2023 Slovak constitutional referendum explained

2023 Slovak constitutional referendum
Country:Slovakia
Question:Do you agree that the early termination of the election period of the National Council of the Slovak Republic can be carried out by a referendum or a resolution of the National Council of the Slovak Republic, namely by changing the Constitution of the Slovak Republic?
Yes:1,163,586
No:18,398
Invalid:10,265
Electorate:4,377,565
Outcome:Proposal failed as voter turnout was below 50%
Map:2023 Slovak constitutional referendum results map by district.svg

A constitutional referendum was held in Slovakia on 21 January 2023. Following the 2020 parliamentary election, in which the Direction – Slovak Social Democracy (SMER) was defeated by the Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OĽaNO), opposition parties initiated a referendum to call a snap election.

The proposed referendum was rejected by the Constitutional Court of Slovakia in 2021, although the organisers submitted another proposal in August 2022. The organisers wanted to propose two questions, one that would ask for the modification of the National Council to call a snap election and one that would ask for the resignation of Eduard Heger's government; the Court ruled that the latter question is unconstitutional, but approved the first one. Subsequently, Zuzana Čaputová, the president of Slovakia, announced the date of the referendum, while Heger voiced his opposition to such referendum.

Although a very large majority of those that voted supported the proposal, it nevertheless was not adopted as less than 50% of all eligible voters in the country exercised their right to vote in the referendum, a requirement under current Slovak law.

Background

The constitutional referendum comes in context of repeated attempts by the Direction – Slovak Social Democracy (SMER) to call for early elections.[1] Following the murder of Ján Kuciak in 2018, the Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OĽaNO) topped the polls and defeated SMER in the 2020 parliamentary election.[2] [3] Igor Matovič, the leader of OĽaNO, replaced Peter Pellegrini as prime minister of Slovakia and headed a coalition government with We Are Family (SR), Freedom and Solidarity (SaS), and For the People (ZĽ).[4]

Following a political crisis in March 2021 that was caused when Matovič announced the purchase of Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccines, without obtaining the approval of his coalition partners, Matovič was forced to step down as prime minister and was replaced by Eduard Heger.[5] OĽaNO, SR, SaS, and ZĽ continued their cooperation, although SaS left the government in September 2022 due to their differences on economic policy.[6] [7] Heger's government faced a motion of no confidence in December 2022, which successfully passed.[8] Richard Sulík, the leader of SaS, stated that he would be in favour of forming a new government, while president of Slovakia, Zuzana Čaputová, stated that Heger would continue serving as caretaker head of government.[9] This gave the opportunity for members of parliament to modify the constitution to organise early elections, and if failing to do so, a new government will have to be formed.

Conduct

Voters without permanent residence in Slovakia and voters with permanent residence in Slovakia who would not be in Slovakia on the day of the referendum will be able to vote in the referendum.[10] Additionally, citizens that are in quarantine will be able to vote.[11] Approval of a referendum in Slovakia requires a double majority: over 50% of registered voters must participate, and a majority of those voters participating.[12]

Proposed changes

At the beginning of 2021, SMER, Voice – Social Democracy (HLAS), Slovak National Party (SNS), and Socialisti.sk voiced support for a popular initiative referendum to call a snap election.[13] They submitted 585,000 signatures to Čaputová shortly before the resignation of Matovič as prime minister. The proposed question was ruled by the Constitutional Court of Slovakia as "a violation of general constitutional rules" and indicated that the referendum should be constitutional, as the proposed referendum would amend the constitution. A new collection of signatures was organised in August 2022; 406,000 signatures in total were submitted.[14] This time, the organisers proposed two questions, one that would ask for the modification of the National Council to call a snap election and the other that would ask for the resignation of Heger's government. Čaputová decided to submit an initiative to the Constitutional Court regarding the second question, which led to criticism from the opposition.[15] [16] The Constitutional Court later ruled the second question as unconstitutional, while Čaputová announced that the referendum would be held on 21 January 2023.[17] Heger stated that "snap elections have no place in a democracy".[18]

Question

The question on the referendum paper was posed as:

