 2021 . ABC News . April 16, 2021.
17. News: Mueller . Julia . Democrat Andy Beshear wins reelection in Kentucky governor's race . 8 November 2023 . . 8 November 2023.
18. Web site: Grace . Stephanie . January 22, 2022 . Stephanie Grace: Yes, governor's race is already starting, but voters tend to offer surprises later . July 4, 2022 . . en.
19. News: Mississippi Republican Gov. Tate Reeves files for reelection bid . . January 3, 2023.
20. Web site: 2023-11-07 . Mississippi Republican Gov. Tate Reeves wins 2nd term, defeating Democrat Brandon Presley . 2023-11-08 . AP News . en.
21. Web site: Evans . Zachary . Kentucky Attorney General Daniel Cameron Announces Gubernatorial Run . . June 24, 2022 . May 11, 2022.
22. Web site: Tanneeru . Manav . 2023 Kentucky attorney general election results . 2023-11-19 . CNN . en.
23. Web site: Murrill advances to runoff for attorney general against late-entrant Democrat . 15 October 2023 .
24. News: 2023-11-07 . Mississippi Attorney General Election Results . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-11-19 . 0362-4331.
25. Web site: Kentucky Secretary of State Election Results 2023 . 2023-11-19 . www.nbcnews.com.
26. Web site: Overview and Live Results: Election Day in Louisiana . 2023-11-19 . 270toWin.com.
27. Web site: Mississippi Secretary of State Election Results 2023 . 2023-11-19 . www.nbcnews.com.
28. Web site: 2023-11-08 . Kentucky state treasurer election results 2023 . 2023-11-19 . WLKY . en.
29. Web site: Storm . Nick . Treasurer Allison Ball Announces Campaign for KY Auditor . Kentucky Fried . 25 July 2022 . July 25, 2022.
30. Web site: Hilburn . Greg . Who's running for Louisiana governor? John Schroder first out of gate . . June 24, 2022 . January 19, 2022.
31. Web site: Braun . Paul . Louisiana Treasurer John Schroder reportedly tells supporters he will run for governor in 2023 . . June 24, 2022 . January 19, 2022.
32. Web site: 2023-11-19 . Election Results: Statewide races . 2023-11-19 . KATC News . en.
33. Web site: The field is set for 2023 Elections in Mississippi. See who is running in statewide races . 2023-02-04 . . en-US.
34. Web site: 2023 Agriculture Commissioner General Election Results . Uselectionatlas.org.
35. Web site: Schreiner . Bruce . GOP's Quarles announces run for Kentucky governor in 2023 . . July 26, 2022 . April 30, 2022.
36. Web site: Louisiana. State Agriculture Comm Mike Strain (R) announced he will seek reelection next year to a fifth term; will not run for Governor..
37. News: 2023-11-07 . Mississippi Agriculture Commissioner Election Results . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-11-19 . 0362-4331.
38. Web site: Wisconsin State Supreme Court Live Election Results 2023 . 2023-11-08 . www.nbcnews.com.
39. Web site: Bradner . Eric . 2023-04-04 . Liberals will win control of Wisconsin Supreme Court, CNN projects . 2023-11-08 . CNN . en.
40. News: 2023-11-07 . Pennsylvania Supreme Court Election Results . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-11-08 . 0362-4331.
41. Web site: Vakil . Caroline . 2023-11-08 . Democrat Daniel McCaffery wins Pennsylvania Supreme Court race . 2023-11-08 . The Hill . en-US.
42. Web site: 2023-11-07 . Virginia Democrats sweep legislative elections after campaigning on abortion rights . 2023-11-15 . AP News . en.
43. Web site: Moomaw . Graham . 2023-11-13 . Virginia voters gave Democrats control of the legislature. What will it mean for policy? . 2023-11-15 . Virginia Mercury . en-US.
44. News: 2023-11-07 . New Jersey Election Results . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-11-15 . 0362-4331.