Reception

Opinion polls

Focus conducted an opinion poll in June 2021 in which 52.9% of the voters that they would turn out to vote in a potential referendum, while 33.7% stated that they would not.[19] In November 2022, AKO conducted an opinion poll in which 54.2% of the voters stated that they would turn out to vote in the referendum, while 38.9% of the voters stated that they would not.[20]

Overall positions

PositionNameIdeology
YesDirection – Social Democracy (SMER–SD)Social democracy[22]
Voice – Social Democracy (HLAS–SD)Social democracy[23]
RepublicNeo-fascism[24]
Life – National Party (ŽIVOT)Christian right[25]
Slovak PATRIOT (PATRIOT)Slovak nationalism[26]
Slovak National Party (SNS)Slovak nationalism[27]
Socialisti.skDemocratic socialism[28]
Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS)Communism[29]
99% – Civic Voice (99%)Left-wing populism[30]
National Coalition / Independent Candidates (NK/NEKA)Populism[31]
Slovak Revival Movement (SHO)Neo-fascism[32]
Nation and Justice – Our Party (NAS)Slovak nationalism[33]
Home National Party (DOMOV–NS)Slovak nationalism[34]
BoycottOrdinary People and Independent Personalities (OĽaNO)Conservatism[35]
Freedom and Solidarity (SaS)Liberalism[36]
For the People (ZĽ)Liberal conservatism[37]
New Majority (NOVA)Liberal conservatism[38]
Change from Bottom (ZZ)Liberal conservatism[39]
Civic Conservative Party (OKS)Liberal conservatism[40]
Progressive Slovakia (PS)Liberalism[41]
Together – Civic Democracy (SPOLU)Conservative liberalism[42]
Good Choice and Moderates (DV)Technocracy[43]
Hungarian Forum (MF)Minority politics[44]
Civic Democrats of Slovakia (ODS)Conservative liberalism[45]
Chance (ŠANCA)Liberal conservatism[46]
Democrats of Slovakia (DS)Conservative liberalism[47]
NeutralWe Are Family (SR)Right-wing populism[48]
People's Party Our Slovakia (ĽSNS)Neo-Nazism
Christian Democratic Movement (KDH)Christian democracy[49]
AllianceMinority politics[50]
HEART–Slovak National Unity–Party of Patriots (SRDCE–SNJ–sv)Slovak nationalism[51]

Results

Polling stations were opened from 07:00 (UTC+01:00) to 22:00.[52] As only 27% of the electorate turned out to vote while a majority of votes and a minimum of 50% turnout was required to pass the proposal, the referendum failed.[53] [54]

Aftermath

Just days following the failure of the referendum, the National Council voted on 25 January to amend the constitution to allow for snap elections if approved by a three-fifths majority in the council.[55] It was agreed that the next parliamentary election would be held on 30 September 2023.[56]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Svobodová . Klára . 12 September 2022 . Čaputová vypíše referendum, Slovensko bude rozhodovat o změně ústavních podmínek . 20 January 2023 . iROZHLAS . cs . 14 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221214182839/https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-svet/slovensko-zuzana-caputova-referendum-ustava-ustavni-soud_2209122016_ara . live .
  2. News: 1 March 2020 . Slovaquie: le parti anticorruption OLaNO sort vainqueur des législatives . fr . Le Monde . 20 January 2023 . 14 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221214182839/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/03/01/slovaquie-le-premier-ministre-reconnait-sa-defaite-aux-legislatives_6031383_3210.html . live .
  3. Web site: 29 February 2020 . Législatives en Slovaquie: nette victoire du parti anti-corruption . 20 January 2023 . Le Point . fr . 14 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221214182847/https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/les-slovaques-votent-aux-legislatives-avant-tout-contre-la-corruption-29-02-2020-2364992_24.php . live .
  4. News: 23 March 2020 . Coronavirus. Le gouvernement slovaque prête serment masques sur le visage et gants aux mains . fr . Ouest France . 20 January 2023 . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120123104/https://www.ouest-france.fr/sante/virus/coronavirus/coronavirus-le-gouvernement-slovaque-prete-serment-masques-sur-le-visage-et-gants-aux-mains-6789125 . live .
  5. Web site: 4 May 2021 . Slovakia's new government wins mandatory confidence vote . 20 January 2023 . Associated Press . en . 14 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114213743/https://apnews.com/article/slovakia-europe-coronavirus-health-government-and-politics-d2cf8a64bfdcf3e5adfbe2a27184d6a6 . live .
  6. Web site: Chatignoux . Catherine . 22 March 2021 . Le vaccin russe provoque l'implosion du gouvernement slovaque . 20 January 2023 . Les Echos . fr . 14 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221214182841/https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/europe/le-vaccin-russe-provoque-limplosion-du-gouvernement-slovaque-1300443 . live .
  7. Web site: 13 September 2022 . Le président slovaque nomme de nouveaux ministres dans un gouvernement minoritaire . 20 January 2023 . Zone Bourse . fr . 8 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221008155007/https://www.zonebourse.com/actualite-bourse/Le-president-slovaque-nomme-de-nouveaux-ministres-dans-un-gouvernement-minoritaire--41760182/ . live .
  8. Web site: 15 December 2022 . Slovaquie: le parlement vote la motion de censure contre le gouvernement d'Eduard Heger . 20 January 2023 . Le Figaro . fr . 21 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221221232811/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/slovaquie-le-parlement-vote-la-motion-de-censure-contre-le-gouvernement-d-eduard-heger-20221215 . live .
  9. Web site: 16 December 2022 . Slovak leader sets framework for snap vote after govt falls . 20 January 2023 . Associated Press . en . 15 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230115160720/https://apnews.com/article/politics-slovakia-zuzana-caputova-c90d0cc1a7d14d39dae9e3b6ae55696e . live .
  10. Web site: 3 November 2022 . Prezidentka vyhlási referendum na 21. januára 2023 . 20 January 2023 . Prezidentka Slovenskej republiky . sk . 20 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221220023928/https://www.prezident.sk/article/prezidentka-vyhlasi-referendum-na-21-januara-2023/ . live .
  11. Web site: 10 November 2022 . NRSR: Špeciálna forma hlasovania pre voličov v izolácii bude platiť i v referende . 20 January 2023 . Národná rada Slovenskej republiky . sk-SK . 14 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221114162523/https://www.nrsr.sk/web/Default.aspx?sid=udalosti%2Fudalost&MasterID=56228 . live .
  12. Web site: Slovakia . IFES ElectionGuide . International Foundation for Electoral Systems . 21 January 2023.