45. Web site: 2023-11-08 . Democrats expand control of N.J. Legislature . 2023-11-15 . Politico . en.
46. Web site: Odd-Year Election Goes Well for Democrats, but GOP Still Runs More Chambers . 2023-11-15 . National Conference of State Legislatures . en-US.
47. News: Forman . Carmen . 2023-03-07 . Oklahoma voters reject question to legalize recreational marijuana . en . Tulsa World . 2023-03-08.
48. Web site: Lehr . Sarah . In statewide referendums, voters OK expansion of judges' power to set cash bail . Wisconsin Public Radio . 31 March 2023 . 15 April 2023.
49. Web site: BeMiller. Haley. Ohio House OKs August election to change rules to amend constitution. The Columbus Dispatch. 2023-05-10. 2023-05-10.
50. Web site: Cohen . Rachel M. . 2023-08-08 . What the Ohio special election results mean for abortion rights . 2023-11-08 . Vox . en.
51. Web site: Clement . Connor . Pine Tree Power says they would be more reliable than CMP, poll shows many oppose the consumer owned utility . WMTW . 27 September 2023 . en . 22 September 2023.
52. News: Ohm . Rachel . 2023-10-06 . Questions 5 through 8: What you need to know about the proposed constitutional amendments . Portland Press Herald . Portland, Maine . 2023-10-11.
53. Web site: NY State Board of Elections . 2023 Statewide Ballot Proposals. November 2, 2023.
54. Web site: 2023-07-25 . Abortion rights amendment qualifies for November ballot in Ohio . CNN.
55. Web site: 2023-11-08 . Ohio voters enshrine abortion rights in state constitution . 2023-11-08 . NBC News . en.
56. Web site: Ohio effort to legalize recreational marijuana gets enough signatures for November ballot . 16 August 2023 .
57. Web site: 2023-11-07 . Ohio votes to legalize marijuana for adult recreational use, becoming 24th state to do so . 2023-11-08 . AP News . en.
58. Web site: Why Ohio voters approved abortion ballot measure, according to exit polling . 2023-11-08 . ABC News . en.
59. News: Steven Reed, Montgomery's first Black mayor, wins re-election: 'Old Montgomery ain't coming back' . Rebecca . Griesbach . AL.com . August 22, 2023 . August 29, 2023 .
60. News: Tucson Mayor Regina Romero wins second term . Charles . Borla . . November 8, 2023 . November 8, 2023 .
61. News: Aurora election: Coffman, GOP-affiliated candidates poised to defend council majority . Chase . Woodruff . . November 8, 2023 .
62. News: Elicker takes third term, New Haven approves ballot question to extend terms for elected officials . Camila . Vallejo . . November 8, 2023 .
63. News: Buddy Dyer secures seventh term as Orlando Mayor . Peter . Schorsch . . November 7, 2023 .
64. Web site: Frago . Charlie . Tampa Mayor Jane Castor easily wins reelection . . 2 April 2023 . https://archive.today/20230308150056/https://www.tampabay.com/news/tampa/2023/03/07/jane-castor-tampa-city-council-janet-cruz-lynn-hurtak-bill-carlson-blake-casper-orlando-gudes/ . 8 March 2023 . 8 March 2023 . live.
65. Web site: Cawthon . Graham . 2023-11-08 . Savannah Mayoral Race: Van Johnson dominates en route to winning reelection . 2023-11-10 . WJCL . en.
66. Web site: November 7, 2023 . Lauren McLean wins reelection as Boise mayor . 2023-11-10 . ktvb.com . en-US.
67. News: Tom Henry wins election, marking historic 5th term for Fort Wayne mayor . . November 7, 2023 .
68. News: Joe Hogsett, a Democrat, Wins a Third Term as Indianapolis Mayor . Ernesto . Londoño . . November 7, 2023 . limited.
69. Web site: Gabbi . Lumma . 2023-11-07 . James Mueller wins another term as South Bend Mayor . 2023-11-10 . WSBT . en.
70. Web site: Springfield Vote Counts . November 8, 2023 . Springfield, Massachusetts.
71. Web site: 7 November 2023 . Unofficial Election Results – Municipal Election 11/07/2023 . 10 November 2023 . Worcester, Massachusetts.