  13. Web site: 8 July 2021 . Slovaquie: Il n'y aura pas de référendum sur des élections anticipées . 20 January 2023 . Le Courrier d'Europe centrale . fr-FR . 14 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221214184347/https://courrierdeuropecentrale.fr/slovaquie-il-ny-aura-pas-de-referendum-sur-des-elections-anticipees/ . live .
  14. Web site: Slowakei, 21. Januar 2023 : Verfahren zur Parlamentsauflösung -- [en allemand] ]. 20 January 2023 . sudd.ch . fr . 3 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103001123/https://sudd.ch/event.php?id=sk012023 . live .
  15. Web site: 12 September 2022 . Prezidentka Zuzana Čaputová vypíše referendum - SME Minúta . 20 January 2023 . SME Minúta . sk . 14 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221214182846/https://www.sme.sk/minuta/23007166/prezidentka-zuzana-caputova-vypise-referendum . live .
  16. Web site: 12 September 2022 . Slovakia will hold opposition-initiated referendum . 20 January 2023 . The Slovak Spectator . en . 11 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230111100738/https://spectator.sme.sk/c/23007246/slovakia-will-hold-opposition-initiated-referendum.html . live .
  17. News: Sybera . Albin . 4 November 2022 . Slovak president sets date for referendum on early election . Intellinews . 20 January 2023 . 9 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221209182111/https://bne.eu/slovak-president-sets-date-for-referendum-on-early-election-261421/?source=slovakia . live .
  18. Web site: Dlhopolec . Peter . 10 January 2023 . Slovakia in 2023: Seeking an End to Political Chaos Without Becoming a 'Little Hungary' . 20 January 2023 . Balkan Insight . en-US . 14 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114105258/https://balkaninsight.com/2023/01/10/slovakia-in-2023-seeking-an-end-to-political-chaos-without-becoming-a-little-hungary/ . live .
  19. Web site: Krempaský . Ján . 27 June 2021 . Väčšina opýtaných chce ísť na referendum. Sociológ však očakáva len tretinovú účasť . 20 January 2023 . SME Domov . sk . 10 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221210123748/https://domov.sme.sk/c/22690592/referendum-2021-prieskum-predcasne-volby-vysledky.html . live .
  20. Web site: Katuška . Michal . 1 December 2022 . Prieskum: Referendum má potenciál byť úspešné, sociológ Hřích by si na to zatiaľ nestavil . 20 January 2023 . SME Domov . sk . 10 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042850/https://domov.sme.sk/c/23084218/prieskum-referendum-ma-potencial-byt-uspesne-sociolog-hrich-by-si-na-to-zatial-nestavil.html . live .
  21. News: Prieskum: S možnosťou skrátiť volebné obdobie referendom súhlasia dve tretiny opýtaných . 20 January 2023 . SME Domov . 30 November 2021 . sk . 30 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211130153950/https://domov.sme.sk/c/22793620/prieskum-ako-referendum-predcasne-volby.html . live .
  22. Web site: ZÁZNAM: TK predstaviteľov strany Smer-SD - Výzva k referendu . sk . 5 January 2023 . Teraz.sk . 6 January 2023 . 6 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230106132433/https://www.teraz.sk/priame-prenosy-a-videa-tasr-tv/nazivo-tk-predstavitelov-strany-smer-/685266-clanok.html . live .
  23. Web site: 9 January 2023 . "DEMOKRAT" HEGER PRIZNAL FARBU, PREDČASNÝCH VOLIEB SA BOJÍ . 9 January 2023 . HLAS - sociálna demokracia . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120123122/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FHlasSocialnaDemokracia%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02FLiRwVgHwxhRayTccMMss1ZM6NQbMVU6ZzAdHzn2BK4TdwXe22GrP3KwcHasLMcTl . live .
  24. Web site: Uhrík . Milan . 5 January 2023 . Média majú obrovskú moc. Je január a nikde ani slovo o referende. . 6 January 2023 . Republika . sk . 6 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230106132429/https://www.facebook.com/ing.milan.uhrik/posts/pfbid02RTptirwBfYN2wpQJr3U7KneAv3vLu4g8oYkiQkJ29xzo8pLG28XutWMGj5zQHKZHl . live .
  25. Web site: Géci . Marek . 5 January 2023 . Referendum je forma priamej demokracie kde rozhodujú ľudia, preto politici by mali toto právo nechať na občanov, podporovať ich v účasti na referendách a nie ich odhovárať! . 6 January 2023 . ŽIVOT - NS . 6 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230106132432/https://www.facebook.com/ZivotNarodnaStrana/posts/pfbid02XjPNeJopNQSDG4pUgx8ZGyrt6ec14cD42TFC7uJLZkeps6LKFdAJ1Ge8X3E2eYRel . live .
  26. Web site: 18 January 2023 . REFERENDUM 2023. 21 January 2023 . . . sk.
  27. Web site: 17 December 2022 . SNS vyzýva na účasť v referende každého občana. ️ . 6 January 2023 . Slovenská národná strana . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120123117/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fstranasns%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02RP8VpuqmuWWrqwT63Rxmkoz3sJm2R2qQgSSZ23oHU7TTkKDY8mAo1ZRjorKv5C4Wl . live .
  28. Web site: 10 November 2022 . VYZÝVAME NA ÚČASŤ NA REFERENDE 21.1.2023 . 6 January 2023 . Socialisti . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120123115/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FSocialisti.SK%2Fposts%2Fpfbid0m8rWJKfYs3adSyxc4X8r4TWkBZyRkV3xw96UAHDTQ9TQsAsuw9BXGcvnQhpLbjjZl . live .
  29. Web site: Komunisti vyzývajú k účasti na referende a k spolupráci. Communist Party of Slovakia. 6 January 2023. 10 December 2022. sk. 6 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230106132431/http://kss.sk/komunisti-vyzyvaju-k-ucasti-na-referende-a-k-spolupraci. live.
  30. Web site: 4 January 2023 . Vyzerá to tak, že ešte bude "veselo", keď sa Igorko "rozrozpráva". . 7 January 2023 . 99% – Civic Voice . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120123135/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fmysme99percent%2Fposts%2Fpfbid0fMoGj1RCJi9iqJ4yY85kfRodFZGCXDQLfL7tCfuGNTyF4KodhSBozxRm2w5ZxX7Bl . live .
  31. Web site: 1 December 2022 . 54,2% SLOVÁKOV SA CHCE ZÚČASTNIŤ REFERENDA O SKRÁTENÍ VOLEBNÉHO OBDOBIA TEJTO BANDY . 7 January 2023 . Národná koalícia / Nezávislí kandidáti . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120123132/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnarodnakoalicianezavislikandidati%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02niUsscGW1dSGVRbNhyYfWJX6YUrb8Xw1FTz6pNftdXDBT9vCC5DkcrHDZvpiYdeCl . live .
  32. Web site: Referendum 2023: Zločinci okolo Hegera nám vládnu aj naďalej a Matovič v úzadí poťahuje nitkami. Slovak Revival Movement. 6 January 2023. 4 January 2023. sk. 6 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230106153534/https://sho.sk/referendum-2023-zlocinci-okolo-hegera-nam-vladnu-aj-nadalej-a-matovic-v-uzadi-potahuje-nitkami/?fbclid=IwAR3alyXhtOubRhKKNA1FXqYsUQswRv0Ymlth1v6Zpr5V84wDnLFWJbQ5S9s. live.
  33. Web site: Belousovová . Anna . 3 November 2022 . Prezidentka Zuzana Čaputová nebude vyzývať občanov, aby sa zúčastnili referenda o možnom skrátení volebného obdobia, pretože ho vníma ako kampaň jednej strany. . 7 January 2023 . Nation and Justice - Our Party . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120124133/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fanna.belousovova%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02hMEUKEuuzssWRwU7Ei4UoXhkpK7bBSsyYx1WtumWrHGimugwFYKc349RXkQkHxcwl . live .
  34. Web site: 6 January 2023 . SLOVENSKO ZA REFERENDUM . 7 January 2023 . DOMOV - Národná strana . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120124132/https://www.facebook.com/slota.pavol/videos/1561010401075098/ . live .
  35. Web site: 5 November 2022 . OĽANO berie na vedomie rozhodnutie prezidentky vypísať referendum . 6 January 2023 . Teraz . sk . 6 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230106132435/https://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/olano-berie-na-vedomie-rozhodnutie-prez/671952-clanok.html . live .
  36. Web site: 3 November 2022 . SaS voličov na účasť v referende vyzývať nebude,rozhodnutie rešpektuje . 6 January 2023 . Teraz . sk . 6 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230106132431/https://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/sas-respektuje-rozhodnutie-o-vypisani/671962-clanok.html . live .
  37. Web site: 4 November 2022 . V. Remišová neodporúča zúčastniť sa na referende . 6 January 2023 . Teraz . sk . 6 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230106132431/https://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/v-remisova-neodporuca-zucastnit/672068-clanok.html . live .
  38. Web site: Gábor Grendel . 3 November 2022 . Januárové referendum o predčasných voľbách bude predvolebnou kampaňou opozície za štátne peniaze. Nezúčastním sa. . 7 January 2023 . NOVA . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120124130/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FGGrendel%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02mSsds1aQHxYkNsjSnhDsbMYPZwC8mqkQbnLVk28WKnfXkZTNc4rsXmF6d3jWQXH8l . live .