72. News: 'We have more work to do': Kansas City, Mo., Mayor Quinton Lucas wins re-election . . June 20, 2023 .
73. Web site: Leirion Gaylor Baird re-elected Lincoln mayor. 2 May 2023. Little, Amber. 1011now.com.
74. News: Lyles wins mayoral election again in Charlotte, while Durham and Chapel Hill choose new leaders . . November 8, 2023 .
75. News: Columbus Mayor Andrew Ginther re-elected to third term . . November 7, 2023 .
76. Web site: 2023 elections: From Simpsonville to Greer, here's who won each Greenville County race . 2023-11-10 . The Greenville News . en-US.
77. News: Incumbent Indya Kincannon wins second term as Knoxville mayor . . November 7, 2023 .
78. News: Arlington Mayor Jim Ross wins reelection; voters approve millions in bond funding for streets, parks . Kailey . Broussard . . May 6, 2023 . May 7, 2023 .
79. News: Election Results: Dallas, Fort Worth, Arlington mayors win reelection . . May 7, 2023 . May 7, 2023 .
80. News: Voters overwhelmingly elect Fort Worth Mayor Mattie Parker to second term . Harrison . Mantas . . May 7, 2023 . May 7, 2023 .
81. News: Ron Nirenberg cruises to fourth and final term as San Antonio mayor . Raquel . Torres . Andrea . Drusch . San Antonio Report . May 6, 2023 . May 7, 2023 .
82. News: Rocky Anderson concedes amid trouncing from Erin Mendenhall in SLC mayoral race . Blake . Apgar . . November 23, 2023 . November 23, 2023 .
83. News: Genrich edges out Weininger in Green Bay Mayoral race . Indiana . Schultz . . April 4, 2023 . April 5, 2023 .
84. Web site: Rivera . Andrea . Chalfin . Bente . Birkeland . Jess . Hazel . Stephanie . Political newcomer Yemi Mobolade wins Colorado Springs mayor's race . 2023-05-17 . Colorado Public Radio . en.
85. News: Johnston claims victory, Brough concedes in runoff for Denver mayor . 9News . 6 June 2023 . Powell . Erin . 7 June 2023.
86. News: Democrat Arunan Arulampalam declares victory in Hartford mayoral race . . November 7, 2023 .
87. News: Mazzei . Patricia . May 17, 2023 . In Florida Upset, Democrat Wins Jacksonville Mayor's Race . The New York Times . . limited . May 17, 2023.
88. Web site: Zhou . Li . 2023-05-17 . How Democrats pulled off a big upset in Florida . 2023-11-16 . Vox . en.
89. News: Candidate who wouldn't denounce Moms for Liberty chapter after Hitler quote wins Indiana mayor race . . November 8, 2023 .
90. News: Stephanie Terry wins race for next mayor of Evansville . . Adam . Kight [sic] . November 7, 2023 .
91. News: Connie Boesen has won Des Moines mayor's race, will be the first woman to hold the office . Virginia . Barreda . Courtney . Crowder . . November 7, 2023 .
92. News: Mark Dion elected as Portland's next mayor following ranked-choice tabulation . . November 8, 2023 .
93. Web site: Steven . Porter . November 7, 2023 . Jay Ruais, who campaigned against 'status quo,' elected mayor of Manchester, N.H. . 2023-11-10 . BostonGlobe.com . en-US.
94. News: Leonardo Williams wins Durham mayoral bid, three others elected to City Council . Jasper . Lu . November 7, 2023 . .
95. News: Ward 8 councilman Shammas Malik officially elected Akron mayor . . Lydia . Esparra . November 7, 2023 . November 8, 2023 .