  39. Web site: 14 January 2023 . BUDAJ: Strany na Slovensku organizujú referendá kvôli reklame zadarmo . 14 January 2023 . Teraz . sk . 14 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114063545/https://www.teraz.sk/import/budaj-strany-na-slovensku-organizuju-r/687121-clanok.html . live .
  40. Web site: Ondrej Dostál . 3 December 2022 . 21. januára 2023 má vraj byť pekné počasie. Kam pôjdete na výlet vy? . 10 January 2023 . Civic Conservative Party . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120124129/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory_fbid%3Dpfbid09fLasUJBR9yyvgrA1ZNz2pESeLLwsSLvPEuPntoyppYQPPSwCQ859e7ZwvQhdXozl%26id%3D100058050642723 . live .
  41. Web site: 10 June 2022 . Progresívne Slovensko nepodporí referendum iniciované Smerom-SD . 6 January 2023 . Teraz . sk . 6 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230106151724/https://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/progresivne-slovensko-nepodpori-refere/639888-clanok.html . live .
  42. Web site: 3 November 2022 . NEZMYSELNÉ REFERENDUM . 6 January 2023 . SPOLU - občianska demokracia . sk.
  43. Web site: Tomáš Drucker . 12 November 2022 . Prečo nepôjdem na referendum, ale vyzývam na predčasné voľby v máji 2023 . 6 January 2023 . Dennikn . sk . 6 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230106151724/https://dennikn.sk/3103944/preco-nepojdem-na-referendum-ale-vyzyvam-na-predcasne-volby-v-maji-2023/?ref=inm . live .
  44. Web site: 16 January 2023 . Nepodporuje referendum extrémistov! . 17 January 2023 . Hungarian Forum . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120124132/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fmagyarforum.madarskeforum%2Fposts%2Fpfbid06RihZe4NskMEK7EQsp4t2HhFodnvbg8zHRERLf9ZgTyRsAFQtFoaSDAeB6n9BbD8l . live .
  45. Web site: 30 June 2022 . Nepodporujeme referendum o predčaných voľbách. . 6 January 2023 . Civic Democrats of Slovakia . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120124131/https://www.facebook.com/stranaODS/posts/pfbid0PGVHqmp8cqAMVgEbpxX89LBsqjHzK2mwRF1LG8MFQP17drg6o6RwTvG4uDAwGxDrlm . live .
  46. Web site: 4 November 2022 . NEHORÁZNE REFERENDUM . 10 January 2023 . Šanca . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120124134/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnovotnyviliam%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02hofRFzUgBbuaAubzKbh7QEVRGrC8QjHJ9SX9Zt7xQArHFzJoWJWmwWs4PFgFXUMol . live .
  47. Web site: 20 January 2023 . Pytali sa ma, či sa zúčastním referenda. . 21 January 2023 . . . sk .
  48. Web site: 17 January 2023 . Kollár o aktuálnej politickej situácii . 17 January 2023 . HNtelevízia . sk . 17 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230117210004/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvioLkKc1s4 . live .
  49. Web site: 4 November 2022 . KDH rozumie sklamaniu ľudí z vlády, účasť v referende nechá na nich . 6 January 2023 . Teraz . sk . 6 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230106132429/https://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/kdh-rozumie-sklamaniu-ludi-z-vlady-/672077-clanok.html . live .
  50. Web site: 18 January 2023 . Mi a Szövetség álláspontja a referendum kapcsán? . 20 January 2023 . Szövetség . hu.
  51. Web site: 20 January 2023 . Naše názory . 21 January 2023 . SRDCE–SNJ–sv . sk.
  52. Web site: January 2023 . Metodický pokyn na prípravu a zabezpečenie referenda a spracovanie výsledkov hlasovania v referende . 20 January 2023 . Ministerstvo vnútra Slovenskej Republiky . 9 . sk . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120124129/https://volbysr.sk/ref/files/R23_Metodick%C3%BDPokyn.pdf . live .
  53. News: 22 January 2023 . Referendum in Slovakia fails to bring early vote closer . en . Reuters . 22 January 2023.
  54. Web site: S.A . Telewizja Polska . Slovak constitutional referendum fails due to low turnout: partial results . 22 January 2023 . tvpworld.com . en.
  55. Web site: Slovakia parliament changes constitution to enable snap vote . ABC News . 7 February 2023.
  56. News: 22 January 2023 . Slovakia's former coalition heads agree to early parliamentary elections . en . Reuters . 7 February 2023.

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