96. News: Ignudo . Tom . May 17, 2023 . Cherelle Parker wins Philadelphia Democratic primary for mayor . . May 17, 2023.
97. News: Schultz . Brooke . November 7, 2023 . Democrat Cherelle Parker has been elected as Philadelphia's 100th mayor, 1st woman to hold the office . en . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . 8 November 2023.
98. News: Paul Young elected mayor of Memphis . Anita . Wadhwani . . October 6, 2023 . October 16, 2023 .
99. News: Freddie O'Connell elected mayor of Nashville . Ethan . Illers . . September 14, 2023 . September 14, 2023 .
100. News: Democrat John Whitmire wins Houston mayoral runoff over Sheila Jackson Lee . . December 10, 2023 . December 10, 2023 .
101. Web site: Haigh . Susan . 2023-11-01 . Connecticut judge orders new mayoral primary after surveillance videos show possible ballot stuffing . 2023-11-02 . AP News.
102. Web site: Andrew . Brown . Dave . Altimari . Jaden . Edison . 2023-11-08 . Bridgeport election: Joe Ganim wins amid absentee ballot scandal . 2023-11-10 . CT Mirror . en-US.
103. News: Brandon Johnson wins Chicago mayoral race . . April 4, 2023 . April 5, 2023 . Fran . Spielman . Tina . Sfondeles . Nader . Issa .
104. News: Election 2023: Buscher unseats Langfelder as mayor of Springfield . Zach . Roth . Steven . Spearie . Patrick . Keck . Tiffani . Jackson . . April 4, 2023 . April 5, 2023 .
105. Web site: May 5, 2023 . Gary voters pick Melton in Democratic mayoral contest . May 9, 2023 . . The 411 News . en-US.
106. News: Wu wins Wichita: City elects new mayor, Whipple concedes . . November 7, 2023 .
107. News: Nadine Woodward concedes in race for Spokane Mayor . . November 13, 2023 .
108. Web site: Mableton first-ever mayor talks his top priorities for Cobb County's largest city. June 13, 2023. December 23, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231223204319/https://www.wabe.org/mableton-first-ever-mayor-talks-his-top-proprieties-for-cobb-countys-largest-city/. December 23, 2023. live. WABE.
109. Web site: Dixon . Ken . 2023-11-09 . CT Democrats flip top seats in 20 towns, besting two MAGA-leaning candidates . 2023-11-10 . Houston Chronicle . en-US.
110. Web site: Election Results . 2023-11-10 . 14news.com . en.
111. Web site: Brown . Alex . July 11, 2022 . Evansville mayor not seeking re-election . October 31, 2022 . Inside Indiana Business.
112. Web site: Porter . Steven . November 7, 2023 . Jay Ruais, who campaigned against 'status quo,' elected mayor of Manchester, N.H. . 2023-11-10 . BostonGlobe.com . en-US.
113. Web site: Sexton . Adam . 2023-03-02 . Republican candidate for Manchester mayor calls for new approach on homelessness . 2023-03-03 . WMUR . en.
114. Web site: Sexton . Adam . 2023-07-11 . Manchester Mayor Craig officially launches campaign for governor . 2023-11-10 . WMUR . en-US.
115. Web site: Corrin . Noah . 2023-11-10 . Lisa Brown beats Nadine Woodward to become mayor of Spokane . 2023-11-12 . NonStop Local KHQ . en.
116. Web site: 2023-11-08 . Brandon Sakbun wins Terre Haute Mayoral Race . 2023-11-10 . MyWabashValley.com . en-US.
117. Web site: Mayoral election in Wichita, Kansas (2023) . 2023-11-10 . Ballotpedia . en.
118. Web site: Emma . Whalen . Alan . Hovorka . 2023-11-07 . Cogswell gets most votes in mayor's race. But he'll face Tecklenburg in runoff . 2023-11-10 . Post and Courier . en.
119. Web site: 2023-11-07 . City Elections - Tuesday, Nov. 7 Gaithersburg, MD . 2023-11-07 . www.gaithersburgmd.gov . en.
120. Web site: Duluth Mayor, City Council election results . MPR News . 2023-11-07 . 2023-11-07.
121. Web site: Johnson . Kyre . Election 2023: Minneapolis Council candidates . MPR News . 2023-10-30 . 2023-11-07.
122. News: Herrera . Allison . Cheyenne. Leach . 2023-06-09 . It's election season for some of Oklahoma's 39 tribal nations. Here's what you need to know . en . KOSU . 2023-08-18.
123. News: Hunter . Chad . Key dates for the 2023 Cherokee Nation general election . November 16, 2022 . . October 27, 2022.
124. News: Hunter . Chad . Unofficial vote points to landslide Hoskin re-election . 4 June 2023 . . June 4, 2023.
125. News: Rowley . D. Sean . Warner re-elected as CN deputy chief . 4 June 2023 . . June 4, 2023.
126. News: Hunter . Chad . Cherokee Nation election panel OKs vote count . 11 July 2023 . . June 5, 2023.
127. News: Crumbacher . Katrina . New members elected to Cherokee Nation Tribal Council . 11 July 2023 . NonDoc . July 9, 2023.
128. News: Herrera . Allison . Two candidates will face off for Chairman of the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma . 2 June 2023 . . June 2, 2023.
129. News: 2023-06-08 . PM NewsBrief: June 8, 2023 . en . KGOU . 2023-08-17.
130. News: 2023-06-07 . Weekly Newsletter: Results from this past weekend's Tribal elections . en . Native Oklahoma Magazine . 2023-08-17.
131. News: Swogetinsky . Steve . 2023-06-14 . Ben ready for 2nd term as Chief . en . Neshoba Democrat . 2023-08-17.
132. News: 2023-06-08 . Tribal Election Commission releases official results . en . WTOK . 2023-08-17.
133. News: Crumbacher . Katrina . 2023-07-09 . Four incumbents reelected to Choctaw Nation Tribal Council . en-US . NonDoc . 2023-08-17.
134. News: Vaisvilas . Frank . Oneida Nation reelects Chairman Tehassi Hill, Vice Chair Brandon Yellowbird-Stevens . en-US . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . 2023-08-17.
135. News: Hunter . Chad . CN Council candidate resigns Quapaw position . May 25, 2023 . . May 3, 2023.
136. News: Crumbacher . Katrina . 2023-07-12 . Quapaw Nation elections highlight lingering turmoil . en-US . NonDoc . 2023-08-17.
137. Chickasaw Nation Announces Election Results . 2023-07-25 . Chickasaw Nation Media Relations Office . Ada, Oklahoma .
138. 2023-08-29 . Chickasaw Nation Announces Runoff Election Results . 2023-11-01 . The Chickasaw Nation.
139. News: Kays . Holly . 2023-09-13 . Cherokee votes: Hicks wins fourth term as Cherokee chief . en-us . Smoky Mountain News . Waynesville, North Carolina . 2023-09-15.
140. News: Savage . Tres . 2023-09-17 . Muscogee voters reelect Hill and Beaver, send council incumbents to runoffs . en-US . NonDoc . 2023-09-18.
141. News: Lin . Peiyu . 2023-10-26 . Tribal councilwoman elected as Port Gamble S'Klallam chair to succeed Sullivan . en-US . Kitsap Sun . 2023-11-01.
142. News: Qawalangin Tribe elects new leadership at annual meeting . Lusk . Andy . 2023-10-25 . KUCB(FM) . Unalaska, Alaska . 2023-11-01.
143. News: Marusak . Joe . 2023-09-08 . Marijuana legalization wins broad support in historic vote by NC Cherokee tribe . The Charlotte Observer . 2023-09-15.
144. News: Kays . Holly . 2023-09-13 . In landslide vote, EBCI says yes to cannabis . en-us . Smoky Mountain News . Waynesville, North Carolina . 2023-09-15.
145. News: Kays . Holly . 2023-09-13 . Mixed drink referendum passes easily in Cherokee . en-us . Smoky Mountain News . Waynesville, North Carolina . 2023-09-15.